Chapter 2 Chapter 2 The Planet Earth The Planet Earth: © Nasa

Chapter2
ThePlanetEarth
NASA
Chapter2
ThePlanetEarth
NASA
Theuniverse
Big Bang Theory

hypothesis of the primeval atom
prevailing cosmological model that explains the early
development of the Universe:
the Universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state
which expanded rapidly
first proposed by the Georges Lematre in the 1920s
Edwin Hubble justified Lematres theory through
observations that the Universe is continuously expanding
(galaxies are moving away from each other)
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology
Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth
Theuniverse
WMAP Satellite
S t llit
Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe
13.7 0.13 By
Theuniverse
Observable universe
Wikipedia
Theuniverse
Observable universe
Wikipedia
Theuniverse
BBC News
Theuniverse
Size of the universe
Bars and Terning, 2009
Thesolarsystem
Nebular Hypothesis
rotating gas-dust cloud began to
contract due to gravity.
gravity Most of the
mass became concentrated at the
center, forming the SUN
proposed by Immanuel Kant and
Pierre Simon de Laplace in the 18th
centuryy
remaining matter condensed to form
the planets: terrestrial and jovian
redOrbit.com
Thesolarsystem
Planets
NASA
physics.fortlewis.edu/Astronomy/astronomy%20today/CHAISSON/AT306/HTML/AT30604.HTM
Thesolarsystem
Wikipedia
Thesolarsystem
BBC News
Thesolarsystem
Wikipedia
Chapter2
ThePlanetEarth
Lecture Notes: The Planet

Earth
NASA
SizeandshapeoftheEarth
Earths vital statistics

Equatorial Radius
6378 km
Polar Radius
6357 km
Equatorial Circumference
40076 km
Polar Circumference
40008 km
Volume
260,000,000,000 cu. miles
NASA
Density
5.52 g/cm3
Size
Earths circumference was first calculated by
Eratosthenes
Circumference = 360 degrees

800 km
7 degrees
Earths characteristics
Shape
Oblate spheroid
Age
A
4.54 billion years
(Tera, 1980; Bowring and Housh,
1995; Dalrymple, 2001)
NASA
Composition
iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%),
silicon (15.1%),
(
), magnesium
g
(13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel
(1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and
aluminium (1.4%); trace (1.2%)
AgeoftheEarth
Radiometric dating
a technique used to date materials such as rocks, usually based on a
comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring
radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates
The University of Waikato
AgeoftheEarth
Oldest materials to date

oldest minerals analyzed
small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia
at least 4.404 billion years old
oldest known solid constituents
Ca-Al-rich inclusions (inclusions rich in calcium and aluminium)
within meteorites that are formed within the solar system
4.567 billion years old
Michael Welland
Earths surface: Factoids

Largest and deepest ocean
Pacific Ocean: area of 166,241 sq. km;
deepest is 10,911 m
Highest mountain
Mount
M
Everest
E
(China
(Chi and
d Nepal):
N
l) 8,848
8 848 m
Surface locations farthest from the center of
the Earth:
Mount Chimborazo (Ecuador)
Mount Huascarn (Peru)
Longest river
Nile (Africa): 6,695 km
Largest lake
Caspian Sea (Europe and Asia): 371,000
sq. km.
Marine Insight
Largest island
Greenland (N. America): area of 2,175,590
sq. km.
Themoon
Earth's only known natural satellite

Fifth largest satellite in the Solar
System
Largest natural satellite of a planet in
y
the Solar System
relative to the size
of its primary
Second densest satellite after Io, a
satellite of Jupiter
Age
4.527 0.010 billion years
(Kleine et al., 2005)
Wikipedia
Composition
Silica, alumina, lime, iron oxide,
magnesia, titanium oxide, sodium
oxide
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon
Originofthemoon
Giant impact hypothesis

proposes that the Moon was created out of the debris left over
from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized (Theia
or Euryphaessa ) body
Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Chapter2
ThePlanetEarth

Earth
NASA
Earthsinternalstructureandcomposition
Oceanic crust
- predominantly basalt
- ~ 6-11 km thick
- 3 g/cm
Continental crust
- composition comparable to granodiorite
- ~ 30 km thick
- 2.7 g/cm
Mohorovicic
Upper mantle
composed of the ultramafic rock peridotite
Mantle
rich in the mineral p
perovskite
Gutenberg
Outer core
liquid Fe and Ni composition
Lehmann
Inner core
solid Fe and Ni composition
Pearson Education, Inc.
EARTHS CRUST
Coastline Community College

EARTHS CRUST
Compound
Formula
silica
alumina
lime
magnesia
iron(II) oxide
sodium oxide
potassium oxide
iron(III) oxide
Water
carbon dioxide
titanium dioxide
phosphorus
pentoxide
SiO2
Al2O3
CaO
MgO
FeO
Na2O
K2O
Fe2O3
H2O
CO2
TiO2
P2O5
Total
Composition
Continental
Oceanic
60.2%
48.6%
15.2%
16.5%
5.5%
12.3%
3.1%
6.8%
3.8%
6.2%
3.0%
2.6%
2.8%
0.4%
2.5%
2.3%
1.4%
1.1%
1.2%
1.4%
0.7%
1.4%
0.2%
0.3%
99.6%
99.9%
Wikipedia
EARTHS CRUST
International Continental Drilling Program
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
EarthScope.org
Net World Directory

Ever wonder what is the deepest hole ever drilled

into the earth?
The deepest hole drilled into the earth was started in 1970 on the
Kola Peninsula, Russia. It reached a depth of ~12,231 m
Current deep drilling projects include: The San Andreas Scientific
Drilling Project in Parkfield CA (4,023 m); The Hawaii Scientific
Drilling Project on Hilo, Hawaii (2,896 m); a 1,770 m bore hole into
an impact crater in the Chesapeake Bay; and the Integrated Ocean
g Project
j
in the Atlantic Ocean (1,448
( ,
m))
Drilling
Deep Ocean Explorer: Glomar Challenger
Deepest penetration into basaltic ocean crust: 1,714 m
Inland Lapidary
Google
LA Weekly
img.scoop.it/fha046Nu1qr84yaf5naiADl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBVaiQD
B_Rd1H6kmuBWtceBJ
Oceanic crust
- predominantly basalt
- ~ 6-11 km thick
- 3 g/cm
Continental crust
- composition comparable to granodiorite
- ~ 30 km thick
- 2.7 g/cm
Mohorovicic
Upper mantle
composed of the ultramafic rock peridotite
Mantle
rich in the mineral p
perovskite
Gutenberg
Outer core
liquid Fe and Ni composition
Lehmann
Inner core
solid Fe and Ni composition
m1.ikiwq.com/img/xl/xehXQiwFY2jB1gw1vUWlWa.PNG
Nick Strobel
Chapter2
ThePlanetEarth
NGDC
Earthslargescalefeatures
Continents
Orogenesis process of mountain building
A: Alps
B:
belt
B Tasman
T
b l
C: Andes Mountains
D: North American Cordillera
E: Caledonian belt
F: Appalachian Mountains
G: Himalayas
A: accretionary wedge
B: continental volcanic arc
C: continental crust
D: subducting oceanic
lithosphere
Ocean Basins: Margins and Trenches

A: deep-sea fan
B: shelf break
C: continental rise
D: abyssal plain
E: submarine canyon
F: continental slope
G: continental shelf
A: Kermadec Trench
B: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
C: South Sandwich Trench
D: Java Trench
E: Peru
Peru-Chile
Chile Trench
F: Japan Trench
G: East Pacific Rise
H: Aleutian Trench
I: Tonga Trench
J: Marianas
K: Puerto-Rico Trench
John Volos
Earthslargescalefeatures:Continents
Cratons
Expansive, stable regions of low relief
North American craton
Wikipedia
Natural Resources Canada
Subduction zone and folded linear mountain belts

Andes
Wikipedia
Subduction zone and folded linear mountain belts

Himalayan mountain range
Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Crustal spreading Rift zones

Extension of spreading centers under continents
Great rift valley
Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Transform faults Large strike-slip faults

Steeply dipping strike-slip faults where plates slide past one another
San Andreas fault
Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Earthslargescalefeatures:Continentalmargins
Wikipedia
Earthslargescalefeatures:Continentalmargins
Continental margins
Offshore SE USA
transition from continental to

oceanic crust
underwater part of the

continental crust
Wikipedia
Earthslargescalefeatures:Oceans
Columbia University
Oceanic ridges
Wikipedia
Topography of mid-oceanic ridges

Mid--Atlantic Ridge (25
Mid
(25N), spreading rate 2.6 cm/year
East Pacific Rise (55

(55S), spreading rate 8.8 cm/year;
sea--level rises causing transgression (arrows)
sea
64.19.142.13/www.accessscience.com/loadBinary.aspx?aID=5979&filename=406200FG0030.gif_hyuncompressed
Deep-sea trenches and volcanic arcs

Mariana trench
Max-Planck-Institut fr Marine
Mikrobiologie
Wikipedia
Seamounts and guyots

Pacific Ocean
The University of New Hampshire
Wikipedia
Submarine canyons and deep - sea channels
Monterey Bay,
Bay California
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Shepard meander,
meander California
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Coral reefs and atolls

Great Barrier reef
Moorea, French Polynesia
4.bp.blogspot.com/_EH8GsUqg6--U/R1OFFQJ54.bp.blogspot.com/_EH8GsUqg6
U/R1OFFQJ5SI/AAAAAAAAAKE/tyAwfy--xwPY/s1600
SI/AAAAAAAAAKE/tyAwfy
xwPY/s1600--R/fringe+reef+2.bmp
Tokelau, New Zealand
Chesapeake Bay Action Plan

Wikipedia
Chapter2
ThePlanetEarth

Earth
NASA
Isostasy
ISOSTASY
The state of gravitational equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere
such that the tectonic plates "float" at an elevation which depends on their thickness and
density.
Airy - Heiskanen Model
Mountains have roots which extend down
into the mantle. Thus, elevation is
proportional to the depth of the underlying
root.
Pratt - Hayford Model
Elevation is inversely proportional to
density. Thus, the higher the mountain, the
lower is its density; that is
is, light rocks
float higher.
Vening Meinesz/Flexural Model
the lithosphere acts as an elastic plate and
its inherent rigidity distributes local
topographic loads over a broad region by
bending
McGraw Hill

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Chapter2

Big Bang Theory

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Size of the universe

Bars and Terning, 2009

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet

Earths vital statistics

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Circumference = 360 degrees

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

The University of Waikato

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Oldest materials to date

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Earths surface: Factoids

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Earth's only known natural satellite

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Giant impact hypothesis

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Coastline Community College

Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

Net World Directory

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Ever wonder what is the deepest hole ever drilled

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

Ocean Basins: Margins and Trenches

Lecture Notes: The Planet Earth

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology