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Z
X
X (n) log n
log
x
(n)
=
d
L0 (, ) =
n
x
1
n
nx
Z X
log x 1
(n)
=
dx
x1+
1
nx
The sum of characters is bounded by min(x, q), and therefore the integral is
bounded by
Z q
Z
( log x + 1)dx
( log x + 1)dx
+
q
= O((log q)2 ).
x
x+1
q
1
Lemma 9.3. Let mod q be a real primitive character, and let 1 1+ log1 q .
Let denote the single real zero of L(s, ) with > 1 log q , if such a zero
exists. We have
L0
1
(, ) =
+ O((log q)2 ).
L
Proof. We have
L0
(, ) =
L
X
(,)=0
||<1
+ O(log q).
( )2 + 2
The number of zeros in the sum is O(log q), and for each such zero, ()
2 + 2
1
2
( )
= O(log q), so all zeros excluding contribute O((log q) ) to the
sum.
X (pn )
p,n
npn
X
p,n
1
= log () log( 1) + O(1)
npn
1+q
L0 /L(, )d.
By the second lemma, |L0 /L(, )| c0 ()q + O((log q)2 ) throughout the interval, and the interval has length q , so the integral is O(1).
We also use the following integral identity.
Lemma 9.4. We have, for any x > 0,
1
2i
3/2+i
xs (s)ds = e1/x .
3/2i
Proof. Notice that has exponential decay in vertical strips, so that the integral
is strongly convergent. Recall also, s(s) = (s + 1). In particular, the residue
j
of at j is (1)
j! . Shift the contour to the line <(s) = N 1/2 for large
integer N . In doing so, we pass poles at 0 and the negative integers, giving the
partial sum
N
X
(1)j xj
.
j!
j=0
On the line <(s) = N 1/2,
|(N 1/2 + it)| = O(
|(1/2 + it)|
)
(N 1)!
an ns ,
<(s) > 1.
n=1
npns
<(s) > 1
has non-negative coefficients, so an 0 (exponentiate the series for log L(s) and
collect the positive terms).
The function L(s) satisfies, for <(s) = > 1, |L(s)| ()4 , and for
<(s) = 1/2, |L(s)| = O(q12 q 2 |s|4 ). The first bound follows on taking absolute
values within each Dirichlet series. The second bound follows from our bound
(Lecture 2) |L(s, )| |s|q
, and the corresponding bound for . Also, L(s) has
a pole at s = 1, coming from , with residue L(1, 1 )L(1, )L(1, 1 ), and a
zero at , coming from L(s, 1 ).
We consider, for large X, the sum
X an
S(X) =
en/X .
n
n>0
Discarding all but the term a1 = 1 we have
S(X) e1/X = 1 + O(1/X).
On the other hand, we may express the sum as an integral, using the identity
above
X an 1 Z 3/2+i X s
S(X) =
(s)ds
n 2i 3/2i
n
n>0
Z 3/2+i X
Z 3/2+i
1
an
1
s
=
X (s)ds =
L(s + )X s (s)ds.
2i 3/2i n=1 n+s
2i 3/2i
Shift the contour to the line <(s) = + 12 , passing the pole at s = 1 from
zeta, but none at s = 0 since the pole of is canceled by the zero at L(, 1 )
(its important here that 1 is non-principal). Thus we obtain
S(X) = (1 )X 1 L(1, 1 )L(1, )L(1, 1 ) +
1
2i
1/2+i
L(s + )X s (s)ds.
1/2+i
The integral is
Z
O X 1/2
1
1
|( + it)||L( + it)|dt
2
2
Recall that has exponential decay in vertical strips, so the integral is O(q12 q 2 ).
Thus the integral term gives a combined error (we have > 3/4) of O(X 1/4 q12 q 2 ).
Choose X > Cq110 q 10 sufficiently large so that this error is bounded by 1/2. Thus
1 + o(1) S(X) = (1 )X 1 L(1, 1 )L(1, 2 )L(1, 1 2 ) + ,
|| 1/2.
Now (1 ), and L(1, 1 ) are constants that depend only on 1 , and hence,
only on , while L(1, 1 ) = O(log q1 q) = O (log q). We deduce,
L(1, ) C
1
X 1
C0
C00 q .
log q
q 2 log q