Chapter 1

Simple Stress
Analysis of internal forces

F1
A
F3
F2
A
F4

Y
Mxy
Pxy

Pxx

X
Mxx

Pxz
Z

Mxz

Pxx- Axial force

Pxy,Pxz-Shear forces
Mxx-Torque
Mxy,Mxz-Bending moments

Normal Stress
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength.
=

P
A

=normal stress
P=applied force
A=area

p
p
P-KN,N,lb
A- m

mm2

N
= mm2

EXAMPLE 1.
A=10mm^2

A=1000mm^2

Bar 1

Bar 2

500N

5000N

Bar 1
=

p
A

500
=50 MPa
10

Bar 2
=

5000
=5 MPa
1000

EXAMPLE 2.
A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-110. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood
is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.

Shearing Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting
cause shearing stress.

T=shearing stress
V= Shear force
Types of shear

fore

A= dt

t
d

EXAMPLE 1.
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength
is 350 MN/m2.

EXAMPLE 2.
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in Fig. P-119. The pin
diameter is 20 mm.

Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies.

EXAMPLE 1.
In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of each
yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress
of 20 ksi.

EXAMPLE 2.
Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using allowable
stresses of = 70 MPa and b= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm diameter rivets are required to fasten
member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in
BC and BE?

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Tangential Stress (Circumferential Stress)

LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L

SPHERICAL SHELL

EXAMPLE 1.
A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20mm. The diameter
of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure that
can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to
60 MPa.

EXAMPLE 2.
The tank shown in Fig. P-141 is fabricated from 1/8-in steel plate. Calculate the maximum longitudinal
and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 125 psi.