.

19
19.1

. 2
.
.
) (state of the art
:
.
, , '.
.
.
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
.
- .
. .
: , ) (
- . ,
.
.
) (
.
)
(
, .
/ )
( ,

 ,
.
,
.
.

.
,
, .
: , ,
.

: , ,
- , -
.
CEB -
, .
] ,[3 ] [20
] ,[4 .

.
:

. .

) (.
.
) ( ,
- . -
)
( , ""
. 20-30%


] [20] [3 ] . [4 -
, ) '(
, . ] [1
] [4 ].[8

19.2

:
. .
. ) ( .
. )(.
. .
.

, , , ,
' .
) ( ),
, , , ( .

, ,
.
[20] CEB ,
, .
.
" " ,
] [1 ) (
].[20

 19.3
19.3.1
,
,
.
19.1 .
. s1
, ,
s2
s1 . s2 .

, )
( .

19.1
)
( .sm

,s1

 ) s1 = sm ( .
s1 . s2

:
)(19.3.1

sm s2 . s

sm = s2 - s

s,max -
, - .
:
"" "" .

) Mr = 1/6 b h2fctk , ( . sr
. s1r "" ,
Mr sr . s2r -
. : . 0.87d - 0.90d
:
)(19.3.2
) s = s ,max ( sr / s 2
) (19.3.1 ) (19.3.2:
)(19.3.3

) sm = s2 - (s2r - s1r ) (sr /s2

:

)(19.3.4

sm = s2 [ 1 - (sr /s2)2] + s1 (sr /s2)2

) ( 19.3.4 :

)(19.3.5

sm = (1-) s1 + s2

. 1 - (sr /s2) :
"" ,:
)(19.3.6
= 1 1 2 ( sr / s 2 )2
1 = 1.0 :
2

1 = 0.5
2 = 1.0
2 = 0.5

 ) s2

( sm,r
) .(19.2

19.2
sm,r :
)(19.3.7

sm,r = s2

19.3.2
) ]([20
) cm (:
)(19.3.8
cm = ( 1 - ) c1 + c2
) c1 . (19.3.6 c2 s1 . s2
19.3.3

:
1
M

)(19.3.9
=
= sm cm
rm E I m
d

1 / rm ,

 cm sm ) (19.3.8 ) . (19.3.5 )(19.3.9

, cm

sm

. (E I)m ] [20 cm . sm
19.3 ).(19.3.9

19.3
, cm sm
. 19.4 )
(0 1 / rm ,
1 / r1 - 1/ r2
s1 s2.
1 / rm
, .
1
1
1
)(19.3.10
= ( 1 ) +
rm
r1
r2
:
M
)(19.3.11
= 1 1 2 ( r )2
MS
Mr fctk , fctm
MS .
. 1 2 ).(19.3.6
7

 19.4
19.3.4

. a ) :(19.5
)(19.3.12
a = ( 1 )a + a
2

- a1
.
- a2 ,
, .
- b ) (19.3.11 :
M
)(19.3.13
b = 1 1 2 ( r )2
MS
.b
,
8

 , ].[20

19.5

19.4
19.4.1
,
, , , ' ,
) , (
. .
19.6a , ,
. Fd kN/m
) fctk ( fctm .

, ) .(19.6b
. C
9

 s . As s
Tc
.
.
) ( .

) .(19.6c

19.6
) . (19.6d
,
.
,2 ,1

) .(19.6d .
.
, , )
( . . sr
10

 .
.
, .

- . -
.
,
) ( .
:
, .
- sm
.
.
19.4.2

)( - ] [20 .19.3


.

.
[4] CEB :
:
- wm
- wk
-
- srm

) wk = srm ( sm - cm - cs
- sm :

cm

11

 - cs
srm CEB :
sE
srm = 2 s 2

4 f bd
- s2 :
- sE

- fbd
-
sE
,
. [8] EC2
) [1] 1 ( . " 466 . [1] 1
[8] EC2 .
:

wk = sm srm
)(19.4.1
- srm :
- sm srm
-
srm
)(:
)(19.4.2

srm = 50 + 0.25 k3 k4 / r

- :
- k3 0.8
1.6
- k4 0.5
1.0

12

 k4 = (1 + 2) / 21 1
2
- r Ac,ef . 19.7

19.7
sm :

)(19.4.3

- s : )
( ,
Fser - Fsus
.
2

1 1 2 sr
=
Es
s

sm

- sr
, fctm
. fctm
5
- Es ) ( 2 10 MPa

13

 - 1 = 1.0
0.5
- 2 = 1.0
0.5
- fctm

20% , :

Ig . Wg
""
.
s sr 0.87d
.

19.5
19.5.1
, 19.3 .

.
[8] EC2 [4] CEB ""
.
. 19.3
] [8 ] [4 ] [16
,
,
, , .
,
, .
" " )
14

 25% " ",

(.
, )
] [5] [6'( .
] [1 ] ,[5 .Branson
. ,
] [1 1999 ]. [5
19.5.2 " [1] 466 ][5
] [1 ] [5
.
:
. ) ( .
- .
.
.
, )
(.
. .
) (.
. ,
, .

. 19.8 . ,
,
,
) .( AB
, . -
) (.
. :
)(19.5.1

Ir I g

I g + 1 M r

M ser ,max

15

Mr
= I e
M ser ,max

 - Ie : - )(19.5.1
- Ir :
' As As .nE = Es/Ec
- Ig ) (
- Mr )
.
fctk fctm
fctb 19.1.
- Mser,max ) (
- 19.1 )(MPa
) (
60
50
40
30
25
20

4.59
4.17
3.71
3.19
2.91
2.59
fctb
: 19.1 ] [5
.

19.8
, Ie
) ( :
16

 1 - (Mr /Mser,max)3
Ir Ie ) 1 19.8( .
) ( Ig - ) (2
EIg . )
(
, .
, , Ie,
) (
Ie .
. :
- Fser
- Fsus )
(.
- a
- ai
- ai,sus Fsus
- at
- kt
:

a = ai + at
)(19.5.2
at:
at = ai,sus kt
)(19.5.3
ai,sus Fsus :
) ai,sus = ai (Fsus / Fser
kt :
)(19.5.4

)'kt = / (1+ 50
' -
- ) (:
17

12

1.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
: ] [1 ].[5

19.6
.
,
.
,

. , [8] EC2 , [4] CEB
,
.
. ] [1
.
) (durability
. ,
,
. ,
,
:
.
) (
.
,
,
.2000
19.6.1
, " 466 [1] 1 ,:
. a . l / 250
18

 .
) ( , . l / 500
- l , ) (
, ) ( .
' ) ( :
. .
, ) (
. ,
, , ,
. l/500
. " l / 200
, l / 300 .
' :
. 10'
40' ) (l/250 40'
, - ,
. -
20' ) .(l/500 l/250
40' . 40' ,
20' . . ,
l/200 50' 30'
.
19.6.2
]) [1 (
. ] [1 ,
. 19.2
" 6.5 ] .[1 .
- .
0.2'
.

19

 - 19.2
, 2' ,
0.3'

1 2' ,
0.2'
,
,
0.15'
0.2'
, 0.2' ,
0.1'
,

19.6.3
.
. - ,
. -
- . .
.
. ,

0.6 .
. H/1000
300' 0.3'
- .
[4] CEB ,
:
) ( 0.12-0.14 -
) ( 0.27-0.30 -
0.22-0.30
-
0.22-0.60
-

) (
. - .

20

19.7
) ( ,,
, , ,
, .
) , '( .

- ,
.
, deemed to satisfy - -
, .

, - .
19.7.1
.
l0/h l0 ) h ,
(.
[1] 466 ) ' 18( ,[1] 466
) 6.11 6.10
6.12( .
l0/h . ,
,
, . 19.5.2

2 )
( . l/250
. l/400
21

 ,
) 19.3 6.10 ]:([1
- 19.3

: '

.
) l0
( l = l0 ,
h , , I = h3/12:
4

5 Fser l0
5 Fser l0
1 l0
)(19.7.1
=
=
3
384 Ec I
384 Ec h 12 3 400
:
13

= ai

13

13

Ec

384
)(19.7.2
3 400 5 12 = F 0.175

ser
][1
(.

l0 E c
=

h Fser
6.12) 19.4

- 19.4 ) (k12
30
Fser

10

15

20

25

35

50

100

150

200

300

400

500

k12

30.7

24.4

21.3

19.3

18.0

16.1

14.3

11.3

9.9

9.0

7.8

7.2

6.6

Fser 19.4 . kN/m2 Ec .

22

 k12 k13

) 6.13 ].( [1
) (19.7.3:
)(19.7.3
l0 / h = k11 k12 k13
k11 1.0 . 6.11 ]) [1
( )
( ,
.
,
.
. .
) (19.7.3
.
) ( b
) (kN/m b
. Fser 19.4
.
19.7.2

,
,
.
) 19.4.2
( - ' .
[8] EC2 [4] CEB
, 0.3 -' 0.2'
. ] [1 ,
] [8 ] . [4 * ] [4 ] .[8
.
23

 ] [1 ) 19.5 6.6 ] ( [1
)19.6 6.7 ] ( [1
) (19.7.3 .
- 19.5

'
s
Mpa

MPa 140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340

0.10'

14'
12
10
8
7
6
5

0.15'

18'
16
14
12
10
8
6
5

0.20'

28'
25
20
16
14
12
10
8
7
6
5

0.30'

36
*32
28
*25
22
*20
18
*16
12
*12
10

'

.1 : .19.5 19.6
) ( .
.2 .
.3
, " .30

24

 - 19.6


s
Mpa

160
200
240
280

0.10'

0.15'

0.20'

0.30'

100'

150'

200'

*300'

85
70
50

125
100
75

175
150
100

*250
*200
*150

[4] CEB [8] EC2

[4] .
) ( 160'
[8] . 200'
) (12
. , ,

.
.
19.7.3
,
) (
) .(19.7.2
" [1] 1 466 ":
)(19.7.4
)(19.7.5

min = 0.28 fctm / fsk

min = 0.70 fctm / fsk

- min bt As,min / bt d
- fctm
) ] [8 ]:([4

25

)(19.7.6
As = kc k fct,eff Act / s
kc = 0.4 :
kc = 1.0
- s ) , s = fsk
(.
- Act .
) (19.7.4 ) (19.7.5 . bt 0.7d ) (19.7.4
) (19.7.5 .
- fct,eff fctm
.
- k 1.0
0.8'
) (19.7.6
As s - ) kc k Act fct.eff kc k (

) .(4
, .

19.8

: .
19.8.1 '
2 ) ( . 19.9a
, 30 ) (
. fsk = 400 MPa

26

 gk = 2.5 kN/m2 . qk = 2.5 kN/m2

0.2 mm 1 kN/m2
gk .
:
. . 150 mm :
gk = 0.15 24 = 3.6
2.5 6.1 x 1.4 = 8.54
2.5 2.5 x 1.6 = 4.0
Fser = 8.6 kN/m2 Fd = 12.54 kN/m2

19.9

27

= gk
= qk

 . :
Fser = 5 kN/m l0/h = 30.7 Fser=10 kN/m2 l0/h = 24.4 : 30
Fser = 8.6 kN/m2 . l0/h = 26.16 l0 = 0.8 x 5.0 = 4.0m
h = 4.0 / 26.16 = 0.153 m 150' .
2

. , , :
19.9b 19.9c 25% .
: 10110mm
709 mm2/m 10125mm .624 mm2/m
.
) = 0.55% =0.11 = 0.48% =0.10
(.
.
:
10' 110 125' .
Mser = 18 kNm/m: .Mser = 20 kNm/m :
, ,:

20000000
18000000
= 249 MPa
= s
= 255 MPa
0.87 130 709
0.87 130 624
19.5 240 260 10'
0.2' . 19.6 100 150'
0.2'
= s

. :
. 30:

. Mr = 1/6 1000 1502 2.33 = 8.51 kNm/m sm

) 1 = 1.0 : ( ) 2 = 0.5 ( . - sr
, :

28

8510000
=121 MPa
0.87 130 624

= sr

3
=1.1310

255
121
= sm

1 1.0 0.5
E s
255

: , Fsus -
.
Ac.eff r Ac,eff = 1000 2.5 20 = 50000 mm2 ::
Ac,eff = 1000 (150 - x)/3 = 1000 40.4 = 40400 mm2 x = 28.8 mm
) ( 0.5 x2 1000 = 624 n (130-x) :
. r = 0.0154 :

srm = 50 + 0.25 k3 k4 /r = 50 + 0.25 0.8 0.5 10/r = 115 mm

:
wk = 1.7 115 1.13 10-3 = 0.221 mm
- 0.021 mm
.
. .
. -
' 150' .
, Ie
. Ie .
.
Mser=18 kNm/m . x = 28.8 mm -
Ir = 1/3 28.83 1000 + 624 n (130-28.8)2 = 0.5 10-4 m4 : Ir
. Ig = 1/12 1503 1000 = 2.81 10-4 m4 : Ig
Mr = 1/6 1000 1502 3190 10-6 = 11.96 kNm/m :
Ie:
3
11.96 3
11.96
4
4
4
4
= Ie
2.81 10 + 1
0.5 10 =1.177 10 m
18
18

ai ) (:

29

2
8.6 5000 4
= 9.1 mm
384 26200 1.177108
ai,sus = 9.1 6.1/8.6 = 6.45 mm

= ai

ai,sus:

a = 9.1 + 6.45 x 2 = 22 mm
):( kt = = 2
:
.amax = l / 250 = 20 mm
:
, :
3.6 + 1.0

a i = 9.1
= 4.9 mm
8.6
ai = 9.1 - 4.9 = 4.2 mm
" :
. a = 4.2 + 6.45 x 2 = 17.1 mm > 5000/500 .
. : .
. .
. .
.
. 180' . :

gk = 0.18 24 = 4.32
2.5
6.82
x 1.4 = 9.55
2.5
2.5
x 1.6 = 4.0
Fd = 13.55 kN/m2
Fser = 9.32 kN/m2

= gk
= qk

. - l0/h .
150' .

30

 19.10
. .
.
19.10a
25% . 19.10b :
(624 mm2/m) 10125 mm
. (557 mm2/m) mm

10140

" . .
150'
. Ie . :
:
)0.5 1000 x2 = 557 n (160 - x
x = 30.7 mm
2
:
)0.5 1000 x = 624 n (160 - x
x = 32.3 mm
Ir :
1
3
Ir = /3 30.7 1000 + 557 n (160 - 30.7)2 = 0.707 10-4 m4 :
Ir = 1/3 32.33 1000 + 624 n (160 - 32.3)2 = 0.780 10-4 m4 :
IgIg = 1/12 1000 1803= 4.86 10-4 m4 :
: 19 kNm /m :22 kNm/m :
1
:
Mr = /6 1000 1802 3190 10-6 = 17.23 kNm/m
Ie :

31

3
17.23 3
17.23
4
4
4
4
= Ie
4.86 10 + 1
0.707 10 = 3.80 10 m
19
.
0
19
.
0

Ie :
3
17.23 3
17.23
4
4
4
4
= Ie
4.86 10 + 1
0.780 10 = 2.74 10 m
22.0
22.0

Ie. 3.27 10-4 m4 :

180' :

2
9.32 50004
= ai
= 3.54 mm
384 26200 3.27 108
ai,sus=3.54 5.32/9.32=2.02 mm :
:
a = (3.54 - 2.02) + 2 x (3.54 6.82/9.32) =6.70 mm
6.70' . , l/500 -
10' .
a = 3.54 + 3.54 6.82/9.32 x 2 = 8.72 mm
. l / 250 = 20 mm
" .
'
. Mr = 1/6 1000 1802 2.33 = 12.26 kNm/m :
, :
12260000
:
= sr
=158 MPa
0.87 160 557
) 2=0.5 ( ) 1 = 1.0 ( .
19000000
= s 2
, = 245 MPa : s2
0.87160 557
:

2
245
158
3
= sm
= 0.97 10
11.0 0.5
E s
245

32

 Ac.eff r Ac,eff = 1000 2.5 20 = 50000 mm2 ::

Ac,eff = 1000 (180 - x)/3 = 1000 50.0 = 50000 mm2 x = 30.7 mm
.
:

srm = 50 + 0.25 k3 k4 /r = 50 + 0.25 0.8 0.5 10/0.0111 = 140 mm

. wk = 1.7 140 0.00097 = 0.231 mm :
.
19.8.2 '
150' 4 ,' " ,
) .(19.11a 8'
0.25' . 30
. fsk = 400 MPa , :
qk = 3 kN/m2 . gk = 2.4 kN/m2
) (.
:
..
0.67' = bw
) 0.25 m .( 19.11a :
gk = 4.0 0.15 24
=14.40
gk = (0.67-0.15) 0.25 24 = 3.12

gk = 4.0 2.4
qk = 4.0 3.0

= 9.60 = 27.12 x 1.4 = 38.0

= 12.00 = 12.0
x 1.6 = 19.20
Fser= 39.12 kN/m Fd = 57.20 kN/m
. :

. Fser/b = 39.12 / 0.25 = 156.48 kN/m2: )

33

 19.11
Fser = 150 kN/m2 l0/h = 9.9 : (30 . Fser = 200 kN/m2 l0/h = 9.0 :
. Fser = 156.48 kN/m2 l0/h = 9.78: hh = 8.0 / 9.78 = 0.818 :
. m , .
3 , 0.45 -
' ) .(19.11b
,
0.22 m - .
. Ig = 0.011573 m4 : h
bw bf / bw h / tf 0.8222 . h
. h = 0.818 0.8222 = 0.673 m ~ 0.67 m :
- 0.67 m
.
34

 . .
Fd = 57.20 kN/m Md,max = 457.6 kNm
ds = 60 mm . d = 610 mm Mcd,max = 1140 kNm
. = 0.074 . xmax =120 mm < tf . z = 610-40 = 570 mm
.As = 2294 mm2
. 19.12

6 22

19.12
d , :
. Vd = 57.2 (4.0 -0.125-0.61) = 186.8 kN : VRd2
.VRd2 = 0.5 fRD 0.9 d bw = 0.5 8.3 0.9 610 250 10-3 = 569.6 kN
.
. .
.
Ig - .
. x - :
) 0.5 1150 x2 = 2280 n (610 - x x = 114 mm . x < tf
:
3
. Ir = 1/3 0.114 1.15 + 2280 n (610-114)2 10-12 = 0.004246 m4
, Mser = 1/8 82 39.12 = 312.96 kNm :
Mr / Mser = 0.262
. Mr = 0.01157/0.45 3190 = 82.02 kNm :
35

 Ie :
Ie = 0.262 0.01157 + (1-0.2623) 0.004246 = 0.00438 m4
ai :
3

39.12 8000 4
ai,sus =18.2 27.12/39.12=12.62 mm a = 5
= 18.2 mm
i
384 26200 0.00438 1012
a:
a/l = 1/216
a = 18.2 + 12.62 2 = 43.4 mm
. 32 = 250 / 8000' ,
) (camber 10'
. .

. .
.
Mr = Wg fctm = 0.01157/0.45 2330 = 58.36 kNm
:Mser = 312.96 kNm
:
312.96
58.36
= s 2
= 258.6 MPa
= sr
= 48.2 MPa
0.87 0.61 2280
0.87 0.61 2280
2
258.6
48.2
:
= sm
= 0.00127
1 1.0 0.5
E s
258.6
srm = 50 + 0.25 k3 k4 /r
:

k3 = 0.8 : k4=0.5 : =22mm

r = 2280/33750 = 0.0676 Ac,eff = bw 2.5 ds = 250 2.5 54 = 33750 mm2
srm = 50 + 0.25 0.8 0.5 22/0.0676 = 82.6 ~ 83 mm :
wk = 1.7 83 0.00127 = 0.179 ~ 0.18 mm .

36