Lecture1:EnergyandEnvironment

Energyisaprimemoverofeconomicgrowthandisvitaltosustaintheeconomy.
Energyconsumptionisanindicatorofeconomicgrowthofanation
Economicgrowthdepends,amongotherfactors,onthelongtermavailabilityof
resourcesthatareaffordable,accessibleandtheirusedonotpollutethe
environment.
Industrializationcontributestoeconomicgrowthandrequiresenergy.Major
energyintensiveindustriesconsumed68%ofthetotalenergyavailablein2005.A
similartrendcontinuesinthesubsequentyearsalso.
Energyconsumptionisstronglyrelatedtoenvironmentcleanliness,whenfossil
fuelisthemainsourceofenergy
Fossilfuelaccountsformorethan70%ofthetotalenergyrequirementofIndia
andothercountries

Energyresources:Classificationofenergyresourcesisgiveninthefollowingflowsheet:

EnergyResources

Secondary(Synthetic)

Primary(Natural)

NonRenewable(FossilFuel)

Renewable

Coke

Coal

Petroleum

NaturalGas

Solar

Geothermal

Wind

Biomass
Hydrothermal

FuelGas
(Producer Gas)

Oil

Itmustbenotedthatallfossilfuelreservesareplantoriginandittakesmillionsofyearsto
formadepositbelowtheearthcrustthroughphysicochemicalreactions

TypesofNonRenewablesourcesofenergy
Coal:

Coalisformedbytheprolongedactionofgeologicalforcesontheplantandvegetal
matteraccumulatedbelowtheearthcrust.TheprocessiscalledCOALIFICATION.
Coalificationisbothtimeandforcedependent.Coalificationbringsfollowing
changestotheaccumulatedplant:

WoodPeatLigniteBituminousAnthraciteGraphite

Increaseintimeandmagnitudeofforces

Both,physicalchangelikecolour,strength,densityandstructure;andchemical
changeoccur.
Chemicalchangesareimportant:

Oxygendecreasesfrom40%forwoodto305forpeat,20%forlignite,5%for
bituminousand2%foranthracitecoal.
Volatilematterdecreasesfromabout70%forwoodto5%orlessforanthracitecoal.
Increaseincarbonfromabout30%forwoodandpeatto9095%foranthracitecoal.

Petroleum:
Petroleumisformedintheearthscrustfromtheaccumulatedvegetalandanimalmatter
metamorphicprocessessimilartocoalification.
Fromcrudepetroleumgasoline,lubricatingoil,fueloilsetc.areobtained.

Naturalgas:
Itisuseddirectly

Renewablesourcesofenergy

Geothermal:energyobtainedbytappingtheheatoftheearthbelowitssurface.
Hotundergroundwaterorsteamisusedtoproduceelectricity.
Biogas:producedfromwastesofpaperandsugarindustries,animalandsoon.CH4
istheproduct.
Biofuel:Biodiesel,ethanoletc.arederivedfromplants.
SolidBiomass:Woodfuel,biogenicportionofmunicipalwaste,certainplants.
Biomassmassmaybeusedinanumberofwaystoproduceenergy.Thecommon
methodsaregasification,combustion,fermentationandanaerobicdigestion.Indiais
veryrichinbiomass
Hydrothermal:EnergyinwaterintheformofKE,temperaturedifference
SolarEnergy:Energycollectedfromsunlight.Itcanbeusedinmanyways:
Generateelectricityusingphotovoltaiccells.
Generateelectricityusingconcentratingsolarpower.
Photovoltaiccellshavealowefficiencyfactor

EnergyScenariounderIndianCondition

Indiaranks6thintheworldintotalenergyconsumptionandneedstoacceleratethe
developmentofenergysectortomeet89%economicgrowthinthecountry.
Indiathoughrichincoalandabundantlyendowedwithrenewableenergyhasvery
smallhydrocarbonreserves(0.4%oftheworldsreserve).
Indiaisanetimporterofenergy,morethan25%ofprimaryenergyneedsbeingmet
throughimportsintheformofcrudeoilandnaturalgas.
Inenergyproduction,coalandoilaccountfor54%and34%respectivelywithnatural
gas,hydroandnuclearcontributingtotherest.IndustrialsectorinIndiaconsumes
52%energy.ConsumptionofprimaryenergyinIndiais530Kgofoil
equivalent/personin2004comparesto1240Kgoilequivalent/personinChinaand
theworldaverageof1770Kgofoilequivalent/person.

Primaryenergyconsumptionperpersonwillgrowwiththegrowthineconomy
becauseenergyconsumptionisanindexofcountryseconomicgrowthand
prosperity.

IssuesrelatedtoFossilFuelUsage
Fossilfuelcontainspotentialenergy/chemicalenergyandisobtainedbycombustion.The
figureshows:

Potentialenergyoffuel

Combustion
SensibleheatinPOC
atflametemperature

HeatTransferbetweenPOCandthesink
(sink:furnacewalls/product)toraisethe
sinktemperature

DischargeofPOCatTTsink(IfTsinkis1200oC
thenTPOC1200oC)

IncreaseinCofenvironmentis
proportionaltofossilfuelinput

Lossofhighqualitythermalenergy
(qualityofenergytemperatureofPOC)

Thususageoffossilfuelenergysourcerelatestoenvironmentsustainability
(increaseduseoffossilfuelincreasestheCemission)andenergysecurity
(limitedfossilfuelreserves).

Whatshouldbedone????
Energyconsumptionisanindicatoroftheeconomicgrowthofanation.Adevelopingnation
likeourshastheneedsofenergyforindustrialgrowth.Unlessrenewablesourcesofenergy
areexploitedonamassivescale,fossilfuelistheonlysourceofenergy.Limitedreservesof
fossilfuels andthewayinwhichfossilfuelenergyisavailable(combustionand unutilized
energy in Products of combustion) need ways to search means to optimize energy
consumption.Energysavingwillautomaticallyreducethecarbonemission.
Weshouldthinkintermsofthefollowingconcept

Switch:Canweswitchovertorenewableenergysource?Ifyes,towhat
extent?
Reduce:Canwereducethepresentlevelofenergyconsumption?Ifyes,
thenhow?
Capture:CanwecapturetheheatofPOCwhichisexitingtheindustrial

furnace?Ifyes,how?

Keywords:Energyresources,Environment,furnaces,energyefficiency