Arms 2010 2 PDF

DSA 2010: LIVE UP TO EXPECTATIONS
he upcoming event in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which

takes place on 19th of April, will be conducted in thewake
of Defense Service Asia Exhibition 2008, that is considered to be one of theworld's top 5 Defense andSecurity
exhibitions and firmly remains the Asia Pacific region's
most vital procurement hub for Defense and Security. 712 companies from 49 countries participated atthe11th Defense Services Asia
Exhibition andConference DSA 2008 in Kuala Lumpur, showcasing
their products andtechnology for theArmy, Navy, Air Force as well
as thesecurity andhomeland enforcement agencies. The Malaysian
government signed atotal of US $360 million of contracts with local
andforeign companies andagencies.
The Russian Federation traditionally has wide participation
in the DSA exhibitions. Last DSA 2008 Russian defense products of more than 490 types were put on display as a common
exhibition representing 17 enterprises, among them such worldknown arms manufacturers as the Almaz-Antei missile developer, the Oboronnye Sistemy (Defence Systems), Uralvagonzavod,
andIzhmash. TheRussian delegation was led by Mikhail Petukhov,
Deputy Director of the Federal Service for Military and Technical
Cooperation.
The Russian Federation put on view a broad spectrum of products of military purpose for all arms andservices, including thelatest products of development studies in the field of land military
vehicles: the missile and gun tank T-90S, the armored repair
and recovery vehicle BREM-1M and highly mobile versatile GAZ39371 Vodnik designed to install functional modules for the transportation ofpeople andloads in heavy-going areas.
The hosters expect over 700 companies from more than 40 countries to be exhibited their products. More than 25,000 trade visitors
from over 60 countries/nations are forecasted to be present.
According to the Russian plans in the light of arms export,
Moscow plans to export $9$10 billion worth of arms annually over
thecoming years. Russia's combat aircraft accounted for some 50%
of exports followed by anti-aircraft systems and navy weaponry
andequipment.
Malaysia remains Russia's main customer. It is among thetargets
of a marketing blitz aimed at winning new friends as well as to
restore defense industries. Already equipped with Russian fighter
jets, Kuala Lumpur is believed to be considering other acquisitions
from Russia, ranging from battlefield tanks to submarines andmissile batteries.
Anton CHERNOV
Editor-in-Chief of ARMS Magazine
Salamat Datang, Russia!
2(52).2010
C O N T E N T S
EXHIBITIONS
EDITORIAL STAFF
Editor-in-Chief of Arms Magazine
Anton Chernov
Editor-in-Chief of Arsenal Magazine
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Editor-in-Chief of Airfleet Magazine
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Editor-in-Chief of World Airshows Magazine
Svetlana Komagorova
Editors
Alexander Velovich, Viktor Murakhovskiy,
Yaroslav Parkhomenko
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Photo
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PUBLISHING HOUSE
Director General
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Marketing Director
of Arsenal and Arms Magazines
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Deputy Marketing Director
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IT Support
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OFFICE IN ST PETERSBURG
Deputy Director General, Head of Office
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Deputy Head of Office
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Circulation: 8000
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ARMS, 2010
ADDRESS
P.O. Box 77, Moscow, 125057, Russia
Tel.: + 7 495 626-52-11
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www.interarms.ru
p. 10
4 Russian-Malaysian Military
Cooperation Promises
Bright Future
MEDICAL
SUPPORT
6 Tactical Level Battlefield
Medicine
NAVY
p. 24
10 Russian Fleet
Submarine Forces'
Challenging Tasks
14 From Peter the Great's
epoch of cannons
made of bronze up to
cutting-edge space
technology
WEAPONS
p. 32
20 Unified Fire
Control System for
Armoured Vehicles
24 Night Vision
Equipment:
From Generation
to Generation
AIR DEFENSE
32 Upgraded ZU-23
Anti-Aircraft Mount
36 Buk Air Defense
Missile System:
Old Friends are Best
LAND FORCES
42 Russian light
multirole Armored
Vehicles
p. 42
EXHIBITIONS
RUSSIAN-MALAYSIAN MILITARY
COOPERATION PROMISES BRIGHT FUTURE
he history of the bilateral relations between
Russia and Malaysia
starts in 1966 when
the first direct contacts between representatives
of the Soviet Union and Malaysia
took place inMoscow inSeptember.
Later on, in the wake of the contacts in Moscow, Malaysia hosted
a meeting in March 1967. As far as
thefirst agreements are concerned,
an intergovernmental agreement
on air communications was signed
in 1969, after that Aeroflot, then
Soviet Union Airlines, established
a direct link between Moscow
and Kuala Lumpur. The same year
saw the first Soviet trade and industrial exhibition held in Malaysia.
Animportant event inbilateral relations happened in1972, when Prime
Minister Abdul Razak of Malaysia
paid his first official visit to theUSSR
to sign economic-and-technical
and cultural-and-scientific cooperation agreements.
The nowadays history is marked
by the visits of Prime Minister
Mahathir Mohamad to Russia in1987
and 2002, as well as his working
visits to Khabarovsk and Ulan-Ude
in 1999. In 2007 Prime Minister
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi hold negotiations with Russian Federation
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
President Vladimir Putin concerning (six ofthem were delivered inOctober

space and defense cooperation, en- 2008). The Su-30MKM fighter is very
ergy partnership andbilateral trade.
similar to a Su-30MKI version which
Regarding the visits of some is delivered to India. However thedifRussian high ranking officials, ferences are that theSu-30MKM fightthe visit of the Russian President er is not equipped with Israeli avionVladimir Putin in July 2003 became ics, has thrust vectoring nozzle, caa landmark event in bilateral rela- nard surfaces and a phased array antions where their effectiveness was tenna radar.
concerned. Noteworthy that the visThe chose ofSu-30MKM Flanker-C
it was postponed one time. Due fighters does not mean that Malaysia
to the terrorist attack in Tushino has not considered MiG-29 as a up(Moscow district) in June of 2003, to-date fighter. The decision to purthevisit was canceled. The Malaysian chase 18 Sukhoi jets shows theintenauthorities fully understood the de- tion to increase the sector of its decision of then President V. Putin. fense as the Fulcrums well provide
Itonce again proves theimportance closer sector. The task ofthe Flankers
of the development of cooperation to enhance Malaysia's strategic capabetween two countries.
bilities to defend.
The most dynamic component
The Russia-Malaysia project is alof Russian-Malaysian economic rela- so a unique one, as all Russian govtions is cooperation inthe aerospace ernmental bodies, such as Ministry
sphere. It is no wonder that thefirst of Defense, Defense Export State
breakthrough took place in 1994 Corporation
Rosoboronexport,
when the first 18 MiG-29 fighters Joint- Stock
Com pany
Sukhoi
were delivered. That deal marked Design Bureau etc. were involved
the breakthrough of Russia to into the fulfillment of the project.
theSouth-Asian market andshowed A very important role of it belongs
that not all countries would follow to the Russian President. So huge
the United States after the collapse participation ofthe state bodies proofthe Soviet Union.
ceeded from thecompetitors, who alCurrently the two countries have so took part inthe tender. First ofall it
been developing the $900 million was anAmerican fighter, F/A18E/D.
The success of the Russian comworth project onacquiring 18 Russian
serial Su-30MKM Flanker-C fighters panies on the Malaysian market is
EXHIBITIONS
also stipulated by the verity of military hardware, some Russian enterprises are able to offer, andcreation
of some service centers, in particular for Su-30MKM Flanker-C.
The bilateral cooperation can
be assessed as good and the tendency of the future development
offers great opportunities. In 2001
Malaysia bought the Metisantitank system and in 2002 the Igla
air-defense system.
As far as future-oriented projects
are concern, it is necessary to mention the interest of purchasing
the Be-200 and multipurpose amphibious aircraft and Be-103, a seaplane. Both designed by the Beriev
Aircraft Company and manufactured by Irkut. The high performances of these planes were tested
by Indonesia in 2006, when the authorities decided to rent theBe-200
aircraft for one year, by Azerbaijan
EMERCOM, that purchased one
Be-200 andby Greece. The latter ordered five planes ofthis type.
Besides, Malaysia is interested
inthe Russian combat ships andpurchasing ofsome modern tanks T-90.
Rosoboronexport actively participates in tenders for the supply of BTR-90 APC, the Vodnik
andVystrel 4-wheel drive armored
vehicles and the Avtobaza-M radio-electronic surveillance system.
Malaysia expresses interest in the
Russian transport helicopters, Mi26MT, Mi-171 and Mi-17, as well as
in some anti-aircraft systems, such
as BUK-M2E andIgla.
In conclusion I'd like to mention that apart of pure military cooperation, Russia and Malaysia actively seek collaboration in commercial space reclamation, development of scientific and technical cooperation in the sphere
of advanced technologies, aircraft and shipping development
as well as realization ofinvestment
projects in Malaysia oriented to local markets and Third Word countries, first ofall theASEAN countries,
realization of investment projects
in Russia and cooperated promotion in markets of Third World
countries.
Anton Chernov
2(52).2010
MEDICAL SUPPORT
TACTICAL LEVEL
BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE
I
n modern hi-tech wars,
soldiers die and are
getting wounded just
as at the time of the
Roman legions. There
is a continuous competition for soldier lives between lethal weaponry and survival kits on the battlefield. The key role is played by military medicine.
Progress in military medicine is
obvious. During World War II, the lethal outcome among wounded men
in the Red Army was 5.7%. 40 years
later, during the Afghan war, it decreased to 3.4%. 10 more years later, during the counter terrorist operations in Chechnya, the lethal outcomes compounded 1.2%. Such results were achieved owing to the development ofmedical technologies as
a whole and closer attention to tactical level medical support ofthe troops.
For awounded soldier the first 30
minutes are known to be crucial. This
is the time when most ofthe wounded men die. That is why the improvement inmedical support atthe tactical level is akey element for the soldiers survival onthe battlefield.
There are three major aspects here.
First: how soon the wounded are
found on the battlefield and evacu-
The armored first-aid medical

vehicle is designed and equipped
for setting up mobile dressing
posts and rendering first aid in the
combat zone.
The MT-LBu multipurpose tracked armored personnel carrier, used
as the baseline chassis, provides
cross-country mobility, river crossing and protection of its crew
against bullets and shell fragments.
Medical equipment and instruments, a stock of medicines and
dressing materials are housed by the
compartment of 8 m in the front
part of the vehicle. Fold-back seats
for the transportation of the lightly
wounded are fixed in it. Three layers of stretchers with the critically
wounded can be fixed there.
A special tent is set up opposite
the rear door at the stern of the
vehicle at the halt and is used as
awound-dressing compartment in
the field conditions. When mobile
the tent is transported in the baskets arranged on both sides of the
vehicle.
The vehicle is equipped with
the air filtration and climate control units and a potable water tank.
The portable 5kW AC diesel generator is used to maintain self-contained power supply of the vehicle.
MEDICAL SUPPORT
ated to the place where medical assistance is rendered.
Second: immediate rendering
ofbasic medical assistance when the
person is wounded inorder to stabilize him or her andprevent the lethal
outcome.
Third: getting qualified medical
assistance to the battlefield and its
organization onthe battalion level.
SEARCH ANDEVACUATION
OFWOUNDED PERSONNEL
Nowadays search and detection
of the wounded have not changed
for the last several hundred years: visual observation and terrain combing. However, those methods are getting ineffective as a theater of modern warfare is enlarged in scale, increased in pace of combat and rival armies are saturated with cutting edge equipment. It is extremely difficult to search for the unconscious wounded in combat vehicles,
urbanized areas and cross-country
terrain, etc.
Due to the entered-in-service advanced outfit kits as well as personal
radio sets the acuteness ofthe search
and rescue problem has slightly dissolved. However, in case of a sharp
pain shock, contusion conjugated
with loop ofspeech andhearing, as
well as unconscious condition a soldier is not able to report onhis or her
being wounded. That is why experts
suggest every soldier be equipped
with an emergency button. When
pushed, it brings into action a GPS
beacon which transmits the coordinates ofawounded soldier.
Nowadays some outfit-in-built
systems, that are able automatically register physiological parameters
ofasoldier, are under research. Such
systems are able to detect that asoldier has been hit and transmit a signal to arelevant combat andcombat
support network.
The detection of a wounded soldier is only the first stage of casualty evacuation (casevac). It is necessary to whisk the casualty away from
the enemy fire to the nearest shelter where a soldier can receive first
aid. Based on the Chechen Counter
Terrorist War experience, ad-hoc riflemen/medics were commissioned
to a platoon level to search for
and evacuate casualties from the as the BigDog quadruped robot debattlefield. When necessary, special veloped by Boston Dynamics.
B and GAZ-59039 specialsearch groups headed by a medic
or paramedic were organized. When ized armored medical vehicles, GTS
first aid had been rendered, the ca- and MTLB tracked carriers, APCs
sualties were transfered to the shel- andIFVs are equipped andused for
ters where they could be protected casevac from nests of the woundagainst direct fire ofthe enemy (the ed to the places where the first aid
so-called nests of the wounded. It would be rendered in the immecould be atrench, awall, abasement diate rear area (regimental or brietc.), and then they were casevaced gade level).
At further stages ofcasevac, Mi-8
by acombat or amedical vehicle to
helicopters and An-72 and Il-76
the next stage ofcasevac.
Stretchers of various types were Scalpel airborne hospitals would be
used for foot evacuation. The wound- widely used.
ed were often dragged under enemy
FIRST AID EQUIPMENT
fire. The special SH-4 stretches were
As was mentioned above, it is exdesigned to evacuate the wounded
tremely important to render medical
from combat vehicles.
In the future, it will be possible to aid within the first 30 minutes after
use remote control or self-contained asoldier was got wounded to reduce
vehicles for casevac under fire such the possibility ofthe lethal outcome.
The GAZ-59039 (BMM) armored

multipurpose amphibious medical
vehicle is used for search, collection
and evacuation ofthewounded on
a battlefield and rendering them
first aid during their transportation.
It operates under various weather
conditions on inaccessible terrain
during day and night.
The vehicle is equipped
with a special set of the medical equipment. It consists of the
racks designed for fixation of the

stretchers and medical equipment,
safe, a tank for potable water, a
washstand (a tap is controlled
by elbows), a water tank with a
bleed valve, a six-man seat with
fastened belts. The fully loaded
BMM weights 13.6 tons, is manned
by three men, seven men can be
placed in the medical compartment and two on the stretchers on
the roof of a vehicle.
2(52).2010
MEDICAL SUPPORT
If we could make some minor changes in our common soldier medical

skills training, we could improve the
survival rate of 1520 percent of all
battlefield deaths.
Based on the experience in the
Chechen War on Terrorism, it is obvious that wounds of extremities
(63.1%) and head (24.4%) dominate
among all the wounds due to the
peculiarities of operations in urbanized areas, numerous snipers used
by the enemy anduse ofbody armor
by personnel.
Heavy wounds totaled 25%. In accordance with the type ofprojectile
they are subdivided as follows:
38% ofgunshot wounds;
58% ofshell fragment wounds;
4% ofexplosive wounds.
onthe forward edge ofthe battle
Most of the deaths on the battlefield are caused by:

fatal trauma 56%;
fatal hemorrhage 28%;
Damage ofvitals 16%.
Statistical analysis of battlefield
deaths during the US Army operations inIraq andAfghanistan showed
that soldiers die from the following
wounds:
penetrating head trauma 31%;
uncorrectable torso trauma
25%;
potentially correctable torso trauma 10%;
hemorrhage from extremity
wounds 9%;
mutilating blast trauma 7%;
tension pneumothorax (collapsed
lung under pressure) 5%.
Modern conflicts show that it is
necessary to improve medical training oftroops andbeef up individual
medical kits (for example, AI1 first-aid
individual medical kit andAV troops
first-aid kit) and group medical sets
(for example, Tactical Medical Kit).
In particular, self-tightening bandages, new sets ofstemming ofthe flow
ofblood, etc are needed. It is necessary to develop remote diagnostics
aids integrated into automated command andcontrol systems.
area (FEBA) first aid andbuddy

aid done by asoldier himself or by
ad-hoc combat lifesavers or medical instructors or paramedics;
inthe company advanced first
aid with the elements offirst medical assistance inurgent situations.
To exercise the task a company
paramedic shall be equipped
with an Airborne Medical Kit,
an aid man shall be equipped
with the PF Field Medical Kit
and a combat lifesaver with
aTactical Medical Kit;
in the battalion first medical
assistance infull;
in the regiment/brigade medical
aid station the first medical
assistance in full with elements
ofqualified medical assistance;
inspecial medical groups qualified medical assistance in full
with elements of specialized
medical assistance.
Medical personnel and special
medical equipment can be increasingly vulnerable to enemy fire when
they get closer to the FEBA. This is
a main problem of medical assistance onthe battlefield. That is why
the necessity to equip battalions
with armored first-aid medical vehicles was put on the agenda. Such
vehicles were designed by several
companies and can be batch-produced (for example, the PPMP mobile medical assistance post developed by Minotor-Service in Minsk,
Belarus).
THE GROWING IMPORTANCE

OFMEDICAL ASSISTANCE
During the Chechen War
on Terrorism, medical assistance
came nearer to combat units. The
following medical assistance was determined:
Viktor Murakhovskiy
MEDICAL SUPPORT
2(52).2010
NAVY
Anton Chernov
RUSSIAN FLEET SUBMARINE

FORCES' CHALLENGING TASKS
n the 5th of February,
2010 Russian President
D. Medvedev signed
a Decree that approves
the Military Doctrine. It
stipulates that Russia was, is and will
remain as a great power with its
own national interests. It means that
these interests shall be respected by
other states. This is the imperative
reality ofthe 21st century. Russia has
not only thebiggest territory but also the biggest sea border. The appearance of some cutting edge under water technologies stipulates
the expansion of the economic and
military activities at the inner space.
Moreover, the rapidly depleting reserves ofoil and gas put onanagenda the developing of under sea gas
and oil reserves as well as other ma-
10
terials not only atthe shelf zones but

also atthe abyssal planes. Therefore
the partition of areas of economic
influence in the World's oceans and
Seas is getting inevitable. It stands
to reason that these activities are
fraught with grave consequences
which can lead to therise ofmilitary
tensions. The history of international relations has been showing that
approaches and leverages to settle
the tensions are characterized by
thereal potential level and readiness
of the Navy of the conflicting parties. Theessence ofthe national policy of the sea-power states has not
been changed since the last centuries and Russia will expect an inevitable contest onthis field inthenear
future. That's why the threats from
the seas and oceans will have a ten-
dency to be increased. In order to

neutralize military threats Russia will
need thepowerful Navy and its integral part Fleet Submarine Forces.
Today Russian specialists have restored and renewed technologies
ofbuilding nuclear submarines, have
embarked on the process of deep
modernization of the fleet as well as
launched new battle ship projects,
which are planned to be the face
of the new generation fleet, Fleet
of the 21st century. Today scientific facilities and industrial enterprises
are undergone the complex process
oftransformation towards thenew realities ofthe 21st century. TheMilitary
Doctrine is expected to push theprocess ofmodernization and transformation. However to achieve the desire
hight some important disposal, con-
NAVY
Yuriy
Dolgorukiy is
the first SSBN
submarine
of the Borei
class
Today Yuri Dolgorukiy-class

submarines are one of the best
in the world. In the nearest decade they will be the main Russias
strategic nuclear weapon in
the Navy. Having relatively low
cost, these vessels are powerful,
well-equipped and controlled
and possess an extremely high
stealthiness.
struction and upgrading activities are

to be completed. It's clear that theuse
of old infrastructure, scientific and industrial facilities as well as engineering capabilities give no chance for upto-date submarine forces.
Currently Russian engineers
are working on a New Look of the
Russian Navy ataquick pace. Russian
President D. Medvedev In a speech,
addressed to the high ranking militaries and politicians, heralds that
Russia needs thepowerful Navy and
all efforts are done to achieve this
goal. He underlines that the time
when Russia patched the holes has
already past for good and theRussian
Federation has started the creation of the new Armed Forces lest
athought to threaten Russia or its allies should cross somebody's mind.
In accordance with the Naval
Doctrine, scheduled up to 2020,
themain task ofthe Russian Navy is
to provide the strategic deterrence
Laid down
2 November 1996
Launched
13 February 2008
Displacement
14,720 t (14,488 long tons) surfaced

24,000 t (23,621 long tons) submerged
Length
170 m (557' 9'')
Beam
13.5 m (44' 3'')
Draught
10 m (32' 10'')
1 OK-650B nuclear reactor
Propulsion
1 AEU steam turbine

1 shaft
Speed
25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h)
Complement
130 officers and men
Armament
16 Bulava SLBMs
6 SS-N-15 cruise missiles (21'' (533 mm) torpedo
tubes)
of initiation of a war against Russia
and its allies. In this vain, the submarine forces are considered to be
the most effective element of the
Naval presence in the important areas ofthe oceans as well as inpeace
and war time.
Today submarine forces are posed

as a backbone of the Russian Naval
Strength. At war possessing much
more combat stability in comparison with other forces of the Navy,
the Russian Submarine Forces such
as missile cruisers of general-purpose naval forces and nuclear-deterrent naval forces are the most credible element to ensure retaliation. In
future operational flexibility and offensive firepower of the Submarine
Forces are going to be improved
due to the phase-in operation command and control systems, including
thewide usage ofmulti-purpose and
multi-role robots and unmanned vehicles, strike radio-electronic warfare
systems, navigation systems, communications systems and up-to-date
facilities ofcoastal infrastructure.
It is worth to mention that
the Navy, and the Submarine Forces
in particular, will be the first to face
thecruise missiles and aircraft ofafoe
incase awar breaks out. As all missiles
and aircraft should cross the Russian
sea border first. Taking into account
the experience of the Cold War,
the deterrence is possible in case if
2(52).2010
11
NAVY
unavoidable and unacceptable losses
be inflicted by All-Arms Naval Forces.
In this context the real combat readiness ofthe Submarine Forces will play
theutmost important role.
One cannot slough off a role
of the Navy in the Sixth Generation
Wars, network centric warfare, with
great use ofverity ofrobots and unmanned vehicles in the air, on the
land and of course in the sea. For
sure, theRussia's activities intheseas
and oceans should be enough to
provide security and stable economic development ofthe country. In accordance with theInternational Law,
Russia has 12 million square meters
of sea-bed economic area. However,
some areas are disputable and mootDisplacement
23,20024,500 t (22,83024,110 long tons) surfaced

33,80048,000 t (33,27047,240 long tons) submerged
Length
175 m (574' 2'')
Beam
23 m (75' 6'')
Draught
Endurance
12 m (39' 4'')
2 OK-650 pressurized-water nuclear reactors, 90MW
(120,700 hp) ea.
2 VV-type steam turbines, 37 MW (49,600 hp) ea.
2 shafts
7 bladed shrouded screws
22.22 knots (41.15 km/h; 25.57 mph) surfaced
27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) submerged
180 days submerged
Test depth
400 m (1,300')
Complement
163
1 9K38 Igla SAM
2 650 mm (26'') torpedo tubes
RPK-7 Vodopad AShMs
Type 65K torpedoes
4 533 mm (21'') torpedo tubes
RPK-2 Viyuga cruise missiles
Type 53 torpedoes
D-19 launch system
20 RSM-52 SLBMs
Propulsion
Speed
The project 941

or Akula class
submarine
(NATO reporting
name: Typhoon)
is a type
of nuclearpowered ballistic missile
submarine
deployed by
the Soviet Navy
in the 1980s
12
ed by theneighboring states. If one

remembers the history of the past
wars, mostly they emerge from some
territorial disputes.
Nowadays a new territorial dispute can appear. It is Arctic.
The question about the Arctic territories is considered as a milestone
in the international relations of the
21st century. Thequestion is getting
tougher due to oil and gas reserves
got depleted as well as due to thesituation intheMiddle East and North
African Countries which remains unpredictable and volatile.
Today the intentions of groups
of the countries, which are aimed
at some territorial changes in Arctic,
have been determined. The first
Armament
group is composed of USA, Canada,

Norway and Denmark. These countries united and consolidated their
position in the framework of NATO
and stand for a solution by force.
They have already embarked on creation of a fleet armed with ice class
battle vessels, deployment of military infrastructure and increase
of fishery and scientific-research activities.
The second group is characterized by some countries, for instance China and Japan, which call
for fair partition of common heritage ofmankind located intheArctic
Region.
Taking into account the last developments over Arctic and position ofsome countries Russia needs
thepowerful Northern Fleet inorder
to secure its own Northern border. To
face thechallenging task theRussian
leadership has already done some
steps and propelled counter measures, inparticular, Arctic troops were
created.
Speaking about the usage of robots and unmanned vessels its worth
to mention their big role and successful implementation onthe battlefield
based on the Iraq and Afghanistan
Wars on Terrorism. In many eyes reconnaissance-and-attack robots are
going to become the main weapon
of the 21st century. Their main combat feature is a high level of operational security and as aconsequence
ofthis fluidity, surprise and unavoidably of a strike. The vanishing-man
concept in the Armed Forces has
been launched and cannot be halted also due to the fact that a robot
does not take into account its own
life, so theonly one thing can matter
is selection of a target and the way
the target has to be destroyed. It
seems that military multi-robot systems will play the main role on matters of the victory or devastated defeat during a network centric warfare. Unmanned underwater vehicles, which are able to submerge
at a depth of more than 200 meters and sail without refilling and recharging up to 400 nautical miles,
are considered today as a momentous weapon. Their cheaper price
less tonnage than asubmarine make
them far more attractive.
NAVY
The Ocean Engineering is
a complicated, hard and complex work that could be compared
with the Space engineering, thus
the work needs much concentration by the government to mobilize the manufacturing, financial
resources and facilities as well as
combined research and scientific
activities not only of naval specialists but also other fields specialists. Every step on the path towards thebottom line ofthe Ocean
requires up-to-date and breakthrough sci-tech technologies and
bushels ofmoney.
But efforts and money are worth
to be spent on if Russia does not
want to be hedged and isolated
within its land borders and finally be destroyed. These active steps
should be done in the nearest future even regardless ofthe financial,
technical and organizational burden
housed on the shoulders of modern Russia. The Ocean Engineering
stems from thenecessity to accelerate theprocess ofthe Russian industry of the Undersea Fleet. This topic is put onthe agenda ofsome national oriented authorities as well as
militaries and politicians.
The unification of efforts
of a wide range of specialists, thinktanks and manufacturing facilities
inorder to create underwater weaponry, military and special equipment of new generation should be
done intheframework ofaFocused
Government Program calculated
on a five, ten, fifteen, twenty and
Class and type
attack submarine
Displacement
2,300 tons surfaced, 3,200 tons submerged
Length
81.4 metres
Beam
9.5 metres
Draught
7.6 metres
OK-550 or BM-40A, 155-MWt Lead-bismuth cooled
Propulsion
fast reactor
40000 shp steam turbine, one shaft
Speed
12 knots surfaced, 41 knots submerged
Test depth
350 m test
Complement
31 (all officers)
Six 533-mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes:
18 SET-65 or 53-65K torpedoes
20 VA-111 Shkval torpedoes
21 SS-N-15 cruise missiles
12 SS-N-16 cruise missiles
24 mines
Armament
more year period. The Government

Program should have top-priority as
these weaponry military and special
equipment will provide the security ofthe national interests ofRussia
and assist to react towards challenging threats.
The Soviet
Union/Russian
Navy Project
705 (/Lira)
was a submarine class
of hunter/killer
nuclear powered vessels
Only the successful implementation of the Government Programs

will lead to the creation of the cutting-edge underwater weapon systems which provide themilitary and
economic security of the Russian
Federation onits sea borders.
The Russian border of the
Arctic Region is planned to be
secured by the FSB Boarder
Guards by 2016. Combined
troops are also expected to be
deployed in the region.
2(52).2010
13
NAVY
FROM PETER THE GREAT'S EPOCH

OF CANNONS MADE OF BRONZE
UP TO CUTTING-EDGE SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Old building
of Arsenal
he St. Petersburg Arsenal Enterprise is the
oldest Russian defense
factory, which was built
under the Peter the First'
s decree in 1711 to produce more advanced naval and army artillery ammunition. At that time it was called
Nowadays Liteiny Dvor (Mold Yard) and sitArsenal uated closer to the Niva at an ave-
14
nue which was called Liteiny (Mold).

The Arsenal factory was relocated
out of the city to the opposite bank
oftheriver in the middle of 19th century. Afterwards the Arsenal quay
and the Arsenal avenue appeared at
the new place.
Unique up-to-date army and naval artillery guns have been produced along the all history of the
factory. However, not only the modern artillery pieces were produced
here. The famous Peter-on-Horse
monument by B. Rastrelli, which is
situated closer to the Engineer Castle,
and world wide known the Bronze
Horseman, monument to Peter the
Great by A. Falcone, were produced
by the molders of the plant. The first
missile launchers were developed
and manufactured in the 20s of the
19th century under the leadership of
a new chief of the plant, famous artillery general, Alexander Dmitrievich
Zasyadko, the creator of the first solid fuel rockets. However the main
output of the factory was naval artillery for the Russian Navy.
A part of the factory was relocated in the rear. The engineers, designers and workers who left at the
Arsenal plant managed to develop and produce an anti-tank gun
based on the 45mm casemate artillery piece within 24 days. By means
of hundreds of these guns an enemy tank assault was stopped. At the
same time mortars were also manufactured at the plant and were delivered to the front line. Since 1944
for war effort Arsenal embarked on
the producing of the BS-3 100 mm
antitank gun the danger for the
fascist Tiger heavy tanks.
After the war the Russian Navy demanded recovering and new up-todate military hardware. For that purpose Central Design Bureau-7 (nowadays Design Bureau Arsenal) was
founded at Arsenal in 1949, which
possessed experiment production
capacities for developing naval anti-aircraft artillery automatic weapon. Arsenal has created more than
20 models of one-, two- and fourgun artillery systems with the caliber from 45 to 130 mm. The Arsenal
specialists also developed antiaircraft naval missile systems and jamming systems. The AK-130 multipurpose artillery system, which was put
into service in 1985, ranks second
NAVY
AK 130 artillery
piece
to none in the world for fire power.

The vast majority of the Russian battle ships have military hardware produced by the Arsenal enterprise.
The Design Bureau and factory manufactured strategic combat
missile systems armed with solid fuel ballistic missiles. The following
missiles were designed and handed over for trial performance: the
first in the world mobile combat
missile system armed with the RT-15
middle range missile was created
for the Strategic Missile Forces; the
D-11 combat missile system armed
with the R-31 medium range missile,
which was the first Russian solid-fuel ballistic missile, was created for
the Submarine Fleet.
Acting as a head contractor, the
Arsenal Design Bureau in 1972 modernized, completed and delivered to
the Strategic Missile Forces inventory the RT-2P silo-based intercontinental ballistic missile, which was
equipped with a suppression of antimissile defense system. The missile
had been in the combat duty during
20 years since.
Taking into the account the technical level of Arsenal, it was ordered
to develop high-accuracy and high-
AK 130 KEY SPECIFICATIONS

Number of guns
Caliber, mm
Range of fire, km
Preset limits of pointing:
elevation, deg
traverse, deg
Rate of fire, rounds/min
Personnel
2
130
up to 23
8... +80
180
up to 60
6
ZIF-122
launcher
2(52).2010
15
NAVY
Self-propelled
launcher with
RT-15 missile
Loading the
RT-2P missile
to silo
R-31 ballistic
missile
16
power actuators with digital control

system for a swiveling chamber of
the liquid-fuel missile engines of the
Energiya (Energy) booster of the
Energiya-Buran expendable launch
system. Later on, after modernization, an actuator was installed on
the RD-180 engine, which is used by
the United States of America at the
Atlas-III and Atlas-V expendable
launch systems.
Since 1969 Arsenal has been embarked on space-based technology.
In 1981 the Arsenal Design Bureau
was awarded a head contractor status for some space complexes of a
naval space reconnaissance and target designation system. Since that
times space-based technology has
become a general guidance.
Arsenal produced two types of
spacecraft: radar surveillance and
communications surveillance craft.
The radar surveillance craft were
equipped with the Buk and Topaz
nuclear propulsion units. Around 30
craft of this type were launched into
space. World space technology had
no experience in use of the spacecraft equipped with nuclear propulsion units. The spacecraft of this type
have a specially designed system
which allows to shift a radiation hazard part of a craft to a higher orbit after the term of usage.
Experience gained by Arsenal,
both Design Bureau and Machine
Engineering Plant, could be used to
develop some advanced spacecraft
equipped with much more powerful
nuclear propulsion units.
In 1980-s Arsenal exercised
modernization of the spacecraft
of the space complexes of a naval
NAVY
The Arsenal Design Bureau is
engaged into the diversification of
the space topics in order to provide
the economic stability under the
market relations which the Design
Bureau is involved in. The most rational decision of the diversification
for the Design Bureau is to design
some space systems for scientific
and social-economic purposes. For
instance, the Design Bureau created
a pilot scheme of the Neva Unified
Small Space Platform, as well as an
integrated working-out and several
projects of space systems were done
which are used on the basis of the
Unified Small Space Platform.
For example the Zvezdny Patrul
(Star Patrol) development activities
were furnished. The aim of the activities is to develop a space station to control over the circumterrestrial space and create optical transients to use them in outerspace. The Arsenal Design Bureau
space reconnaissance and target
designation system and improved
much their functional and performance characteristics. The spacecraft equipped with radar surveillance systems had been provided
Russian Navy with needed information 24 hours a day under different
weather conditions for a long time.
The 300-year-anniversary of the
Arsenal foundation is getting closer
(it will be celebrated on October 15,
2011). During last decades the main
creative efforts of Arsenal and the
co-enterprises were aimed at the development and ground-completionmethods of a new space system designed for radiophysical research of
the land surface (different terrain
and sea areas) in order to enlarge
broad spectrum of manifold challenges on behalf of different customers. The being created space complex uses cutting-edge researchand-engineering
achievements
in the industry sector. Particularly,
the latest radio-technical and radar
equipment is used in the complex.
Nowadays the Arsenal enterprise
has embarked on flight tests and
full-scale development test of the
new generation spacecraft which is
integrated into the mentioned space
complex.
R-31 missile
salvo
Submarine firing the R-31

missile
2(52).2010
17
NAVY
US-AM
spacecraft
US-PU
spacecraft
18
in cooperation with Institute for

Astronomy of the Russian Academy
of Sciences (INASAN, Moscow) in
accordance with design specification by Central Research Institute for
Engineering Technology conducted scientific research of the possible layout of a future space complex designed to control the circumterrestrial space as well as to solve
the problems with asteroidal threat.
The implementation of Zvezdny
Patrul can be done with use of
spacecraft which are built on the basis of low earth orbit and high earth
orbit variants of the Neva Unified
Small Space Platform. Roskosmos,
the Russian Academy of Sciences,
the Ministry of Defense and Ministry
of the Russian Federation for Civil
Defense, Emergency Management
and Natural Disasters Response
show their interest in this development. Bearing in mind the urgency of an issue, the Arsenal
Design Bureau suggested that the
Zvezdny Patrul development activities should be done before 2020. At

the same time some activities are
in progress on the foreign markets
to forward the projects where they
could find a use. For this purpose
an agreement with Kosmoexport
was inked.
It should be noted that the
Arsenal Design Bureau has been involved in further research activities
to use spacecraft equipped with nuclear propulsion units to meet socialeconomic and scientific challenges
including national and global security tasks.
Coming closer to the 300 anniversary St. Petersburg Arsenal does
not forget its traditional assignment,
which was given by Peter the First, to
work out the A-192 new-generation
multipurpose gun mount.
Arsenal Design Bureau

Arsenal Federal State Unitary
Enterprise, Press Service
Advertising and Public
Relations Department
of OJSC MZ Arsenal
NAVY
2(52).2010
19
WEAPONS
BTR-90 armed
with unified
FCS and
Berezhok
fighting
compartment
UNIFIED FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM

FOR ARMOURED VEHICLES
ne of the main factors
leading to increase
ofcombat effectiveness
of existing armoured
vehicles is the use of
more advanced fire control system
(FCS). Therefore more and more often increase in combat effectiveness
is reached by means of upgrading
FCS of combat vehicles (CV) weapon systems.
For decades development of fire
control systems for light armoured
vehicles (IFV, AAV and APC) lagged
behind the development of tankmounted fire control systems.
For firing BMP-1 IFVs 73 mm
gun coupled with a machine gun
and for firing the Malyutka ATGM
system the vehicle is equipped with
acombined periscopic gunners sight
with dependent (on the gun) LOS
and non-stabilized electric drive motor. Hence, BMP-1 IFV is capable offiring all weapon systems only in stationary position.
FCS for the BMP-2 IFV is the first
fire control system for light combat
vehicles featuring weapon system
stabilizer which enables firing 30 mm
gun andcoupled machine gun both
in stationary position and on the
20
move, while firing ATGM only in stationary position.

While tanks were already equipped with laser rangefinders and ballistic computers with fire conditions
sensors, combat vehicles, like BMP-2
IFV for example, were not.
Adopting BMP-3 infantry fighting
vehicle by theRussian Armed Forces
in 1987 was a qualitative leap for
lightly armoured vehicles. the BMP3 weapon system was created atKBP
Instrument Design Bureau. In terms
of its composition and fire power it
was aunique system, excelling both
existing series production systems
and future IFVs from all countries
of the world. the system includes
a100 mm gun, a30 mm gun, guided
weapon with a tube-launched missile and FCS, whose specifications
were not inferior to tank FCS being
even superior in some aspects.
For the first time BMP-3 FCS, as
opposed to BMP-2 FCS, used analogue ballistic computer and gunners sighting unit with independent
line ofsight (LOS), thelatter ensuring
firing on the move both unguided
andguided weapons. Some oftheparameters were fed from sensors automatically, e.g. vehicle speed and az-
imuth, angular speed of the target

in azimuth channel, vehicle roll, distance to target. Range was measured
by laser rangefinder mounted onthe
barrel. theparameters which change
slowly, like ambient air and charge
temperature, atmospheric pressure
and muzzle velocity deviation could
be fed manually. Hence, development of BMP1>BMP2>BMP3 FCS
demonstrates convergence oftrends
oftank FCS andlightly armoured vehicles (IFV in particular) FCS development.
At the same time the BMP-3 adopted more than 20 years ago possessed a sufficient reserve for enhancement of performance characteristics. anew step in development
of IFV FCS was the KBP-developed
fire control system for BMD-4 airborne assault vehicle which in many
aspects excelled tank FCS.
The FCS consisted of the following major components: combined
gunners day/night sight, commanders panoramic sight, accuracy armament stabilizer, digital ballistic computer with sensor package andIR automatic target tracker.
The combined gunners sight (GS)
combines range-finding, thermal
WEAPONS
imaging, sighting and missile guid- LOS field stabilization, with frequenance channels in one module featur- cy laser range-finder and TV guiding one head mirror which ensures ance channel ensures quick and relihigh accuracy LOS stabilization in able search anddetection ofground
two axes. This allows detecting tar- and aerial targets, all-round surveilgets at large distances while mov- lance independent of the gunners
ing, reliable target tracking in au- sight, accurate target designation
tomatic and semiautomatic modes (up to 0.1 mrad) in azimuth and elwith stabilization accuracy of 0.005 evation and efficient firing all types
0.10 mrad. Incorporation of ther- ofarmament.
FCS features full back-up of commal imaging sight allowed firing all
types of ammunition both by day manders actions during theprocess
and at night and under limited visi- of firing all types of armament inbility (haze, smoke) conditions at all cluding guided missiles both by day
andatnight.
weapon operating ranges.
Mirror pointing angles increased
Limitation in number of ATGM
launch cycles typical of BMP-3 was to 60 in elevation and LOS angular
removed. Unified design ofthemod- velocities increased to 20 deg/s in
ule ensures that misalignment ofop- aerial target mode, as well as high
tical axes ofrange-finding andsight- frequency (up to 5 Hz) range-finding
ing channels in the course of life-cy- ensure highly efficient firing against
cle with no adjustment carried out aerial targets especially in automatic
does not exceed 0.1 mrad, this en- tracking mode.
Ballistic computer with sensor
hancing performance characteristics
package. Adoption of digital ballisofthesight.
Range-finding channel of the tic computers instead of analogue
sight ensures measuring distance ones makes it possible to process into target with a frequency of 45 creased data flow with higher speed
Hz, this increasing efficiency of fire and accuracy and to use advanced
against ground and especially aeri- fire algorithms.
FCS of the BMD-4 and upgradal targets.
Commanders panoramic TV sight ed BMP-2 vehicles take account
(CPS) with independent two-axis of the following factors: CV speed,
roll and trim difference, target relative angular speed, distance to target, type ofammunition, CV bearing
angle, air temperature and pressure,
charge temperature, angle of target
position, changing distance to target during CV motion, projectile exit angle, number of shots made by
thegun.
FCS of the adopted BMD-4 more
accurately than the 1V539 ballistic
computer (that of BMP-3) considers
parameters of target movement relative to the platform: LOS angular
speed in horizontal andvertical axes,
speed oftarget approach to platform.
Considering the following parameters also adds significantly to the increase of fire accuracy: angle of target position when determining aiming angles, projectile flight time, firing range limits, non-linear dependence of range corrections on meteoballistic factors air pressure
and temperature and their non-linearity and cross-effect in particular,
ballistic wind.
Moreover a newly developed fire
permission algorithm allows considering limiting characteristics of CV
subsystems during firing, e.g. it features automatic prohibition of firing
beyond maximum aimed and aim-
2(52).2010
21
WEAPONS
off fire distances, when exceeding
permissible LOS angular speed, etc.
However tank FCS considers only limitation in permissible drive motor error.
The new 1V539M digital ballistic
computer in contrast to BMP-3 analogue ballistic computer ensures easy
programming for use of virtually unlimited number ofammunitions with
new ballistic characteristics and its
use as a component of FCS of various CVs.
This combination resulted in increase of firing accuracy. the maximum errors of aiming angle and lateral lead calculation in 1V539M ballistic computer do not exceed tenths
ofmrad.
Armament stabilizer along with
thegunners andcommanders sights
performs stabilization and laying
ofthesystems weapons when firing
all types ofammunition in stationary
position, onthe move andafloat.
The operation speed of the stabilizer is enhanced owing to the configuration of the stabilizer control unit in the form of an electronic device based on a minicomputer as well as thanks to application
of a DC electric motor with commu-
BMD-4
armed with
unified FCS
and Bakhcha
fighting
compartment
BMP-3 armed
with unified
FCS and
Bakhcha
fighting
compartment
22
tatorless electronic switching. As aresult, armament stabilization accuracy is enhanced and dynamic errors
are reduced. the new stabilizer enables optimal operation oftheturret
and armament laying drives in various modes, as well as adjustment
of the drives in case of wide spread
of mechanical parameters of different objects ofcontrol.
TV/IR automatic target tracker automatically tracks the LOS of theTV
(commanders panoramic sight) or
thermal (thermal module ofthegunners sight) sight to the target assigned by thegunner or commander.
It also enables high-precision laying
oftheaiming mark atthe target in real combat conditions, which is particularly important when firing a guided missile.
The TV/IR automatic target tracker implements the fire-and-forget principle. the hit probability
of the missile becomes technically guaranteed because the man is
excluded from the guidance loop.
This enables to reduce theworkload
onthe operator, to have stable tracking in stress situations of the battle,
as well as to restore tracking after
its loss owing to theinertial tracking

mode in case of temporal interruption (up to 5 seconds) ofthesignal in
respect ofthetarget.
The installation of the new FCS
onthe BMD-4 imposed additional requirements onthe automatic loading,
and this issue was solved by a common automatic loader of unguided
andguided projectiles.
Automatic target tracking significantly increases fire accuracy, especially when firing at moving targets
and when moving with high speed.
the TV/IR automatic target tracker
enables to reduce errors ofLOS stabilization by afactor of1.52.5.
The proposed FCS features modular design: various types ofRussian
and foreign thermal imagers can
be installed; anti-tank missile guidance modules can be replaced; various ballistics ofunguided projectiles
can be input; layout of the modules
on the CV can be varied. According
to customers request any FCS composition version can be installed, including areduced one.
The FCS modular design allowed
to use theprevailing part (up to 90%)
of the FCS of the BMD-4 fighting
compartment in the fighting compartment of the upgraded BMP-2:
the missile guidance channel is replaced in the BMP-2 FCS; the commanders sight is installed behind
the turret due to the lack of space.
In addition, the new FCS installed
onthe BMP-2 has enabled to conduct
missile salvo firing to engage hardlyarmoured targets, to fire anautomatic grenade-launcher while stationary,
onthe move andafloat, as well as to
fire other weapons.
Furthermore, in order to upgrade
lighter vehicles, e. g. BMD-2, theFCS
was installed in thereduced version:
only a part of the FCS and a part
ofthearmament (one launcher).
The FCS was tested on the T-72
tank in the course of its upgrade according to one oftheoptions.
The FCS has imparted the following new features to weapon systems
ofcombat vehicles:
enhancement of gun fire accuracy; the effective range of fire
of30mm projectiles has increased
from 11001400 m up to 1800
2000 m; the maximum range
WEAPONS
offire of100mm projectiles has increased from 4 up to 7 km; theeffective range of tank guns has increased by afactor of1.31.8;
increase of target hit probability by ananti-tank guided missile;
enhancement of target search
and detection capabilities, full
backup offiring all types ofweapons by thecommander;
capability to kill a wide range
of targets (stationary, maneuvering, small-size, high-speed targets,
including aerial targets) under adverse weather and survey conditions while stationary, on the
move and afloat, day and night,
by all weapons installed on the
combat vehicle;
increase ofair target kill probability by more than anorder ofmagnitude while reducing ammunition expenditure; the effectiveness of air-defence fire of combat vehicles approximates to that
ofspecialized close-in air-defence
missile-gun systems;
capability of firing from indirect
positions;
fire-and-forget missile fire;
engagement of current and advanced tanks due to salvo fire
of two anti-tank missiles in one
beam and due to elevated missile fire;
ease of usage, opportunities to
promptly increase the number
oftypes ofweapons andammunition being used andto orient oneself in the combat situation; improvement of ergonomic characteristics ofthecombat vehicle.
Thus, introduction of the unified

automatic round-the-clock FCS has
enabled to significantly increase
the effectiveness of armoured vehicles armament under all conditions
of combat operation: typical target
kill probability of the BMD-4 is increased by a factor of 34 as compared to that of the BMP-3, and by
afactor of47 for theupgraded BMP2 as compared to theBMP-2.

The KBP-designed BMD-4 andthe
fighting compartment of the upgraded BMP-2 with the unified FCS
currently have the performances, which are superior to those
of the best foreign counterparts:
Bradley (US), Marder (Germany).
This FCS can be used (totally or
partially) as apart ofweapon systems
in theBMD-2, BMD-3, BTR-90, BMP-3,
in theT-72, T-80, T-90 tanks as well as
in weapon systems installed onriver
andsea vessels.
KBP has studied anopportunity to
install weapon systems with thenew
FCS oftheBMD-4 onforeign customers vehicles: Patria (Finland), ASCOD
(Austria) and FAHD (Egypt), and the
FCS oftheupgraded BMP-2 onvehicles oftheItalian company IVECO.
Thus, the proposed FCS is currently in quantity production at KBP
Instrument Design Bureau and can
be installed on various vehicles according to customers request.
BMD-3 armed
with unified
FCS and
Berezhok
fighting
compartment
BMP-2
armed with
unified FCS
and Berezhok
fighting
compartment
BMP-3
armed with
unified FCS
and Berezhok
fighting
compartment
2(52).2010
23
WEAPONS
NIGHT VISION
FROM GENERATION
TO GENERATION
24
WEAPONS
EQUIPMENT:
H
ungary, to the south

and south-east of Lake
Balaton Soviet Union
troops were repelling
an assault of the large
infantry and cavalry German forces. The Sovinformbjuro broadcasting agency reported it on March
6, 1945 and repeated it without any
changes on March 7 and 8. One day
later it was announced Soviet Union
troops were repelling an assault of
the large infantry and cavalry enemy
forces directed towards the Danube
to the south-east and south of Lake
Balaton in Hungary. Having suffered
heavy losses the enemy managed to
buckle in our defense line in several sectors. 72German tanks and selfpropelled guns were destroyed on
March 9 in the region.
The unimportant buckling in a
line was as many as 30 kilometers!
That was the first time during the
war the Germans had conducted an
offensive at night. They forced to the
Danube and were stopped at a great
cost of life. 33 thousand men were
killed, wounded or missed in action.
But the Germans also lost 40 thousand men and half of the 900 tanks.
The Balaton only disappeared from
the reports on March 16.
Short on a time, but exclusive
on its dynamics and slogging battles the Balaton defensive operation
of the 3rd Ukrainian Front could be
compared with the battle of Kursk.
Anyone who knows the history
of World War II even a little will pay
attention to an unusual combination the Germans and night battles, moreover offensive operations.
No doubt the German tank troopers
saw in darkness like cats!
Mikhail Timoshenko
THE BEGINNING
That was almost in that way:
theimage intensifier tube was developed in1934. Theelectrons knocked
off thephotocathode by theIR radiation are accelerated andfocalized by
2(52).2010
25
WEAPONS
Restored
PzKpfw V
Panther tank
with night
vision device
mounted on its
turret
26
anelectric magnetic field onthe an- Unfortunately, well never find out
ode drawing image visible inaneye- the truth. But what a brilliant examglass on a luminescent screen. By ple of successful electronic warfare
the end of the war Germany pro- it could be!
Those image intensifier tubes beduced up to thousand IR-devices
amonth. They were mounted onthe came night vision device of generPzKpfw V Panther tanks. It allowed ation zero. Disadvantages: necessiSS-troops to buckle in the Soviet ty ofanactive auxiliary illumination
defense line during the first days provided by theIR-floodlight which
ofthebattle ofBalaton Lake though is also asignature; lack ofprotection
the Soviet units had superiority against bright light (flash out protection) andlow sensitivity.
intanks andartillery.
Active IR devices with an auxThose devices had low sensitivity for their usage (they al- iliary illumination were improved
lowed engaging our tanks andguns in the first post-war decade. By
at the range of 400 m at night) the end of 1950s the march speed
the auxiliary illumination was nec- ofAmerican military convoys atnight
essary. It was provided by theflood- was almost the same as in daytime.
lights covered with ebonite sheets But at night an IR-floodlight mountandmounted onthe Sd. Kfz. II51/II0 ed on the APC or tank was actually
Valke APCs. And they had their own screaming: I am thetarget! And acheel ofAchilles bright direct light tive devices ofgeneration zero were
burnt the photocathode out put- replaced by thepassive or image inting the image intensifier tube out tensifying ones.
ofaction. Wasnt that thereason why
GENERATION BY GENERATION
our antiaircraft floodlights floodPassive night vision device teched the Germans when attacking at
the Battle of the Seelow Heights? nology is based on the image intensifier tubes (photomultipliers) located between the photocathode
andtheeyeglass. It allows thedevice
to intensify visible and an IR ranges
anddraw theimage. In other words
an electron knocked off the photocathode by light is transmuted
into the whole stream of electrons
because of the secondary emission
in several stages. And this stream
can be focalized to draw the visual image.
The principle ofoperation ofsuch
devices is based onthe fact thebattlefield is not dark; it is always illuminated either by fires, moonlight or
stellar light. The human eye is capable to fix even a separate quantum,
but it is better to see the enemy
and image intensifiers transmute
separate quantum into bright image.
There were several generations
of image intensifying night vision
devices. Gen I, tested in Vietnam,
produced a light amplification
of around 1000x and allowed to
fight at the light of the quarter
moon. Gen II (the Falkland War, 1982
and the Desert Storm, 1991) produced alight amplification ofaround
20000x and worked at the starlight.
GOES 34210M
Then the researchers managed to
resist the whiteout at the expense

ofapplication ofmicro channel technology. Improved image-intensifier
tubes utilizing micro-channel plate
(MCP) accelerate electrons inalarge
number of bypass channels of diameter about micrometer. If any
of them is blinded there will be no
problem: a micron size bright point
will not spoil the image. Generation
III uses a photocathode made with
gallium arsenide, which further improves image resolution and amplifies to around 3000050000x. They
are inuse nowadays. And Generation
IV has an automatic gated power
supply andendless MCP system regulates the photocathode voltage allowing the NVD to instantaneously
adapt to changing light conditions
andincrease its range.
Photomultipliers are compact,
keep the platform camouflaged
and have the high-resolution capability ensuring confident target identification and exact sniper shooting.
But they are only effective against
darkness and ineffective against
aerosols (fog, smoke) andrain. As ill
luck would have it war always takes
place inbad weather!
YOU HAVE TEMPERATURE!
That is why thermo vision technologies were also being developed along with image intensification, thelong-wave one which does
not need any celestial light. As all
the military science interesting objects radiate electromagnetic waves
inthe infra-red spectrum. Even kids
know about an IR-homing head
of air-to-air missiles. And there are
also tank engines, radars, etc. If we
consider ourselves, body temperature ofhuman being is 36.6.
First, this radiation was captured
by thermo resistances ruler, then
sub matrix (both of them had mechanical scanning), and later matrix. The devices were to be cooled
to liquid nitrogen temperature inorder to suppress thermal interference. That is why, for example, very
powerful compact cooler body was
one ofthecritical technologies used
intank infra-red thermal imagers.
Finally, matrix on uncooled silicon microbolometers appeared.
They require neither cooling nor me-
WEAPONS
chanical scanning. However, such
a matrix usually uses the Peltier device which can both cool and heat
up and serves as a method of thermal stabilization. In the Englishspeaking literature such devices are
referred to as TEC (Thermoelectric
Cooler). Thermoelectric cooling uses thePeltier effect to create aheat
flux between the junction of two
different types of materials (normally bismuth telluride and silicon germinades) which transfer heat from
one side of the device to the other side against the temperature gradient (from cold to hot), with consumption ofelectrical energy. If cooling the heating part of a Peltier device, for example by aradiator or fan,
thetemperature ofthecold one will
become lower. In different equipment these devices are often used as
thesecond or third stage ofcooling.
It allows attaining the temperatures
of 80 for one-stage refrigerators
and120 for thetwo-stage ones.
Quality of an image drawn by
thermal imagers does not depend
on the targets illumination. And its
range does depend on the air condition as it operates in a long-wave
spectrum. Effective range probability of thermal imagers is about 9092%. They have better interference
immunity, but both thermal imagers
andnight vision devices do not provide necessary range at unfavorable
weather conditions. Thermal imagers are more complicated, expensive andlarger than photomultipliers.
They have lower resolution and do
not seem to like wet, covered with
dirt or snow targets. That is why real weapons systems combine both
light amplification and thermo vision channels.
THE MISSION MATTERS
Modern night vision devices are
manufactured in several basic versions.
Night monocular is the simplest
variant It is normally a telescope
oflow magnification degree handed
by theoperator.
Night vision binoculars have two
image intensifier tubes andproduce
magnified stereoscopic picture.
Night vision goggles are fixed
onahead, provide wide field ofview
andnormally do not magnify theimage or have variable magnification

of 1 and more which allows using them as a binocular. Night vision goggles use pseudo-binocular (Cyclops) image intensifier tubes
when one image intensifier tube
sends picture to both eyeglasses.
Night sight is fixed on the small
arms and, as arule, magnifies theimage andhas areticule. These devices
should stand thekick andit restricts
their application onhigh-power small
arms. Thealternative for thenight vision device laying is the IR laser target director which is an invisible laser beam being watched through
thenight vision goggles.
The night vision devices mounted
oncombat vehicles are integrated into their targeting systems.
WHAT IS THERE INSIDE NVD?
So, image intensifier tube is
the basis of any night vision device. Image intensifier tubes develop in a close co-operation generation development ofnight vision devices. Gen I of night vision devices
are based on one- and multistage
image intensifier tubes using a multislot photocathode of 220 A/lm
made primarily ofglass to accelerate
the electrons, input and output fiber-optical elements. Gen II ofnight
vision devices are also based on image intensifier tubes. They had input
and output fiber-optical elements,
micro-channel plate (MCP) and multislot photocathode which had asensitivity of around 300 A/lm. This
generation is subdivided into inverter and biplanar image intensifier
tubes. These are two gaps with parallel electric field: photocathode- micro-channel plate and micro-channel plate -screen. Depending onsensitivity ofthemultislot photocathode
night vision devices are subdivided into Gen II, Gen II+ and Gen II++
andbased onthe biplanar image intensifier tubes. Gen III night vision
device is abiplanar image intensifier
tube using photocathode made with
gallium arsenide.
Gen II+, II++ and III are being
developed within the last 25 years.
However, Generation IV image intensifier tube has become a real
achievement for the last few years.
This is animage intensifier tube with

the A3V5 photocathode with an ionbarrier film onamicro-channel plate.
It has anautomatic gated power supply. Such image intensifier tube has
increased impulse/noise ratio (above
33) and extended to 1000 lx operative illumination range. It increases its
effective range in extreme low light
conditions and allows conducting effective observation in the dynamic
lightning including urbanized areas.
As far as the other trends are
concerned it is necessary to note
Agava-II
Thermal sight
Tank Thermal
Vision "ESSA"
2(52).2010
27
WEAPONS
interest and progress in the field partially mastered. In particular, such
of hybrid-module intensifiers (HMI) night vision devices as Naglaznik
where there is an electron-raised pseudo-binocular goggles, Leader
charge-coupled matrix built-in pseudo-binocular night vision field
the image intensifier tube. In such glasses, Skosok flying night vision
HMI there are no losses caused goggles, etc. Despite thementioned
by the conversion of an electronic night vision devices a great number
stream to the image drawn on the ofunusual ones based onthe image
screen, losses ofemanation andres- intensifier tube technology was deolution in the optical devices. And signed. Such as low-profile night vithere are no screen luminophor sion goggles, wide-field goggles with
noises. Thepossibility ofconverting the user's field of view to around
theimage to theanalogue or digital 60degrees, etc.
The US companies mastered
signal allows theoperator to receive
theimage onthe monitor removed the production of biplanar image
from thesensor block andconduct intensifier tubes ofGen III with rotational image displacement andwithvideo processing.
Quality ofimage intensifier tubes out it; theEuropean andIsraeli prois expressed in a calculated factor duce biplanar image intensifier
called Figure ofMerit (FOM) which is tubes of Gen II+ and II++ for night
an abstract measure of image tube vision devices. The USA run a fullperformance, derived from thenum- scale production of night vision deber ofline pairs per millimeter (reso- vices based on Gen III image intenlution limit) multiplied by thetube's sifier tubes, the NATO countries resignal-to-noise ratio. High quality im- search is based on II++ ones. Key
age intensifier tubes are known to characteristics of foreign night vihave a FOM of 12001500. Active sion devices are comparable with
growth of Gen II + and III image in- ours. In fact, night vision device
tensifier tube parameters decreased based on Gen III image intensifier
inthe last decade oftheXX century. tubes are only implemented inpoor
It should be mentioned that Russian visibility ( <110-3 lx). At this visiimage intensifier tubes of Gen II+ bility effective range of Gen III imandIII have increased their FOM dur- age intensifier tubes excel Gen II++
ones. Gen III night vision devices are
ing thelast years.
A number ofdesign projects have ~1.52 times more expensive than
been completed in Russia recent- generation II++.
The image intensifier tubes ofGen
ly. Biplanar image intensifier tubes
ofGen II, II+, II++ with multislot pho- IV should have 1.5 micron spectral
tocathode and Gen III tubes with sensitivity, resolution of 64 lp/mm,
AIIIB5 photocathode for night vision wave length sensitivity of 1.0 midevices have been developed. Next crons S> 100 A/W, a signal/noise
generation of night vision devices ratio of more than 63. Night vision
based on biplanar image intensifi- devices based on the biplanar imer tubes has been successfully de- age intensifier tube with the 1.1 misigned andtheir production has been cron photocathode sensitivity, mi-
Thermal Vision
"Sosna"
28
WEAPONS
cro-channel and fiber-optical plates

with the 54 lp/mm resolution have
been designed. It is possible to research new generation of night vision devices based on the new sensitive elements andincrease their effectiveness in1.52 times. Such night
vision devices also ensure higher interference immunity.
AND WHAT IS THERE INSIDE
ATHERMAL IMAGER?
Thermo imaging development is
divided into four generations:
Gen I: thermal imagers on single

rulers ofoptical detectors onthe basis of a MCT (mercury cadmium telluride) liquid melt with two-dimensional scanning. It should be mentioned that a MCT bulk crystal is
much more expensive than gold;
Gen II: thermal imagers on submatrix on the basis of a MCT with
signal summation of more than
2 elements and one-dimensional
scanning;
Gen III: thermal imagers
on CdHgTe matrix with 20-micron
sensitive elements. Hyper sensitivity of such optical detectors allows gaining temperature sensitivity ofT<0,07;
Gen IV: thermal imagers on uncooled thermal matrix on the basis
of silicon microbolometers or pyroelectric matrix and other VO materials. There is no detector and deep
cooling system in Gen IV thermal
imager.
In Russia there is a concept
of thermal imagers based on rulers with small number of elements
The military man is

equipped with
the Alfa-9022
monocular
and Alfa-7115
laser target
pointer fixed
on the assault
rifle
2(52).2010
29
WEAPONS
The military man is

equipped with
the PNV-10T
night vision
device Alfa7115 laser
target pointer
fixed on the
assault rifle
(1032). Though the concept of production of such optical detectors

is very attractive they yield to foreign on 60-element optical detectors. Within thelimits oftheFederal
Night Vision Developments Program
Ministry of Defense and civil companies have designed the module
construction of thermal imagers.
Some modules as separate elements
were made for all the4 generations
ofthermal imagers.
Production of MCT bulk crystals has been mastered in the USSR
in the 1980s, and thermal imagers
for some military equipment could
be produced inlots. That means that
USSR could have had tank and helicopter thermal imagers even
at the Afghan War. But then other times have come, and capitalism
building in Russia ruined militaryindustrial complex. The main tasks
of the Russian Ministry of Defense

were personnel reduction and logistic support ofthose inservice.
Russia produces Gen 0 Posobie-1
and Gen I Posobie-2 and Agava-2
thermal imagers. Posobie-1 is an IRcamera based ona50-element JnSb
optical detector for the reconnaissance post. Pokolenie-2, modification
of Posobie-1, uses Nevesomost-64
photo-receiving device which consists of64-element ruler ofMCT crystals. We also produce Agava-2 thermo vision sight onthe basis ofArcha
photo-receiving device which is
based onthe 128-element photo resistor made from MCP.
Orion R&D designed thermal imagers with good system of a signal processing. They are based
on 128-element 4-column matrix
with staggered ordering of plots
andMCT matrix.
The US and NATO troops are

equipped with thermal imagers of all generations. All the imagers have module construction.
Texas Instrumemts, Hughes (USA)
has developed gamma thermal
imager on the basis of microbolometric and pyroelectric matrixes. There are gamma thermal imagers such as small arms sight
inmass of1.77 kg and800 m range,
and some other infra-red imagers with excellent performances,
for example, the Sophie binocular
of French CSF Company on the basis of a 4288-element submatrix,
2 kg in weight. It detects a human
being at therange of12001300m.
On thebasis ofthis type ofoptical
detectors adriving thermal imager
was developed for driving of various military vehicles andsome other infra-red imagers.
www.airfleet.ru
targeting your audience

since 1997
AIR DEFENSE
32
AIR DEFENSE
UPGRADED ZU-23
ANTI-AIRCRAFT MOUNT
pen
Joint
Stock mount was considered to be a basis
Company
Podolsky for a much more cutting-edge weapElectromechanical Plant on system.
Embarked on modernization OJSC
of Special Engineering
PEMZ Spetsmash and PEMZ Spetsmash and CJSK NTC
Closed Joint Stock Company NTC ELINS set a goal to update by far the
Elins have introduced to the world aiming and guiding systems of ZU-23.
market the up-to-date ZU-23M1-4 Besides, the goal of modernization
Anti-Aircraft Mount, that was built was to provide day and night operaon the basis of ZU-23 anti-aircraft tional use capabilities of the system.
To achieve the goal the enterprisgun and modernization equipment
es, which were involved in the crepackage.
The 23 mm twinned gun AA ation of ZU-23/30M1-4, fulfilled remount has been soldiering for 50 search and development activities
years in different countries all over as well as big number of actual firthe world, particularly in Army Air ing exercises at real air targets were
Defense units and Airborne units of executed.
After the modernization the
the Russian Armed Forces. 14000
ZU-23 AA guns were produced dur- 23mm ZU-23M1-4 twin anti-aircraft
ing Soviet Union time, Bulgaria and gun mount was created to provide
China obtained a license to produce protection of sites and non-mobile
and manufactured several thousand objects against tactical and assault
mounts more. ZU-23 was exported aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles,
intensively to the Warsaw Pact coun- as well as to inflict damage on UAVs
tries, as well as Africa, Middle East and light armored combat vehicles
during day and night under condiand other regions.
The outstanding AA mount capa- tions of limited visibility.
Modernization equipment packbilities were proved and tested in different conditions and always demon- age of ZU-23 consists of:
strated its outstanding combat char- Vertical and Horizontal Homing
acteristics. As a corollary the ZU-23
Electrical Drives;
2(52).2010
33
AIR DEFENSE
Optoelectronic Unit;
Tracking Automatic Unit;
Digital Computing System;
Display;
Control and Display Panel;
Operator Control Panel;
Electric Power Supply Unit;
Autonomous 27V DC Generating
Set;
Installation Kit.
The 2A14 anti-aircraft guns, loading mechanisms and towed chassis
remain unchanged in ZU-23/30M1-4
Target search, finding the target, tracking the target (automatic
or semiautomatic), engaging the target are exercised at ZU-23/30M1-4 by
one operator instead of two at ZU-23.
The modernization of ZU-23 can
take place either in Russia or in another place where a customer resides.
The modernization at the customer's place is done at an enterprise,

designated by the customer, in cooperation with teams of Russian specialists and customer's specialists using a
modernization equipment package
as well as adjusting and alignment
equipment and tools, delivered from
Russia to update in-inventory ZU-23
mounts. As far as customer's specialists master the modernization process of ZU-23, the upgrading can be
handed over to them fully or partially.
At the customer's discretion ZU23/30M1-4 can be equipped with
a target designation system, which
receives the coordinates and commands via digital coded wire links
and radio links from the automated
command and control post of a unit.
Units with the in-service up-
graded Anti-Aircraft Mounts can be

equipped with spear parts tools and
accessories for the modernization
equipment package. In addition a
maintenance workshop can be commissioned. The workshop provides
maintenance and first line repairs of
ZU-23/30M1-4 in the field. The delivery package can also have simulators
which allow to train operators without using the AA mounts and flying
targets.
Generally, the upgrade of ZU-23
to ZU-23/30M1-4 has provided:
Improvement of the effectiveness
while engaging air or ground targets;
Day and Night fighting capabilities;
Automated process of aiming a
target and its tracking;
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Type
Armament
Platform
Guidance System
ZU-23
ZU-23/30M1
Two 2A14 23-mm guns
Two 2A14 23-mm guns

Igla (Igla-S) short range guided missiles
Two-wheeled towed chassis
Two-wheeled towed chassis ofZU-23
Manual optical with mechanical sight
Optoelectronic automatic, semiautomatic and

manual (as a backup)
Manual using flywheels
Electro drive
Up to 1.5
Up to 2.0
Up to 3.5
Up to 5.0
Up to 50
Up to 400 (200 for guns)
Not more than 0.023
Not more than 0.7

(up to 0.2 for guns)
Yes
Yes
Targeting System
Effective Area of Engagement, km
Altitude
Range of Fire
Velocity of Effectively Engagement
ofa Target, m/s
Target Engagement Probability
Ability to engage ground targets
Velocity of targeting, degrees./second

Horizontally
Vertically
24-Hour Fighting Performance
Crew
Combat Load, kg
34
30
60
40
50
Not provided
Provided
970
1100
AIR DEFENSE
No-live operator estimation of col-
lision;
The wide range of effective en-
gagement of fast moving targets;

Downsize of the crew.
Hereafter ZU-23/30M1-4 can be

armed with man portable SAM weapon Igla-S using the Strelets equipment and module set. The Igla-S surface-to-air missile can be launched
from a module that consists of the
ZU-23 chassis and Strelets. The
launch is controlled and commanded via ZU-23/30M1-4.
DIRECTOR GENERAL OPEN JOINT
STOCK COMPANY PODOLSKY
ELECTROMECHANICAL PLANT OF
Elins under the leadership of its
SPECIAL ENGINEERING PEMZ
Director General TIKMENOV Vasily.
SPETSMASH CHICH SVYATOSLAV:
Our enterprise in cooperation
The upgraded ZU-23M1-4 AA
mount was created by a group of with Closed Joint Stock Company
leading Russian specialists head- NTC Elins totally finished the needed by Head Designer V. Kokurin, ed work-out of the AA mount and is
who unfortunately passed away in ready to deliver it both Russian and
2008. His work was continued by O. foreign customers.
ZU-23 M1-4's characteristics and
Avdakov. Both were able to create
autonomous and high performance terms of delivery cause interest in
complex, which has optimum struc- many countries and regions all over
the world: Latin America, Africa,
ture, combat capabilities and price.
The backbone of the ZU-23 mod- South-East Asia. The mount is needernization was the integration of a ed to be examined and for sure it
modern fire control system produced takes time. However we already
by Closed Joint Stock Company NTC managed to ink a deal with a foreign
Upgraded ZU-23
customer on delivery of several hundreds of the AA mount. Preliminary
agreements have been reached with
other customers aswell.
In cooperation with our counteragents and Rosoboronexport the
after-sale service of upgraded AA
mounts is provided in the customer's
place. The fulfillment of the aftersale service in the customer's place
is facilitated due to the well engineered modular structure of the system as well as simplicity and maintenance of the guns. I am sure that a client will receive comprehensive highgrade and high quality service.
2(52).2010
35
AIR DEFENSE
BUK AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM:
OLD FRIENDS ARE BEST
arious modifications to be areliable system working in seof the Buk air defense vere conditions without any probmissile system have lems. Third, theBuk can be easily inbeen in service in var- tegrated in air defense and aviation
ious countries for over combat control systems.
Its history dates back to 1972
30 years. Why so long? First, theBuk
is being constantly improved to be which saw the creation of the Bukalways up-to-date. Second, it proved 1 first-stage air defense missile sys-
36
tem designed to reinforce batteries

of Kub air defense missile systems
that were part of air defense regiments of tank divisions the main
striking power ofthe Soviet Army.
The 9A38 transporter erector
launcher and radar vehicle (TELAR)
placed on the GM-569 chassis com-
AIR DEFENSE
bined functions ofthe self-propelled
target acquisition vehicle and selfpropelled launcher. It carried out
search for targets in a determined
sector, their detection and lock-in,
pre-launch actions, launch andhoming of its three missiles as well as
three 3M9M3 surface-to-air missiles
(SAM) placed on a coupled 2P25M3
self-propelled launcher. Theself-propelled launcher could receive control
and target information from both
thereconnaissance andtargeting SP
vehicle andindependently.
The 9A38 TELAR included
the 9S35 radar; digital computing
system; launching machine with
a servodrive; ground-based interrogator operating in theParol recognition system; TV/optical sight; equipment for data communications with
the reconnaissance and control vehicle andwire communications with
theSP launcher; self-contained power supply system based on the gas
turbine device; navigation, location
and orientation equipment; life support system.
The progress in the development of microwave devices, quartz
and electromechanical filters and
computers allowed the9S35 radar to
operate as a target detection, tracking andillumination radar. It worked

in thecentimeter band using one antenna and two transmitters (pulse
and continuous emission). The first
transmitter was used for target detection and tracking in the quasicontinuous emission mode or, if
there are problems with unambiguous range definitions, in thechirped
pulse mode.
The second continuous-emission transmitter was used for target and SAM illumination. The antenna system provided sectorial target search in the electromechanical
mode, target tracking by angular coordinates andrange in themonopulse mode, while the signals were
processed by the on-board computer. Thenoise factor ofthe radars surveillance and direction-finding receivers was below 10 dB. The radar
reaction time was 20 sec. It was protected from active, passive andcombined jamming.
The 9A38 TELAR vehicle has
a launcher with replaceable guides.
The9M38 SAM had atwo-mode solid-fuel propulsion. It featured a normal X-shaped configuration with
alow-aspect wing.
The front part of the missile successively includes the semi-active

homing head, autopilot system,
power sources andwarhead. In order
to reduce the alignment dispersion
by flight time, the grain chamber
is placed closer to the missile center and the nozzle cluster includes
anextended duct surrounded by actuator elements.
The 9M38 missile was delivered
to the armed forces fully fitted in
a transport container. The period
of its maintenance-free operation
reached 10 years.
The 9M38 was able to engage aircraft flying ataltitudes ofup to 3km
from the range of 3.4 to 20.5 km
andatanaltitude of30 m from 5
to 15.4 km. The missile could shoot
down targets ataltitudes from 30 m
to 14 km, andatacourse parameter
ofup to 18 km. Theaircraft hit probability equaled 0.700.93.
The 9S470 command post vehicle placed on GM-579 chassis provided receiving, reflecting and processing of target information coming from the 9S18 target acquisition
radar (TAR) and six 9A310 self-propelled mounts as well as from higher
command posts, selecting dangerous
2(52).2010
37
AIR DEFENSE
TABLE. COMPOSITION
Complex
Command Post
Surveillance
Radar
TELAR
TEL
9K37 "Buk"
9K37-1 "Buk-1"
9K37M1
"Buk-M1"
9K37M1-2
"Buk-M1-2"
9K37M2E
"Buk-M2E"
9S470
9S470
9S470M1
9S470M1-2
9S510
9S18 Kupol
1S91M3
9S18M1 Kupol-M1
9S181-1 9S112
9S36
9310,938
9A38
9A310M1
9A310M1-2
9A317, 9P619
939
2P25M3
9A39M1
9A39M1, 9A39M1-2
9A316
targets andtheir distribution among

self-propelled mounts in manual
andautomatic modes, assigning their
responsibility sectors, depicting information onthe availability ofSAMs
on SP mounts and loading mounts,
modes of illumination transmitters
of SP mounts, their operation, operating regimes of the target acquisition radar. It also ensured thesystems
work in ECM environment and during enemys employment of antiradar missiles as well as operation documenting andcrew training. Thecommand post processed information
about 46 targets ataltitudes ofup to
20 km at a range of 100 km for one
surveillance cycle ofthe target acquisition radar and sent up to 6 instructions to SP launchers.
The 9S18 Kupol 3D coherent/
pulse detection and tracking centimeter-band radar featuring electronic scanning by elevation angle
and mechanical (round or in a specific sector) antenna rotation by azimuth using an electric or hydraulic drive was designed to detect
and recognize aerial targets at altitudes ofup to 120 km (45 km atanaltitude of 30 m) and submit air environment information to the 9S470
command post vehicle.
Depending on the surveillance
sector by elevation angle and ECM
environment, the surveillance rate
was from 4.5 to 18 sec in circular
scanning and from 2.5 to 4.5 sec in
scanning within a30 sector.
In order to prevent selective jamming, methods of pulse-to-pulse
carrier frequency tuning, distance

interval blanking, change of linear
FM inclination and distance sectors
blanking were used. In case ofnoise
barrage jamming of self-protection
and external protection of selected levels, the target detection station could detect afighter atarange
of50 km. Thestation allowed target
tracking with aprobability ofatleast
0.5 against the background of local
objects and passive jamming environment by means of the movingtarget indicator canceller with wind
speed self-compensation. It was protected from antiradar missiles by
means of programmed carrier frequency tuning within 1.3 sec, switching to circular ranging signal polarization or pulsed light (glitter) mode.
The 9A310 TELAR vehicle differed
from the 9A38 one by the connection with the 9S470 command post
vehicle and9A39 transporter-erector
launcher (TEL) with adata communications line.
In addition, four 9M38 SAMs were
placed on the launching machine
of the 9A310 TELAR vehicle. Its reaction time equaled 5 min. It took 20 sec
to switch thesystem from thestandby to working mode, particularly after changing its position with
switched equipment. The 9A380
TELAR was loaded with four SAMs
from the transporter-erector launcher within 12 min andfrom thetransporter vehicle within 16 min.
The 9A39 TEL placed on the GM577 chassis was designed to transport
and store eight SAMs (four on the
launch machine andstationary lodgments), launch four SAMs, self-load

its launch machine with four SAMs
from the lodgments and transport
containers, load and unload the SP
launch vehicle with four SAMs. Thus,
theBuks transporter-erector launcher combined functions of the transport-launch vehicle and SP launcher. Besides the launcher with a servodrive, crane and lodgments,
the transporter-erector launcher included the computing system, navigation, survey control and orientation, data communications andpower supply equipment as well as power supply units.
The systems command post received aerial situation data from
the command post of the Buk air
defense missile brigade (Polyana-D
ACS) and target detection station,
then processed it and sent instructions to SP launch vehicles, which
search for targets and tracked them
using this information. The SAM
was launched when targets reached
the engagement zone. The missile
was homed using the proportional navigation technique ensuring
high homing accuracy. Approaching
the target, the seeker sent the close
arming command to the radio proximity fuse. Thewarhead detonated 17
m away from thetarget. In case ofradio proximity fuse failure, the SAM
self-destructed. If thetarget survived,
thesecond SAM was launched.
The Buk-1 system allowed the simultaneous engagement ofup to six
targets by one division and, if need-
TABLE. MISSILE
Missile
Missiles per TEL
Missile Weight
Engagement range
Engagement altitude
Maximum target speed (Mach)
38
938
938M1
9M317
690kg
690kg
720kg
430km
342km
345km
3014000 m
3022000 m
3025000 m
2,5
AIR DEFENSE
ed, fulfilling up to six independent
combat tasks independently using
SP launch vehicles. It provided high
target detection reliability by means
ofjoint surveillance ofthe target detection station andsix SP launch vehicles, enhanced jamming protection by means of the target seekers onboard computer and special
illumination signal and high target
engagement efficiency due to increased SAM warhead power.
Practical andsimulation launches
proved that theBuk air defense missile system can engage non-maneuvering targets flying ataspeed ofup
to 800 m/sec ataltitudes from 25 m
to 18 km atranges from 3 to 25 km
andcourse parameter ofup to 18km
with a single-launch hit probability of 0.70.8. The hit probability reduced down to 0.6 if the target maneuvered with G loads ofup to 8.
Also, the system included
the 9V881 maintenance vehicle,
9V883, 9V884 and 9V894 technical
service and maintenance vehicles,
9V95 automated control and test
mobile station, 9T229 transporter vehicle with 9T319 technological equipment set, 9T31M autocrane
andother assets.
The 9S18 TAR, 9A380 TELAR
and 9S470 command post vehicles were made by the Ulyanovsk
Mechanical Plant. The9A39 TEL was
produced atthe Sverdlovsk MachineBuilding Plant.
In 1983, the Buk air defense missile system was modernized to raise
its combat performance and ECM
andantiradiation missiles protection.
The upgraded Buk-M1 featured longer aircraft engagement range, was
able to shoot down ALCM cruise missiles with a single-launch hit probability of 0.4, Hew-Cobra helicopters with a hit probability of 0.6
0.7 and hovering helicopters 0.3
0.4 atarange of3.510 km.
The TELAR vehicle employs 72
pre-set illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which raises its protection from mutual andintentional
interference. It can recognize three
types of targets aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters. When
compared with the9S470 command
post, the 9S470M1 one supports simultaneous reception of data from
the own target detection station

and information about six targets
from theair defense command post
of the motorized infantry (tank) division or from that of the army as
well as comprehensive training ofall
combat crews.
As compared with the 9A38,
the 9A310M1 TELAR allows target detection andlock-in atlonger ranges (by
2530%) as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters
with aprobability ofatleast 0.6.
The system incorporates a more
advanced 9S18M1 (Kupol-M1) TAR
featuring a flat elevation-scanned
phased array andbasing onthe GM567M tracked chassis.
The Buk-M1 system features efficient organizational and technical antiradiation missile protection. The Buk-M1s combat parts
are interchangeable with the similar parts of the Buk system without their upgrades. Theorganization
oftheir combat andtechnical units is
thesame, too.
The systems technological equipment includes the 9V95M1 automated control and test mobile station
employing the ZiL-131 chassis with
a trailer; 9V883, 9V884 and 9V894
technical service and maintenance
vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
the 9V881 technical service vehicle
based on Ural-43203-1012; 9T229
transporter vehicle for eight missiles
or six containers with missiles based
on a KrAZ-255B; 9T31M autocrane
and MTO-ATG-M1 technical service
workshop based onZiL-131.
In 1994-1997, theBuk-M1-2 ADMS

was created. Due to the employment
of a newer 9M317 missile and upgrading other systems, for the first
time it gained theability to hit Lance
tactical ballistic missiles and aircraftlaunched missiles at a range of 20
km, elements of high-precision weapons andships at25km andground
targets (parked aircraft, launchers and large command posts)
at 15 km. The aircraft, helicopters
and cruise missiles engagement capability was raised, too. The engagement range was increased up to 45 km
andaltitude up to 25 km. Thenewer missile features an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active
radar target seeker providing proportional navigation guidance. Outwardly,
the9M317 differs from the9M38 missile by asmaller wing chord length.
In addition to the improved missile, it is planned to equip thesystem
with a new part the illumination
andguidance radar with atelescopic
antenna placed ataheight of22 m in
theworking position. This radar considerably raises thesystems capability to engage low-flying targets, particularly cruise missiles.
The system can be equipped with
command posts and launch section
of two types: four sections each including one improved TELAR vehicle
carrying four SAMs andable to simultaneously engage up to four targets
andone transporter-erector launcher
with eight missiles; two sections each
including one illumination and guidance radar also able to simultaneous2(52).2010
39
AIR DEFENSE
ly engage up to four targets andtwo

transporter-erector launchers with
eight SAMs oneach one.
Upgrading the Buk-M system
(Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2), the Start
Machine-Building Design Bureau
developed the 9P619 launcher
and 9A316 TEL on a tracked chassis as well as the 9A318 launcher
onawheeled chassis.
In general, the development
of Kub and Buk air defense missile
systems is an excellent example
of how weapons evolution can continuously enhance the combat performance ofarmy air defense atarelatively low price.
Now, foreign customers can buy
the cutting-edge Buk-M2E mediumrange multifunctional mobile air defense missile system manufactured
by theUlyanovsk Mechanical Plant. It
can defeat any aerial targets including tactical and strategic aircraft, fire
support helicopters including hovering ones, awide range oftactical ballistic andantiradiation missiles as well
as special airborne andcruise missiles.
The system can engage surface targets (destroyers and missile
boats) and ground radar-contrast
targets both in light andheavy ECM
environment. Its target engagement
zone is 345 km by range and15 m
25km by altitude.
40
The minimal deployment/closure time is 5 min given that thepositions of its main combat assets
can be changed within 20 sec with
switched-on equipment. High-speed
tracked chassis provide the system
with high mobility.
The employment of advanced
phased arrays with an effective
phase control allows simultaneous tracking andrapid engagement
ofup to 24 targets. Theefficient optoelectronic system based on the
submatrix IR andcharge transfer matrix TV channels provides round-theclock operation of its main combat
asset the9A317E TELAR vehicle.
The optical mode largely raises the systems jamming protection andsurvivability. All combat assets are integrated into advanced
digital systems allowing rapid data
processing and selecting the most
dangerous targets, their lock-in
and tracking. A single and salvo
launch can be made 10-12 sec after
target detection.
High mobility and survivability, wide range of engaged targets
and high single-launch hit probability (0.90.95) attracts attention to
the Buk-M2E air defense missile system and raises its popularity on international arms markets.
The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant is part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense

Concern and is one of the leading manufacturers of high-performance
air defense systems and the only producer of Buk-M2 air defense missile
systems and Tunguska-M1 air defense missile/gun system. The company
carries out the modernization of ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Buk-M1 systems.
The plant is conducting R&D works on the modernization of previouslymade items and overhaul of combat and technical assets of Buk and
Tunguska systems.
CONTACTS:
OJSC ULYANOVSK MECHANICAL PLANT
Moskovskoye Highway 94, Ulyanovsk, Russia, 432008
Phone: +7 (8422) 42-03-70, fax: +7 (8422) 32-61-63
E-mail: ump@mv.ru
OJSC ALMAZ-ANTEY AIR DEFENSE CONCERN
Vereiskaya St. 41, Moscow, Russia, 121471
Phone: +7 (095) 780-54-10, fax: +7 (095) 780-54-11
E-mail: vts@almaz-antey.ru
AIR
AI
I R DEF
D
DE
DEFENSE
EF
FE
EN
NS
SE
2(52).2010
2
2(
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52
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2010
10
4
41
LAND FORCES
RUSSIAN LIGHT MULTIROLE

ARMORED VEHICLES
42
LAND FORCES
Viktor Murakhovskiy
2(52).2010
43
LAND FORCES
The point, that the use of infantry units during a warfare even without chemical or bacteriological
weapon is going to be diminished, obtains a wide circulation not only on bush-league forums but
even among some professionals. However, the last local conflicts, for instance in Georgia, show that
Infantry remains the most all purpose branch of the Armed Forces which is capable effectively fight
against foe's infantry units as well as small guerrilla units. Moreover, the infantry units shall become an
absolute obstacle for mechanized units. To full fill the mentioned tasks an infantry unit is supposed to
have superiority in fire power and last but not least modern attached armored vehicles
KAMAZ-43269
Vystrel
At the end of the 20th century,

the changing nature of military operations required the urgent equipment of armed forces and police
with light armored vehicles. The new
important tasks emerged, namely
counter-terrorist and peace-keeping
operations, patrolling missions, border protection, etc.
Performing these missions, military units and law enforcement bodies can be attacked in any place
and any time in a situation when
there is no front and rear. Command
and support units are threatened
at the same level as combat units
do. Combat units possess combat armored vehicles, but other structures
used to employ thin-skinned ones.
Thus, the losses of general purpose
vehicles inlocal wars were too large.
Soon, many countries realized
the need in light multirole armored
vehicles and started their creation. The US HMMWV Hammer was
a kind of symbol of such vehicles.
At present, dozens of companies all

over the world manufacture such
cars, for example, Renault (France),
KMW (Germany), Iveco (Italy), FNSS
(Turkey), Bin Jaber Group (UAE) and
others.
Such vehicles are used both
in military structures and law enforcement bodies as well as inmany
other fields requiring protected and
mobile vehicles.
As for the Russian Federation,
the first order for developing light
multirole armored vehicles was made
by theFederal Border Service atthe
Special Machine-Building ScienceProduction Center of the Bauman
Moscow State Technical University.
As a result, the BPM-97 Vystrel armored border vehicle was created.
Later on, Russia designed other
light armored vehicles the GAZ3937 Vodnik and GAZ-2330 Tigr, employed by the Defense Ministry,
Interior Ministry and other law enforcement bodies.
KAMAZ-43269 VYSTREL
The light multirole armored vehicle is delivered in various configurations command, patrol, medical
and reconnaissance.
The armored bodywork is
made by Kurganmashzavod, while
the Naberezhnye Chelny-based
Remdiesel plant carries out thefinal
assembling and installs series parts
of the KAMAZ 4326 truck. This solution allowed extending the overhaul life up to 270,000 km anoutstanding characteristic for armored
vehicles.
The hull is assembled from rolled
armor sheets with optimal slope
angles. The armor in the top part
of the hull protects from the 12.7mm NSVT heavy machine gun from
300 m, while the bottom part and
rear from the 7.62-mm SVD sniper rifle from 30 m. The cupola provides for theinstallation ofthe 14.5mm KPVT machine gun, 12.7-mm
Kord machine gun, 30-mm Plamya
grenade launcher and antitank missile system.
The BPM-97 has two 125-liter protected tanks and an extra 20-liter
tank in the armored hull. The vehicle features an autonomous heater to maintain working temperature
in the troopers compartment irrespectively of the engine operation.
Also, it has anair filtration unit.
In Russia, the KAMAZ-43269
Vystrel is mainly used to carry explosives, money and valuable cargo. In
2005, several vehicles were sold to
theInterior Ministries ofKazakhstan
and Azerbaijan.
GAZ-3937 VODNIK
It is alight multirole armored vehicle of modular configuration. Its
hull is welded from rolled armored
sheets and represents a combination offront and rear modules. The
space limited by the front module includes the powerplant and
control compartments separated by
44
LAND FORCES
asealed bulkhead. The rear module
represents usable volume designed
for transporting people and cargo,
mounting special equipment and
armament.
The two-seat cab with tandem
seats is inthefront onthe left side. It
is equipped with a heating/air conditioning unit and adjustable seats.
To the sight, one can see a six-cylinder row turbocharged 175-hp 6.23l engine from the GAZ-5423. The
6.4-t GAZ-3937 can reach a speed
of112km/h onahighway. The power take-off device allows switching
a water-jet motor, a winch and other devices.
Due to thequick-release coupling
ofthe rear module and thehull bearing flange, various modules can be
easily replaced on a vehicle on the
field. Thus, various modules allow
using one chassis for transporting
people, cargo, mounting special
equipment and armament.
The selectable front-wheel drive,
steering booster, heating and air
conditioning system provide
high cross-country capability and
comfort.
The independent torsion suspension, central tire inflation system,
smooth bottom side and high clearance ensure the vehicles smooth
movement in cross country conditions. The hermetic hull allows crossing water obstacles afloat ataspeed
ofup to 4 km/h.
The GAZ-3937 is the basis for
the39371 version featuring armored
hull, altered cab and turret.
The vehicle is highly unified with
GAZ series vehicles, which provides
high reliability and serviceability.
Vodnik has hermetic hull and

is amphibious
GAZ-2330 TIGR
It is a 4x4 vehicle featuring ringbridge structure, armored singlevolume three-door bodywork and
designed to transport up to 9 people and 1,200 kg of cargo. The cargo compartment is separated from
the passenger one with a bulkhead and accommodates additional seats for 24 persons. The independent double fishbone suspension of all wheels with hydraulic
shock absorbers as well as thepowerplant consisting of the diesel engine, clutch with an air-hydrau2(52).2010
45
LAND FORCES
SPM-1
lic booster, five-stage mechanical
gearbox, two-stage transfer case
with aninteraxle differential including an electropneumatic differential lock drive, engine systems (cooling, fuel, etc), two limited slip axles, wheel-hub drives and wheels
with tires adjusted for cross-country conditions are mounted on the
stiff welded frame.
The unit unification with
theBTR-80 armored personnel carrier and GAZ-39371 Vodnik multifunctional armored vehicle, which are
checked by multi-year experience,
guarantees the Tigrs high reliability
and long overhaul period.
This multifunctional vehicle was
ordered by the Defense Ministry
ofthe UAE, which spent $60 million
for developing and manufacturing
SPM-2
46
test models. The first Tiger HMTV vehicles were presented inAbu-Dhabi
atthe IDEX-2001 exhibition. Though,
the consumer liked the vehicles,
thesupply contract was not signed.
Several vehicles were put into test
operation with the Moscow Special
Rapid Response Unit of Russias
Interior Ministry. As aresult, this ministry ordered the special police version of this vehicle for its units. The
Tigrs series production is carried
out at the Arzamas machine-building plant.
The Tigr special police vehicle
(SPM-1 and SPM-2) is designed for
transportation and operational missions conducted by Interior Ministry
forces during anti-terrorist operations, territorial defense and assisting Russias Federal Border Service.
The Tigr SPM-2 version provides

Level 5 ballistic protection. Its roof
has two hatches. The cabin has places for the crew as well as for the radio station and radio-controlled
bomb locking device. The SPM-1 version provides Level 3 ballistic protection and has some extra equipment, namely the conditioning system, arm support for weapons, etc.
The STS GAZ-233014 Tigr is
aspecial-purpose vehicle designed
for military troops. It provides
Level 3 ballistic protection. There
is a rotating hatch with a folded
cap and arm supports for weapons
in the roof. Opening armor windows in the doors and sides allow
using side arms by the troopers.
The cabin has seats for the driver,
vehicle commander and 4 troopers.
The size of the pivot hatch allows
two crew members to fire in two
directions at once. Inside the STS
GAZ-233014 Tigr, there are cases
for the machine gun and grenade
launcher ammunition loads, arm
supports for machine guns, automatic grenade launcher, reactive
antitank grenades (RPG-22, RPG26 and RShG-2) and manpads (Igla
and Igla-S).
The Tigrs army version has two
controllable powerful pilot lights,
one mounted in front and the other atthe rear onthe roof.
There is a versatile arm support
with sockets for communication systems inthehull onthe transmission
tunnel. Arm supports for communication antennas are mounted outside. The hull and door windows are
bulletproof and theinterior spall liners protect personnel against spalls if
thehull is hit by bullets or fragments
and exclude ricochet from theopposite side if thehull is pierced.
The series STS Tigr vehicles are
constantly improved. The current
version has a board information
control system (BIUS) and a multiplex electric equipment control system. These systems are integrated
into the on-board network by he
CAN multiplex bus. In December
2009, a new Tigr version powered
by the420-hp diesel engine was presented inNizhny Tagil. The previous
versions were powered by 2-5-hp
diesel engines.
LAND FORCES
The KShM R-145BMA Tigr is acommand and control vehicle used by
the commanders of Special Forces
to control their troops, communicate with superior chiefs and cooperating bodies. The vehicle provides
communications on the move and
stand and commutation with stationary communications systems.
The means of communication work
invarious bands and include satellite
communications systems, ciphony
equipment, commutation systems
as well as various power sources.
This command and control vehicle
was jointly created by the MilitaryIndustrial Company and Tambov radio plant Signal.
SPM-3 MEDVED
This special-purpose armored police vehicle was first shown in public inautumn 2008 inMoscow. It was
initially planned to make a family
of vehicles on the chassis of SPM-3
APC designed for theInternal Troops.
Featuring better ballistic protection
and especially strong anti-mine protection, the SPM-3 can be used for
delivering infantry units to the battlefield and fire support missions,
too. The SPM-3 can be widely used
in the armed forces for the following purposes:
for escort and patrolling missions,
commandant control service, special post service, transporting
and keeping secret documents
infield;
as aprotected command and control vehicle. Its large usable interior volume (about 12 cu.m) allows installing thenecessary comCHARACTERISTICS
Configuration
Cab seating
munications and control systems

and providing comfortable work
ofthe combat crew;
as a reconnaissance scout vehicle. In this case, its advantages
inspeed, protection and place for
reconnaissance equipment and
systems are used;
as a self-propelled antitank com-
bat vehicle (it has large internal

volume);
as aself-propelled mortar;
as a armored medical vehicle for
MEDEVAC missions;
as a NBC reconnaissance vehicle,
etc.
VODNIK
VYSTREL
TIGR
4x4
4x4
4x4
3 + 8 men
2+8
2+7
Weight (empty)
6.67.5 t
10.5 t
7.6 t
Maximum load
1.52.5 t
5.3 m
1.9 m
2.3 m
5.7 m
2.3 m
2.3 m
Length
Width
Height
Engine power
Maximum road speed
Amphibious speed on water
Range
Gradient
Armor
5.38 m
2.6 m
2.15 / 2.57 m
1.5 t
175 hp
240 hp
205 hp
112 km/h
90 km/h
140 km/h
45 km/h
up to 1000 km
up to 1100 km
up to 900 km
60,00%
60,00%
50,00%
bulletproof
bulletproof
bulletproof
2(52).2010
47

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DSA 2010: LIVE UP TO EXPECTATIONS

he upcoming event in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which

Salamat Datang, Russia!

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President Vladimir Putin concerning (six ofthem were delivered inOctober

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1 AEU steam turbine

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power actuators with digital control

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ungary, to the south

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resist the whiteout at the expense