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4 Pure Bending
4 Pure Bending
CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Pure Bending
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
-1
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights4reserved.
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
Sample Problem 4.2
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Plane of S...
Residual Stresses
Example 4.05, 4.06
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.07
Sample Problem 4.8
Unsymmetric Bending
Example 4.08
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
4-2
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Pure Bending
4-3
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
4-4
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
4-5
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
4-6
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
L L y y
x
m
L
c
or
y
c
x m
4-7
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
x E x E m
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c
0 m y dA
c
M y x dA y m dA
c
I
M m y 2 dA m
c
c
m
Mc M
I
S
y
Substituti ng x m
c
x
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
My
I
4-8
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
I
S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
4-9
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
4 - 10
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
1 Mc
m m
c
Ec Ec I
M
EI
1
z x
4 - 11
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
yA
A
I x I A d 2
Mc
I
M
EI
4 - 12
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
y , mm
yA, mm 3
1 20 90 1800
2 40 30 1200
A 3000
50
20
90 103
24 103
3
yA 114 10
yA 114 10
Y
38 mm
3000
A
1 bh 3 A d 2
I x I A d 2 12
4 - 13
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
I
868 10 9 mm 4
M cB
3 kN m 0.038 m
B
I
868 10 9 mm 4
A 76.0 MPa
B 131 .3 MPa
M
EI
3 kN m
20.95 10 3 m -1
47.7 m
4 - 14
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
E1 y
2 E2 x
E2 y
My
I
1 x
dF2
nE1 y dA E1 y n dA
E
n 2
E1
4 - 15
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
4 - 16
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 10 6 psi
n
1.933
Eb 15 10 6 psi
bT 0.4 in 1.933 0.75 in 0.4 in 2.25 in
5.063 in 4
Mc 40 kip in 1.5 in
11.85 ksi
4
I
5.063 in
b max m
s max n m 1.933 11.85 ksi
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
bx x n As d x 0
2
1 b x2
2
n As x n As d 0
My
I
c x
s n x
4 - 18
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
4 - 19
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
8.06
Ec 3.6 10 6 psi
2
nAs 8.06 24 85 in 4.95 in 2
x 1.450 in
I
44.4 in 4
Mc
40 kip in 2.55 in
s n 2 8.06
I
44.4 in 4
c 1.306 ksi
s 18.52 ksi
4 - 20
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentrations
m K
Mc
I
4 - 21
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations
For any member subjected to pure bending
y
c
x m
and
My
I
M y x dA
4 - 22
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations
When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate
strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.
The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found
from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
RB
MU c
I
4 - 23
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
x Y
m Y
I
M Y Y maximum elastic moment
c
3 M 1 1 yY
2 Y
3 2
4 - 24
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
M p 12 A Y d
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 - 25
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Residual Stresses
Plastic zones develop in a member made of an
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.
Since the linear relation between normal stress
and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.
Residual stresses are obtained by applying the
principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).
The final value of stress at a point will not, in
general, be zero.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 - 26
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
4 - 27
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
3 M 1 1 yY
2 Y
3 2
36.8 kN m
3 28.8 kN m 1 1 yY
2
3 2
yY
yY
0.666
c
60 mm
c
2 yY 80 mm
Radius of curvature:
Maximum elastic moment:
I 2 2 2
3
3 2
bc 3 50 10 m 60 10 m
c 3
120 10 6 m3
I
M Y Y 120 10 6 m3 240 MPa
c
28.8 kN m
Y
E
240 10 6 Pa
200 109 Pa
1.2 10 3
y
Y Y
yY
40 10 3 m
1.2 10 3
33.3 m
4 - 28
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
M = 36.8 kN-m
yY 40 mm
Y 240 MPa
M = -36.8 kN-m
Mc 36.8 kN m
I
120 10 6 m3
306 .7 MPa 2 Y
M=0
At the edge of the elastic core,
x
E
35.5 10 6 Pa
200 109 Pa
177 .5 10 6
yY
40 10 3 m
177 .5 10 6
225 m
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 - 29
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Eccentric loading
FP
M Pd
P My
A I
4 - 30
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
4 - 31
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
Normal stress due to a
centric load
A c 2 0.25 in 2
0.1963 in 2
P
160 lb
0
A 0.1963 in 2
815 psi
I
.068 10 3 in 4
8475 psi
4 - 32
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.07
t 9260 psi
c 7660 psi
P My0
A
I
P I
3.068 10 3 in 4
y0
815 psi
AM
105 lb in
y0 0.0240 in
4 - 33
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
4 - 34
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A
I
3 10 3
868 10 9
0.028 P 0.022 1559 P
P Mc
P
B A
A
I
3 10 3
868 10 9
P 79.6 kN
P 77.0 kN
4 - 35
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
Analysis of pure bending has been limited
to members subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
Members remain symmetric and bend in
the plane of symmetry.
4 - 36
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
0 Fx x dA m dA
y
c
or 0 y dA
M z M applied couple
y
m dA
z
c
I
or M m
I I z moment of inertia
c
y
c
or 0 yz dA I yz product of inertia
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Unsymmetric Bending
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in
the most general case of unsymmetric bending.
Resolve the couple vector into components along
the principle centroidal axes.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
M cos y M sin y
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
Iz
Iy
y Iz
tan
z Iy
4 - 38
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
SOLUTION:
Resolve the couple vector into
components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the
corresponding maximum stresses.
M z M cos
M y M sin
Mzy Myy
Iz
Iy
tan
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the
z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4 - 39
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.
M z 1600 lb in cos 30 1386 lb in
M y 1600 lb in sin 30 800 lb in
1 1.5 in 3.5 in 3 5.359 in 4
I z 12
1 3.5 in 1.5 in 3 0.9844 in 4
I y 12
The largest te nsile stress due to M z occurs along AB
M z y 1386 lb in 1.75 in
452 .6 psi
4
Iz
5.359 in
M yz
Iy
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 4.08
Determine the angle of the neutral axis.
Iz
5.359 in 4
tan tan
tan 30
4
Iy
0.9844 in
3.143
72.4o
4 - 41
Third
Edition
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A
Iz
Iy
4 - 42