Chapter4

IgneousRocks

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/lava_corelp0323283.JPG

Whatisarock?

ROCK CYCLE

www.matt-willard.com/Artwork/Graphic_Design/Rock-Cycle.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Magmatism
formation of igneous rocks from magma

Plutonism
intrusive igneous rock crystallizes from magma and slowly cools below the surface of the
Earth

Volcanism
includes all phenomena resulting from and causing magma within the crust or mantle of
a planet
l
t tto rise
i th
through
h th
the crustt and
d fform volcanic
l
i rocks
k on th
the surface
f

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

VOLCANISM AND PLUTONISM

WHAT IS MAGMA?
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma)

molten rock located beneath the

surface of the Earth, and which often
collects in a magma chamber.
high-temperature
a complex high
temperature (~650
( 650 ~1200 C) silicate solution that is
ancestral to all igneous rocks
capable of intrusion into adjacent
crustal rocks (plutonism)
capable of extrusion onto the
surface (volcanism), sometimes
emerges through volcanic vents as
lavas and pyroclastic ejecta
collects in many separate magma
chambers within the Earth's crust;
different compositions in different
places
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1003_magma_chamber.jpg

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Formation of magmas
by partial melting of rocks through heating and fluxing with water
e.g., subduction zones
by
b decompression
d
i
e.g., mid
mid--oceanic ridges

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

MAGMA TYPES/COMPOSITION (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma)

FELSIC
(RHYOLITIC)

INTERMEDIATE
(ANDESITIC)

MAFIC
(BASALTIC)

ULTRAMAFIC
(PICRITIC)

SiO2

> 70%

~ 60%

< 50%

< 45%

Fe - Mg

~ 2%

~ 3%

~ 4%

>8% - 32%
MgO

Temperature

700C

~1000C

up to
~1200C

up to
~1500C

Viscosity

High

Intermediate

Low

Low to Very
Low

Eruptive
behavior

explosive

explosive

gentle

gentle

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

CRYSTALLIZATON AND THE BOWENS REACTION SERIES

http://www.georgiacenter.uga.edu/idl/webid/portfolio/graphics/illustrations/bowdens_reaction.jpg
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology
Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

CLASSIFICATION
PLUTONIC VS. VOLCANIC VS. PYROCLASTIC

http://earth.geol.ksu.edu/sgao/g100/plots/1003_magma_chamber.jpg
N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

PLUTONIC ROCKS

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/images/lithosphere/Earth_Structure/igenous%20landforms.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

CLASSIFICATION

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Gif/Drawings/RockClassif-B.gif
Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

IDENTIFICATION

COMPOSITION (Color Index)

TEXTURE

FELSIC

INTERMEDIATE

MAFIC

ULTRAMAFIC

phaneritic

granite

diorite

gabbro

peridotite

aphanitic/
porphyritic

rhyolite

andesite

basalt

basalt

vesicular

pumice

pumice

scoria

glassy

obsidian

fragmental

Agglomerate, volcanic breccia, lapilli

stone, tuff

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

PLUTONIC AND VOLCANIC ROCKS

GRANITE
(PHANERITIC)

DIORITE

GABBRO

http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/virt_egg/
granite.jpg

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/
IgnRx/HTMLimag/Diorite-3A1.11.JPG

http://www.geo.umn.edu/mgs/virt_egg/
gabbro.jpg

RHYOLITE
(APHANITIC)

ANDESITE

BASALT

http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/
Rhyolite jpg
Rhyolite.jpg

PORPH. RHYOLITE
(PORPHYRITIC)

http://www.drexel.edu/coe/enggeo/
rocks1/rhyolite_porphyry800.jpg

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/
Lassen/And-Brokeoff
Lassen/And
Brokeoff_med.jpg
med.jpg

PORPH. ANDESITE

http://perso.orange.fr/jacques.delfour/
photos/andesit.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/
vwlessons/rocks pics/basalt jpg
vwlessons/rocks_pics/basalt.jpg

PERIDOTITE

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/
1Minerals/1IgneousMineralz/Olivine/
Peridotite.jpg

KOMATIITE

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/
2IgneousRocks/IgneousCompositions/
1Ultramafic/OlivineThumb.jpg

PORPH. BASALT

http://www.ukge.co.uk/UKGEDATA/
images_versions/5275.jpg

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

FRAGMENTAL/PYROCLASTIC ROCKS
PUMICE

SCORIA

TUFF

http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/
http://homepage.smc.edu/robinson_
subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/photo http://www.nps.gov/tont/nature/graphics/ richard/rocktest/igneous_web/images/
gallery/images/Pumice%203_jpg.jpg
tuff%20breccia%202.jpg
InsideOutside/scoria.jpg

IGNIMBRITE

http://www.decadevolcano.net/photos/
keywords/photos/P5071453.jpg

GLASSY ROCK
OBSIDIAN

http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/images/obsidian-sm.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks and mineral deposits

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Igneous Rocks