a = ax i + a y j + a z k ; b = bx i + by j + bz k :

a b = ax bx + a y by + az bz :
:

i j k
a b = ax ay az = (a y bz az by )i + (az bx ax bz ) j + (axby a y bx )k
bx by bz

F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k :

Mo = r F ) ' (A :O

r = rx i + ry j + rz k r O :A

i j k
M o = r F = rx ry rz = (ry Fz rz Fy )i + (rz Fx rx Fz ) j + (rx Fy ry Fx )k
Fx Fy Fz

x y z
M AB = AB ( rB / A F ) = rx ry rz
: AB
Fx Fy Fz
AB
= AB AB:
AB

F =0 ; M = 0
 =x
x dA
el
; =y
y dA
el

dA dA

I x = y 2 dA ; I y = x 2 dA

I x = I x ' + Ady 2 ; I y = I y ' + Adx 2 ) (: