SNI 03-1727-1989

SABI 1362-1986
UDC: 389.6 698:8

LOADING DESIGN GUIDE

FOR HOMES AND BUILDINGS

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Chapter 1.

Description ................................................................ 1

1.1

Intention and Objective ............................................. 1

1.2

Coverage .................................................................. 1

1.3

Definition ................................................................... 1

Chapter 2.
2.1

Requirements............................................................ 3
Rules about Loading ................................................. 3
2.1.1. Dead Load ..................................................... 4
2.1.2. Live Load ....................................................... 7
2.1.3. Wind Load ................................................... 16
2.1.4. Earthquake load .......................................... 24
2.1.5. Special Load................................................ 24

2.2.

Limit Load and Working Load ................................ 26

2.3.

Stability ................................................................... 27

CHAPTER I
DESCRIPTION
1.1 INTENTION AND OBJECTIVE
The intention and objective of this Loading Design Guide for Homes and
Buildings are to provide guidance in planning permissible load for
homes and building, including live load for sloping roof, multi-storey
parking building and building roof helipad included practically all types
of aircraft usually operated.
Also included is reduction of live load for main beam design and portal
and seismic review, which usage is optional, not compulsory,
particularly if the reduction endangers reviewed construction or
construction component.
1.2 COVERAGE
In this guidance book, there are rules about loading, dead load, live
load, wind load, earthquake load, special load, as also review of limit
load and working load and safety factor in stability examination.
1.3 DEFINITION
(1) DEAD LOAD is fixed weight of all parts of a building, including all
supplementary

components,

finishing,

machines

and

fixed

equipment which are inseparable parts of the building.

(2) LIVE LOAD is all loads occurring due to occupancy or usage of a
building, including loads on floors from movable objects, machines
and equipment which are not inseparable parts of the building, and
are replaceable during the life of the building, thus causing a
change in its floor and roof loading. Particularly for the roof, live
load can include load from rain water, both by puddles or falling
pressure (kinetic energy) of water drops. Live load does not include
wind load, earthquake load, and special loads mentioned in
paragraph (3), (4), and (5).

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(3) WIND LOAD is all loads working on the building or parts of the
building caused by a difference in air pressure.
(4) EARTHQUAKE LOAD is all equivalent static loads working on a
building or parts of building simulating the effect of soil movement
due to the earthquake. In case the effect of earthquake on a
building structure is defined based on a dynamic analysis, the
definition of earthquake here is forces in the structure occurring due
to soil movement caused by the earthquake.
(5) SPECIAL LOAD is all loads working on a building or parts of
building occurring due to temperature difference, lifting, and
installation, foundation sinking, shrinking, additional forces from live
load such as brake force from crane, centrifugal and dynamic
forces from machines, and other special effects.

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SNI 03 1727-1989

CHAPTER II
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 RULES ABOUT LOADING
(1) Building structure strength must be designed against loading by:
Dead Load, expressed with symbol M
Live Load, expressed with symbol H
Wind Load, expressed with symbol A
Earthquake load, expressed with symbol G
Special Load, expressed with symbol K
(2) Combination of loading which must be examined is as follows:
Fixed Loading

Temporary Loading

m+H
M+H+A
M+H+G

Special Loading

M+H+K
M+H+A+K
M+H+G+K

(3) If live load, both the one loading a building or parts of a building fully
or partly, separately or in combination with other loads, give a
advantageous effect for the building structure or structure
components, then the loading or loading combination may not be
examined in structure or structure component design.
(4) For certain conditions, dead load, live load, or wind load can be
multiplied with a reduction coefficient. The load reduction must be
done if it produces a more risky situation for the examined structure
or structure component.

SNI 03 1727-1989

Page 3 of 27

2.1.1. DEAD LOAD

a. Own load
(1) Own load from significant building materials and from several
building components which must be examined in determining dead
load of a building, must be taken according to Table 1.
(2) If with local building materials, own weight differs more than 10
percent of values in Table 1, then the own weight must be
determined separately by considering local humidity, and these
defined values must be considered as replacements of values in the
Table 1. This difference could occur particularly on sand (among
else on iron sand), coral (among else is quartz coral), split stone,
natural stone, bricks, roof tile, and some types of wood.
(3) Own load from materials and from building components not included
in Table 1, must be determined separately.
b. Reduction of dead load
(1) If dead load gives beneficial effect on strength capacity of structure
building or building components, the dead load must be taken
according to Table 1 by multiplying it by a reduction coefficient of
0.9.
(2) If the dead load partly or fully gives a beneficial effect on stability of
a structure or structure components of a building, then in examining
the stability, according to Article 2.2, the dead load must be
multiplied with a reduction factor of 0.9.

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SNI 03 1727-1989

Table 1
Own load and building materials and building components
BUILDING MATERIALS
Steel

7,850 kg/m3

Natural stone

2,600 kg/m3

Split stone, full stone, mountain stone (stack load)

1,500 kg/m3

Rock (stack load)

700 kg/m3
3

Crushed stone

1,450 kg/m

Forged iron

7,250 kg/m3

2,200 kg/m3

Concrete ( )
2
Reinforcement concrete ( )
3

2,400 kg/m3

Wood (class 1)( )

1,000 kg/m3

Gravel, coral (air dry to damp, not sieved)

1,650 kg/m3

Red brick installation

1,700 kg/m

Split stone, full stone, mountain stone installation

2,200 kg/m3

Cast stone installation

2,200 kg/m3

Rock installation

1,450 kg/m

Sand (air dry to damp)

1,600 kg/m3

Sand (water saturated)

1,800 kg/m3

Gravel, coral (air dry to damp)

1,850 kg/m

Soil, clay and silt (air dry to damp)

1,700 kg/m3

Soil, clay and silt (wet)

2,000 kg/m3

Lead

SNI 03 1727-1989

11,400 kg/m3

Page 5 of 27

Mix, per cm thickness

-

from cement

21 kg/m3

from lime, red cement or trace

17 kg/m3

Asphalt, including additional mineral materials, per cm

14 kg/m3

thickness
Walls of red brick installation
-

one stone

200 kg/m3

half stone

120 kg/m3

Brick wall
Hollow
-

20 cm wall thickness (HB 20)

300 kg/m3

10 cm wall thickness (HB 10)

200 kg/m3

Ceiling and walls (including the ribs, without suspended

ceiling or brace), consisting of
-

asbestos cement (plasterboard or other similar

glass, 3 4 mm thickness

11 kg/m3

materials) with maximum thickness of 4 cm

10 kg/m3

Simple wood floor with wood beam, without ceiling with

40 kg/m3

maximum span of 5 m and for maximum live load of

200 kg/m2
Suspended ceiling (from wood), with maximum span of

7 kg/m

5 m and minimum side-to-side distance of 0.80 m

3
Tile roof with frames /per m of roof aera

50 kg/m3

Wavy steel roof (BWG 24) without gordeng

40 kg/m3

Portland cement floor tile, marble, and concrete, without

10 kg/m3

mix, per cm thickness

Wavy asbestos cement (5 mm thickness)

24 kg/m3
11 kg/m3

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SNI 03 1727-1989

Notes:
(1)

These values do not apply to filling concrete.

(2)

For vibration concrete, shock concrete, compression concrete, and

other similar solid concrete, the weight must be determined separately.

(3)

These values are average; for certain wood types, see Wood
Construction Design Guide.

2.1.2
a.

LIVE LOAD
LIVE LOAD ON BUILDING FLOOR

(1) Live load on building floor must be taken according to Table 2. The
live load includes room equipment according to the corresponding
room floor usage: and also light separation walls with weight not
exceeding 100 kg /m2. Heavy loads, such as those caused by
archive cabinets and library, machines and other equipment must be
determined separately.
(2) Live load determined in this article is not necessarily be multiplied
with a shock factor.
(3) Building floors expected to be used for various objectives, must be
designed against the heaviest possible live load.
b.

LIVE LOAD ON BUILDING ROOF

(1) Live load on the roof /parts of roof and on building structure (canopy)
which are reachable or loaded by people, must be taken at a
minimum o f100 kg/m2 of a horizontal surface.
(2) Live load on roof and /or parts of roof which are not reachable by
people must be taken as the most determinative of the following
loads:
a. Evenly distributed load per m2 horizontal surface from rain
water load of (40 0.8 ) kg/m2,

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Page 7 of 27

where is the roof inclination in degrees, on the terms that the

load is not necessarily be larger than 20 kg/m2 and does not
need to be examined if the roof inclination is larger than 50 .
b. Centralized load from a worker or a fireman with his equipment
at a minimum of 100 kg.
(3) On side beam or side gordeng of roof not supported sufficiently
or by other supports and on cantilever, the possibility of
centralized live load of 200 kg at minimum must be reviewed.
(4) Live load of high building roof equipped with a helipad must be
taken at 200 kg/m2 on areas outside the pad, while on the pad,
load must be picked from helicopter landing and taking off with
rules as follows:
a. General
The pad and its support must be designed against from the
most determining helicopter load, which is if hard landing
happens due to engine quitting during hovering. The
helicopter loads work on pad through landing gears. Small
to medium sized helicopters generally have skid type
landing gears, or float type, while the large ones have
wheel type landing gears. The landing gears can consist of
two main gears and one rear gear or a front gear.
Parameters of helicopters commonly used is in Table 3,
with note that the given components can change on new
models. For helicopter types not written in Table 3, the
parameters must be taken according to manufacturers
definition.
b. Load distribution
Each landing gear passes the certain type of helicopter
gross weight, depending on helicopter type and landing
gear type.

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On helicopters with main landing gears, each landing gear

usually passes 40 to 45 percent of helicopter gross weight.
For several helicopter types in Table 3, percentage of
helicopter gross weight passed by each landing gear is
given. Helicopter gross weight means the helicopters total
weight with full load as allowable by international regulation
(FAA). In helipad structure and its supporting structure
design it is assumed that 2 landing gears hit the pad
simultaneously.
c. Design load
To calculate shock load on hard landing due to engine
quitting, as a design load passed by the landing gear, load
must be taken as b above and multiplied by a shock
coefficient of 1.5.
d. Contact area
To design the pad floor, design load according to c above
in form of centralized load can be assumed to be
distributed evenly on the contact area of landing gears.
Size of this contact area depends on helicopter type and
landing gear type, and for several helicopter types, is found
in Table 3. For wheel type landing gear, where each
consists of several wheels, contact area sizes given are
total contact areas of each wheel, while for skid type
landing gear, the contact area size is skid area size directly
around the support rods. In general, pad floor can be
considered strong if designed for a centralized load of 50
percent of helicopter gross weight which is evenly
distributed on a contact area of 600 cm2.

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c. LIVE LOAD FROM CRANE

(1) Chart form and magnitude of design load and other properties of
crane must be determined according to respective crane type
based on terms from its manufacturer and required by the related
authorities.
(2) This guide only gives the terms about road crane, consisting of
main crane (crane carriage) and hoist crane running on the main at
perpendicular direction. The terms must be considered as
minimum requirements. If due to certain matters in overall crane
design and building structure, loading conditions different from
these rules occur, the design load must be determined separately
by the related authorities.
(3) If crane loading its own support structure consists of its own weight
plus weight of load it lifts, in the most determinative main crane and
hoist crane positions for the examined structure. As the design
load, the crane load must be used by multiplying It with a shock
coefficient determined using the following formula:
= ( 1 + k1 + k2 v) 1.15
where:

= shock coefficient which value cannot be taken less

than 1.15.
v
= maximum lifting speed in m/s at maximum load lifting at
the most determinative main crane and hoist crane
positions for the examined structure, and the value
does not need to be more than 1.00 m/s.
k1 = coefficient depending on man crane structure rigidity
and for main crane with frame structure, general value
taken can be 0.6
k2 = a coefficient depending on properties of its lifting
machine and hoist crane, and can be taken as follows:
- on common electric machine or other machines with
similar properties: k2 = 1.0.
- on asynchronous cage machine and thermal
machine with coupling, k2 = 1.3.

Page 10 of 27

SNI 03 1727-1989

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

l.

m.

on machines with automatic speed limiter:

+ with k2 claw k2 = 0.75
+ with hook k2 = 0.50

Notes: Special effect of the crane is determined in Article 2.1.5.

Table 2
Live load on building floor
2
Residential home floor and stair, except stated in b
200 kg/m
Simple house floor and stairs and non-important
125 kg/m2
buildings not used for stores, factory, or workshop
Floor of schools, lecture room, shops, supermarket,
250 kg/m2
restaurant, hotel, dormitory, and hospital
Sport room floor
400 kg/m2
Dance room floor
500 kg/m2
2
Floor and inner balcony of meeting rooms other than
400 kg/m
those mentioned in point a to e, such as masjid,
church, show room, meeting room, cinema, and
tribune with fixed seats
Spectator tribune with non fixed seats or for standing
500 kg/m2
spectators
Stairs, stair railing and alleys mentioned in c
300 kg/m2
2
Stairs, stair railing and alleys other than mentioned in
500 kg/m
d, e, f, g.
Floor of supplementary rooms other than those
250 kg/m2
mentioned in c, d, e, f, and g.
2
Floor for : factory, workshop, warehouse, library,
400 kg/m
archive room, bookshop, material shop, equipment
room and machine room, must be designed for live
load determined separately with a minimum.
Floor of multi-storey parking building
2
- for ground floor
800 kg/m
400 kg/m2
- for other floors
Balconies hanging out freely must be designed for
300 kg/m2
live load from the adjacent floor room, with a
minimum

SNI 03 1727-1989

Page 11 of 27

Table 3
Helicopter parameters
Helicopter

Landing gear
Percentage Distance Distance
Prop.
Contact
Gross
Total
of gross between between
dia- Total
area (cm2)
weight
Manufacturer
front and left and
weight
meter length Type
Nickname
rear
right
(kg)
/Model
(m)
Front Rear Front Rear
gears
Front Rear gears
(m)
(m)
(m)
Aerospatiale
315 B
Lame
1,950 11.0 12.9 Skid
2.4
318 C
Alouette I
1,656 12.1 12.1 Skid
2.3
319 B
Alouette III 2,250 11.0 12.8 Wheel
1
2
2.6
330 B
Puma
7,393 15.0 18.2 Wheel
1
2 339 678
15
43
4.1
2.4
341 G
Gazette
1,800 10.5 12.0 Skid
2.0
360
Dauphin
2,799 11.5 13.4 Wheel
2
1
2.0
Augusta
/Atlantic
A-109

2,450

11.0

13.1 Wheel

129

129

1,338
4,309
1,452
1,814
5,080
7,258

11.3
14.7
10.1
11.3
14.7
15.2

13.1
17.4
11.8
12.9
17.5
18.3

2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

39
52
39

39
52
39

51
40
34

52

52

40

2,300
22,680
10,030
8,482

9.8
18.3
15.2
14.9

11.8 Skid
30.2 Wheel
25.3 Wheel
18.1 Wheel

2
1
1

2 1007
2 323
2 1058

500
323
529

Fairchild
FH-110C

1,247

10.8

12.7

Hiller
UH-12-L-4
UH-12E/E-4

1,408
1,270

10.8
10.8

12.4
12.4

Skid
Skid

2.3
2.3

758
930
1,158
1,362

7.7
8.2
8.0
8.1

8.8
9.4
9.2
9.3

Skid
Skid
Skid
Skid

2.0
2.0
2.1

3,265
5,897
8,708
3,583

16.2
17.1
18.9
16.2

19.0
20.1
22.3
19.0

Wheel
Wheel
Wheel
Wheel

2
2
2
2

2
1
1
1

19,050

22.0

27.0 Wheel

19,050
4,400
9,072

22.0
13.4
16.4

26.9 Wheel
17.5 Wheel
19.8 Wheel

1
1
2

2
2
1

Bell
Helicopter
47G
205A-1
206-B
206-L
212
214-B

Nirando

Jet Ranger

Long Ranger

Twin
Big Lifter

Boeing Vertol
BO-105C
CH-47, 234
107-11
179

Hughes
269 A/B
269 C
369 HS (Std)
369 D

Hughes 300
Hughes 300C
Hughes 500C
Hughes 500D

Sikorsky
S-56T
S-58T
S-61 N/L
S-62
Skycrane/
S-64
S-65C
S-76
S-78C

Page 12 of 27

Skid
Skid
Skid
Skid
Skid
Skid

258
723
697
348

994
135
471

258
226
348
348

994
135
471

3.5

2.3

50
25
28

1.6
2.3
1.4

34

2.3

2.3
2.7
1.9
2.3
2.7
2.8

6.9
7.5
4.7

44
43

12
15

2.8
3.4
3.9
2.7

3.2
8.6
7.2
5.4

3.4
4.3
4.3
3.7

7.4

6.0

8.2
5.6
8.8

4.0
2.4
2.7

SNI 03 1727-1989

d.

HORIZONTAL LIVE LOAD

Horizontal live load which can occur by movement of a lot of people
in certain buildings must be examined working on its supporting
structure in two perpendicular directions, as a percentage of vertical
live load according to Article 2.1.2. This guide depends of type of
structure and building usage (for example: spectator tribunes), the
percentage used is 5 to 10 percent.

e. REDUCTION OF LIVE LOAD

(1) The opportunity to reach a particular percentage of live loadworking
on a supporting structure of a building during the life span of the
buildingdepends the examined building component or structure
component and what the live load is examined for. Considering that
the chance for the occurrence of full live load working on all
components and all supporting structures simultaneously during the
life of the building is very small, then for the subjects mentioned in
paragraph (2), (3), and (4) of this article, the live load can be
considered to be not fully effective, so the live load is distributed
evenly defined by Article 2.1.2a and 2.1.2b. This guide can be
multiplied with a reduction factor.
(2) On main beam and portal design of load supporting structure of a
building, then to calculate the opportunity of occurrence of changing
live load as mentioned in paragraph (1), live load is distributed
evenly as defined in Article 1.2a and b. This guide can be multiplied
with a reduction coefficient which value depends on usage of
examined building and written in Table 4.
(3) On horizontal load supporting structure system of a building, the live
load on the building also determines the magnitude of earthquake
load to support by the structure system. In this case, to calculate the
possibilities of occurrence of changing live load as mentioned in
paragraph (1), to find earthquake load according to Article 2.1.4 of
this guidance, live load is distributed evenly as defined in Article
2.1.2. This guide can be multiplied with a reduction coefficient which
value depends on usage of examined building and the value is
written in Table 4.

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(4) On the design of vertical structure components such as columns and

walls and their foundations supporting several floors, live load
working on each floor has a significant role in determining strength.
In this case, to calculate the opportunity of occurrence of changing
live load as mentioned in paragraph (1), then for calculation of
normal force (axial force) inside vertical components such as
columns and walls and loads on the foundation, the evenly
distributed cumulative live load total determine din Article 2.1.2. This
guidance, working on floor of the storey supported, can be multiplied
with a reduction coefficient which value depends on total floors to
support and is included in Table 5.
(5) On the design of vertical structure components such as columns and
walls and their foundations supporting floors as written in paragraph
(4), full live load without multiplication with reduction coefficient must
still be examined at:
floors of warehouse, archive room, library, and other similar
store rooms.
floors of rooms supporting particular fixed heavy objects such
as equipment and machines.
(6) On foundation design, the effect of live load on floor standing above
ground must be examined too. In this case, live load on the floor,
related to the value defined in paragraph (4) must be used as is
without multiplication with at reduction coefficient.

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Reduction coefficient of live load

Building usage

For design of

For seismic

main beam and

examination

portal

HOUSE/RESIDENTIAL:
Homes, dormitory, hotel, hospital
EDUCATION:
School, lecture room
PUBLIC CONGREGATION:
Mosque, church, cinema, restaurant,
dance room, showroom
OFFICE:
Office, bank
TRADE:
Shops, supermarket, market
STORAGE:
Warehouse, library, archive room
INDUSTRY:
Factory, warehouse
VEHICLE STORAGE:
Garage, parking building
ALLEY AND STAIRS:
- homes /residential
- education , office
- public congregation, storage, trade,
industry, vehicle storage

SNI 03 1727-1989

0.75

0.30

0.90

0.50

0.90

0.50

0.60

0.30

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.80

1.00

0.90

0.90

0.50

0.75
0.75

0.30
0.50

0.90

0.50

Page 15 of 27

Table 5
Reduction coefficient of cumulative live load
Reduction coefficient multiplied
on cumulative live load
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

Total supported floors

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 and over

2.1.3. WIND LOAD

a. DETERMINATION OF WIND LOAD
Wind load is determined by assuming the existence of positive pressure
and negative pressure (suction), working perpendicular to examined
surfaces. The magnitude of these positive and negative pressures are
2
stated in kg/m , defined by multiplication of defined blow pressure defined
in Article 2.1.3a with wind coefficient defined in b.
b. BLOW PRESSURE
2
(1) Minimum blow pressure used must be 25 kg/m , except for the values
defined in paragraph (2), (3), and (4).
(2) Blow pressure at the sea and on the beach up to 5 km from the beach
2
must be taken at a minimum of 40 kg/m , except for the values
determined in paragraph (3) and (4).
(3) For areas near the sea and other particular areas, where there are wind
speeds which may produce blow pressure larger the value defined in
paragraph (1) and (2), the blow pressure (p) must be calculated using
the formula:

p=

Page 16 of 27

V2
(kg / m2 )
16

SNI 03 1727-1989

where V is wind speed in m/s, which must be determined by the

authorities.
2
(4) On chimneys, blow pressure in kg/m must be defined with the formula
(42.5 + 0.6 h), where h is total chimney height, measured from the
adjacent field.

(5) If it can be guaranteed that a building is effectively protected against

wind of a certain direction by other buildings, forests or other shields ,
the blow pressure of the direction according to paragraph (1) to (4) can
be multiplied with a reduction factor of 1.5.
c. WIND COEFFICIENT (for wind coefficient chart, see Figure 1).
(1) Closed building
For external surfaces, wind coefficients (+ means pressure and
means suction), are as follows:
a.

b.

c.

Vertical wall
at wind side
behind the wind
parallel to the wind
Triangular roof with inclination angle
at wind side:
< 65 (0.02
65 < < 90
behind the wind, for all
parallel to the wind
Curved roof with origin angle :
<22 : for curved surface at wind side:
at the first arc quarter
at second arc quarter

SNI 03 1727-1989

+ 0.9
- 0.4
- 0.4
- 0.4
+ 0.9
- 0.4

-0.6
-0.7

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for curved surface behind the wind:

at the first arc quarter
at second arc quarter
>22 : for curved surface at wind side:
at the first arc quarter
at second arc quarter
for curved surface behind the wind:
at the first arc quarter
at second arc quarter

-0.5
-0.2
-0.5
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

Note:
Start angle is an angle between a line connecting the starting point
with the peak point and horizontal line.
d. Multi triangle roof
For roof surface at wind side
< 65
65 < 90
for all roof surfaces behind the wind,
except the one vertical to the wind, for
all
for all vertical roof plans behind the
wind facing the wind

0.2 - 0.4
+0.9
- 0.4
+0.4

(2) Partially open building

For external surface, the wind coefficient defined in paragraph (1)
still applies, while at the same time, in the building a positive
pressure is assumed to work with wind coefficient of + 0.6 if the
open surface is on the wind side and a negative pressure with wind
coefficient of 0.3 if the open surface is behind the wind.
(3) Roof without walls
a. For wind load from one direction, conventional saddle roof without
wall must be designed to the most dangerous situation between 2
methods (I and II), with a wind coefficient for the roof surface as
follows:

Page 18 of 27

SNI 03 1727-1989

Table 6
Wind coefficient for saddle roof surface without a wall
Roof inclination
I.

II.

0 < < 20
> 30
=0
0 < < 20
= 30
> 30

Roof surface at wind

side
- 1.2
- 0.8

Other roof surfaces

+ 1.2
+ 0.8
+ 0.8
+ 0.5

+ 0.4
0.0
- 0.4

- 0.4
- 0.8

( 0.4

)
300

For reversed saddle roof (V-roof) without walls, for lower surface of
the roof, similar wind coefficient of conventional saddle roof upper
surface applies.
b. For one sided inclined roof without wall, for the upper surface, wind
coefficient applies as follows (- or + depends on wind direction):
Table 7
Wind coefficient for one sided inclined roof without wall
Roof inclination
I.

0 < < 10
= 40

Roof surface at wind

side
+ or - 1.2
+ or - 1.8

Other roof surfaces

+ or - 0.4
+ or - 1.0

For inclination angles in between, a linier interpolation is required.

(4) Free standing walls
For free standing walls, wind coefficient for surface at wind side is
+ 0.9 and for surfaces behind the wind is 0.4 (totaling 1.3).

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(5) Chimney with circular cross section

For chimney with circular cross section, wind coefficient for positive
pressure and negative pressure (suction) jointly are 0.7. This wind
coefficient applies for chimney surface projected on a vertical surface
through the chimney axis.
(6) Frame structure (lattice structure)
Wind coefficients for the following frame structures ( a to e ) apply for
frame surface. Frame surfaces are frames of trusses projected on a
surface through truss axis.
a. For surface frame structure, total wind coefficient for positive
pressure and negative pressure (suction) is 1.6.
b. For space frame structure with rectangular cross section with
wind direction perpendicular on one frame surface, wind
coefficient for the first frame at wind side is + 1.6, and for the
second frame behind the wind is + 1.2.
c. Form space frame structure with square cross section with wind
direction 45 of frame surfaces, wind coefficient for both frame
surfaces at wind site are respectively + 0.65 and for both frames
behind the wind, each is + 0.5. As an addition, each frame must
be calculated against wind load working at each surface with
wind coefficient equals to wind load working perpendicular on it.
d. For space frame structure with equilateral triangular cross
section with wind speed perpendicular to the frame surface at
wind side, wind coefficient for the frame is + 1.6 and for both
frames behind the wind, each is + 0.3. Furthermore, each frame
behind the wind must be calculated against wind load working at
each surface with a wind coefficient of 0.5 for each.

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SNI 03 1727-1989

e. For space frames structure with isosceles triangle with wind

direction perpendicular the frame surface behind the wind, wind
coefficient for both frames at wind side is + 1.2. Furthermore,
each frame at wind side must be calculated against wind load
working in each surface with each wind coefficient of 0.7.
(7) Building and other structures
Wind coefficient values for building and other structures with cross
section other than defined in this Article can use values from nearly
similar shapes, except if the wind coefficient is defined from wind
tunnel test.
d. EXCEPTION FROM WIND LOAD EXAMINATION
(1) On closed building and homes with height not exceeding 16 m, with
floors and walls giving sufficient rigidity, its main structure does not
need to be calculated against wind load, except if comparison
between height and width of the building requires wind load
examination.
(2) If the comparison between building height and width and the
building structure is such a way that it does not require wind load
examination, then building over 16 m tall can also be freed from or
requires wind load examination.

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Figure 1
Wind coefficient according to Article 2.1.3c
Par BUILDING
TYPE
(1) CLOSED
BUILDING

WIND LOAD CHART

VALUES /FORMULAS SHOW WIND COEFFICIENT

(2) Building
with one
side open

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SNI 03 1727-1989

(3)

Conventional
saddle roof
without wall
(a)

Inverse
saddle roof
without wall
(a)

II

For between the given values, linier interpolation is required

I
II

For between the given values, linier interpolation is required

For between the given values, linier interpolation is required

(4)

Free
standing
chimney

(5)

Chimney
with circular
cross section

(6)

Frame
structure

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2.1.4 EARTHQUAKE LOAD

a. EARTHQUAKE LOAD AND EARTHQUAKE PROOF DESIGN
By considering loading combination to examine in structure design according
to Article 2.1, live load reduction for seismic examination according to Article
2.1.2c and modulus of elasticity of the structure experience short change of
shape by soil movement due to earthquake according to Article 2.15b, the
effect of earthquake and earthquake proof design for building structures in
Indonesia must observe the Guidance of Earthquake Resistance for Homes
and Buildings.
2.1.5 SPECIAL LOAD
a. RULES ABOUT SPECIAL LOAD
(1) Each structure and /or structure component of a building must be
checked against special forces caused by a difference of temperature,
installation, foundation sinking, shrink, creep, brake force, centrifugal
force, dynamic forces, and other special effects.
(2) On building addition /modification, the building must be checked against
forces occurring due to elimination of supports, braces, and other similar
structures. In this case, there must be actions to prevent bad
consequences of the special effects, which must be examined specially
for each condition.
b.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND DYNAMIC

FORCES
(1) Special effects on building structure /structure components caused by
temperature difference of ambient air, must be calculated by including
the possibility of temperature change of 10C.
(2) For the purpose of special effect due to temperature variation, if not
stated otherwise, the following values of modulus of elasticity E and linier
expansion coefficient can be used.

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Table 8
Modulus of Elasticity and expansion coefficient
2
Structural material
E (kg/cm )
6
Profile steel
2.1 x 10
Concrete
2.1 x 105
Reinforced concrete and
per-stressed concrete
5
1 x 10
Parallel fiber wood
1 x 105
Perpendicular fiber wood
0.2 x 106
Brick installation

12 x 10-6
10 x 10 -6
10 x 10 -6
4 x 10 -6
10 x 10 -6

(3) To determine the effect of dynamic forces on the building structure, like
those from machines, including soil movement from earthquake, which
causes brief changes of structure shape, specially for reinforced
concrete and pre-stressed concrete, its modulus of elasticity must be 1.5
of the values in Table 8.
c.

SPECIAL EFFECT FROM CRANE

(1) Special effect from crane mentoined in Article 2.1.2c consists of brake
force, centrifugal force, and the effect from wheel clenching.
(2) Brake force consists of:
a. Brake force longitudinal to main crane: working horizontally on the
track at each braked main crane wheel; the magnitude to take must
be 1/7 of maximum reaction occurring at each wheel. Longitudinal
brake force can be taken smaller than the above, if calculation of an
expert can prove it.
b. Transversal brake force of hoist crane; working transversely
horizontal on the main crane rack; this brake force is distributed to
main crane wheels at each track; the magnitude to take at each
track must be 1/15 of the hoist crane along its working load.
Transversal brake force to take can be smaller than the defined
above, if an experts calculation can prove it.

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Longitudinal and transversal brake forces are assumed to work

separately.
(3) Centrifugal force due to swing motion, working transversely horizontal on
the track of each main crane wheel, is determined by multiplying the
maximum reaction occurring at each wheel with centrifugal acceleration
due to the swing. For cranes with maximum work load up to 10 t,
2
minimum centrifugal force to use is 0.10 m/s . For other cranes with
swing speed up to 120 m/s, the acceleration picked must be 0.50 m2 /s,
and with swing speed of over 120 m /s, the speed picked must be
2
0.60 m/s .
(4) The effect of possibility of clutching of main crane wheels must be
examined by assuming the existence of a pair of transversal force on the
opposite direction, each working on the track where each main crane
wheel is located, which magnitude must be taken 1/10 of maximum
reaction of each wheel. This force is considered not to work
simultaneously with transversal work force defined in paragraph (2) or
with centrifugal force defined in paragraph (3).
2.2. LOAD LIMIT AND WORKING LOAD
(1) If the strength of structural components of a building is designed based
on limit strength, the limit strength examined in its structure analysis
comes from multiplication of design load according to this rule with a
corresponding factor (coefficient). If the strength of the building structure
components is planned based on permissible stress, the work loads
examined in its structure analysis are design loads based on this rule. In
this case, structure design must be done based on applicable rule for the
structure of the type observed, such as reinforced concrete structure
based on
Reinforced Concrete Design Guide Chapter II: Wood
construction and structure based on Wood Construction Design Guide.

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(2) On examination of working load on foundation soil, on the temporary

loading defined in Article 2.1 paragraph (2), permissible soil bearing
capacity can be increased as in Table 9.
On examination of working load on pile foundation and bored pile, on the
Temporary Loading defined in Article 2.1 paragraph (2), as long as the
permissible stress in the column satisfies the applicable requirements for
the corresponding column material, permissible column support capacity
can be increased up to 50 percent.
(3) If on special loading according to Article 2.1 paragraph (2), dynamic
forces from machines are examined, which are alternating with or
without change of sign, then to calculate the fatigue effect of material, a
decrease of limit strength or permissible stress is required, which
depends on type of respective material structure.
Table 9
Soil bearing capacity of the foundation
Foundation soil type

Hard
Medium
Soft
Very soft

Permanent loading.
Permissible bearing
capacity
2
(kg/cm )

Temporary Loading
Increase of Permissible
Bearing Capacity
(%)

5
25
0.5 2
0 - 0.5

50
30
0 30
0

2.3 STABILITY
Each building and its components must be examined for stability for
each loading combination according to Article 2.1 paragraph (2). Safety
factor of the stability, such as against roll, slide, and others must be at
least 1.5.

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