GB 50007-2011-En

UDC
NATIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

P GB 50007-2011
Code for Design of Building Foundation

Issued on: July 26, 2011 Implemented on: August 01, 2012
Jointly Issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of
the People's Republic of China and the General
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
The book must be used together with the original book

Standard translation version is for reference only
NATIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Code for Design of Building Foundation

GB 50007-2011
Chief Development Department: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

of the People's Republic of China
Approval Department: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the
People's Republic of China
Implementation Date: August 01, 2012
China Architecture and Building Press

2011 Beijing

Announcement of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural
Development of the People's Republic of China
No. 1096
Announcement on Publishing the National Standard of "Code for Design of Building

Foundation"
"Code for Design of Building Foundation" has been approved as a national standard with
a serial number of GB 50007-2011, and shall be implemented on August 01, 2012. Therein,
Articles 3.0.2, 3.0.5, 5.1.3, 5.3.1, 5.3.4, 6.1.1, 6.3.1, 6.4.1, 7.2.7, 7.2.8, 8.2.7, 8.4.6, 8.4.9,
8.4.11, 8.4.18, 8.5.10, 8.5.13, 8.5.20, 8.5.22, 9.1.3, 9.1.9, 9.5.3, 10.2.1, 10.2.10, 10.2.13,
10.2.14, 10.3.2 and 10.3.8 are compulsory provisions and must be enforced strictly. The
original "Code for Design of Building Foundation" GB 50007-2002 shall be abolished
simultaneously.
Authorized by the Standard Rating Research Institute of the Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, this code is published and
distributed by China Architecture and Building Press.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of

China
July 26, 2011

Foreword
According to the requirements of Document Jian Biao [2008] No. 102 issued by the
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development-"Notice on Printing and Publishing the
Development and Revision Plan of National Engineering Construction Standards in 2008
(first batch)", this code is revised from the former "Code for Design of Building Foundation"
GB 500072002 by China Academy of Building Research jointly with all the organizations
concerned.
During the preparation process, the drafting group finally finalized this code upon review
based on extensive investigation and study, earnestly summarizing the practical experience,
making reference to the foreign advanced standards, coordinating with relevant national
standards and extensively soliciting for opinions.
This code comprises 10 chapters and 22 appendixes, with main technical content
including general provisions, terms and symbols, basic requirements, geotechnical
classification and index properties, foundation design calculation, foundation in mountain
area, soft ground, foundation type, excavation engineering, inspection and monitoring.
The main technical contents revised in this code are:
1. Add the relevant content of excavation engineering in the design grade of foundation;
2. The design working life of foundation shall not be less than that of building structure;
3. Add the engineering definitions of peat and cumulosol;
4. Add resilience recompression deformation calculation method;
5. Add building anti-floating stability calculation method;
6. Add the design principles of soil-rock composite ground with rock face gradient
greater than 10% and foundation soil thickness greater than 1.5m when the medium and
underlying rock face is inclining in single direction;
7. Add the design content of rock foundation;
8. Add the principle of design of foundation for the site in karst region according to the
karst development degree;
9. Add the calculation method for composite ground deformation;
10. Add the design requirements that the minimum ratio of reinforcement of spread
foundation shall not be less than 0.15%;
11. Add the requirements for the shear bearing capacity calculation of oblique section
when the short-side dimension of the spread foundation bottom is less than or equal to the
column width plus 2 times the foundation effective height;
12. Adjust the settlement empirical coefficient through statistical analysis for pile
foundation settlement calculation method;
13. Add the requirements that the excavation engineering featured by complex
hydrogeologic conditions on site, high protection requirement for surrounding environment of
foundation pit and Grade-A design grade shall be subjected to special design for underground
water control in high underground water level area;
14. Add the engineering inspection requirements for ground treatment engineering;
15. Add the key points for horizontal loading test of single pile and key points for
vertical pullout load testing of single pile.

In this code, the provisions printed in bold type are compulsory ones and must be
enforced strictly.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is in charge of the
administration of this code and the explanation of the compulsory provisions; the China
Academy of Building Research is responsible for the explanation of specific technical
contents. During the process of implementing this code, the relevant opinions or advice,
whenever necessary, can be posted or passed on to the national standard "Code for Design of
Building Foundation" Administrative Group of China Academy of Building Research
(address: No. 30, North Third Ring East Road, Beijing, 100013, China, Email:
tyjcabr@sina.com.cn).
Chief development organization of this code: China Academy of Building Research
Participating development organizations of this code: CIGIS
Beijing Geotechnical Institute
China Southwest Geotechnical Investigation and Architecture Design Institute
Guiyang Architectural Design & Surveying Prospecting Co., Ltd.
Beijing Institute of Architectural Design
China Architecture Design and Research Group
Shanghai Xiandai Architectural Design Group Co., Ltd.
China Northeast Architectural Design & Research Institute
Liaoning Provincial Building Design & Research Institute
Yunnan Yicheng Architectural Design Company
Central-South Architectural Design Institute
Hubei Provincial Academy of Building Research
Guangzhou Academy of Building Research
Heilongjian Province Academy of Cold Area Building Research
Heilongjiang Province Building Engineering Quality Supervision Station
Northern Engineering & Technology Corporation, MCC
China State Construction Engineering Corp.
Tianjin University
Tongji University
Taiyuan University of Technology
Guangzhou University
Zhengzhou University
Southeast University
Chongqing University
Chief drafting staff of this code: Teng Yanjing, Huang Xiling, Wang Shuguang, Gong
Jianfei, Wang Weidong, Wang Xiaonan, Wang Gongshan, Bai Xiaohong, Ren Qingying, Liu
Songyu, Zhu Lei, Shen Xiaoke, Zhang Bingji, Zhang Chengjin, Zhang Jichao, Chen Xiangfu,
Yang Min, Lin Liyan, Zheng Gang, Zhou Tonghe, Wei Wu, Hao Jiangnan, Hou Guangyu, Hu
Daiwen, Yuan Neizhen, Gu Baohe, Tang Mengxiong, Gu Xiaolu, Liang Zhirong, Kang
Jingwen, Pei Jie, Pan Kaiyun, Xue Huili
Chief examiners of this code: Xu Zhengzhong, Huang Shaoming, Wu Xuemin, Gu
Guorong, Hua Jianxin, Wang Changqing, Xiao Ziqiang, Song Zhaohuang, Xu Tianping, Xu
Zhangjian, Mei Quanting, Huang Zhihong, Dou Nanhua

Contents
1 General Provisions .............................................................................................................. 1

2 Terms and Symbols ............................................................................................................. 1
2.1 Terms ........................................................................................................................ 1
2.2 Symbols .................................................................................................................... 2
3 Basic Requirements ............................................................................................................. 3
4 Geotechnical Classification and Index Properties ............................................................... 8
4.1 Geotechnical Classification ...................................................................................... 8
4.2 Engineering Index Properties...................................................................................11
5 Foundation Design Calculation ......................................................................................... 12
5.1 Embedded Depth of Foundation ............................................................................. 12
5.2 Bearing Capacity Calculation ................................................................................. 15
5.3 Deformation Calculation......................................................................................... 19
5.4 Stability Calculation................................................................................................ 24
6 Foundation in Mountain Area............................................................................................ 26
6.1 General Requirements............................................................................................. 26
6.2 Foundation on Rock and Soil.................................................................................. 26
6.3 Foundation on Compacted Fill................................................................................ 28
6.4 Landslide Prevention .............................................................................................. 30
6.5 Foundation on Rock................................................................................................ 32
6.6 Karst and Sinkhole.................................................................................................. 32
6.7 Earth Slope and Gravity Retaining Wall................................................................. 35
6.8 Rock Slope and Anchor Wall .................................................................................. 40
7 Soft Ground ....................................................................................................................... 42
7.2 Usage and Treatment .............................................................................................. 43
7.3 Architectural Measurement..................................................................................... 45
7.4 Structural Measurement .......................................................................................... 46
7.5 Massive Ground Surcharge..................................................................................... 47
8 Foundation......................................................................................................................... 49
8.1 Non-reinforced Spread Foundation......................................................................... 49
8.2 Spread Foundation .................................................................................................. 50
8.3 Strip Foundation under Columns ............................................................................ 60
8.4 Raft Foundation of High-rise Buildings ................................................................. 61
8.5 Pile Foundation ....................................................................................................... 71
8.6 Rock Bolt Foundation............................................................................................. 84
9 Excavation Engineering..................................................................................................... 85
9.2 Excavation Engineering Exploration and Environmental Investigation................. 87
9.3 Earth Pressure and Water Pressure.......................................................................... 88
9.4 Design Calculation.................................................................................................. 89
9.5 Internal Bracing of Support Structure..................................................................... 90

9.6 Soil Bolt .................................................................................................................. 91
9.7 Excavation Engineering Inverse Practice ............................................................... 92
9.8 Excavation Engineering of Rock Mass................................................................... 94
9.9 Underground Water Control.................................................................................... 94
10 Inspection and Monitoring .............................................................................................. 96
10.1 General Requirements........................................................................................... 96
10.2 Inspection.............................................................................................................. 96
10.3 Monitoring ............................................................................................................ 99
Appendix A Division of Rock Hardness and Rock Mass Integrity Degree........................... 101
Appendix B Field Identification of Gravel Soil .................................................................... 102
Appendix C Key Points for Shallow Plate Load Testing ...................................................... 103
Appendix D Key Points for Deep Plate Load Testing ........................................................... 104
Appendix E Standardized Value for Shear Strength Parameters C and ........................... 105
Appendix G Classification of Soil Expansion upon Freezing and Maximum Allowable
Thickness of Frozen Earth above Building Foundation ........................................................ 107
Appendix H Key Points for Loading Test on Rock................................................................110
Appendix J Requirements for Uni-axial Compressive Strength Testing on Rock..................111
Appendix K Stress Influence Coefficient and Average Stress Influence Coefficient ...112
Appendix L Active Earth Pressure Coefficient ka for Retaining Wall ................................... 126
Appendix M Key Points for Pullout Resistance Testing on Rock Anchors........................... 132
Appendix N Calculation of Subsequent Foundation Settlement under Massive Ground
Surcharge............................................................................................................................... 133
Appendix P Perimeter of Critical Section for Shearing and Polar Moment of Inertia
Calculation............................................................................................................................. 135
Appendix Q Key Points for Vertical Static Load Test on Single Pile.................................... 138
Appendix R Final Settlement Calculation for Pile Foundation ............................................. 140
Appendix S Key Points for Lateral Load Test on Single Pile ............................................... 145
Appendix T Key Points for Uplift Capacity Test on Single Pile ........................................... 149
Appendix U Anti-shearing Sectional Width of Step and Cone-shape Pile Cap..................... 152
Appendix V Stability Evaluation for Excavation Support Structures.................................... 154
Appendix W Anti-seepage Stability Evaluation for Foundation Pit...................................... 158
Appendix Y Key Points for Pre-stressed Earth Anchor Testing ............................................ 159
Explanation of Wording in this Code .................................................................................... 161
List of Quoted Standards ....................................................................................................... 162

1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This code is formulated with a view to implementing technical and economic policies
of the nation in foundation design, and achieving safety and usability, advanced technology,
economy and rationality, quality guarantee and environmental protection.
1.0.2 This code is applicable to the design of foundation of industrial and civil buildings
(including structures). The design of collapsible loess, permafrost and expansive soil
foundation and the foundation under the action of seismic and mechanical vibration load shall
also meet the requirements of the current corresponding professional standard of the nation.
1.0.3 The design of foundation shall persist in the principle of adjusting measures to local
conditions, using local materials, protecting environment and saving resources,
comprehensively consider such factors as structure type, material condition and construction
condition according to geotechnical engineering investigation data, and elaborately conduct.
1.0.4 The design of building foundation shall not only comply with this code, but also those
in the current relevant ones of the nation.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Ground, foundation soils

Soil mass or rock mass which supports foundation.
2.1.2 Foundation
Structure component which transfers various actions borne by the structure to the
ground.
2.1.3 Characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity
Pressure value corresponding to deformation specified within linear deformation section
of subsoil pressure deformation curve determined by load test, and its maximum value is the
proportion limit value.
2.1.4 Gravity density, unit weight
Gravity borne by rock-soil mass per unit volume, the product of density and gravity
acceleration of rock-soil mass.
2.1.5 Rock discontinuity structural plane
Plane which cracks and is easy to crack in rock mass, such as bedding surface, joint,
fault, schistosity, etc., also called discontinuous structural plane.
2.1.6 Standard frost penetration
Average value of maximum frost penetration actually measured for more than 10 years
in the flat and exposed open area outside the city.
2.1.7 Allowable subsoil deformation
Deformation control value determined in order to guarantee normal use of the building.
2.1.8 Soil-rock composite ground
Ground with larger underlying bed rock surface gradient within the range of main

bearing layer of building ground; or ground with densely-spread and exposed clint; or ground
with exposed mass boulder or individual clint.
2.1.9 Ground treatment, ground improvement
Engineering measures to be taken in order to increase subsoil bearing capacity or
improve its deformability or permeability.
2.1.10 Composite ground, composite foundation
Artificial ground that subsoil and reinforcement formed by reinforcing or replacing
partial soil mass jointly bear load.
2.1.11 Spread foundation
Foundation that spreads a certain base area to side edge in order to diffuse the load
transmitted from superstructure to make the compressive stress acted on the base meet the
design requirements of subsoil bearing capacity and the internal stress of foundation meet the
design requirements of material strength.
2.1.12 Non-reinforced spread foundation
Strip foundation under wall or independent foundation under column, composed of such
materials as brick, rubble, concrete or rubble concrete, dirt and cement and not reinforced.
2.1.13 Pile foundation
Foundation which is composed of pile arranged in rock-soil and slab connected to pile
top end.
2.1.14 Retaining structure
Structure which is built to make rock-soil side slope remain stable, control displacement
and mainly bear lateral load.
2.1.15 Excavation engineering
General term of retaining structure, underground water control, environmental protection
and other measures required for guaranteeing underground space formed in downward ground
excavation safe and stable during the construction period of underground structure.
2.2 Symbols
2.2.1 Action and action effect

EaActive earth pressure;
FkValue of vertical force, transferred from superstructure to foundation top,
corresponding to the acting standard combination;
GkDeadweight of foundation and soil weight on foundation;
MkValue of moment acts on the foundation bottom, corresponding to the acting
standard combination;
pkAverage pressure at foundation bottom, corresponding to the acting standard
combination;
p0Average additional pressure at foundation bottom;
QkVertical force borne by single pile in pile foundation under the action of axial
vertical force, corresponding to the acting standard combination.
2.2.2 Resistance and material property
aCompressibility coefficient;
cCohesion strength;

EsCompression modulus of soil;
eVoid ratio;
faCorrected characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity;
fakCharacteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity;
frkStandardized value of uni-axial compressive strength of saturated rock;
qpaCharacteristic value of soil bearing capacity of pile tip;
qsaCharacteristic value of frictional force of pile periphery soil;
RaCharacteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile;
wMoisture content of soil;
wLLiquid limit;
wpPlastic limit;
Gravity density of soil, referred to as unit weight of soil;
Friction angle between fill and retaining wall back;
rFriction angle between fill and resistant rock slope surface;
Pressure diffusion angle of ground;
Friction coefficient between soil and retaining wall base;
vPoisson's ratio;
Internal friction angle.
2.2.3 Geometric parameters
AFoundation bottom area;
bFoundation bottom width (minimum side length); or foundation bottom side length
of moment action direction;
dEmbedded depth of foundation, pile body diameter;
h0Foundation height;
HfBuilding height counting from foundation bottom;
HgBuilding height counting from outdoor ground;
LBuilding length or unit length separated by settlement joint;
lLength of foundation bottom;
sSettlement volume;
uPeripheral length;
z0Standard frost penetration;
znCalculation depth of ground settlement;
Slope angle of side slope to horizontal plane.
2.2.4 Calculation coefficient
aAverage additional stress coefficient;
bCorrection coefficient of bearing capacity of foundation width;
dCorrection coefficient of bearing capacity of embedded depth of foundation;
sEmpirical coefficient of settlement calculation.
3 Basic Requirements
3.0.1 The design of foundation shall be divided into three design grades according to ground
complexity, building scale and functional characteristics as well as the degree of building

damage or normal use influence caused by possible ground problems, and shall be selected in
accordance with those specified in Table 3.0.1 according to specific conditions.
Table 3.0.1 Design Grade of Foundation
Design grade Building and ground type
Important industrial and civil buildings

High-rise buildings with more than 30 storeys
Combined high- and low-storey building with complicated shape and storey number difference exceeding 10
Extensive multi-story underground building (such as underground garage, shopping mall and sports ground)
Building with specific requirements for subsoil deformation
Building on slope (including high slope) under complicated geological conditions
Grade A Newly-built building with larger influence on existing engineering
General building with complicated site and ground conditions
Excavation engineering of basement of two-storey or above building in complicated geological conditions
and soft soil area
Excavation engineering with excavation depth greater than 15m
Excavation engineering with complicated surrounding environment condition and high environmental
protection requirements
Industrial and civil buildings beyond Grade A and Grade C

Grade B
Excavation engineering beyond Grade A and Grade C
Seven-storey or below civil buildings and general industrial buildings with simple site and ground conditions
and even load distribution; secondary light buildings
Grade C Excavation engineering in non-soft soil area, with simple site geological conditions, simple foundation pit
surrounding environment conditions, not high environmental protection requirements and excavation depth
less than 5.0m
3.0.2 The design of foundation shall meet the following requirements according to the
design grade of building foundation and the influence degree of subsoil deformation
under the action of long-term load on superstructure:
1 The foundation design calculation of all the buildings shall meet the relevant
requirements for calculation of bearing capacity;
2 The buildings with a design grade of Grade A or Grade B shall be designed
according to subsoil deformation;
3 The buildings with a design grade of Grade C shall be subjected to deformation
checking under one of the following conditions:
1) Buildings with characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity less than 130kPa
and with complicated shape;
2) When there is ground loading on the foundation and neighborhood or the
difference between the adjacent loads is large, and the ground may be caused to
generate excessive nonuniform settlement;
3) When the building on soft ground has eccentric load;
4) When the adjacent buildings are close and may have inclination;
5) When there is relatively thick or uneven fill in ground and the deadweight
consolidation is not completed.
4 For high-rise buildings, high-rise structure, retaining wall, etc. frequently
subjected to horizontal load, as well as buildings and structures built on slope or near

side slope, their stability shall also be checked;
5 Excavation engineering shall be subjected to stability checking;
6 When building basement or underground structure has floating upward
problem, anti-floating checking shall also be conducted.
3.0.3 The buildings with a design grade of Grade C within the range listed in Table 3.0.3
may not be subjected to deformation checking.
Table 3.0.3 Range of Buildings with a Design Grade of Grade C not Subjected to Subsoil Deformation Checking
Condition Characteristic value of subsoil bearing
80fak<10 100fak<13 130fak<16 160fak<20 200fak<30
s of main capacity
0 0 0 0 0
bearing fak(kPa)
layer of
Gradient of each soil layer (%) 5 10 10 10 10
ground
Masonry bearing structure and frame

structure 5 5 6 6 7
(layer number)
Rated
lifting
capacit
10~15 15~20 20~30 30~50 50~100
y of
Single-spa crane
n (t)
Plant
Single-laye buildin
18 24 30 30 30
r bent g span
Building structure (m)
type (6m Rated

column lifting
space) capacit
5~10 10~15 15~20 20~30 30~75
y of
crane
Multi-span
(t)
Plant
buildin
18 24 30 30 30
g span
(m)
Chimney Height (m) 40 50 75 100
Height (m) 20 30 30 30
Water tower
3
Volume (m ) 50~100 100~200 200~300 300~500 500~1000
Notes: 1 The main bearing layer of ground refers to the range with a depth of 3b (b is the foundation bottom width) under
strip foundation bottom, 1.5b under independent foundation, and thickness not less than 5m (except the general civil buildings
less than two storeys);
2 If the main bearing layer of ground has soil layer with characteristic value of bearing capacity less than 130kPa, the design
of masonry bearing structure in this table shall meet the relevant requirements of Chapter 7 of this code;
3 Masonry bearing structure and frame structure in this table refer to civil buildings; for industrial buildings, equivalent

storey number of civil buildings may be converted according to plant building height and load condition;
4 The value of rated lifting capacity of crane, chimney height and water tower volume in this table refers to the maximum
value.
3.0.4 Geotechnical engineering investigation shall be carried out before the design of
foundation and shall meet the following requirements:
1 Geotechnical engineering investigation report shall be provided with the following
data:
1) Check whether there is adverse geologic action influencing building site stability
and assess the hazard degree;
2) Stratum structure and its uniformity within building range, physical and mechanical
property indexes of each rock-soil layer as well as corrosiveness for building materials;
3) Underground water embedment condition, type, water-level fluctuation amplitude
and rule, as well as corrosiveness for building materials;
4) Classify site category in seismic fortification zone, and carry out liquification
evaluation for saturated sandy soil and silty soil;
5) Demonstrate and analyze the available design scheme of foundation, and propose
economic and rational and advanced-technology design scheme suggestion; provide subsoil
bearing capacity and deformation calculation parameters corresponding to the design
requirements, and propose suggestion for problems to be noticed in design and construction;
6) If necessary for engineering, provide: rock-soil technical parameters required for
slope stability calculation and support design of deep foundation pit excavation, demonstrate
the influence on surrounding environment; technical parameters related to precipitation in
foundation pit construction and suggestion for underground water control method;
fortification water level for calculating underground water flotage.
2 The ground assessment should adopt boring sampling, laboratory soil test,
penetration test and combine other in-situ test methods. For the buildings with a design grade
of Grade A, load test index, shear strength index, deformation parameter index and
penetration test data shall be provided; for the buildings of Grade B, shear strength index,
deformation parameter index and penetration test data shall be provided; for the buildings of
Grade C, penetration test and necessary boring and soil test data shall be provided.
3 All the building grounds shall be subjected to construction and foundation subsoil
inspection. Where the ground condition doesn't conform to the original investigation report,
construction investigation shall be carried out.
3.0.5 In design of foundation, the adopted action effect and corresponding resistance
limit value shall meet the following requirements:
1 When determining foundation bottom area and buried depth according to
subsoil bearing capacity or determining pile number according to single pile bearing
capacity, the action effect transmitted to foundation or slab bottom shall be in
accordance with the standard combination acting in limit state of normal use, and the
corresponding resistance shall adopt characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity or
characteristic value of single pile bearing capacity;
2 When calculating subsoil deformation, the action effect transmitted to
foundation bottom shall be in accordance with the quasi-permanent combination acting
in limit state of normal use and shall not be counted into wind load and earthquake

action; corresponding limit value shall be the allowable subsoil deformation;
3 When calculating retaining wall, ground or landslide stability and foundation
anti-floating stability, the action effect shall be in accordance with the fundamental
combination acting in limit state of bearing capacity, but the partial coefficient shall be
1.0;
4 When determining foundation or pile foundation slab height, retaining
structure section, calculating internal force of foundation or retaining structure,
determining reinforcement and checking material strength, the action effect transmitted
from superstructure and corresponding base counterforce, retaining wall earth pressure
and landslide thrust shall be in accordance with the fundamental combination acting in
limit state of bearing capacity, and the corresponding partial coefficient shall be adopted;
if it is necessary to check the foundation crack width, they shall be in accordance with
the standard combination acting in limit state of normal use;
5 Foundation design safety class, structure design service life and significance
coefficient of structure shall be adopted according to the relevant specifications, but the
significance coefficient of structure 0 shall not be less than 1.0.
3.0.6 In the design of foundation, the design value of the action combination effect shall
meet the following requirements:
1 In limit state of normal use, the design value of the standard combination effect Sk
shall be determined according to the following formula:
Sk=SGk+SQ1k+c2SQ2k++cnSQnk (3.0.6-1)
Where,
SGkthe effect of standardized value of permanent action Gk;
SQkthe effect of standardized value of the ith variable action Qik;
cithe combination value coefficient of the ith variable action Qi, valued according
to the requirements of the current national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building
Structures" GB 50009.
2 The design value of the quasi-permanent combination effect Sk shall be determined
according to the following formula:
Sk=SGk+q1SQlk+q2SQ2k++qnSQnk (3.0.6-2)
Where,
qithe quasi-permanent value coefficient of the ith variable action Qi, valued
according to the requirements of the current national standard "Load Code for the Design of
Building Structures" GB 50009.
3 In limit state of bearing capacity, the design value of the fundamental combination
effect Sd controlled by variable action shall be determined according to the following formula:
Sd=GSGk+QlSQ1k+Q2c2SQ2k++QncnSQnk (3.0.6-3)
Where,
Gthe partial coefficient of permanent action, valued according to the requirements
of the current national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" GB 50009;
Qithe partial coefficient of the ith variable action, valued according to the
requirements of the current national standard "Load Code for the Design of Building
Structures" GB 50009.
4 For fundamental combination controlled by permanent action, simplification rule

may also be adopted, and the design value of the fundamental combination effect Sd may be
determined according to the following formula:
Sd=1.35Sk (3.0.6-4)
Where,
Skthe design value of action effect of standard combination.
3.0.7 The design working life of foundation shall not be less than that of building structure.
4 Geotechnical Classification and Index Properties
4.1 Geotechnical Classification
4.1.1 The rock-soil as building ground may be classified into rock, gravelly soil, sandy soil,
silty soil, cohesive soil and artificial fill.
4.1.2 For the rock as building ground, the geological name of the rock shall be determined,
besides, the hard degree of the rock shall be classified according to Article 4.1.3 of this code.
The integrity degree of the rock mass shall be classified according to Article 4.1.4 of this code.
The weathering degree of the rock may be classified into unweathered, slightly-weathered,
moderately-weathered, strong-weathered and completely-weathered.
4.1.3 The hard degree of the rock shall be classified into hard rock, relatively hard rock,
relatively soft rock, soft rock and extremely soft rock in accordance with those specified in
Table 4.1.3 according to saturated uni-axial compressive strength of rock block frk. Where
saturated uni-axial compressive strength data are in absence or this test fails to be carried out,
the qualitative classification may be carried out through observation on site, and the
classification standard may comply with Article A.0.1 of this code.
Table 4.1.3 Classification of Hard Degree of Rock
Relatively hard Relatively soft Extremely soft
Category of hard degree Hard rock Soft rock
rock rock rock
Standardized value of
saturated uni-axial
frk>60 60frk>30 30frk>15 15frk>5 frk5
compressive strength frk
(MPa)
4.1.4 The integrity degree of rock mass may be classified into integral, relatively integral,
relatively broken, broken and extremely broken in accordance with those specified in Table
4.1.4. Where test data are in absence, it may be determined according to Article A.0.2 of this
code.
Table 4.1.4 Classification of Integrity Degree of Rock Mass
Integrity degree grade Integral Relatively integral Relatively broken Broken Extremely broken
Integrity index >0.75 0.75~0.55 0.55~0.35 0.35~0.15 <0.15
Note: The integrity index is the square of the ratio of longitudinal wave velocity of rock mass to longitudinal wave velocity
of rock block. The rock mass and rock block which are selected for determining the wave velocity shall be representative.
4.1.5 The gravelly soil shall be the soil that the content of the particle with particle size
greater than 2mm exceeds 50% of the full weight. The gravelly soil may be divided into
boulder, block stone, pebble, crushed stone, round gravel and angular gravel according to

Table 4.1.5.
Table 4.1.5 Classification of Gravelly Soil
Soil name Particle shape Fraction content
BoulderBlock Mainly round and sub-round Content of particle with particle size greater than 200mm
stone Mainly angular exceeds 50% of full weight
Pebble Mainly round and sub-round Content of particle with particle size greater than 20mm
Crushed stone Mainly angular exceeds 50% of full weight
Round gravel Mainly round and sub-round Content of particle with particle size greater than 2mm exceeds
Angular gravel Mainly angular 50% of full weight
Note: The classification shall be determined according to the first conformity in accordance with the fraction content
column from top to bottom.
4.1.6 The compactness of gravelly soil may be divided into loose, slightly compact,
moderately compact and compact according to those specified in Table 4.1.6.
Table 4.1.6 Compactness of Gravelly Soil
Heavy conic dynamic sounding blow count N63.5 Compactness
N63.55 Loose
5<N63.510 Slightly compact
10<N63.520 Moderately compact
N63.5>20 Compact
Notes: 1 This table is applicable to pebble, crushed stone, round gravel and angular gravel with average particle size less
than or equal to 150mm and maximum particle size not exceeding 100mm; for the gravelly soil with average particle size greater
than 50mn or maximum particle size greater than 100mm, its compactness may be identified according to Appendix B of this
code;
2 N63.5 in this table is the comprehensively corrected average value.
4.1.7 The sandy soil shall be the soil that the content of particle with particle size greater
than 2mm does not exceed 50% of full weight and the particle with particle size greater than
0.075mm exceeds 50% of full weight. The sandy soil may be divided into gravelly sand,
coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand and silty sand according to those specified in Table
4.1.7.
Table 4.1.7 Classification of Sandy Soil
Soil name Fraction content
Content of particle with particle size greater than 2mm accounts for 25%~50% of
Gravelly sand
full weight
Content of particle with particle size greater than 0.5mm exceeds 50% of full
Coarse sand
weight
Medium sand
weight
Fine sand
weight
Silty sand
weight
Note: The classification shall be determined according to the first conformity in accordance with the fraction content
column from top to bottom.
4.1.8 The compactness of sandy soil may be divided into loose, slightly compact,

moderately compact and compact according to those specified in Table 4.1.8.
Table 4.1.8 Compactness of Sandy Soil
Standard penetration test blow count N Compactness
N10 Loose
10<N15 Slightly compact
15<N30 Moderately compact
N>30 Compact
Note: Where the resistance of static sounding probe is used to judge the compactness of sandy soil, the local experience may
be used for determination.
4.1.9 The cohesive soil shall be the soil with plasticity index Ip greater than 10 and may be
divided into clay and powdery clay according to those specified in Table 4.1.9.
Table 4.1.9 Classification of Cohesive Soil
Plasticity index Ip Soil name
Ip>17 Clay
10<Ip17 Powdery clay
Note: The plasticity index is calculated through the liquid limit which is determined correspondingly when 76g cone is sunk
into soil sample for 10mm in depth.
4.1.10 The state of cohesive soil may be divided into hard, hard plastic, plastic, soft plastic
and flow plastic according to those specified in Table 4.1.10.
Table 4.1.10 State of Cohesive Soil
Liquidity index IL State
IL0 Hard
0<IL0.25 Hard plastic
0.25<IL0.75 Plastic
0.75<IL1 Soft plastic
IL>1 Flow plastic
Note: Where the resistance of static sounding probe is used to judge the state of cohesive soil, the local experience may be
used for determination.
4.1.11 The silty soil shall be the soil between sandy soil and cohesive soil, with plasticity
index Ip less than or equal to 10 and content of particle with particle size greater than
0.075mm not exceeding 50% of full weight.
4.1.12 Sludge is the cohesive soil which is deposited in the still water or slow running water
environment, formed by biochemical action and whose natural water content is greater than
liquid limit and natural void ratio is greater than or equal to 1.5. The cohesive soil or silty soil
with natural water content greater than liquid limit but natural void ratio less than 1.5 but
greater than or equal to 1.0 is sludgy soil. The soil containing an abundance of undecomposed
humus and organic content greater than 60% is peat; the soil with organic content greater than
or equal to 10% and less than or equal to 60% is cumulosol.
4.1.13 Red clay is high-plasticity clay formed by rock of carbonate rock series through
laterization. Its liquid limit shall be greater than 50% in general. The soil that the red clay
remains its basic feature after being removed and its liquid limit is greater than 45% is
secondary red clay.
4.1.14 The artificial fill may be divided into plain fill, compacted fill, miscellaneous fill and
rinse fill according to its composition and formation causes. The plain fill is the fill composed
10

of gravelly soil, sandy soil, silty soil, cohesive soil, etc. The compacted or tamped plain fill is
the compacted fill. The miscellaneous fill is the fill containing such sundries as building waste,
industrial waste and domestic waste. The rinse fill is the fill formed by hydraulic fill silt.
4.1.15 The expansive soil is the cohesive soil that the sticky particle composition in soil is
mainly composed of hydrophilic minerals, has significant absorption expansion and
dehydration shrinkage characteristics, and the free expansion ratio is greater than or equal to
40%.
4.1.16 The collapsible soil is the soil that additional settlement is generated after water
soaking at certain pressure and the collapsibility coefficient is greater than or equal to 0.015.
4.2 Engineering Index Properties
4.2.1 The engineering index properties of soil may be expressed with such index properties
as strength index, compressibility index, static sounding probe resistance, dynamic sounding
blow count, standard penetration test blow count and load testing bearing capacity.
4.2.2 The representative values for the engineering index properties of subsoil shall be the
standardized value, the average value and the characteristic value respectively. The
standardized value shall be taken for the shear strength index, the average value shall be taken
for the compressibility index, and the characteristic value shall be taken for the load testing
bearing capacity.
4.2.3 The load testing shall adopt shallow plate load testing or deep plate load testing. The
shallow plate load testing is applicable to shallow ground; the deep plate load testing is
applicable to deep ground. The testing requirements for the two load testings shall meet the
requirements of the Appendixes C and D of this code respectively.
4.2.4 The shear strength index of soil may be determined by the test methods including:
laboratory shear test of undisturbed soil, unconfined compressive strength, in-situ shear test,
vane shear test, etc. Where it is determined by the laboratory shear test, the preconsolidated
unconsolidated undrained test under the deadweight pressure of the triaxial compression test
should be selected. The consolidated undrained test may be adopted for the ground
consolidated through precompression. The number of tests for each layer soil shall not be less
than six groups. The shear strength indexes of laboratory shear test Ck and k may be
determined according to Appendix E of this code. When the stability of the slope is checked,
the large shear test in field shall be carried out for the shear strength of the shearing cracked
faces or other weak structural faces.
4.2.5 The compressibility index of soil may be determined by the laboratory compression
test of undisturbed soil, the shallow or deep plate load testing in situ and the lateral pressure
test, and shall meet the following requirements:
1 Where the laboratory compression test is adopted to determine the modulus of
compression, the maximum pressure, which is applied for test, shall exceed the sum of the
pressure for soil deadweight and the estimated additional pressure, then the tested results shall
be expressed by e-p curve;
2 Where the settlement is calculated in consideration of the stress history of soil, the
high-pressure consolidation test under shall be carried out to determine the preconsolidation
pressure, the compressive index number, and the test results shall be expressed by e~1gp
11

curve. For sake of determining the resilience index number, one unloading shall be conducted
after the estimated preconsolidation pressure, then the load may be continuously increased to
the predetermined last grade of pressure.
3 When considering the unloading and the loading again for the excavation of deep
ground pit, that the resilient recompression test shall be carried out, meanwhile, the pressure
shall be applied in the same way as actual condition of unloading and loading.
4.2.6 The compressibility of subsoil may be classified into low, medium and high
compressibility according to the compressive coefficient value a1-2, which is corresponding to
the p1 being 100kPa and the p2 being 200kPa, and shall meet the following requirements:
1 When a1-2<0.1MPa-1, it is the low compressibility soil;
2 When 0.1MPa-1a1-2<0.5MPa-1, it is the medium compressibility soil;
3 When a1-20.5MPa-1, it is the high compressibility soil.
5 Foundation Design Calculation
5.1 Embedded Depth of Foundation
5.1.1 The embedded depth of foundation shall be determined according to the following
conditions:
1 Uses of buildings, possessing or not possessing basement, equipment foundation and
underground facilities, type and construction of foundation;
2 Magnitude and nature of loads acted on the ground;
3 Engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions;
4 Embedded depth of foundation of adjacent buildings;
5 Influence of frost heaving and thaw sinking of subsoil.
5.1.2 Under prerequisite for satisfaction of the ground stability and deformation
requirements, when the bearing capacity of upper layer ground is greater than that of lower
layer soil, the upper layer soil should be utilized as a bearing layer. The embedded depth of
foundation, besides the rock foundation, should not be less than 0.5m.
5.1.3 The embedded depth of high-rise building foundation shall satisfy the
requirements for the subsoil bearing capacity, deformation and stability. The embedded
depth of high-rise building foundation, which is located on rock foundation, shall satisfy
the requirements of stability against sliding.
5.1.4 In the seismic fortification area, except the rock foundation, the embedded depth of
box foundation and raft foundation on the natural ground should not be less than 1/15 of the
building height; the embedded depth of piled box foundation or piled raft foundation
(excluding pile length) should not be less than 1/18 of the building height.
5.1.5 The foundation should be embedded above the underground water level; where the
foundation must be embedded below the underground water level, the measures shall be taken
to ensure that the subsoil is not to be disturbed during construction. When the foundation is
embedded on rock layer liable to be weathered, a cushion course shall be laid immediately
after foundation pit excavation in construction.
5.1.6 When there are adjacent buildings, the embedded depth of foundation of the new
12

building should not be greater than that for the foundation of existing buildings. When the
embedded depth is greater than that for the foundation of existing buildings, a clear distance
between two adjacent foundations shall be kept, and its value shall be determined according
to the load magnitude, the foundation type and the soil conditions.
5.1.7 Site frost penetration of seasonally frozen soil ground shall be calculated according to
the following formula:
zd=z0zszwze (5.1.7)
Where,
zdthe site frost penetration (m), calculated according to zd=h'-z when measured
data are available;
h'the maximum site frozen soil layer thickness where the maximum frost
penetration occurs (m);
zthe frost heaving capacity of site ground surface when the maximum frozen
depth occurs (m);
z0the standard frost penetration (m), adopted according to Appendix F of this code
when measured data are not available;
zsthe influence coefficient of soil type on the frost penetration, adopted according
to Table 5.1.7-1;
zwthe influence coefficient of the frost heaving property of soil on the frost
penetration, adopted according to Table 5.1.7-2;
zethe influence coefficient of the environment on the frost penetration, adopted
according to Table 5.1.7-3.
Table 5.1.7-1 Influence Coefficient of Soil Type on Frost Penetration
Soil type Influence coefficient zs
Cohesive soil 1.00
Fine sand, silty sand, silty soil 1.20
Medium, coarse, gravelly sand 1.30
Gravelly soil 1.40
Table 5.1.7-2 Influence Coefficient of Frost Heaving Property of Soil on Frost Penetration
Frost heaving property Influence coefficient zw
Non-frost heaving 1.00
Weak frost heaving 0.95
Frost heaving 0.90
Strong frost heaving 0.85
Utmost strong frost heaving 0.80
Table 5.1.7-3 Influence Coefficient of Environment on Frost Penetration

Surrounding environment Influence coefficient ze
Village, town, wilderness 1.00
Suburban of city 0.95
Urban area 0.90
Note: For the item of influence coefficient of environment, when the population of urban area is 200~500 thousand, the
value shall be taken according to the suburban of city; When the population of urban area is greater than 500 thousand but less
than or equal to one million, only the urban area influence shall be counted in; When the population of urban area exceeds one
million, the influence coefficient of suburbs within 5km shall be considered besides urban area influence is counted in.
13

5.1.8 Embedded depth of foundation in seasonally frozen soil area should be greater than
the site frost penetration. For the deep seasonally frozen soil area, where the soil layer at the
building foundation bottom is non-frost heaving, weak frost heaving or frost heaving soil, the
embedded depth of foundation may be less than the site frost penetration, and the maximum
thickness of the allowable frozen soil layer under the foundation bottom shall be determined
according to the local experience, and it may be adopted from Appendix G of this code if no
local experience is available. In this case, the minimum embedded depth of foundation dmin
may be calculated according to the following formula:
dmin=zd-hmax (5.1.8)
Where,
hmaxthe maximum thickness of allowable frozen soil layer under foundation bottom
(m).
5.1.9 The frost heaving category of subsoil may be classified into non-frost heaving, weak
frost heaving, frost heaving, strong frost heaving and extra strong frost heaving, and may be
adopted from Appendix G of this code. The taking of frost damage prevention measures on
frost heaving, strong frost heaving and extra strong frost heaving ground shall meet the
following requirements:
1 For the foundation above underground water level, the non-frost heaving medium or
coarse sand shall be backfilled on the lateral surface of the foundation, and its thickness shall
not be less than 200mm; the foundation below underground water level may adopt pile
foundation, insulating foundation or self-anchoring foundation (with enlarged plate or reamed
short pile under frozen soil layer), and independent foundation or strip foundation may also be
made into slant foundation with regular trapezoid.
2 The building site with high topography, low underground water level and good
surface drainage condition should be selected. For low-lying site, the elevation of outdoor
floor of building shall be at least 300mm~500mm higher than the natural ground, and the
range should not be less than the frost penetration respectively outwards the building
surrounding.
3 Drainage facilities shall be arranged to prevent water penetration into building
ground in construction and use period. Intercepting ditch shall be arranged in mountainous
area or blind ditch arranged under the building so as to drain the surface water and phreatic
water.
4 On strong frost heaving and extra strong frost heaving ground, the foundation
structure shall be arranged with reinforced concrete ring beam and foundation beam, and the
length-height ratio of the building shall be controlled.
5 Where there is frozen soil under the independent foundation linking beam or under
the pile foundation slab, the clearance corresponding to the frost heaving capacity of this soil
layer shall be remained under the beam or slab.
6 The position of external foyer, outdoor step and apron slope, etc. should be
disconnected from the main structure; the apron slope section should not exceed 1.5m, the
gradient should not be less than 3%, and the non-frost heaving materials should be filled in
under such section.
7 For the building to be constructed beyond the year, the corresponding protective
measures for the ground shall be taken before winter; for the building designed according to
14

heating, where it is incapable of heating normally in winter, the insulation measures for the
ground shall also be taken.
5.2 Bearing Capacity Calculation
5.2.1 The pressure of foundation bottom shall meet the following requirements:
1 For axial load action
pkfa (5.2.1-1)
Where,
pkthe average pressure value at foundation bottom corresponding to the acting
standard combination (kPa);
fathe characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity after correction (kPa).
2 For eccentric load action, the requirements of Formula (5.2.1-1) shall be met, in
addition, those of the following formula shall be complied with:
pkmax1.2fa (5.2.1-2)
Where,
pkmaxthe maximum pressure value at the edge of the foundation bottom
corresponding to the acting standard combination (kPa).
5.2.2 The pressure of the foundation bottom may be determined according to the following
formulae:
1 For axial load action
Fk Gk
pk (5.2.2-1)
A
Where,
Fkthe vertical force value transmitted from superstructure to foundation top,
corresponding to the acting standard combination (kN);
Gkthe foundation deadweight and soil weight on the foundation (kN);
Athe foundation bottom area (m2).
2 For eccentric load action
Fk Gk M k
p k max (5.2.2-2)
A W
Fk Gk M k
p k min (5.2.2-3)
A W
Where,
Mkthe moment value applied to the foundation bottom corresponding to the acting
standard combination (kNm);
Wthe resistance moment of foundation bottom (m3);
pkminthe minimum pressure value of the edge of the foundation bottom
corresponding to the acting standard combination (kPa).
15

Figure 5.2.2 Diagram of Foundation Bottom Pressure Calculation under Eccentric Load (e>b/6)
bSide length of foundation bottom in moment action direction
3 Where the foundation bottom is rectangular and its eccentricity e>b/6 (Figure 5.2.2),
pkmax shall be calculated according to the following formula:
2( Fk Gk )
p k max (5.2.2-4)
3la
Where,
lthe side length of foundation bottom vertical to the moment action direction (m);
athe distance from the resultant force action point to the maximum pressure edge of
foundation bottom (m).
5.2.3 The characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity may be comprehensively
determined through calculation according to load testing or other in-situ tests and formulae
and in combination with engineering practice experience, etc.
5.2.4 Where the foundation width is greater than 3m, or the embedded depth is greater than
0.5m, the characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity which is determined through the
load testing or other in-situ tests, empirical value, etc. shall also be corrected according to the
following formula:
fa=fak+b(b-3)+dm(d-0.5) (5.2.4)
Where,
fathe characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity after correction (kPa);
fakthe characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity (kPa), determined according to
the principle of Article 5.2.3 of this code;
b and dthe correction coefficient of subsoil bearing capacity of foundation width
and embedded depth, valued according to Table 5.2.4 in accordance with the soil category
under the base;
the unit weight of soil below the foundation bottom (kN/m3), taking the float
weight for the soil below the underground water level;
bthe foundation bottom width (m), taking 3m where the foundation bottom width is
less than 3m, and taking 6m where greater than 6m;
mthe weighted average unit weight of soil above the foundation bottom (kN/m3),
taking the effective unit weight for the soil below the underground water level;
dthe embedded depth of foundation (m), which should be calculated from outdoor
16

ground elevation. In fill levelling area, it may be calculated from fill ground elevation, but it
shall be calculated from natural ground elevation where the fill is completed after
superstructure construction. For the basement, where box foundation or raft foundation is
adopted, the embedded depth of foundation shall be calculated from outdoor ground elevation;
where independent foundation or strip foundation is adopted, it shall be calculated from
indoor ground elevation.
Table 5.2.4 Correction Coefficient of Bearing Capacity
Soil type b d
Sludge and sludgy soil 0 1.0
Artificial fill
0 1.0
Cohesive soil with e or IL greater than or equal to 0.85
Water content ratio aw>0.8 0 1.2

Red clay
Water content ratio aw0.8 0.15 1.4
Silty soil with compaction coefficient greater than 0.95 and sticky
particle content c10% 0 1.5
Massive compacted fill
Graded sand-gravel with the maximum dry density greater than 0 2.0
3
2100kg/m
Silty soil with sticky particle content c10% 0.3 1.5

Silty soil
Silty soil with sticky particle content c<10% 0.5 2.0
Cohesive soil with e and IL less than 0.85 0.3 1.6

Silty sand, fine sand (excluding those in slightly compact state being very wet and saturated) 2.0 3.0
Medium sand, coarse sand, gravelly sand and gravelly soil 3.0 4.4
Notes: 1 The highly-weathered and completely-weathered rock may be valued by reference to the corresponding soil type
formed by weathering, and the rock in other states may not be corrected;
2 d shall take 0 where the characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity is determined according to deep plate load testing
of Appendix D of this code;
3 The water content ratio refers to the ratio of natural water content of soil to liquid limit;
4 Massive compacted fill is the fill that its range is greater than twice the foundation width.
5.2.5 Where the eccentricity e is less than or equal to 0.033 times the foundation bottom
width, the characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity determined according to the soil
shear strength index may be calculated according to the following formula and the
deformation requirements shall be met:
fa=Mbb+Mdmd+Mcck (5.2.5)
Where,
fathe characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity determined according to the
soil shear strength index (kPa);
Mb, Md and Mcthe coefficient of bearing capacity, determined according to Table
5.2.5;
bthe foundation bottom width (m), valued according to 6m where it is greater than
6m and valued according to 3m where it is less than 3m for sandy soil;
ckthe standardized value of the cohesion strength of soil within the depth range of
once the short width under the base (kPa).
Table 5.2.5 Coefficient of Bearing Capacity Mb, Md and Mc
Standardized value of internal friction Mb Md Mc
17

angle of soil k()
0 0 1.00 3.14
2 0.03 1.12 3.32
4 0.06 1.25 3.51
6 0.10 1.39 3.71
8 0.14 1.55 3.93
10 0.18 1.73 4.17
12 0.23 1.94 4.42
14 0.29 2.17 4.69
16 0.36 2.43 5.00
18 0.43 2.72 5.31
20 0.51 3.06 5.66
22 0.61 3.44 6.04
24 0.80 3.87 6.45
26 1.10 4.37 6.90
28 1.40 4.93 7.40
30 1.90 5.59 7.95
32 2.60 6.35 8.55
34 3.40 7.21 9.22
36 4.20 8.25 9.97
38 5.00 9.44 10.80
40 5.80 10.84 11.73
Note: kthe standardized value of the internal friction angle of soil within the deep range of once the short width under
the base ().
5.2.6 The characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity of integral, relatively integral and
relatively broken rock may be determined according to the method for loading test on rock of
Appendix H of this code; the characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity of broken and
extremely broken rock may be determined according to plate load testing. The characteristic
value of subsoil bearing capacity of integral, relatively integral and relatively broken rock
may be calculated according to the following formula in accordance with the indoor saturated
uni-axial compressive strength:
fa=rfrk (5.2.6)
Where,
fathe characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity of rock (kPa);
frkthe standardized value of uni-axial compressive strength on rock (kPa), which
may be determined according to Appendix J of this code;
rthe reduction coefficient, determined by the local experience according to the
rock mass integrity degree, the spacing, width, occurrence and combination of structural plane.
Where no experience is available, 0.5 may be taken for integral rock mass; 0.2~0.5 may be
taken for relatively integral rock mass; and 0.1~0.2 may be taken for relatively broken rock
mass.
Notes: 1 The construction factors and the continuity of weathering action after the building use are not considered in the
above-mentioned reduction coefficient value;
2 For the clayey rock, the samples with natural moisture may also be adopted where there is no water soaking in
18

construction and use period, and saturation treatment may not be carried out.
5.2.7 Where there is weak underlying layer within the ground bearing layer, the following
requirements shall be met:
1 The subsoil bearing capacity of weak underlying layer may be checked according to
pz+pczfaz (5.2.7-1)
Where,
pzthe additional pressure value at the top surface of weak underlying layer
corresponding to the acting standard combination (kPa);
pczthe deadweight pressure value of soil at the top surface of weak underlying layer
(kPa);
fazthe characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity at the top surface of weak
underlying layer after depth correction (kPa).
2 For strip foundation and rectangular foundation, pz value in Formula (5.2.7-1) may
be simplified according to the following formulae:
Strip foundation
b( p k p c )
pz (5.2.7-2)
b 2 z tan
Rectangular foundation
lb( p k p c )
pz (5.2.7-3)
(b 2 z tan )(l 2 z tan )
Where,
bthe width of bottom side of rectangular foundation or strip foundation (m);
lthe length of bottom side of rectangular foundation (m);
pcthe deadweight pressure value of soil at foundation bottom (kPa);
zthe distance from foundation bottom to top surface of weak underlying layer (m);
the included angle of ground pressure diffusion line and vertical line (), may be
adopted according to Table 5.2.7.
Table 5.2.7 Ground Pressure Diffusion Angle
z/b
Es1/Es2
0.25 0.50
3 6 23
5 10 25
10 20 30
Notes: 1 Es1 is the compression modulus of upper layer soil; Es2 is the compression modulus of lower layer soil;
2 =0 when z/b<0.25, if necessary, should be determined through test; is constant when z/b>0.50;
3 z/b, between 0.25 and 0.50 may be used through interpolation.
5.2.8 For the building with stable settlement or precompressed ground, the subsoil bearing
capacity may be increased properly.
5.3 Deformation Calculation
19

5.3.1 The calculation value of subsoil deformation of building shall not be greater than
the allowable subsoil deformation.
5.3.2 The characteristics of subsoil deformation may be classified into settlement volume,
differential settlement, inclination and local inclination.
5.3.3 The calculation of subsoil deformation shall meet the following requirements:
1 The subsoil deformation caused by such factors as unevenness of building ground,
large load difference and shape complication shall be controlled by the local inclination value
for masonry bearing structure, by differential settlement of adjacent column foundation for
the frame structure and single-storey bent structure, and by inclination value for the
multi-story or high-rise building and high-rise structure; if necessary, the average settlement
volume shall also be controlled.
2 If necessary, the subsoil deformation value during the construction and use period of
the building shall be pre-estimated respectively for the purpose of reserving the clearance
between relevant parts of the building, and selecting the connection method and construction
sequence.
5.3.4 The allowable subsoil deformation of the building shall be adopted in accordance
with those specified in Table 5.3.4. For the buildings uncovered in this table, the
allowable subsoil deformation shall be determined according to the requirements of the
superstructure for subsoil deformation adaptation and use.
Table 5.3.4 Allowable Subsoil Deformation of Building
Subsoil type
Deformation characteristic Medium and low High compressibility
compressibility soil soil
Local inclination of masonry bearing structure foundation 0.002 0.003
Differential settlement of Frame structure 0.002l 0.003l

adjacent column foundations Side-row-column filled by masonry wall 0.0071l 0.001l
of industrial and civil Structure without additional stress when the
0.005l 0.005l
buildings foundation has nonuniform settlement
Settlement volume of column foundation of single-layer bent structure (with a

(120) 200
column space of 6m) (mm)
Inclination of rail surface of Longitudinal 0.004

bridge crane (considered
according to non-adjusting Transverse 0.003
rail)
Hg24 0.004
Overall inclination of
24<Hg60 0.003
multi-story and high-rise
60<Hg100 0.0025
buildings
Hg>100 0.002
Average settlement volume of foundation of high-rise buildings with simple

200
shape (mm)
Inclination of foundation of Hg20 0.008

high-rise structure 20<Hg50 0.006
50<Hg100 0.005
100<Hg150 0.004
20

150<Hg200 0.003
200<Hg250 0.002
Settlement volume of Hg100 400

foundation of high-rise 100<Hg200 300
structure (mm) 200<Hg250 200
Notes: 1 Values in this table are the actual final allowable deformation values of building ground;
2The values with parentheses are only applicable to the medium compressibility soil;
3 L is the center distance of adjacent column foundations (mm); Hg is the building height calculated from the outdoor
ground (m);
4 Inclination refers to the ratio of differential settlement of both end points in foundation inclination direction to the
distance;
5 Local inclination refers to the ratio of differential settlement of two points of foundation within 6m~10m in
longitudinal direction of masonry bearing structure to the distance.
5.3.5 For subsoil deformation calculation, the stress distribution in ground may adopt
isotropic homogeneous linear plasmodium theory, and the final deformation amount may be
calculated according to the following formula:
n
p0
s s s' s ( z i a i z i 1 a i 1 ) (5.3.5)
i 1 E si
Where,
sthe final subsoil deformation amount (mm);
s'the subsoil deformation amount calculated according to layerwise summation
method (mm);
sthe empirical coefficient for settlement calculation, determined according to local
settlement observation data and experience, or valued according to the equivalent value ( E s )
of compression modulus within the depth range of deformation calculation and the base
additional pressure in accordance with those specified in Table 5.3.5 where there is no local
experience;
nthe number of soil layers classified within subsoil deformation calculation depth
(Figure 5.3.5);
p0the additional pressure of foundation bottom corresponding to the acting
quasi-permanent combination (kPa);
Esithe compression modulus of the ith layer soil under the foundation bottom (MPa),
calculated according to the pressure section of soil deadweight pressure to the sum of soil
deadweight pressure and additional pressure;
zi and zi-1the distances from foundation bottom to the ith layer soil to the i-1th layer
soil bottom (m);
a i and a i 1 the average stress influence coefficient within the range from the
foundation bottom calculation point to the ith layer soil and i-1th layer soil bottom, may be
adopted according to Appendix K of this code.
21

Figure 5.3.5 Layering Diagram of Foundation Settlement Calculation
1Natural ground elevation; 2Base elevation; 3Average stress influence coefficient a curve; 4i-1 layer; 5i
layer
Table 5.3.5 Empirical Coefficient of Settlement Calculation s
Es (MPa)
2.5 4.0 7.0 15.0 20.0

Addition pressure of base
p0fak 1.4 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.2

p00.75fak 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.2
5.3.6 The equivalent value ( E s ) of compression modulus within the depth range of
deformation calculation shall be calculated according to the following formula:
Ai
Es (5.3.6)
A
i
E si
Where,
Aithe integral value of stress influence coefficient of the ith layer soil along soil
thickness.
5.3.7 The subsoil deformation calculation depth zn (Figure 5.3.5) shall meet the
requirements of Formula (5.3.7). Where there is relatively soft soil layer under the calculation
depth, the calculation shall be continued.
n
s n' 0.025 si' (5.3.7)
i 1
Where,
si' the calculated deformation value of the ith layer soil within the calculation depth
22

(mm);
s n' the calculated deformation value for the soil layer with thickness z upward
from the calculation depth (mm), z is detailed in Figure 5.3.5 and shall be determined in
accordance with those specified in Table 5.3.7.
Table 5.3.7 z
b(m) 2 2<b4 4<b8 b>8
z(m) 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.0
5.3.8 Where there is no adjacent load influence and the foundation width is 1m~30m, the
subsoil deformation calculation depth at the foundation midpoint may also be calculated
according to reduction formula (5.3.8). Where there is bed rock within the calculation depth,
zn may take up to the bed rock face; where there is thicker hard cohesive soil layer, the void
ratio is less than 0.5 and the compression modulus is greater than 50MPa, or where there is
thicker compact sandy pebble layer and the compression modulus is 80MPa, zn may take up to
the surface of this layer soil. In this case, the distribution of subsoil additional pressure shall
consider the influence of the existence of relatively hard layer. The final subsoil deformation
amount shall be calculated according to Formula (6.2.2) of this code.
zn=b(2.5-0.4lnb) (5.3.8)
Where,
bthe foundation width (m).
5.3.9 Where there is adjacent loads, subsoil deformation caused by adjacent loads shall be
calculated, and its value may be calculated by the angular point method according to the
principle of superimposed stresses.
5.3.10 Where the basement foundation of the building is embedded deeply, the resilience
deformation amount of subsoil may be calculated according to the following formula:
n
pc
sc c ( z i a i z i 1 a i 1 ) (5.3.10)
i 1 E ci
Where,
scthe subsoil resilience deformation amount (mm);
cthe empirical coefficient for resilience amount calculation, which may take 1.0 if
no local experience;
pcthe soil deadweight pressure above foundation pit bottom (kPa), and the flotage
shall be deducted for the soil below the underground water level;
EciThe modulus of resilience of soil, calculated according to the different stress
sections of consolidation test resilience curve for soil in the current national standard
"Methods for Geotechnical Test" GB/T 50123.
5.3.11 The resilience recompression deformation amount may be calculated according to the
following formula with the assumption of linear distribution of recompression deformation
within a section where the reloading pressure is less than the deadweight pressure of unloaded
soil:
23

' p
r0 S c p R ' P R0' p c
c 0
S c' (5.3.11)
S r ' rR '1.0 r0 p R '
' '
R pc p pc
'
c 0 1 R0' pc
0

0

Where,
S c' the resilience recompression deformation amount of subsoil (mm);

Scthe subsoil resilience deformation amount (mm);
r0' the ratio of critical recompression, corresponding to recompression ratio of linear

intersection of two sections on recompression ratio and reloading ratio relation curve, and
determined according to soil consolidation resilience recompression test;
R0' the critical reloading ratio, corresponding to reloading ratio of linear
intersection of two sections on recompression ratio and reloading ratio relation curve, and
determined according to soil consolidation resilience recompression test;
rR' '1.0 the recompression ratio corresponding to reloading ratio R'=1.0, determined
according to soil consolidation resilience recompression test, and the value is equal to the
amplified coefficient of resilience recompression deformation;
pthe base pressure of reloading (kPa).
5.3.12 Where multiple high-rise and low-rise buildings are built on the same overall
massive foundation, deformation calculation should be carried out in consideration of
superstructure and combined action of foundation and ground.
5.4 Stability Calculation
5.4.1 The ground stability may be checked through circular sliding surface method.
Anti-sliding moment and sliding moment generated by all forces on the most dangerous
sliding surface for the sliding center shall meet the requirements of the following formula:
MR/MS1.2 (5.4.1)
Where,
MSthe sliding moment (kNm);
MRthe anti-sliding moment (kNm).
5.4.2 The building on the stabilized soil slope top shall meet the following requirements:
1 For strip foundation or rectangular foundation, where the side length of foundation
bottom vertical to the slope top edge line is less than or equal to 3m, the horizontal distance
(Figure 5.4.2) from outer edge line of foundation bottom to the slope top shall meet the
requirements of the following formulae, and shall not be less than 2.5m:
Strip foundation
d
a 3.5b (5.4.2-1)
tan
24

Rectangular foundation
d
a 2.5b (5.4.2-2)
tan
Where,
athe horizontal distance from outer edge line of foundation bottom to the slope top
(m);
bthe side length of foundation bottom vertical to the slope top edge line (m);
dthe embedded depth of foundation (m);
the side slope angle ().
2 Where the horizontal distance from outer edge line of foundation bottom to the slope
top fails to meet the requirements of Formula (5.4.2-1) and Formula (5.4.2-2), the distance
from the foundation to the slope top edge and the embedded depth of foundation may be
determined according to the average pressure of the base in accordance with Formula (5.4.1).
3 Where the side slope angle is greater than 45 and the slope height is greater than 8m,
the slope stability shall also be checked according to Formula (5.4.1).
Figure 5.4.2 Diagram of Horizontal Distance from Outer Edge Line of Foundation Bottom to the Slope
Top
5.4.3 Where the building foundation has flotage action, anti-floating stability checking shall
be carried out, and the following requirements shall be met:
1 For simple flotage action, the anti-floating stability of the foundation shall meet the
requirements of the following formula:
Gk
Kw (5.4.3)
N w, k
Where,
Gkthe sum of building deadweight and ballasting (kN);
Nw,kthe flotage action value (kN);
Kwthe anti-floating stability safety coefficient, taking 1.05 in general.
2 Where the anti-floating stability fails to meet the design requirements, such measures
as adding ballasting or arranging anti-floating member may be taken. Where the whole meets
the anti-floating stability requirements but the local fails to meet, the measures of adding
structural rigidity may also be taken.
25

6 Foundation in Mountain Area
6.1 General Requirements
6.1.1 For the design of foundation in mountain area (including hilly ground), the
following design conditions shall be analyzed and identified:
1 Whether there is landslide phenomenon or fault and fracture zone influencing
the site stability under natural conditions in the construction site;
2 Whether there is unstable side slope around the construction site;
3 The influence of excavation, filling, stacking, unloading, etc. on hillside stability
in construction process;
4 Rock thickness and space distribution condition in foundation, fluctuation
condition of bed rock face, and free face influencing the foundation stability or not;
5 Nonuniformity of building foundation;
6 Development degree of karst and sinkhole, worked out section or not;
7 Possibility of adverse geological phenomena such as dangerous rock collapse
and debris flow;
8 Influence of surface water and underground water on building foundation and
construction site.
6.1.2 For construction in mountain area, necessary engineering geological and
hydrogeological appraisal shall be made for the site. The building section with potentially or
directly dangerous landslide, debris flow, collapse and strong development of karst and
sinkhole shall not be selected as the construction site.
6.1.3 The overall planning for construction engineering in mountain area shall be
reasonably arranged according to the service requirements, togographic and geological
conditions. The main buildings should be arranged on better foundation to enable the
foundation condition appropriate to the superstructure requirements.
6.1.4 For construction in mountain area, the natural drainage system and mountain
vegetation shall be fully utilized and protected. Where it is necessary to change the drainage
system, the water shall be led to the site outside at the position easy to lead or intercept.
Corresponding flood discharge measures shall be taken for the section influenced by torrential
flood.
6.2 Foundation on Rock and Soil
6.2.1 If there is one of the following conditions in the main bearing layer of building
foundation (or building foundation sectioned by settlement joint), the foundation belongs to
foundation on rock and soil:
1 Foundation with larger gradient of underlying bed rock surface;
2 Foundation with dense and exposed clint;
3 Foundation with exposed mass boulder or individual clint.
6.2.2 Where the underlying bed rock face in the foundation is single inclination, the rock
26

face gradient is greater than 10%, and the soil thickness under the base is greater than 1.5m,
the design shall be carried out according to the following requirements:
1 Where the structure type and geological conditions meet the requirements of Table
6.2.2-1, the foundation deformation checking may not be carried out.
Table 6.2.2-1 Allowable Gradient Value of Underlying Bed Rock Surface
Characteristic General single-layer bent structure with 150kN or below crane
Four-layer or below masonry bearing
value of subsoil
structure and three-layer or below frame Side column with wall and
bearing capacity Central column without wall
structure gable wall
fak(kPa)
150 15% 15% 30%
200 25% 30% 50%
300 40% 50% 70%
2 Where the above-mentioned conditions are not met, the influence of rigid underlying
layer shall be considered, and the foundation deformation shall be calculated according to the
following formula:
sgz=gzsz (6.2.2)
Where,
sgzthe subsoil deformation calculation value when there is rigid underlying layer
(mm);
gzthe amplified coefficient of deformation of rigid underlying layer for overlaying
soil, adopted in accordance with those specified in Table 6.2.2-2;
szthe final foundation deformation calculation value determined through calculation
according to Article 5.3.5 of this code when the deformation calculation depth is equivalent to
the actual soil thickness (mm).
Table 6.2.2-2 Amplified Coefficient of Foundation Deformation with Rigid Underlying Layer gz
h/b 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
gz 1.26 1.17 1.12 1.09 1.00
Note: hSoil thickness under the base; bFoundation bottom width.
3 Where there is soft layer (such as argillization zone) on the rock and soil interface,
the overall stability of the foundation shall be checked.
4 Where the foundation on soil and rock is located in intermountain sloping field,
piedmont depression or gully zone and there is local soft soil layer, the strength of weak
underlying layer and the nonuniform deformation shall be checked.
6.2.3 For the foundation with dense and exposed clint, where the clint spacing is less than
2m, and there is hard plastic or hard red clay in the middle, foundation treatment may not be
carried out where the base pressure is less than 200kPa for masonry bearing structure of
six-storey or below buildings, frame structure of three-storey or below buildings or
single-layer bent structure with 150kN or below crane. If above-mentioned requirements are
not met, buttress foundation may be made with the clint with reliable stability inspection, and
mattress may also be made at clint exposure position. Where there is thicker soft soil layer
between clints, replacement may be carried out with crushed stone, soil mixed stone, etc.
6.2.4 For the foundation with exposed mass boulder or individual clint, where the
characteristic value of bearing capacity of soil layer is greater than 150kPa and the building is
of single-layer bent structure or one- or two-layer masonry bearing structure, mattress should
27

be adopted at foundation and rock contact position for treatment. For multi-layer masonry
bearing structure, comprehensive treatment shall be carried out according to the soil
conditions and in combination with the requirements of Article 6.2.6 and Article 6.2.7 of this
code.
6.2.5 The mattress may adopt such materials as slag, medium sand, coarse sand and soil
mixed stone, and the thickness should take 300mm~500mm, and the tamping and filling
degree shall be determined according to test. Where no data are available, the tamping and
filling degree may be designed according to the following values:
Medium sand and coarse sand 0.870.05;
Soil mixed stone (crushed stone content thereof is 20%~30%) 0.700.05.
Note: The tamping and filling degree is the ratio of thickness to virtual filled thickness after mattress being tamped.
6.2.6 Foundation treatment should not be carried out according to the relevant requirements
of Article 6.2.3 and Article 6.2.4 of this code as the building has higher foundation
deformation requirements or the geological conditions are relatively complicated, the building
plane position may be adjusted, or such treatment measures as pile foundation or beam and
arch spanning may be taken.
6.2.7 Settlement joints should be arranged at the position with larger foundation
compressibility difference in combination with building plane shape and load condition. The
width of settlement joints should take 30mm~50mm and may be properly widened under
special circumstances.
6.3 Foundation on Compacted Fill
6.3.1 Where the compacted fill is used as the foundation bearing stratum of the
building engineering, before the site leveling, quality requirements shall be proposed for
the fill to be compacted according to structure type, packing performance, site condition,
etc. The compacted fill not subjected to inspection and inconformity to quality
requirements shall not be used as the foundation bearing stratum of the building
engineering.
6.3.2 Where the fill formed without fill design treatment is used as the building foundation,
the packing composition and source, fill distribution, thickness, uniformity, compactness,
compressibility, fill stacking age limit, etc. shall be found out; appropriate foundation
treatment method shall be selected according to such factors as building importance,
superstructure type, load property and magnitude and site condition, and the quality
requirements and inspection method for fill foundation treatment shall be proposed.
6.3.3 The fill foundation to be compacted shall be subjected to fill design according to the
specific requirements of the building for foundation. The content of fill design shall cover
packing property, selection of compacting machinery, compactness requirements, quality
supervision and inspection method, etc. For significant fill engineering, typical site must be
selected before fill design for field test; the design and construction of fill engineering may
not be carried out until the fill design parameters are obtained.
6.3.4 Detailed site topography, landform and engineering geology investigation data shall be
possessed before fill engineering design. For the fill foundation in pond, ditch, waterlogged
depression, etc., the supply and discharge condition of underground water, removal condition
28

of bottom soft soil mass, deadweight consolidation degree, etc. shall be found out.
6.3.5 The fill containing domestic waste or organic waste should not be used as building
foundation if not treated.
6.3.6 The packing of compacted fill shall meet the following requirements:
1 Sandy soil or gravelly soil with good gradation; the maximum particle size during
compaction in layers should not be greater than 200mm when pebble, gravel, block stone or
rock fragment is used as packing, and the maximum particle size during tamping in layers
should not be greater than 400mm;
2 Industrial wastes with stable performance, such as slag and cinder;
3 Where powdery clay or silty soil is used as packing, the water content should be the
optimum water content and may be determined through compaction test;
4 The soil and rock which are excavated from high place to fill low place or from
mountain to fill ditch shall meet the design requirements;
5 Sludge, top soil, frozen soil, expansive soil and soil with organic content greater than
5% shall not be used.
6.3.7 The quality of compacted fill shall be controlled through compaction coefficient c and
shall be determined according to structure type and compacted fill location in accordance with
those specified in Table 6.3.7.
Table 6.3.7 Control Value of Compaction Coefficient for Compacted Fill Foundation
Compaction Controlled water
Structure type Fill position coefficient content
(c) (%)
Masonry bearing and frame Within the main bearing layer of foundation 0.97
structure Below the main bearing layer of foundation 0.95
wop2
Within the main bearing layer of foundation 0.96
Bent structure
Below the main bearing layer of foundation 0.94
Notes: 1 The compaction coefficient (c) is the ratio of the actual dry density (d) and the maximum dry density (dmax) of fill;
wop is the optimum water content;
2 The compaction coefficient of compacted fill below the flooring cushion layer and above the foundation bottom elevation
shall not be less than 0.94.
6.3.8 The maximum dry density and the optimum water content of the compacted fill shall
be determined through compaction test of which the operation shall meet the relevant
requirements of the current national standard "Methods for Geotechnical Test" GB/T 50123.
For such packing as crushed stone, pebble or rock fragment, the maximum dry density may
take 2100kg/m3~2200kg/m3. For cohesive soil or silty soil packing, where there are no test
data, the maximum dry density may be calculated according to the following formula:
wd s
p d max (6.3.8)
1 0.01wop d s
Where,
dmaxthe maximum dry density of compacted fill (kg/m3);
the empirical coefficient, taking 0.96 for powdery clay and 0.97 for silty soil;
wthe water density (kg/m3);
dsthe relative density of soil particle (specific weight)
29

wopthe optimum water content (%).
6.3.9 The characteristic value of bearing capacity of compacted fill foundation shall be
determined according to the results of field in-situ tests (static load test, dynamic sounding,
static sounding, etc.). The characteristic value of bearing capacity of underlying layer top
surface shall meet the requirements of Article 5.2.7 of this code.
6.3.10 Where the fill foundation is being subjected to the compaction construction, surface
drainage measures shall be taken; where the unblocked discharge of the existing surface water
is obstructed, intercepting ditch shall be built according to topography or other drainage
facilities shall be arranged. For the feed pipeline and drain pipeline arranged in the fill area,
antiseepage and leakage protection measures shall be taken to avoid fill particle running off
due to water leakage; if necessary, inverted filter shall be arranged at the fill soil slope toe.
6.3.11 For the fill on the slope, its stability shall be checked. For new side slope generated
by fill, retaining structure may not be arranged where the gradient of the fill side slope meets
the requirements of Table 6.3.11. Where the natural ground gradient is greater than 20%, the
measures preventing fill sliding along the slope surface shall be taken and rain water
discharge along the slope shall be avoided.
Table 6.3.11 Allowable Value of Gradient of Compacted Fill Side Slope
Allowable value of gradient of side slope (height-width ratio) Compaction coefficient
Fill type
Slope height within 8m Slope height of 8m~15m (c)
Crushed stone and pebble 1:1.50~1:1.25 1:1.75~1:1.50
Sand mixed stone (crushed

stone and pebble account for 1:1.50~1:1.25 1:1.75~1:1.50
30%~50% of full weight)
Soil mixed stone (crushed

0.94~0.97
stone and pebble account for 1:1.50~1:1.25 1:2.00~1:1.50
30%~50% of full weight)
Powdery clay and silty soil

with sticky particle content 1:1.75~1:1.50 1:2.25~1:1.75
c10%
6.4 Landslide Prevention
6.4.1 For the section where landslide may be formed due to the influence of
construction or other factors in the construction site, reliable preventive measures must
be taken. For the landslide with development trend and threatening the building's safe
service, comprehensive treatment measures shall be taken as soon as possible to prevent
continuous development of landslide.
6.4.2 The main causes that the landslide may occur or develop shall be analyzed according
to such factors as engineering geology, hydrogeologic conditions and construction influence,
and the following treatment measures for landslide prevention shall be taken:
1 Drainage: drainage ditch shall be arranged to prevent surface water immersing into
landslide section; if necessary, antiseepage measures shall be taken. Under the condition with
larger underground water influence, the underground drainage system shall be arranged
according to the geological conditions.
30

2 Retaining: gravity sliding-resistant retaining wall, anti-slide pile and other
sliding-resistant structures may be selected according to landslide thrust size, direction and
action point. The base of sliding-resistant retaining wall and the tip of anti-slide pile shall be
embedded into the stabilized soil (rock) layer below the sliding surface. If necessary, the
possibility of soil (rock) mass above the wall top sliding out of wall top shall be checked.
3 Unloading: unloading may be carried out in active area of slip mass under stable rock
and soil above the unloading area and at both sides, other than in passive area of slip mass.
4 Back pressure: vertical load shall be added in anti-slide section of slip mass to
improve the anti-slide safety coefficient of slip mass.
6.4.3 The landslide thrust may be calculated according to the following requirements:
1 Where the slip mass has multi-layer sliding surface (zone), the sliding surface (zone)
with maximum thrust may be taken for determining the landslide thrust.
2 Several typical sections parallel to the sliding direction shall be selected for
calculation. The calculation sections shall not be less than 2 in general, and one of them shall
be the sliding major axis section. The corresponding sliding-resistant structures shall be
determined according to the thrust of different sections.
3 Where the sliding surface is of broken line shape, the landslide thrust may be
calculated according to the following formula (Figure 6.4.3).
Fn=Fn-1+tGnt-Gnntann-cnln (6.4.3-1)
=cos(n-1-n)-sin(n-1-n)tann (6.4.3-2)
Where,
Fn and Fn-1the residual gliding force of the nth and the n-1th slip mass (kN);
the transfer coefficient;
tthe safety coefficient of landslide thrust;
Gnt and Gnnthe component force of deadweight of the nth slip mass along sliding
surface and vertical to sliding surface (kN);
nthe standardized value of internal friction angle of the nth slip mass along sliding
surface soil ();
cnthe standardized value of cohesion strength of the nth slip mass along sliding
surface soil (kPa);
Figure 6.4.3 Diagram of Landslide Thrust Calculation
31

lnthe length of the nth slip mass along the sliding surface (m);
4 The action point of the landslide thrust may be at 1/2 of the slip mass thickness.
5 The safety coefficient of landslide thrust shall be determined according to such
factors as landslide condition and influence on engineering, and should take 1.30 for the
building of Grade-A design grade of foundation, and 1.20 for the building of Grade-B design
grade, and 1.10 for the building of Grade-C design grade.
6 The shear strength on the sliding surface may be determined reasonably through a
method in combination with test and landslide reverse calculation according to soil (rock)
property and local experience.
6.5 Foundation on Rock
6.5.1 The design of rock foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 The building on integral, relatively integral or relatively broken rock mass may only
be subjected to subsoil bearing capacity calculation.
2 For the building of Grade-A and Grade-B design grade of foundation, if the
foundation of the same building has different hardnesses and the deformation modulus
difference of two or more rock masses reaches two times or above, foundation deformation
checking shall be carried out.
3 Where there is soft underlying rock stratum in the main bearing layer depth of the
foundation, the influence of the soft underlying rock stratum shall be considered for
foundation stability checking.
4 Pile hole, base and foundation pit side slope excavation shall adopt controlled
blasting, and the soft rock and extremely soft rock surface shall be sealed and protected
timely after reaching the bearing stratum.
5 Where the fluctuation of the bed rock face is large and only rock foundation is used,
the same building may use multiple foundation types.
6 Where there is free face near the foundation, the overturning and sliding stability to
free face shall be checked. Where there is unstable free face, the embedded depth of
foundation shall be increased to the underlying stable bed rock; or anchors may be arranged at
the foundation bottom and shall be penetrated into the underlying stable bed rock, and meet
overturning resistance and sliding resistance requirements. The ground of the same foundation
may be subjected to step treatment but shall meet overturning resistance and sliding resistance
requirements.
7 For unstable rock mass with higher joint, fracture development and crushing degree,
such measures as grouting reinforcement and blasting filling may be taken.
6.5.2 For the rock easy to soften, expand and disintegrate after meeting water, protective
measures shall be taken to minimize the influence on bearing capacity of rock mass.
6.6 Karst and Sinkhole
6.6.1 In carbonate rock based soluble rock area, where there are phenomena such as karst
(karst cave, corroded fissure, etc.) and sinkhole, the influence on ground stability shall be
considered.
32

6.6.2 Karst sites may be divided into three grades according to karst development degree;
during the design, selection shall be made according to specific conditions and the
requirements specified in Table 6.6.2.
Table 6.6.2 Karst Development Degree
Grade Karst site conditions
There are a lot of karst collapses, hoppers, swales and spring openings on the ground surface
Channelling, fluid bowl and clint are densely covered; free face exists between adjacent drilling
holes and the bed rock surface elevation difference is greater than 5m
Karst highly developed
There are underground river and underground stream
The void ratio of drill hole is greater than 30% or linear karst ratio is greater than 20%
The development depth of fluid bowl or moniliform vertical karst cave reaches over 20m
Karst medium developed Between highly developed and mildly developed
The ground surface is without karst collapses and hoppers

Channelling and fluid bowl are mildly developed
Karst mildly developed Free face exists between adjacent drilling holes and bed rock surface relative altitude difference is
less than 2m
The void ratio of drill hole is less than 10% or the linear karst ratio is less than 5%
6.6.3 The building main body with Grade-A and Grade-B design grade of foundation should
keep clear of karst highly developed district.
6.6.4 Untreated site which has one of the following conditions shall not serve as building
ground:
1 Shallow layer karst caves are scattered in groups; the cave diameter is large and they
are located in unstable district;
2 Hopper, fluid bowl, etc. imbed shallowly; therein, the filling is soft soil;
3 Karst highly developed district such as sinkhole or collapse;
4 District where the karstic water has drainage difficulty and is likely to cause
temporary site submersion.
6.6.5 For integral or relatively integral hard rock or medium hard rock ground, where one of
the following conditions is met, the influence of karst on ground stability may not be
considered:
1 The cave is relatively small; the ground base dimension is greater than the plan view
size of cave and has sufficient support length;
2 The thickness of roof rock is greater than or equal to the span of cave.
6.6.6 For a building with Grade-C design grade of foundation and the load is small, where
one of the following conditions is met, the influence of karst to ground stability may not be
considered.
1 The thickness of soil layer below ground base is greater than 3 times the width of
individual ground or 6 times the width of strip foundation and conditions of forming sinkhole
are not met;
2 The thickness of soil between ground base and cave top plate is less than 3 times the
width of individual ground or 6 times the width of strip foundation, miarolitic or karst hopper
filled up with sediment; its load-bearing capacity characteristic value exceeds 150Kpa and the
possibility of water erosion is zero;
3 The ground base has vertical miarolitic with an area less than 25% of the ground
33

bottom area, but the basement rock area meets the requirements of topside load.
6.6.7 Where the conditions of Articles 6.6.5 and 6.6.6 of this code are not met, cave stability
analysis shall be carried out; where ground neighborhood has free face, stability of
overturning to free face and sliding along rock discontinuity structural plane shall be
subjected to checking.
6.6.8 The influence of sinkhole to ground shall be subjected to comprehensive analysis and
treatment according to the following requirements:
1 At areas where underground water strongly acts to rock-soil interface, the influence
of formed sinkhole to ground under the action of underground water shall be considered and
the variation tendency of underground water level during the building use period shall be
forecasted. Prior to general layout, zoning data of site sinkhole development degree shall be
obtained. During construction, except for found out sinkholes, characteristic and distribution
situation of sinkhole shall be further found out along ground trench.
2 At karst region where underground water level is above bed rock surface, attention
shall be drawn to the possibility of artificial precipitation causing further development of
sinkhole or surface subsidence. The range and direction of subsidence area may be
determined according to observed result of hydrogeologic condition and pumping test and
through comprehensive analysis. In the range of collapse, natural ground shall not be adopted.
Attention shall be drawn to the influence of precipitation to surrounding environment and
building (structure).
3 Sinkhole or collapse formed by surface water shall be subjected to treatment by
taking measures such as surface water closure, seepage prevention or blocking. Methods such
as excavation, filling and pouring sand shall be respectively adopted for treatment according
to the buried depth of sinkhole. For collapse and shallowly-buried sinkhole formed by
underground water, soft soil shall be cleaned up; the dumped rocks serve as inverted filter; the
surface layer shall be tamped and filled with clay; the buried sinkhole should be poured and
filled with sand, gravel or fine aggregate concrete. At the same time of above-mentioned
treatment, beam, plate or arch span shall also be adopted. For important buildings, pile
foundation treatment may be adopted.
6.6.9 For karst miarolitic which has influence on ground stability, a comprehensive analysis
shall be carried out according to its position, size, buried depth, stability of adjoining rocks
and hydrogeologic condition; the following treatment measures shall be taken in accordance
with local conditions:
1 For minor karst miarolitic, methods such as insertion, embedment and spanning may
be adopted for treatment.
2 For larger karst miarolitic, spanning of structures such as beam, plate and arch may
be adopted; blocking measures such as grouted block stone and methods such as cavern floor
support or adjusting column space may also be adopted for treatment. The spanning structure
shall have reliable supporting surface. The support length of beam structure on resistant rock
shall be greater than 1.5 times the beam height.
3 For karst cave (miarolitic) with base not exceeding 25% of base area and it is
difficult to excavate out the fillings, reinforced concrete subplate should be arranged at the
miarolitic position; the width of bottom plate shall be greater than that of miarolitic, and
measures shall be taken to guarantee the bottom plate does not slide to the direction of
34

miarolitic, or drilled piles may be arranged at miarolitic position to carry out penetration
treatment.
4 For low-rise and multistoried buildings with small load and stable surrounding rocks,
if the karst cave is located at the end of strip foundation and spanning quantities are large, the
ground may be designed according to cantilever beam. If the karst cave is located at one side
of gravity center of isolated ground, the foundation may be designed according to eccentric
load.
6.7 Earth Slope and Gravity Retaining Wall
6.7.1 The design of slope shall meet the following requirements:

1 For the slope design, the slope environment shall be protected and administrated; for
slope water system, the circumstances shall be made the best use of and system of surface
drain shall be arranged; for slope project, internal drainage system shall be arranged. For
stable slope, protective measures which protect and construct vegetation cover shall be taken.
2 The layout of buildings shall be making use of local conditions; large scale
excavation and filling shall be avoided. For new slope occurred due to site flattening,
retaining or constructional protection shall be carried out in time.
3 Proper slope stability calculation method and retaining structure form shall be
selected according to slope type, environment, height and possible damage mode.
4 The design of retaining structure shall be subjected to overall stability checking, local
stability checking, subsoil bearing capacity calculation, anti-overturning stability checking,
anti-sliding stability checking and structural strength calculation.
5 Prior to slope engineering design, detailed engineering geological investigation shall
be carried out; and accurate evaluation of slope stability shall be made; forecast of
perniciousness to surrounding environment shall be made; The structural plane of rock slope
shall be surveyed clearly; the position that the main structure surface is located shall be
indicated; each item of parameter required for the slope design shall be provided.
6 The retaining structure of slope shall be subjected to drainage design. For retaining
structures which may drain to slope outside, drain holes shall be arranged on the retaining
structure. Drain holes shall be arranged along horizontal and vertical directions; the spacing
should take 2m~3m; the outer inclined slope of drain hole should be 5%; the hole dimension
should not be less than 100mm.Filtration layer shall be completed behind the retaining
structure; where necessary, spray drain shall be made. Where there is a hillside behind the
retaining structure, the intercepting ditch shall be arranged at slope toe. For slopes which are
incapable of draining to slope outside, spray drains shall be arranged behind the retaining
structure.
7 For filling behind the retaining structure, filling with strong water permeability shall
be selected. Where cohesive soil is adopted as filling, adequate amount of crushed stones
should be blended in. In seasonal frozen soil area, fillings such as non-swollen slags, crushed
stones and coarse sands shall be selected.
6.7.2 Under the condition of overall stable slope body, the excavation of soil property slope
shall meet the following requirements:
1 The permissible value of gradient of slope shall be determined according to local
35

experience and by reference to the steady gradient of the same type of soil layer. Where the
soil is in good condition, uniform and free from poor geological phenomenon or underground
water insufficiency, the value may be determined according to the requirements specified in
Table 6.7.2.
Table 6.7.2 Allowable Value of Soil Property Gradient of Slope
Permissible value for gradient of slope (height-width ratio)
Soil type Compactness or condition
Height of slope within 5m Slope height is 5m~10m
Compact 1: 0.35~1: 0.50 1: 0.50~1: 0.75

Gravel soil Medium compact 1: 0.50~1: 0.75 1: 0.75~1: 1.00
Slightly compact 1: 0.75~1: 1.00 1: 1.00~1: 1.25
Hard 1: 0.75~1: 1.00 1: 1.00~1: 1.25

Cohesive soil
Hard plastic 1: 1.00~1: 1.25 1: 1.25~1: 1.50
Notes: 1 The filling of gravel soil in this table is hard or hard-plastic cohesive soil;
2 For sandy soil or gravel soil with sandy soil filled, the allowable value of gradient of slope is determined according to
natural angle of repose.
2 During soily slope excavation, drainage measures shall be taken; the slope top shall be arranged with a intercepting ditch.
Water accumulation on the slope toe and slope surface shall not exist under any circumstance.
3 The slope excavation shall be carried out in sequence from the upside to bottom. The waste soil shall be subjected to
distributed processing; waste soil shall not be stacked on slope top and slope surface. Where waste soil transfer station must be
arranged on slope top or slope surface, slope body stability checking shall be carried out and the earth volume of stack shall be
strictly controlled.
4 After the slope excavation, protective treatment shall be immediately carried out to the slope.
6.7.3 Calculation of earth pressure of gravity retaining wall shall meet the following
requirements:
1 For soil property slope, the active earth pressure of slope shall be calculated
according to Formula (6.7.3-1). When the filling is cohesionless soil, the coefficient of active
earth pressure may be determined according to Kulun earth pressure theory. When the
retaining structure meets Rankine conditions, the coefficient of active earth pressure may be
determined according to Rankine earth pressure theory. The active earth pressure of cohesive
soil or silty soil may also be obtained by adopting wedge body trial method diagram.
1
E a ah 2 k a (6.7.3-1)
2
Where,
Eathe active earth pressure (kN);
athe enhancement coefficient of active earth pressure; 1.0 should be taken when
the retaining wall height is less than 5m; 1.1 should be taken when the height is 5m~8m; 1.2
should be taken when the height is greater than 8m;
the weight density of filling (kN/m3);
hthe height of retaining structure (m);
kathe coefficient of active earth pressure; it is determined according to Appendix L
of this code.
36

Figure 6.7.3 Calculation Schematic of Earth Pressure of Limited Filling Retaining Wall
1Rock slope; 2Filling
2 When the retaining structure rear margin has steeper resistant rock slope surface and
the slope angle of rocky ledge >(45+/2), the earth pressure shall be calculated according to
limited range of filling; take the rock slope surface as plane of fracture. Calculate the
coefficient of active earth pressure according to the friction angle between resistant rock slope
surface and filling and the following formula:
sin( a ) sin( a ) sin( r )
ka (6.7.3-2)
sin 2 a sin( ) sin( a r )
Where,
the inclination angle of resistant rock slope surface ();
rthe friction angle between resistant rock slope surface and filling (); it is
determined according to test. Where there are no test data, r=0.33k may be taken; k is the
internal friction angle standard value of filling ().
6.7.4 Construction of gravity retaining wall shall meet the following requirements:
1 The gravity retaining wall is applicable to districts where the height is less than 8m,
the stratum is stable and adjacent buildings will not be endangered when earthworks are
excavated.
2 For gravity retaining wall, adverse slope may be arranged at the base. For soil ground,
the adverse slope gradient of base should not be greater than 1:10; for rock ground, the
adverse slope gradient of base should not be greater than 1:5.
3 The wall top width of rubble retaining wall should not be less than 400mm and that
of concrete retaining wall should not be less than 200mm.
4 The embedded depth of foundation of gravity retaining wall shall be determined
according to factors such as foundation bearing capacity, current scour, rock fracture
development and degree of weathering. In extra heavy frost heave and heavy frost heave area,
the influence of frost heave shall be considered. In soil foundation, the embedded depth of
foundation should not be less than 0.5m; in soft rock foundation, the embedded depth of
foundation should not be less than 0.3m.
37

5 For gravity retaining wall, a layer of expansion joint shall be arranged at an interval
of 10m~20m. Where the foundation has changes, settlement joints should be arranged in
addition. At the corner of retaining structure, strengthening architectural measurement shall be
taken.
6.7.5 The stability checking of retaining wall shall meet the following requirements:
1 The anti-sliding stability shall be subjected to checking according to the following
formula (Figure 6.7.5-1):
(Gn E an )
1 .3 (6.7.5-1)
E at Gt
Gn=Gcosa0 (6.7.5-2)
Gt=Gsina0 (6.7.5-3)
Eat=Easin(a-a0-) (6.7.5-4)
Ean=Eacos(a-a0-) (6.7.5-5)
Where,
Gthe deadweight of retaining wall of every linear meter (kN);
a0the inclination angle of retaining wall base ();
Figure 6.7.5-1 Schematic of Anti-sliding Stability Checking of Retaining Wall

athe inclination angle of retaining wall back, ();
the friction angle of soil to retaining wall back, (); the angle may be selected according to those specified in Table
6.7.5-1;
the friction coefficient of soil to retaining wall base is determined by test or may be selected according to those
specified in Table 6.7.5-2.
Table 6.7.5-1 Friction Angle between Soil and Retaining Wall Back
Retaining wall situation Friction angle
Wall back is smooth with impeded drainage (0~0.33)k
Wall back is rough with good drainage (0.33~0.50)k
Wall back is very rough with good drainage (0.50~0.67)k
Impossible of sliding between wall back and filling (0.67~1.00)k
Note: k is the internal friction angle of filling at wall back.
Table 6.7.5-2 Friction Coefficient of Soil to Retaining Wall Base
38

Soil type Friction coefficient
Cohesive soil Plastic 0.25~0.30
Hard plastic 0.30~0.35
Hard 0.35~0.45
Silty soil 0.30~0.40
Medium sand, coarse sand and gravelly sand 0.40~0.50
Gravel soil 0.40~0.60
Soft rock 0.40~0.60
Hard rock with rough surface 0.65~0.75
Notes: 1 For easily weathered soft rock and cohesive soil with plasticity index Ip greater than 22, the base friction coefficient
shall be determined through test;
2 For gravel soil, the coefficient may be determined according to its compaction degree, filling condition, degree of
weathering, etc.
2 The anti-sliding stability shall be subjected to checking according to the following

formula (Figure 6.7.5-2):
Gx0 E az x f
1.6 (6.7.5-6)
E ax z f
Eax=Easin(a-) (6.7.5-7)
Eaz=Eacos(a-) (6.7.5-8)
xf=b-zcot a (6.7.5-9)
zf=z-btana0 (6.7.5-10)
Where,
zthe height from earth pressure action point to wall heel, (m);
x0the horizontal distance from retaining wall gravity center to toe of wall, (m);
bthe horizontal projection width of base, (m).
3 The integral sliding stability may be subjected to checking by adopting circular
sliding surface method.
Figure 6.7.5-2 Schematic of Anti-overturning Stability Checking of Retaining Wall

4 The calculation of subsoil bearing capacity, except for meeting the requirements of
Section 5.2 of this code, the eccentricity of base resultant force shall not be greater than 0.25
times the foundation width. Where there are weak underlying layers under the base,
39

load-bearing capacity checking shall be carried out to the weak underlying layers.
6.8 Rock Slope and Anchor Wall
6.8.1 Under the condition of rock slope overall stability, the allowable value of excavation
gradient of rock slope shall be determined according to local experience and the principle of
engineering analogy as well as by reference to the gradient value of local existing stable
slope.
Figure 6.8.2-1 Slope Top Support

1Collapsed body; 2Rock slope top fracture; 3Anchor; 4Plane of fracture
6.8.2 Where the height of soft rock slope with overall stability is less than 12m and the
height of hard rock slope is less than 15m, constructional treatment may be carried out during
slope excavation (Figure 6.8.2-1 and Figure 6.8.2-2).
6.8.3 The thrust of outward inclined slope of single structural plane acts on retaining
structure may be calculated according to wedge body balance method, and the nature of
structural plane fillers and their change after soaking shall be considered. For slopes
possessed of two or multiple groups of structural planes and whose intersecting line is
inclined to free face, prism cutting method may be adopted for the calculation of gliding force
of prism.
40

Figure 6.8.2-2 Support of Slope with Overall Stability
1Soil layer; 2Transverse connecting beam; 3Support paving pole; 4Panel; 5Protective anchor; 6Rock
6.8.4 The design of anchor structure shall meet the following requirements (Figure 6.8.4):
1 The load of anchor structure should adopt active earth pressure multiplied by
amplified coefficient of 1.1~1.2;
2 In calculation of baffle, the value of its load may take the unloading arch action of
soil mass between two uprights which support the baffle into consideration.
3 The upright end shall embed the stable stratum and shall be assumed as fixed support
or hinged support according to the actual situation of end; when the depth of upright inserting
the rock stratum is greater than 3 times the long side of upright, the calculation may be carried
out according to fixed support;
4 The anchor shall be connected with upright firmly and the shear strength of upright
at the joints shall be subjected to checking.
6.8.5 The construction of anchor shall meet the following requirements:
1 The rock anchor consists of anchorage segment and non-anchorage segment. The
anchorage segment shall be embeded into stable bed rock in a depth of greater than 40 times
the anchor reinforcement diameter and shall not be less than 3 times the anchor hole diameter.
The main reinforcement of non-anchorage segment must be subjected to protective treatment.
2 For anchor used for supporting, the hole diameter of anchor should not be less than
100mm; for anchor used for protection, its hole diameter may be less than 100mm but shall
not be less than 60mm.
3 The spacing between the anchors shall not be less than 6 times the hole diameter of
anchor.
4 The included angle between anchor and horizontal plane should be 15~25.
5 The anchor reinforcement should adopt hot-rolled ribbed steel reinforcement; the
strength of cement mortar should not be less than 25MPa; the strength of fine aggregate
concrete should not be less than C25.
6.8.6 The uplift bearing capacity of anchorage segment of anchor shall be determined by
on-site test according to the test method of Appendix M of this code. The preliminary design
of permanent anchor or design of temporary anchor at construction stage may be calculated
41

Figure 6.8.4 Anchor System Retaining Structure
1Capping beam; 2Soil layer; 3Upright and panels; 4Rock; 5Anchor; 6Upright embed rock mass; 7Top bracing
anchor; 8Armour; 9Panels; 10Upright (upstand); 11Soil mass; 12Soil slope top; 13Toe of soil slope; 14Profile
drawing; 15Plan view
Rt=furhr (6.8.6)
Where,
Rtthe characteristic value of uplift bearing capacity of anchor (kN);
the empirical coefficient; take 0.8 for permanent anchor bolt and take 1.0 for
temporary anchor bolt;
fthe characteristic value of cohesive strength between mortar and rock (kPa); it is
determined by test; when test data are lacked, the value may be selected according to those
specified in Table 6.8.6;
urthe perimeter of anchor bolt (m);
hrthe length of anchorage segment of anchor bolt embedding rock stratum (m);
when the length exceeds 13 times the anchor diameter, it shall be calculated according to 13
times the diameter.
Table 6.8.6 Characteristic value of Cohesive Strength between Mortar and Rock (MPa)
Rock hardness degree Soft rock Slightly soft rock Hard rock
Cohesive strength <0.2 0.2~0.4 0.4~0.6
Note: Strength of cement mortar is 30MPa or the strength grade of fine aggregate concrete is C30.
7 Soft Ground
7.1.1 When the compressed layer of ground is mainly compose of sludge, muddy soil, rinse
42

fill, miscellaneous fill or other highly-compressive soil layer, the design shall be carried out
according to soft ground. Where there is highly-compressive soil layer in a partial range of
building ground, it shall be treated according to partial soft soil layer.
7.1.2 During the investigation, uniformity, composition, distribution range and soil
condition of soft soil layer shall be found out; for rinse fill, the drainage consolidation
condition shall be found out; for miscellaneous fill, the accumulation history shall be found
out, and stability, collapsibility, etc. under deadweight pressure shall be determined.
7.1.3 During the design, the combined action of superstructure and ground shall be
considered. Carry out comprehensive analysis to building somatotype, load situation,
structure type and geological conditions and determine reasonable architectural measurement,
structural measurement and ground treatment methods.
7.1.4 During the construction, attention shall be drawn to the protection of sludge and
bottom surface of muddy soil ground trench; disturbance shall be reduced. For buildings with
larger load difference, heavy and high parts should be constructed first and light and lower
parts shall be constructed later.
7.1.5 For structures or structure groups (such as bins and oil tanks) with larger live load, the
loading rate shall be controlled at the early stage of use according to the situation of
settlement; grasp the loading interval time or adjust distribution of live load and avoid too
large inclination.
7.2 Usage and Treatment
7.2.1 When soft soil layer is used as bearing stratum, the following requirements shall be
complied with:
1 For sludge and muddy soil, the overlaying preferable soil layer should be used as
bearing stratum; when the overlaying soil layer is relatively thin, measures of avoiding
disturbance to sludge and muddy soil during the construction shall be taken;
2 For industrial waste of rinse fill, construction wastes and stable nature, when
uniformity and compactness are preferable, bearing stratum which serve as ground of light
buildings may be used.
7.2.2 Ground beam, soil replacement, pile foundation or other methods may be adopted for
the treatment of partial soft soil layer, blind pond, blind ditch, etc.
7.2.3 When the ground bearing capacity or deformation fails to meet the design
requirements, ground treatment may adopt methods such as mechanical compaction,
surcharge preloading, vacuum preloading, replacement cushion or composite ground. The
ground bearing capacity after treatment shall be determined through tests.
7.2.4 Mechanical compaction includes methods such as heavy tamping, dynamic
compaction and vibration compaction; it may be used to treat miscellaneous fill ground
composed of construction wastes or industrial waste; the effective depth of treatment shall be
determined through tests.
7.2.5 Surcharge preloading may be used to treat thicker sludge and muddy soil ground. The
prepressing load should be greater than the design load; the squeeze time shall be determined
according to the constructional requirements and consolidation situation of ground, and the
stacking size and the effect of rate to stacking effect and surrounding buildings. When plastic
43

drain or sand drain is adopted to carry out surcharge preloading and vacuum preloading,
drainage sand cushion shall be made at plastic drain or sand drain top.
7.2.6 Replacement cushion (including reinforced cushion layer) may be used to treat the
shallow layer of soft ground. Cushion material may adopt stable natured, non-corrosive
materials such as medium sand, coarse sand, gravelly sand, angular (round) gravel, smashed
stone (pebble), slag, lime soil and cohesive soil. Reinforced materials may adopt
geosynthetics with high strength, low creep and good durability.
7.2.7 The design of composite ground shall meet the requirements of building
load-bearing capacity and deformation. When the ground soil is special soil such as
under-consolidated soil, expansive soil, collapsible loess and liquefiable soil,
reinforcement and construction technology adopted for design shall meet the technical
requirements of jointly undertaken load by ground soil and reinforcement after
treatment.
7.2.8 Characteristic value of bearing capacity of composite ground shall be determined
through on-site composite ground surcharge test, or be determined by adopting
reinforcement load test result and reinforcement peripheral characteristic value and
combining experience.
7.2.9 The ground bottom pressure of composite ground shall not only meet the requirements
of Formula (5.2.1-1) of this code, but also shall meet the requirements of Formula (5.2.1-2) of
this code.
7.2.10 The final deformation amount of composite ground may be calculated according to
Formula (7.2.10):
s=sps' (7.2.10)
Where,
sthe final deformation amount of composite ground, (mm);
spthe settlement calculation empirical coefficient of composite ground; it is
determined according to settlement observation data and experience of the area; where there
is no area experience, the value may be taken according to the equivalent value ( E s )of
compression modulus within the depth range of deformation calculation according to those
specified in Table 7.2.10;
s'the calculated deformation amount of composite ground, (mm); it may be
calculated according to Formula (5.3.5) of this code; the compression modulus of composite
soil layer may be taken as compression modulus of reinforced soil layer; it shall be
determined according to Article 7.2.12 of this code; the calculation depth of ground
deformation shall be greater than the thickness of reinforced soil layer, and shall meet the
requirements of Article 5.3.7 of this code.
Table 7.2.10 Settlement Calculation Empirical Coefficient of Composite Ground sp
4.0 7.0 15.0 20.0 35.0
E s (MPa)
sp 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.25 0.2
7.2.11 The equivalent value ( E s ) of compression modulus within the range of calculating
depth of deformation shall be calculated according to the following formula:
44

n m
Ai A j
i 1 j 1
Es m A
(7.2.11)
n
Ai

j

i 1 E spi j 1 E sj
Where,
Espithe compression modulus of composite soil layer at ith layer, (MPa);
Esjthe compression modulus of the soil layer i below reinforced soil layer, (MPa).
7.2.12 During deformation calculation of composite ground, the compression modulus of
composite soil layer may be calculated according to the following formula:
Espi=Esi (7.2.12-1)
=fspk/fak (7.2.12-2)
Where,
Espithe compression modulus of composite soil layer at ith layer, (MPa);
the compression modulus improvement coefficient of composite soil layer;
fspkthe characteristic value of composite ground bearing capacity, (kPa);
fakthe characteristic value of natural ground bearing capacity under ground bottom,
(kPa).
7.2.13 The reinforcement top shall be arranged with a mattress layer. The mattress layer
may adopt disperse materials such as medium sand, coarse sand, gravelly sand, crushed stone
and pebble. For crushed stones and pebbles, 20%~30% sand should be blended in.
7.3 Architectural Measurement
7.3.1 On the premise of meeting the use and other requirements, the building somatotype
shall be as simple as possible. Where the building somatotype is relatively complicated,
settlement joints should be used to divide the building into several units with preferable
rigidity at proper positions, according to the plane form and altitude difference; Where
altitude difference or load difference is relatively large, two units may be separated at a
certain distance; where the two separated units must be connected, connection construction
which is capable of free settling shall be adopted.
7.3.2 Where buildings are arranged with settlement joints, the following requirements shall
be complied with:
1 The following positions of the building should be arranged with settlement joints:
1) Turning position on the building plane;
2) Altitude difference or load difference position;
3) Proper position on masonry bearing structure or reinforced concrete frame structure
with too large length height ratio;
4) Position where the compressibility of ground soil varies significantly;
5) Positions where the building structure or ground types are different;
6) Junctions of constructing houses by phases.
2 The settlement joint shall have sufficient width; the settlement joint width may be
selected according to those specified in Table 7.3.2.
45

Table 7.3.2 Width of Housing Settlement Joint
Storey number of housing Width of settlement joint (mm)
2~3 50~80
4~5 80~120
Above 5 Not less than 120
7.3.3 The clear distance between grounds of adjacent buildings may be selected according
to those specified in Table 7.3.3.
Table 7.3.3 Clear Distance between Grounds of Adjacent Buildings (m)
L L
Length height ratio of 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.0
the affected building
Hf Hf
Pre-estimated average
settlement s(m) of
affected building
70~150 2~3 3~6

160~250 3~6 6~9
260~400 6~9 9~12
>400 9~12 Not less than 12
Note: 1 L in this table is the building length or the unit length separated by settlement joint, (m); Hf is the building height
calculating from the ground bottom elevation, (m);
2 When the length height ratio of affected building is 1.5<L/Hf<2.0, the clear distance between buildings may be properly
reduced.
7.3.4 The outer wall spacing distance of adjacent high-rise structures or structures which
have strict requirements for the inclination shall be calculated and determined according to
the allowable value of inclination.
7.3.5 The elevation of each constituent part of buildings shall take the following
corresponding measures according to potential differential settlement:
1 The elevations of indoor flooring and underground facility shall be raised according
to the pre-estimated settlement volume. When each part of the building (or between
equipments) has connections, the elevation of the part with larger settlement may be raised.
2 Clearance shall be remained between the building and the equipment. When there are
pipelines pass through the building, holes shall be reserved, or flexible conduit joint, etc. shall
be adopted.
7.4 Structural Measurement
7.4.1 In order to reduce building settlement and differential settlement, the following
measurement may be taken:
1 Adopt lightweight construction, reduce wall deadweight and adopt elevated floor to
replace indoor filling;
2 Arrange basement or semi-basement and adopt the ground form of little earth
covering and light deadweight;
3 Adjust load distribution, ground width or buried depth of each part;
4 For buildings which have strict requirements for differential settlement, minor
46

ground pressure may be selected.
7.4.2 For frame structure with complicated building somatotype and larger load difference,
box ground, pile foundation, raft ground, etc. may be adopted to reinforce the integral ground
rigidity and reduce the differential settlement.
7.4.3 For housing of masonry bearing structure, the following measures should be adopted
to reinforce integral rigidity and load-bearing capacity:
1 For housing of three storeys or above, the length height ratio L/Hf should be less than
or equal to 2.5; when the length height ratio of housing is 2.5<L/Hf3.0, the longitudinal wall
should be free from or have little turning, and its inner transverse wall spacing shall be
controlled or the ground rigidity and load-bearing capacity shall be reinforced. When the
pre-estimated maximum settlement volume of housing is less than or equal to 120mm, its
length height ratio may be unrestricted.
2 The wall inside should be arranged with reinforced concrete ring beam or reinforced
brick ring beam.
3 When the wall is punched, reinforcement should be arranged at punching position or
structural column and ring beam reinforcement should be adopted.
7.4.4 The ring beam shall be arranged according to the following requirements:
1 A layer of ring beam shall be arranged on both the ground and top floor of a
multi-storey building; for other layers, the ring beam may be arranged every other layer;
where necessary, the ring beam may be arranged layer by layer. For single-storey factory
buildings and warehouses, the ring beam may be arranged as appropriate by combining
ground beam, connecting beam, lintel, etc.
2 The ring beam shall be arranged on outer wall, inner longitudinal wall and main
inner transverse wall, and should be connected into closed system within a plane.
7.5 Massive Ground Surcharge
7.5.1 For the design of single-storey factory building, outdoor plant and single-layer
warehouse which has ground surcharge in the range of building, ground inhomogeneous
deformation generated by ground surcharge and its adverse effect to superstructure shall be
considered. Where conditions permit, construction site after surcharge preloading should be
used.
Note: Ground surcharge refers to large area of filling on the ground stacking such as production stacking and industrial
equipment and the natural ground.
7.5.2 The ground stacking shall be balanced, and the permissible stacking quantity and
scope shall be determined according to operating requirements, stacking characteristics,
structure type and geological conditions.
The stacking should not be on the ground. A large area of filling should be completed
three months prior to the ground construction.
7.5.3 The ground stacking load shall meet the requirements of ground bearing capacity,
deformation and stability, and its influence to surrounding environment shall be considered.
When the stacking quantity exceeds characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity, special
design shall be carried out.
7.5.4 In the structure design of plant and warehouse, bending resistance of columns and
47

walls may be properly improved, and the rigidity of housing may be reinforced. For medium
and small-sized warehouse, statically determinate structure should be adopted.
7.5.5 Natural ground design which permits adjustment of single-layer reinforced concrete
factory building and outdoor plant of crane runway in using process shall not only comply
with the relevant requirements of Chapter 5 of this code, but also meet the requirements of the
following formula:
s g' [ s g' ] (7.5.5)
Where,
s g'
the calculated value of additional ground settlement volume at midpoint of edge
inside column grounds caused by ground surcharge may be calculated according to Appendix
N of this code;
s g'
[ ]the allowable value of additional ground settlement volume at midpoint of
edge inside column grounds caused by ground surcharge may be selected according to those
specified in Table 7.5.5.
'
Table 7.5.5 Allowable Value of Additional Ground Settlement Volume [ s g ](mm)
a
6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
b
1 40 45 50 55 55
2 45 50 55 60 60
3 50 55 60 65 70 75
4 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
5 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Note: a in this table is the longitudinal length of ground surcharge, (m); b is the side length of ground bottom in the
workshop span direction, (m).
7.5.6 When the design is carried out according to Article 7.5.5 of this code, the possibility
of blocking up or moving crane runway and crane beam in using process shall be considered.
The clearance between crane top surface and bottom chord of roof truss and the clear distance
between crane edge and upper column edge shall be increased. When the average
compression modulus Es of ground soil is about 3MPa and the average ground surcharge is
greater than 25kPa, the clearance should be greater than 300mm and the clear distance should
be greater than 200mm. The crane beam abdomen of reinforced concrete shall be widened,
and the torsional reinforcement shall be arranged according to possible moving range of the
crane runway.
7.5.7 When building ground which is possessed of ground surcharge encounters one of the
following conditions, pile foundation should be adopted:
1 Not conforming to the requirements of Article 7.5.5 of this code;
2 The workshop inside is arranged with cranes whose lifting weight are above 300kN
and the working grades are greater than A5;
3 The soft soil layer under the base is relatively thin and to adopt pile foundation is
economical.
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8 Foundation
8.1 Non-reinforced Spread Foundation
8.1.1 The height of non-reinforced spread foundation (Figure 8.1.1) shall meet the
requirements of the following formula:
b b0
H0 (8.1.1)
2 tan a
Where,
bthe width of foundation bottom (m);
b0the wall width or column base width of foundation top (m);
H0the foundation height (m);
tanathe width-height ratio b2:H0 of foundation step and its allowable value may be
selected according to those specified in Table 8.1.1;
b2the width of foundation step (m).
Table 8.1.1 Allowable Value of Width-height Ratio of Non-reinforced Spread Foundation Step
Allowable value of width-height ratio of step
Foundation material Quality requirements
pk100 100<pk200 200<pk300
Concrete foundation C15 concrete 1:1.00 1:1.00 1:1.25
Rubble concrete
C15 concrete 1:1.00 1:1.25 1:1.50
foundation
Brick not less than MU10, mortar
Brick foundation 1:1.50 1:1.50 1:1.50
not less than M5
Rubble foundation Mortar not less than M5 1:1.25 1:1.50
Lime clay of volume ratio of 3:7 or
2:8, minimum dry density:
Lime clay foundation Silty soil 1550kg/m3 1:1.25 1:1.50
Powdery clay 1500kg/m3
Clay 1450kg/m3
Volume ratio 1:2:4~1:3:6
Triple-combined soil (lime:sand:aggregate), lay loosely
1:1.50 1:2.00
foundation for 220mm for each layer and tamp
to 150mm
Notes: 1 Pk is average pressure at foundation bottom, at the acting standard combination of load effect (kPa);
2 Extending width at each step of stair-shaped rubble foundation should not be greater than 200mm;
3 Where the foundation is composed of different materials through superposition, contacting section shall be subjected to
compressive checking;
4 When the mean pressure value exceeds 300kPa at the foundation bottom within unilateral expansion range of concrete
foundation, shear strength checking shall be carried out; for rock ground with base counterforce concentrated nearby the upright,
partial load-carrying capacity checking shall be carried out.
49

Figure 8.1.1 Non-reinforced Spread Foundation Structure Diagram
dLongitudinal steel bar diameter among columns;
1Bearing wall; 2Reinforced concrete column
8.1.2 For reinforced concrete column with non-reinforced spread foundation, the column
base height h1 shall not be less than b1 (Figure 8.1.1), not less than 300mm or 20d. When the
longitudinal steel bar of the column fails to meet the anchorage requirements for the vertical
anchorage length in the column base, it may be bent along the horizontal direction and the
horizontal anchorage length after bending shall neither be less than 10d nor greater than 20d.
Note: d is the maximum diameter of longitudinal stressed steel bar among columns.
8.2 Spread Foundation
8.2.1 Structure of spread foundation shall meet the following requirements:

1 Edge height of cone foundation should not be less than 200mm and gradients at two
directions should not be greater than 1:3; the height of each step of the stepped foundation
should be 300mm~500mm.
2 Cushion thickness should not be less than 70mm and strength grade of cushion
concrete should not be less than C10.
3 Minimum reinforcement ratio of stressed steel bar of spread foundation shall not be
less than 0.15%; minimum diameter of stressed steel bar of subplate shall not be less than
10mm and its spacing shall not be greater than 200mm and not less than 100mm. For the
longitudinal distribution steel bar of strip foundation of reinforced concrete under the wall,
the diameter shall not be less than 8mm; the spacing shall not be greater than 300mm and the
distribution steel bar area per linear meter shall not be less than 15% of the stressed steel bar
area. The thickness of the cushioned steel bar protective layers shall not be less than 40mm
and the thickness shall not be less than 70mm without cushion.
4 The concrete strength grade shall not be less than C20.
5 When side length of individual foundation of reinforced concrete under columns and
strip foundation width of reinforced concrete under wall are greater than or equal to 2.5m, the
stressed steel bar length of subplate may take 0.9 times the side length or width and the
50

subplate stressed steel bar should be under staggered arrangement (Figure 8.2.1-1).
6 For the strip foundation slab of reinforced concrete, the transverse stressed steel bar
of the subplate shall be arranged along one main stressed direction in the full length at the
T-shaped and crisscross joints and the transverse stressed steel bar in the other direction may
be arranged at the point a quarter of the subplate width of the main stressed direction (Figure
8.2.1-2). The transverse stressed steel bar of the subplate around the corner shall be arranged
along two directions (Figure 8.2.1-2).
Figure 8.2.1-1 Arrangement of Stressed Steel Bar of Individual Foundation Slab under Columns
Figure 8.2.1-2 Arrangement of Subplate Stressed Steel Bar at Vertical and Horizontal Joints of Strip
Foundation under Walls
8.2.2 Anchorage length of longitudinal stressed steel bar of reinforced concrete column and
shear wall within the foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 Anchorage length (la) of longitudinal stressed steel bar of reinforced concrete column
and shear wall within the foundation shall be determined according to the relevant
requirements of the current national standard "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB
50010;
2 For the building engineering within the area with seismic fortification intensity
between 6 and 9, the aseismic anchorage length (laE) of the longitudinal stressed steel bar
shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
1) Aseismic anchorage length (laE) of longitudinal stressed steel bar of seismic grades
1 and 2 shall be calculated according to the following formula:
laE=1.15la (8.2.2-1)
2) Aseismic anchorage length (laE) of longitudinal stressed steel bar of seismic grade 3
shall be calculated according to the following formula:
51

laE=1.05la (8.2.2-2)
3) Aseismic anchorage length (laE) of longitudinal stressed steel bar of seismic grade 4
shall be calculated according to the following formula:
laE=la (8.2.2-3)
Where,
lathe anchorage length of longitudinal tension bar (m);
3 When the foundation height is less than la (laE), the total anchorage length of
longitudinal stressed steel bar shall not only meet the requirements above, but the length of
the minimum straight anchor segment shall not be less than 20d and the bending segment
length shall not be less than 150mm.
8.2.3 For the foundation of cast-in-situ columns, the number and diameter of the steel dowel
and the steel bar category shall be identical with the longitudinal stressed steel bar in the
columns. The anchorage length of steel dowel shall meet the requirements of Article 8.2.2 of
this code and the connection method of longitudinal stressed steel bars of steel dowels and
columns shall meet the relevant requirements of the current national standard "Code for
Design of Concrete Structures" GB 50010. The lower end of the steel dowel should be made
into a straight hook and put on the steel bar mesh of the foundation slab. When one of the
following conditions is met, only the steel dowels on the four corners may be stretched on the
steel bar mesh of the subplate, the rest steel dowels may be anchored under the foundation top
la or at laE (Figure 8.2.3).
1 If the column is under axial compression or small eccentric compression, the
foundation height shall be greater than or equal to 1200mm;
2 If the column is under large eccentric compression, the foundation height shall be
greater than or equal to 1400mm.
Figure 8.2.3 Diagram of Steel Dowel Structure in Foundation of Cast-in-situ Column

8.2.4 Connection (Figure 8.2.4) of column and cup foundation of precast reinforced
concrete shall meet the following requirements:
52

Figure 8.2.4 Connection Diagram of Column and Cup Foundation of Precast Reinforced Concrete
Note: a2a1; 1-Welded mesh
1 Inserted depth of columns may be selected according to those specified in Table

8.2.4-1 and shall meet the requirements of steel bar anchorage length in Article 8.2.2 of this
code and column stability during lifting.
Table 8.2.4-1 Inserted Depth h1 (mm) of Columns
Rectangular or I-shaped columns
Double-limb column
h<500 500h<800 800h<1000 h>1000
(1/3~2/3)ha
h~1.2h h 0.9h and800 0.8h and1000
(1.5~1.8)hb
Notes: 1 h is longer side dimension of column section; ha is longer side dimension of total section of double-limb column; hb
is shorter side dimension of total section of double-limb column;
2 When the column is subjected to axial compression or small eccentric compression, h1 may be reduced properly and when
the eccentric distance is greater than 2h, h1 shall be increased properly.
2 Cup base thickness and cup wall thickness of the foundation may be selected
according to those specified in Table 8.2.4-2.
Table 8.2.4-2 Cup Base Thickness and Cup Wall Thickness of Foundation
Longer side dimension of column
Cup base thickness Cup wall thickness
section
a1 (mm) t (mm)
h (mm)
h<500 150 150~200
500h<800 200 200
800h<1000 200 300
1000h<1500 250 350
1500h<2000 300 400
Notes: 1 Cup base thickness value of double-limb column may be increased properly;
2 When the foundation beams are available, the cup wall thickness under the foundation beam shall meet the requirements
of support width;
3 The surface of the column into the cup shall be roughened; the space between the column and the cup shall be filled with
fine stone concrete one level higher than the concrete strength grade of the foundation; the upside lifting shall not be carried out
until above 70% of the design strength of the materials is reached.
3 When the column is subjected to axial compression or small eccentric compression

and t/h20.65 or the column is subjected to large eccentric compression and t/h20.75, the cup
wall may not be reinforced; when the column is subjected to axial compression or small
eccentric compression and 0.5t/h2<0.65, cup wall may be reinforced according to the
structure specified in Table 8.2.4-3 and the reinforcement shall be carried out in accordance
with the calculation at other conditions.
Table 8.2.4-3 Structural Reinforcement of Cup Wall
Longer side dimension of column
h<1000 1000h<1500 1500h<2000
section (mm)
53

The diameter of steel bars (mm) 8~10 10~12 12~16
Note: Steel bars in this table are placed on the top of the cup with two at each side (Figure 8.2.4).
8.2.5 Connection of precast reinforced concrete column (including double-limb column)

and high cup rabbet foundation (Figure 8.2.5-1) shall not only comply with the requirements
of inserted depth in Article 8.2.4 of this code but also the following requirements:
1 The lifting capacity of the crane shall be less than or equal to 750kN; the elevation of
rail top shall be less than or equal to 14m; the reference wind pressure of the plant building
shall be less than 0.5kPa and the height of the foundation short column shall not be greater
than 5m.
Figure 8.2.5-1 High Cup Rabbet Foundation

HShort column height
2 The lifting capacity of the crane shall be greater than 750kN, the reference wind
pressure shall be greater than 0.5kPa and the requirements of the following formula shall be
complied with:
E2 J 2
10 (8.2.5-1)
E1 J 1
Where,
E1the elasticity modulus of precast reinforced concrete column (kPa);
J1the inertia moment of precast reinforced concrete column for section minor axis
4
(m );
E2the elasticity modulus of reinforced concrete of short column (kPa);
J2the inertia moment of short column for section minor axis (m4).
3 When the height of foundation short column is greater than 5m, the requirements of
the following formula shall be complied with:
2/11.1 (8.2.5-2)
Where,
54

1the horizontal displacement of column top when the unit horizontal force is
applied to column top with foundation top of high cup rabbet as fixed end (m);
2the horizontal displacement of column top when the unit horizontal force is
applied to column top with short column bottom as fixed end (m).
4 Cup wall thickness shall meet those specified in Table 8.2.5. The longitudinal steel
bar of short column of high cup rabbet foundation shall not only meet the calculation
requirements but the diameter of longitudinal steel bar at four corners of the short column
should not be less than 20mm and extended on the steel bar mesh of foundation slab in the
non-seismic region and areas with seismic fortification intensity less than 9 and the
requirements in Clauses 1, 2 and 3 of this Article complied with; for the longitudinal steel bar
at longer side of short column, the diameter of steel bars shall not be less than 12mm and
spacing shall not be greater than 300mm when the longer side dimension is less than or equal
to 1000mm; when the longer side dimension is greater than 1000mm, the diameter of steel
bars shall not be less than 16mm and the spacing shall not be greater than 300mm and the
next steel bar is extended every other meter and made a 150mm straight hook to support on
the steel bar mesh of the foundation bottom and the rest steel bars shall be anchored to la
under the top surface of the foundation slab (Figure 8.2.5-2). The shorter side of the short
column shall be arranged with the longitudinal steel bar with diameter not less than 12mm
and the ratio of reinforcement per side shall not be less than 0.05% sectional area of column.
The lateral stirrup within the cup rabbet wall in the short column shall not be less than
8@150; the diameter of stirrup of other positions in the short column shall not be less than
8mm and the spacing shall not be greater than 300mm; when the seismic fortification
intensity is 8 and 9, the diameter of stirrup shall not be less than 8mm and spacing shall not be
greater than 150mm.
Figure 8.2.5-2 Structural Reinforcement of High Cup Rabbet Foundation

1Lateral stirrup 8@150 within cup rabbet wall; 2Welded steel bar mesh on the top floor; 3Longitudinal steel bar
inserted at the bottom of the foundation shall not be less than one every meter; 4Steel bar at four corners of short column is not
55

less than 20 generally; 5For the longitudinal steel bar at longer side of the short column, when h31000, use 12@300; when
h3>1000, use 16@300; 6In accordance with structure requirements; 7Longitudinal steel bar at shorter side of short column
shall not be less than 0.05% b3h3 at each side (not less than 12@300)
Table 8.2.5 Cup Wall Thickness t of High Cup Rabbet Foundation

h(mm) t(mm)
600<h800 250
800<h1000 300
1000<h1400 350
1400<h1600 400
8.2.6 Foundation basal area of spread foundation shall be determined according to the
relevant requirements in Chapter 5 of this code. The foundation area shall not be counted in
repetitively at the intersection of the strip foundation.
8.2.7 The calculation of spread foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 For the individual foundation under column, when the punching failure cone
falls within the foundation bottom, the punching shear bearing capacity shall be checked
at the joints of column and foundation and of the foundations;
2 For the individual foundation under column with the shorter side dimension of
foundation bottom less than or equal to column width plus twice the effective depth of
foundation and the strip foundation under wall, the foundation shear capacity shall be
checked at the joints of column (wall) and foundation;
3 The foundation slab reinforcement shall be determined in accordance with
bending resistance through calculation;
4 When the concrete strength grade of the foundation is less than that of the
column, the local pressure bearing capacity of the top surface of foundation top under
column shall also be checked.
8.2.8 Punching shear bearing capacity of individual foundation under column shall be
checked in accordance with the following formulae:
Fl0.7hpftamh0 (8.2.8-1)
am=(at+ab)/2 (8.2.8-2)
Fl=pjAl (8.2.8-3)
Where,
hpthe influence coefficient of section height of punching shear bearing capacity,
when h is not greater than 800mm, hp is 1.0; when h is greater than or equal to 2000mm, hp
is 0.9 and if h is the value between the two limits above, adopt in accordance with linear
interpolation;
ftthe design value of concrete axial tensile strength (kPa);
h0the effective depth of punching failure cone of foundation (m);
amthe calculated length at the most unfavorable side of punching failure cone, (m);
atthe upper side length of inclined section of the most unfavorable side of the
punching failure cone: when calculating the punching shear bearing capacity at the joint of
column and foundation, take column width; when calculating the punching shear bearing
capacity of the step changing part of foundation, take the upper step width (m);
abthe lower side length of inclined section of the most unfavorable side of the
punching failure cone within the scope of the basal area of the foundation: when the bottom
of punching failure cone falls within the foundation bottom (Figure 8.2.8a and b), take the
column width plus twice effective depth of the foundation when calculating the punching
56

shear bearing capacity at the joint of the column and foundation; when calculating the
punching shear bearing capacity at the step variation of the foundation, take the upper step
width plus twice the effective depth of the foundation (m);
pjthe net counterforce of subsoil in unit area corresponding to the acting
fundamental combination (kPa) when foundation deadweight and soil weight thereon are
deducted, taking the net counterforce of maximum subsoil in unit area at the edge of the
foundation for the foundation under eccentric compression;
Althe partial base area used during punching checking (m2) (shadow area ABCDEF
in Figure 8.2.8a and b);
Flthe design value of net counterforce of subsoil acted to Al corresponding to the
acting fundamental combination (kPa).
(a) At the joint of column and foundation; (b) At foundation step variation
Figure 8.2.8 Section Position for Calculating Punching Shear Bearing Capacity of Stepped Foundation
1Inclined section at most unfavorable side of punching failure cone;
2The bottom line of punching failure cone
8.2.9 When the shorter side of foundation bottom is less than or equal to the column width
plus twice the effective depth of the foundation, the section shear bearing capacity at joints of
column and foundation shall be checked according to the following formulae:
Vs0.7hsftA0 (8.2.9-1)
1/4
hs=(800/h0) (8.2.9-2)
Where,
Vsthe design value of shear force at the joints of column and foundation
corresponding to acting fundamental combination (kN), namely the shadow area in Figure
8.2.9 multiplied by average net counterforce of the base;
hsthe influence coefficient of section height of shear bearing capacity, when
h0<800mm, adopt h0=800mm; when h0>2000mm, adopt h0=2000mm;
A0the effective sectional area of the foundation at the checking section (m2). When
57

the checking section is in a step form or cone form, the section may be converted into a
rectangular section; the sectional reduced width and the effective height of section shall be
calculated in accordance with Appendix U of this code.
(a) At the joint of column and foundation; (b) At foundation step variation
Figure 8.2.9 Diagram for Checking Shear Bearing Capacity of Stepped Foundation
8.2.10 The strip foundation slab under wall shall check the shear bearing capacity of the
section at the joints of wall and foundation slab according to Formula (8.2.9-1) of this code,
therein, A0 is the effective area of vertical section of foundation slab in unit length at the
checking section, VS is design value of shear force in unit length produced by average net
counterforce of base at the joints of wall and foundation.
8.2.11 Under the action of axial load or uni-axial eccentricity load, when the width-height
ratio of steps is less than or equal to 2.5 and eccentric distance is less than or equal to 1/6 the
foundation width, the subplate bending moment at any section of rectangular individual
foundation under the column may be calculated according to the following simplified
methods (Figure 8.2.11):
1 2 2G
MI a1 (2l a ' ) p max p ( p max p )l (8.2.11-1)
12 A
1 2G
M II (l a' ) 2 (2b b' ) p max p min (8.2.11-2)
48 A
Where,
MI, MIIthe design values of bending moment at I-I, II-II at any section
corresponding to the acting fundamental combination (kNm);
a1the distance from any section I-I to the maximum counterforce point at the base
edge (m);
l, bthe side length of foundation bottom (m);
pmax, pminthe design value of maximum and minimum ground counterforces at the
edge of the foundation bottom corresponding to the acting fundamental combination (kPa);
pthe design value of ground counterforce of foundation bottom at any section I-I
58

corresponding to the acting fundamental combination (kPa);
Figure 8.2.11 Calculation Diagram of Rectangular Foundation Subplate

GFoundation deadweight and soil deadweight in consideration of partial factor of action (kN); when combination value
is controlled by the permanent action, partial factor of action may take 1.35.
8.2.12 Foundation slab reinforcement shall not only meet the requirements for calculation
and the minimum reinforcement ratio but also the structure requirements in Clause 3, Article
8.2.1 of this code. The sections in step form or cone foundation may be converted into
rectangular section during calculation of the minimum reinforcement ratio and the reduced
width and the effective height of section shall be calculated in accordance with Appendix U.
The foundation slab steel bar may be calculated according to Formula (8.2.12).
M
As (8.2.12)
0.9 f y h0
8.2.13 When the ratio w of long side to the short side of the base of the insulated column
under the column is within the scope of being greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal
to 3, the short-side steel bar of foundation slab shall be arranged in accordance with the
following methods: area of all the steel bars in the short direction is multiplied by , and the
steel bar obtained is distributed evenly within the median strip width coincident with center
line of column and with width equal to shorter side of foundation and the rest short-side steel
bars are distributed evenly at both sides of the median strip width. The long reinforcement
shall be distributed evenly within full width of foundation. shall be calculated according to
w
1 (8.2.13)
6
8.2.14 Bending calculation and reinforcement of strip foundation under wall (Figure 8.2.14)
59

shall meet the following requirements:
Figure 8.2.13 Diagram of Short Reinforcement Arrangement at Foundation Slab

Figure 8.2.14 Calculation Diagram of Strip Foundation under Wall
1 times the total steel bar area in short direction
1Brick wall; 2Concrete wall is arranged evenly within shadowed area
1 Bending moment of any section per linear meter of width may be calculated
according to the following formula.
1 2 3G
MI a1 2 p max p (8.2.14)
6 A
2 Position of maximum bending moment section shall meet the following
requirements:
1) When the wall material is a concrete, adopt a1=b1;
2) If it is a brick wall and feet are not greater than 1/4 of the brick length, adopt
a1=b1+1/4 of brick length.
3 Reinforcement per linear meter of width of strip foundation slab under wall shall not
only meet the requirements for calculation and minimum reinforcement ratio and but also the
structure requirements in Clause 3, Article 8.2.1 of this code.
8.3 Strip Foundation under Columns
8.3.1 The structure of strip foundation under column shall not only comply with the
requirements of Article 8.2.1 of this code but also the following requirements:
1 The depth of strip foundation beam under column should be 1/4~1/8 of the column
space. The wing plate thickness shall not be less than 200mm. When the wing plate thickness
is greater than 250mm, the wing plate which the thickness may be adjusted should be adopted
and the top surface gradient should be less than or equal to 1:3.
2 Strip foundation end should outreach outward and its length should be 0.25 times the
first span.
3 At the joints of the cast-in-situ column and strip foundation, the plan dimension of
foundation beam shall be greater than that of the column and the distance from the column
edge to the foundation beam edge shall not be less than 50mm (Figure 8.3.1).
60

Figure 8.3.1 Plan Dimension at Joints of Cast-in-situ Column and Strip Foundation Beam
1Foundation beam; 2Column
4 Longitudinal stressed steel bar on the top of and at the bottom of the strip foundation
beam shall not only meet the calculation requirements, the top steel bar shall also be
penetrated completely in accordance with calculation reinforcement and the full-length
reinforcement at the bottom shall not be less than 1/3 of the total section area of the stressed
steel bar at the bottom.
5 The concrete strength grade of strip foundation under column shall not be less than
grade C20.
8.3.2 The calculation of strip foundation under column shall not only comply with the
requirements of Article 8.2.6 of this code but also the following requirements:
1 On the relatively uniform ground, when the rigidity in the superstructure is
preferably with distributed-evenly loads and the depth of the strip foundation beam not less
than 1/6 of the column space, the ground counterforces may be distributed straightly and the
internal force of the strip foundation beam may be calculated in accordance with continuous
beam, this moment, bending moment at side span and midspan and the bending moment of
the first internal support should be multiplied by a coefficient of 1.2.
2 When the requirements of Clause 1 of this Article can not be met, the calculation
should be in accordance with elastic subsoil beam.
3 For cross strip foundation, the column load on the intersection may be distributed in
accordance with static equilibrium condition and deformation compatibility condition. The
internal force may be in accordance with requirements above in this article and shall be
calculated respectively.
4 Shear bearing capacity of foundation beam at the column edge shall be checked.
5 In case of torsion, the torsion resistant calculation shall be carried out.
6 When the concrete strength grade of the strip foundation is less than that of the
column, the local pressure bearing capacity of the top surface of strip foundation under
column shall also be checked.
8.4 Raft Foundation of High-rise Buildings
8.4.1 The raft foundation is divided into beam-slab and flat-slab types and the selection
shall be determined according to subsoil quality, superstructure system, column space, load,
operation requirement and construction condition. Frame-core tube structure and tube-in-tube
structure should adopt flat-slab raft foundation.
61

8.4.2 The plan dimension of raft foundation shall be determined according to such factors as
engineering geologic condition, superstructure arrangement, bottom layer plane of
underground structure and load distribute in accordance with the relevant requirements of
Chapter 5 of this code. For a single building, if the subsoil is uniform relatively, the base
plane centroid should superpose with gravity center of vertical permanent load of the structure.
If it is impossible to be superposed, the eccentric distance e should conform to the
requirements of the following formula under the acting quasi-permanent combination:
e0.1W/A (8.4.2)
Where,
Wthe resistant moment of the edge of the foundation bottom with consistent
eccentric distance direction (m3);
Athe foundation basal area (m2).
8.4.3 For the integral raft foundation and box foundation closely contacted with soil layer
around and with basement outer wall, when the subsoil bearing stratum is made of
non-compacted soil and rock, the site is of Category III and Category IV, the seismic
fortification intensity is 8 and 9 and the basic natural vibration period of the structure is
within 1.2~5 times the characteristic period, the shear force and overturning moment of base
horizontal earthquake calculated in accordance with rigid foundation assumption may be
multiplied by reduction coefficients of 0.90 and 0.85 respectively in accordance with
fortification intensity.
8.4.4 Concrete strength grade of raft foundation shall not be less than C30; if the basement
is available, the waterproofing concrete shall be adopted. The seepage resistance grade of
waterproofing concrete shall be selected according to those specified in Table 8.4.4. For the
important buildings, self-waterproofing concrete should be adopted and the overhead drainage
layer shall be arranged.
Table 8.4.4 Seepage Resistance Grade of Waterproofing Concrete
Design seepage resistance Design seepage resistance
Buried depth d(m) Buried depth d(m)
grade grade
d<10 P6 20d<30 P10
10d<20 P8 30d P12
8.4.5 If the basement adopts raft foundation, the outer wall thickness of the reinforced
concrete shall not be less than 250mm and the inner wall thickness should not be less than
200mm. The section design of the wall shall not only meet the requirements for bearing
capacity, but also shall consider the requirements for the deformation, crack resistance and
outer wall antiseepage. The double reinforcement shall be arranged within the wall; the steel
bar should not adopt plain round bar; the diameter of horizontal steel bar shall not be less than
12mm; the vertical steel bar diameter shall not be less than 10mm; and the spacing shall not
be greater than 200mm.
8.4.6 The slab thickness of flat raft foundation shall meet the requirements for
punching shear bearing capacity.
8.4.7 Punching checking under flat raft foundation column shall meet the following
requirements:
1 Punching checking under flat raft foundation column shall consider the additional
shear force produced by unbalanced bending moment applied to punching critical section
gravity center. During the punching checking for foundation side column and angle pile, the
punching force shall be multiplied by amplified coefficients of 1.1 and 1.2 respectively. The
62

maximum shear stress max of punching critical section at h0/2 from the column side shall be
calculated in accordance with Formula (8.4.7-1) and Formula (8.4.7-2) (Figure 8.4.7). The
minimum thickness of the slab shall not be less than 500mm.
Fl M c
max a s unb AB (8.4.7-1)
umh0 Is
max0.7(0.4+1.2/s)hpft (8.4.7-2)
Figure 8.4.7 Diagram of Inner Column Punching Critical Section

1Raft slab; 2Column
1
as 1 (8.4.7-3)
2 c1
1
3 c2
Where,
Flthe punching force corresponding to acting fundamental combination (kN), in
case of inner column, taking design value of axial force minus design value of base net
counterforce in the raft slab punching failure cone; in case of side column and angle pile,
taking the design value of axial force minus design value of base net counterforce within raft
slab punching critical section;
umthe minimum perimeter of punching critical section at the point not less than h0/2
from column edge (m), calculated in accordance with Appendix P of this code;
h0the effective depth of raft slab (m);
Munbthe design value of unbalanced bending moment applied to punching critical
section gravity center (kNm);
cABthe distance from punching critical section gravity center to maximum shear
stress of punching critical section along bending moment action direction (m), calculated in
accordance with Appendix P;
Isthe polar moment of inertia of punching critical section for its gravity center (m4),
calculated in accordance with Appendix P of this code;
sthe ratio of longer side to shorter side of column section: when s<2, s adopting 2;
when s>4, s adopting 4;
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hpthe influence coefficient of section height of punching shear bearing capacity:
when h800mm, hp=1.0; when h2000mm, hp=0.9; when h is between the limits above, hp
shall be valued in accordance with linear interpolation;
ftthe design value of concrete axial tensile strength (kPa);
c1the side length of punching critical section with consistent action direction with
bending moment (m), calculated in accordance with Appendix P of this code;
c2the side length of punching critical section vertical to c1 (m), calculated in
accordance with Appendix P of this code;
asthe distribution coefficient passed from unbalanced bending moment through
eccentric shear force on punching critical section.
2 When the column load is relatively large and the punching shear bearing capacity of
raft slab of the same thickness fails to meet the requirements, the column pier may be added
on the upper side of the raft slab or the plate thickness shall be added partially under the raft
slab or punching resistance steel bar shall be adopted to meet the requirements for the
punching bearing capacity.
8.4.8 Plate thickness under inner cylinder of flat raft foundation shall meet the requirements
of punching shear bearing capacity and shall meet the following requirements:
1 The punching shear bearing capacity shall be calculated according to the following
formula:
Fl/umh00.7hpft/ (8.4.8)
Where,
Flthe design value of axial force borne by inner cylinder minus the design value of
base net counterforce within punching failure cone of raft slab under inner cylinder
corresponding to the acting fundamental combination (kN);
umthe circumference of punching critical section at h0/2 from the external surface of
the inner cylinder (Figure 8.4.8);
h0the effective height of section of raft slab at h0/2 from the external surface of the
inner cylinder (m);
the influence coefficient of circumference of punching critical section of inner
cylinder, taking 1.25.
2 When the influence of moment of inner cylinder root shall be considered, the
maximum shear stress of punching critical section at h0/2 from the external surface of the
inner cylinder may be calculated according to Formula (8.4.7-1), this moment, max0.7hpft/.
8.4.9 The flat raft foundation shall check the shear bearing capacity of the section at
the point h0 from the inner cylinder and column edge. When the thickness of the raft
slab changes, the shear bearing capacity of the raft slab at the point where the thickness
changes shall be checked.
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Figure 8.4.8 Critical Section Position of Raft Slab under the Punching of Inner Cylinder
8.4.10 The shear bearing capacity of flat raft foundation shall be checked according to
Formula (8.4.10); when the raft slab thickness is greater than 2000mm, a two-way steel bar
mesh whose diameter is not less than 12mm and spacing not greater than 300mm should be
arranged in the middle of the slab thickness.
Vs0.7hsftbwh0 (8.4.10)
Where,
Vsthe design value of shear force of raft slab in unit width at the point h0 from the
inner cylinder or the column edge produced by the average value of net counterforce at the
foundation bottom corresponding to acting fundamental combination (kN);
bwthe unit width of calculated section of raft slab (m) ;
h0the effective height of section of raft slab at the point h0 from the external surface
of the inner cylinder (m).
8.4.11 The beam-plate raft foundation subplate shall calculate the flexural bearing
capacity at normal section and the thickness shall meet the requirements for punching
shear capacity and shear resistant capacity.
8.4.12 The calculation of punching bearing capacity and shear bearing capacity of the
subplate of beam-plate raft foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 The calculation of punching bearing capacity of the subplate of beam-plate raft
foundation shall meet the following requirements:
Fl0.7hpftumh0 (8.4.12-1)
Where,
Flthe design value of average net counterforce of foundation bottom on the shaded
area in Figure 8.4.12-1 at the acting fundamental combination (kN);
umthe circumference of punching critical section at h0/2 from the foundation beam
edge (Figure 8.4.12-1).
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Figure 8.4.12-1 Punching Calculation Diagram of Subplate
1Oblique section of punching failure cone; 2Beam; 3Subplate
2 When the subplate regional grid is rectangular two-way slab, the thickness h0 of the
subplate for punching shall be calculated according to Formula (8.4.12-2); the ratio of the
base thickness to the clear span at the shorter side of the maximum two-way slab grid shall
not be less than 1/14 and the slab thickness shall not be less than 400mm.
4p n l n1l n 2
(l n1 l n 2 ) (l n1 l n 2 ) 2
p n 0.7 hp f t
h0 (8.4.12-2)
4
Where,
ln1 and ln2the clear length shorter side and longer side of calculation plate grid (m);
pnthe design value of average net counterforce of foundation bottom corresponding
to the acting fundamental combination after deadweight of subplate and fill thereonthereon is
deducted (kPa).
3 Shear bearing capacity of inclined section of two-way subplate of beam-plate raft
foundation shall be calculated in accordance with the following formula:
Vs0.7hsft(ln2-2h0)h0 (8.4.12-3)
Where,
Vsthe design value of shear force produced by average net counterforce of
foundation bottom on the shaded area in Figure 8.4.12-2 at the point h0 from the beam edge
(kN).
4 When the subplate plate grid is a one-way slab, the shear bearing capacity of inclined
section shall be checked according to Article 8.2.10 of this code and the subplate thickness
shall not be less than 400mm.
8.4.13 The structure for connecting basement bottom column, shear wall and foundation
beam of beam-plate raft foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 The distance from the edge of column and wall to the edge of foundation beam shall
not be less than 50mm (Figure 8.4.13):
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Figure 8.4.12-2 Subplate Shear Calculation Diagram
2 When the crossover foundation beam width is less than the side length of the column
section, the splayed fillet shall be arranged at the joint of the crossover foundation beam and
the clear distance between the column angle and the splayed fillet should not be less than
50mm (Figure 8.4.13a);
3 Connection of one-way foundation beam and column may be in accordance with
Figure 8.4.13b and Figure 8.4.13c;
4 Connection of foundation beam and shear wall may be in accordance with Figure
8.4.13d.
8.4.14 When the subsoil is uniform relatively, no soft soil layer or liquefiable soil layer is
available within the subsoil compressed layer, the superstructure rigidity is preferable, column
grid and load are uniform relatively, variance in adjacent column loads and column spacing
does not exceed 20% and the depth-span ratio of beam-plate raft foundation beam or
thickness-span ratio of flat raft foundation slab is not less than 1/6, the raft foundation may
consider only local bending effect. Internal force of raft foundation may be calculated in
accordance with straight line distribution of base counterforce; in calculation, base
counterforce shall deduct deadweight of bottom slab and the fill on the bottom slab. When the
above requirements cannot be met, the internal force of raft foundation may be analyzed and
calculated in accordance with elastic ground beam plate method.
8.4.15 For the beam-plate raft foundation calculated in accordance with straight line
distribution of base counterforce, the internal force of foundation beam may be analyzed in
accordance with continuous beam; bending moment at side span and midspan and the bending
moment of the first internal support should be multiplied by a coefficient of 1.2. The bottom
slab of beam-plate raft foundation and reinforcement of foundation beam shall meet the
calculation requirements and the bottom steel bar in the vertical and horizontal directions
shall be provided with full penetration span not less than 1/3; the top steel bar shall be
interconnected completely in accordance with calculation reinforcement; reinforcement ratio
of steel bars with bottom slab penetrated up and down shall not be less than 0.15%.
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Figure 8.4.13 Structure Requirements for Connection between Bottom Layer Column or Shear Wall of
Basement and Foundation Beam of Beam-slab Raft Foundation
1Foundation beam; 2Column; 3Wall
8.4.16 For the flat raft foundation calculated in accordance with straight line distribution of
base counterforce, internal force analysis may be carried out in accordance with lower slab
strip and middle strip of columns respectively. In slab strip under column, column width and
its both sides are 0.5 times the slab thickness and within effective width not greater than 1/4
of slab span; steel bar number shall not be less than half of number of slab strip steel bar
under column and shall be able to bear partial unbalanced bending moment amMunb. Munb is an
unbalanced bending moment applied to punching critical section gravity center and am shall
be calculated in accordance with Formula (8.4.16). The slab strip under flat raft foundation
column and bottom support steel bar of middle strip shall be provided with not less than 1/3
of full penetration span; top steel bar shall be interconnected completely in accordance with
calculation reinforcement and the reinforcement ratio of steel bar penetrated up and down
shall not be less than 0.15%.
am=1-as (8.4.16)
Where,
amthe distribution coefficient of unbalanced bending moment transmitted by
bending;
ascalculated in accordance with Formula (8.4.7-3).
8.4.17 For the structure with requirements for seismic resistance, when the top plate at the
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first underground storey is the building-in end of the superstructure, the design value of the
combined bending moment for the section under the lower end of the bottom-frame column at
the building-in end point shall be in accordance with the requirements of the current national
standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" GB 50011 multiplied by amplified
coefficient correspondent to the seismic grade. When the flat raft foundation slab is used as
the building-in end of the superstructure and the design value of the combined bending
moment for the slab strip section under column is calculated, seismic action composition and
corresponding amplified coefficient shall be considered for the internal force at the lower end
of the bottom-frame column.
8.4.18 The top surface of foundation beam of beam-plate raft foundation and flat raft
foundation shall meet the requirements of partial load-carrying capacity under bottom
layer column. For high-rise buildings with seismic fortification intensity 9, when
checking partial load-carrying capacity of foundation beam under column and raft slab,
the influence of vertical earthquake action on column axial force shall be counted in.
8.4.19 Joint of raft slab and basement outer wall and horizontal joint of basement outer wall
along the height shall be constructed in strict accordance with construction joint requirements,
if necessary, full length waterstop may be arranged.
8.4.20 Raft foundation of high-rise buildings with podiums shall meet the following
requirements:
1 When settlement joint is arranged between high-rise buildings and the connected
podiums, the embedded depth of foundation of high-rise buildings shall be at least 2m greater
than embedded depth of podiums foundation. The gap of settlement joint below ground shall
be filled with coarse sand (Figure 8.4.20a).
Figure 8.4.20 Treatment Diagram of Settlement Joint and Post-pouring Strip between High-rise Buildings
and Podiums
1High-rise buildings; 2Podiums and basement; 3Area below outdoor terrace shall be filled with coarse sand;
4Post-pouring strip
2 When no settlement joint is arranged between the high-rise buildings and connected
podiums, the post-pouring strip designed to control differential settlement should be arranged
at one side of the podiums; when the settlement measured value and late differential
settlement determined through calculation meet the design requirements, the concrete pouring
for post-pouring strip may be carried out. When the foundation area of high-rise buildings
meets the requirements for subsoil bearing capacity and deformation, the post-pouring strip
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should be arranged within the first span of the podiums adjacent to the high-rise buildings.
When foundation area of high-rise buildings shall be increased to meet the subsoil bearing
capacity of the high-rise buildings, reduce the settlement volume of high-rise buildings and
reduce differential settlement between high-rise buildings and podiums, post-pouring strip
may be arranged the second span of the side column of main building and the following
conditions shall be met:
1) Subsoil quality is uniform relatively;
2) Podiums have preferable structural rigidity and structure level number of basement
and podiums above the foundation shall not be less than two;
3) Subplate thickness of podiums foundation at the side of post-pouring strip and
connected with the main building shall be identical with the foundation slab thickness of the
high-rise buildings (Figure 8.4.20b).
3 When no settlement joint and post-pouring strip are arranged between the high-rise
buildings and the connected podiums, the raft slab of the high-rise buildings and podiums at
the next span shall adopt the identical thickness and the thickness of the raft slab of the
podiums should change gradually from the podiums at the second span and shall meet the
integrity of main building and podium building and the deformation requirements of the
foundation slab; the checking of the subsoil deformation and foundation internal force shall
be carried out and the interaction effect of the deformation between the ground and structure
shall be analyzed and effective measures shall be taken to prevent the differential settlement
with adverse effects.
8.4.21 When multiple high-rise and low-rise building are built on the identical large-area
integral raft foundation, the raft slab thickness and reinforcement should be calculated and
determined in accordance with foundation deformation under the joint action of
superstructure, foundation and subsoil and the base counterforce.
8.4.22 For the integral raft foundation under high-rise buildings with podiums, the integral
deflection value of raft slab under main building should not be greater than 0.05% and the
differential settlement of main building and adjacent podiums column shall not be greater
than 0.1% of the span.
8.4.23 When a large-area integral raft foundation is adopted, the floor corner at the corner of
the extended basement connected with the main building shall not only be arranged with two
vertical upper steel bars but oblique upper structural steel bar; the diameter of steel bars shall
not be less than 10mm and the spacing shall not be greater than 200mm and the length of steel
bar stretching inside slab should not be less than 1/4 of the short-side span; for the upper steel
bar of the floor vertical to outer wall with a consistent direction with whole bending of
foundation and the upper steel bar of floor at the joint of main building and podium building,
the diameter shall not be less than 10mm, spacing shall not be greater than 200mm and the
area of the steel bar shall not be less than minimum reinforcement ratio of flexural members
in the current national standard "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB 50010; the
anchorage length of steel bar shall not be less than 30d.
8.4.24 After the construction of the raft foundation basement is finished, the foundation pit
backfill shall be carried out timely. The fill sorting shall be in accordance with the design
requirements; during backfill, the sundries in the foundation pit shall be removed firstly and
backfill meanwhile at opposite both sides or around and tamped in layers; the compaction
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coefficient of backfilled soil shall not be less than 0.94.
8.4.25 If the high-rise and low-rise buildings with basement adopt the raft foundation, the
outer wall around the basement is contacted with soil layer closely and the soil layer is
non-loose fill, loose powder fine sand soil, soft-plastic flow-plastic cohesive soil and the
superstructure is frame, frame-shear or frame-core tube structure, when the top plate of the
first underground storey structure is the embedded part of the superstructure, the following
requirements shall be met:
1 Lateral stiffness of structure of first underground storey is greater than or equal to 1.5
times the lateral stiffness of bottom floor of the superstructure connected with it.
2 The top plate for the structure at the first underground storey shall adopt beam-slab
floor; its plate thickness shall not be less than 180mm; concrete strength grade should not be
less than C30; floor shall adopt double-layer two-way reinforcement and the ratio of
reinforcement at each floor in every direction should not be less than 0.25%.
3 The slab surface at the edge of the outer wall and inner wall of the basement shall be
free from large opening to ensure to transmit seismic action or horizontal force of
superstructure to the lateral-force-resisting members of the basement.
4 When the distance between the inner wall and outer wall of the basement and the
main structure meets the requirements in Table 8.4.25, the inner wall and outer wall of the
basement within the range may be included in the lateral stiffness of structure at the first
underground storey, but the lateral stiffness within this range shall not be used repeatedly in
the adjacent buildings. If the above requirements are not met, the embedded parts of the
building may be arranged at the top of the raft foundation, this moment, the resistance of the
foundation side soil and foundation base soil on the basement should be considered.
Table 8.4.25 Maximum Spacing d between Basement Wall and Main Structure Wall
Seismic fortification intensity 7 and 8 Seismic fortification intensity 9
d30m d20m
8.4.26 The seismic grade of the basement, section design of the members and seismic
structural measures shall meet the relevant requirements of current national standard "Code
for Seismic Design of Buildings" GB 50011. The height of the bottom reinforced part of the
shear wall shall be calculated from the basement roof; when the structure is embedded on the
foundation top, the range of the bottom reinforced part of the shear wall shall be extended to
the foundation top.
8.5 Pile Foundation
8.5.1 This section includes the low-pile slab foundation of the concrete precast pile and
concrete filling pile. Vertical compression pile may be classified into friction-type pile and
end-bearing pile according to vertical stress of pile body. Vertical load at the pile top of
friction-type pile may be borne by the pile side resistance; the vertical load at the pile top of
end-bearing pile may be borne by pile tip resistance.
8.5.2 The design of pile foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 All of the pile foundations shall be subjected to bearing capacity and pile body
strength calculation. For the precast pile, strength and crack resistance checking shall be
carried out in the processes of transport, hoisting and hammering.
2 Settlement checking of pile foundation shall meet the requirements of Article 8.5.15
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of this code.
3 Seismic capacity checking of pile foundation shall meet the relevant requirements of
the current national standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" GB 50011.
4 Pile foundation should select medium- and low-compactness soil layer as bearing
stratum of pile tip.
5 Pile foundation in the same construction unit should not adopt soil layer of larger
compactness difference as bearing stratum of pile tip or partial friction pile and partial end
bearing pile.
6 Influence of negative skin friction force on pile subsoil bearing capacity and
settlement shall be considered when the settlement of pile periphery soil is greater than pile
settlement due to consolidation of under-consolidated soft soil, collapsible soil and site fill
and large-area stacking of site and lowering of ground water level.
7 Integral stability checking of pile foundation shall be carried out for pile foundation
at sloping field and shoreside. Pile foundation plan and design shall be integrated with the
side slope works.
8 Upper soil layer may be regarded as bearing stratum of pile tip for the pile
foundation in the karst region when the stability of overlaying soil of karst is guaranteed and
the bearing capacity and thickness of the bearing stratum at the pile tip meet the requirements.
The karst shall be subject to the construction investigation when the rock-socketed piles are
required.
9 Influence of extrusion effect on the pile foundation and surrounding environment in
the pile foundation construction shall be considered; the intensive pile foundation with
extrusion effect should not be adopted in the deep saturated soft soil.
10 Influence of resilience and upheaval of pit subsoil on the pit subsoil on the pile
body stress and pile bearing capacity.
11 Pile foundation design shall consider joint work of pile, soil and slab in combination
with local experience.
12 Fill compactness requirements shall be met in the backfilling at the slab and around
the basement.
8.5.3 Construction of pile and pile foundation shall meet the following requirements:
1 Center distance of friction-type pile should not be less than 3 times the pile body
diameter; center distance of reaming cast-in-situ pile should not be less than 1.5 times the
reaming diameter; when reaming diameter is greater than 2m, clear distance of the pile tip
should not be less than 1m. Influence of extrusion equivalence on the adjacent pile in
construction process shall be considered.
2 Reaming diameter of reaming cast-in-situ pile shall not be greater than 3 times the
pile body diameter.
3 Depth of pile bottom into the bearing stratum should be 1~3 times the pile body
diameter. The influence of special soil, karst and shock subsidence liquefaction shall be
considered when determining pile bottom depth into the bearing stratum. The minimum depth
of periphery of rock-socketed cast-in-situ pile into the integral and relatively integral hard
rock mass which is unweathered, slightly-weathered and moderately weathered should not be
less than 0.5m.
4 Pile position shall be placed in such a way to superpose force concurrence point of
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pile subsoil bearing capacity to the resultant force action point of vertically permanent load.
5 When the design service life is not less than 50, the concrete strength grade of
precast pile in the non-corrosive environment shall not be less than C30; prestressed pile shall
not be less than C40 and concrete strength grade of cast-in-situ pile shall not be less than C25;
in the Class II-b environment and Class III, Class IV and Class V slightly-corrosive
environment, the concrete strength grade shall not be less than C30; for the pile in the
corrosive environment, the concrete strength grade of the pile body shall meet the relevant
requirements of the current national standard "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB
50010. For the pile with design service life not less than 100, the concrete strength grade of
the pile body should be improved properly. The concrete strength grade of pile body of
underwater concreting should not be higher than C40.
6 The materials, minimum cement content, water cement ratio and seepage resistance
grade in terms of the pile body concrete shall meet the relevant requirements of the current
national standard "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB 50010, "Code for
anticorrosion design of industrial constructions" GB 50046 and "Code for durability design of
concrete structures" GB/T 50476.
7 Main bar arrangement of pile shall be determined through calculation; minimum
reinforcement ratio of precast pile should not be less than 0.8% for pile driving or 0.6% for
static press pile sinking) and the prestressed pile should not be less than 0.5%; the minimum
reinforcement ratio of cast-in-situ pile should not be less than 0.2%~0.65% (minor diameter
pile take the larger value). Stirrup should be properly strengthened and densified within the
range of 3~5 times the pile body diameter under the pile top.
8 The reinforcement length for longitudinal steel bar in pile body shall meet the
1) Reinforcement length shall be determined through calculation for the pile subjected
to horizontal load and with a larger bending moment;
2) Where the sludge, sludgy soil or liquefied soil layer is available under the pile
foundation slab, the reinforcement shall pass through sludge, sludgy soil layer or liquefied
soil layer.
3) The full length reinforcement shall be carried out for the pile at the shoreside of the
sloping field, pile in the Intensity 8 and above Intensity 8 seismic area, uplift pile and bearing
pile at rock-socketed tip;
4) The length of constructional steel bar of bored cast-in-situ pile should not be less
than two-thirds of pile length; steel bar length should not be less than 1.5 times the depth of
foundation pit when the pile construction is finished before the foundation pit excavation.
9 Pile body reinforcement may be carried out along the pile body longitudinally
according to calculation result and construction process requirements. In the corrosive
environment, main bar diameter of cast-in-situ pile should not be less than 16mm while that
shall not be less than 12mm in a non-corrosive environment.
10 Length of pile top into the slab shall not be less than 50mm. The anchorage length
of main bar into the slab shall not be less than 30 times the diameter of steel bars (HPB235)
and 35 times the diameter of steel bars (HRB 335 and HRB 400). For a larger-diameter
cast-in-situ pile, when a column corresponding to a pile is adopted, slab may be placed or the
pole may be directly connected to the column. The connection of pile and column may select
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section dimension and reinforcement according to the requirements of high cup rabbet
foundation in Article 8.2.5 of this code; the length of column longitudinal reinforcement into
the pile body shall meet the requirements of anchorage length.
11 The thickness of concrete cover of the main bar in cast-in-situ pile shall not be less
than 50mm; the precast pile shall not be less than 45mm and prestress pile shall not be less
than 35mm; the cast-in-situ pile in the corrosive environment shall not be less than 55mm.
8.5.4 Vertical force of pile top in a single pile of the pile group shall be calculated in
accordance with the following formula:
1 Under the action of axial vertical force:
Fk G k
Qk (8.5.4-1)
n
Where,
Fkthe vertical force acting on top surface of pile foundation bearing platform
corresponding to acting nominal combination (kN);
Gkthe standardized value for deadweight of pile foundation bearing platform and
the soil on the slab (kN);
Qkthe vertical force borne by a single pile under the action of axial vertical force,
corresponding to the acting standard combination (kN).
nthe pile number in the pile foundation.
2 Under the action of eccentric vertical force:
Fk Gk M xk y i M yk xi
Qik (8.5.4-2)
n y i2 xi2
Where,
Qikthe vertical force borne by the ith pile under the action of eccentric vertical force,
corresponding to the acting standard combination, (kN).
Mxk, Mykthe moments of x-axis and y-axis acted on slab bottom surface via pile
group centroid corresponding to the acting nominal combination (kNm);
xi, yithe distances from the ith pile to x-axis and y-axis of pile group centroid (m).
3 Under the action of horizontal force:
Hk
H ik (8.5.4-3)
n
Where,
Hkthe horizontal force acting on bottom surface of slab corresponding to acting
nominal combination (kN);
Hikthe horizontal force acting on any single pile corresponding to the acting
nominal combination (kN).
8.5.5 Calculation of bearing capacity of a single pile shall meet the following requirements:
1 Under the action of axial vertical force:
QkRa (8.5.5-1)
Where,
Rathe characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile (kN).
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2 Under the action of eccentric vertical force, the following requirements shall be met
besides formula (8.5.5-1):
Qikmax1.2Ra (8.5.5-2)
3 Under the action of horizontal load:
HikRHa (8.5.5-3)
Where,
RHathe characteristic value of horizontal bearing capacity of a single pile (kN).
8.5.6 Determination of characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile shall
1 Characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile shall be determined
through vertical static load test of a single pile. The test pile number at the same condition
should not be less than 1% or shall not be less than 3. The static load test for a single pile shall
be carried out according to Appendix Q of this code.
2 For the larger-diameter end-bearing pile with vertical bearing capacity of a single
pile very high, the characteristic value of soil bearing capacity at the pile top shall be
determined by deep plate loading test when the bearing stratum of the pile tip is dense sand
pebble or other soil layer with the similar bearing capacity and the test methods shall meet the
requirements of Appendix D of this code.
3 For the Grade-C design grade of foundation, the characteristic value of vertical
bearing capacity of single pile may be determined by static sounding and standard penetration
test parameter in combination with works experience.
4 In the preliminary design, characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single
pile may be estimated according to the following formula:
Ra=qpaAp+upqsiali (8.5.6-1)
Where,
Apthe cross-sectional area at pile bottom end (m2);
qpa, qsiathe characteristic value of pile tip resistance, characteristic value of pile side
resistance (kPa), obtained from statistical analysis of local static load test results;
upthe peripheral length of pile body (m);
lithe thickness of rock-soil at the ith layer (m).
5 The pile tip is embedded in an integral or relatively integral hand rock and the
characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile may be estimated according to
the following formula when the pile length is short relatively and the entrance of rock is
shallow:
Ra=qpaAp (8.5.6-2)
Where,
qpathe characteristic value of bearing capacity of pile tip rock (kN).
6 There shall be no weak intercalated layer, fracture zone and cave within the range of
3 times pile diameter under the pile tip of rock-socketed cast-in-situ pile and not less than 5m,
and there shall be no rock mass free face within the range of the pile bottom stress dispersion.
When there is no sediment at the pile tip, the characteristic value of bearing capacity of pile
tip rock shall be determined according to Article 5.2.6 of this code based on the standardized
value for uni-axial compressive strength on rock or in rock ground load testing according to
Appendix H of this code.
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8.5.7 When the external force acting on pile foundation is horizontal force mainly or the
soft soil layer and liquefied soil layer are available under the slab of the high-rise buildings,
the horizontal bearing capacity of the pile foundation shall be checked according to
confinement of service requirements for the pile top displacement. When the pile space of the
external acting surface is relatively great, the horizontal bearing capacity of pile foundation
may be regarded as the sum of the horizontal bearing capacity of a single pile. When the soil
at the side of the slab is free from disturbance or backfilled compactly, the action of the earth
resistance may be calculated. The inclined pile should be arranged in case of relatively large
horizontal thrust.
8.5.8 Characteristic value of horizontal bearing capacity of a single pile shall be determined
through on-site horizontal loading test. If necessary, the load test with slab pile may be carried
out. The horizontal loading test of a single pile shall be carried out in accordance with
Appendix S of this code.
8.5.9 When the pile foundation bear pulling force, pullout checking shall be carried out for
the pile foundation. The characteristic value of pullout bearing capacity of a single pile shall
be determined through vertical pullout load test of a single pile until damage. The vertical
pullout load test of a single pile shall be carried out in accordance with Appendix T of this
code.
8.5.10 The concrete strength at pile body shall meet the design requirements for
bearing capacity of pile.
8.5.11 When the pile bearing capacity is calculated according to the concrete strength of pile
body, the design value of axial compressive strength of the concrete shall be multiplied by a
service coefficient c according to different pile types and piling processes; the pile body
strength shall meet the requirements of Formula (8.5.11) in case of pile axial compression.
When the spiral stirrup spacing within the range of 5 times the pile body diameter below pile
top is not greater than 100mm, and the steel bar durability is guaranteed, cast-in-situ pile may
be included into the compressive action of longitudinal steel bar of the pile body properly.
QApfcc (8.5.11)
Where,
fcthe design value of axial compressive strength of concrete, adopted according to
the current national standard "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB 50010 (kPa);
Qthe vertical force design value of a single pile corresponding to acting
fundamental combination (kN);
Apthe cross-sectional area of pile body (m2);
cthe service coefficient, 0.75 for non-prestressing precast pile; 0.55~0.65 for
prestressed pile; 0.6~0.8 for cast-in-situ pile (adopting the lower value in case of underwater
cast-in-situ pile, long pile or when the concrete strength grade is higher than C35).
8.5.12 The uplift pile in the non-corrosive environment shall control crack width according
to environmental category to meet the design requirements; the prestressed concrete pipe pile
shall be subjected to the crack resistance checking of pile body concrete according to Grade 2
requirements of the crack control level of pile body. For the uplift pile and the piles subjected
to horizontal force or of larger bending moment, the crack resistance checking of pile body
concrete shall be carried out and the crack control level shall be Grade 2; the crack control
level of prestressed concrete pipe pile shall be Grade 1.
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8.5.13 The pile foundation settlement calculation shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The pile foundations of the following buildings shall be the settlement
recalculation:
1) The pile foundation of building with Grade-A design grade of foundation;
2) Building pile foundation of complex shape, nonuniform loading or Grade-B
design grade with soft soil layer under the pile tip;
3) Friction-type pile foundation.
2 Pile foundation settlement shall not exceed permissible value of building
settlement and shall meet the requirements of Table 5.3.4 of this code.
8.5.14 Settlement checking may not be carried out for rock-socketed pile foundation and
building pile foundation of Grade-C design grade, pile foundation less than two rows of piles
under the strip foundation without special requirements for the settlement, single-storey plant
buildings of Grade A5 or below crane working and pile foundation with compacted soil layer
under the pile tip. In case of reliable area experience, settlement checking may not be carried
out for the end-bearing pile foundation of uncomplicated geological conditions, even loading
and without special requirements for settlement.
8.5.15 Final settlement should be calculated according to method of summation of
unidirectional compression and layering during calculation of pile foundation settlement. The
stress distribution in the ground should be calculated by adopting the theory of the isotropic
homogeneous linear deformation body in the method of the entity deep foundation or Mindlin
stress formula and the calculation shall be carried out according to Appendix R of this code.
8.5.16 When the pile foundation is placed in the purpose of settlement control, the area
experience may be combined and the following requirements shall be met:
1 Pile body strength shall be checked according to the design values of loads at the pile
top;
2 The loading distribution of pile and soil shall be determined through analysis in
accordance with combined action of superstructure and ground;
3 If the pile tip enters into the better soil layer, the soil layer at the pile tip plan shall
meet the design requirements of bearing capacity of the underlying bed;
4 Pile space may adopt 4~6 times the pile body diameter.
8.5.17 The construction of pile foundation bearing platform shall not only meet the
requirements of punching, shear and flexural bearing capacity and the superstructure but also
1 Slab width shall not be less than 500mm. distance of side pile center to slab edge
should not be less than pile diameter or side length and the distance of outer edge of pile to
slab edge shall not be less than 150mm. For the strip apron piece, distance of outer edge of
pile to apron piece edge shall not be less than 75mm.
2 Minimum thickness of slab shall not be less than 300mm.
3 For the reinforcement of rectangular slab, its steel bar shall be arranged in
accordance with two-way uniform full length (Figure 8.5.17a); the diameter of steel bars
should not be less than 10mm and spacing should not be greater than 200mm; for a tri-pile
slab, steel bar shall be arranged evenly in accordance with three-way slab strip and the
triangle enclosed by the innermost three steel bars shall be within the range of column section
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(Figure 8.5.17b). Main bar of apron piece shall not only meet the calculation requirements,
but also meet the requirements of the current national standard "Code for Design of Concrete
Structures" GB 50010 in terms of the requirements of minimum reinforcement ratio; main bar
diameter should not be less than 12mm; erection bar should not be less than 10mm and the
diameter of stirrup should not be less than 6mm (Figure 8.5.17c); the minimum reinforcement
ratio of independent pile foundation slab under column shall not be less than 0.15%.
Anchorage length of steel bar shall not be less than 35 times the diameter of steel bars
calculated from the inner side of the side pile (in case of a round pile, the diameter shall be
multiplied by 0.886, equivalent to square pile); if failure to meet the requirements, the steel
bar shall be bent upwards, at this moment, the steel bar length of the steel bar at the horizontal
segment shall not be less than 25 times the diameter of steel bars; the length of the bending
segment shall not be less than 10 times the diameter of steel bars.
Figure 8.5.17 Slab Reinforcement

1Wall; 2Diameter of stirrup 6mm; 3Pile top entering slab50mm; 4Main steel bar in the apron piece shall not
only be according to calculation reinforcement but also meet the minimum reinforcement ratio; 5C10 concrete with cushion
layer 100mm thickness
4 Slab concrete strength grade shall not be less than C20; thickness of concrete cover
of longitudinal steel bar shall not be less than 70mm or shall not be less than 50mm in case of
concrete cushion; and shall not be less than length of pile head into the slab.
8.5.18 Bending moment of pile foundation slab under column may be determined according
to simplified calculation method below:
1 Calculated section of multi-pile rectangular slab shall be at the place where the
column side and slab are changed (at the cup outer side or step edge, shown as Figure
8.5.18a):
Mx=Niyi (8.5.18-1)
My=Nixi (8.5.18-2)
Where,
Mx, Mythe design value of bending moment respectively at the calculated section
point vertical to y-axis and x-axis (kNm);
xi, yithe distance from pile axis to corresponding calculated section vertical to y-axis
and x-axis (m);
Nithe design value of the ith vertical force corresponding to acting fundamental
combination after deadweight of slab and fill on the slab is deducted (kN).
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2 Tri-pile slab
1) Equilateral tri-pile slab (Figure 8.5.18b).
N max 3
M s c (8.5.18-3)
3 4

Where,
Mthe design value of bending moment of slab strip within distance range from slab
centroid to slab edge (kNm);
Nmaxthe design value of the vertical force of the largest single pile in the three piles
corresponding to acting fundamental combination after deadweight of slab and fill on the slab
is deducted (kN).
sthe pile space (m);
cthe side length of square column (m); c=0.886d (d is the circular column diameter)
in case of circular column.
2) Isosceles tri-pile slab (Figure 8.5.18c).
Figure 8.5.18 Slab Bending Moment Calculation
N max 0.75
M1 s c1 (8.5.18-4)
3
4 a2
N max 0.75
M2 as c (8.5.18-5)
3 2
4a 2

Where,
M1, M2the design value of bending moment of slab strip within distance from slab
centroid to two haunches and bottom edge respectively (kNm);
sthe pile space in long direction (m);
athe ratio of transverse pile space and long direction pile space, designed according
to the bi-pile slab of the variable cross-section if a is less than 0.5;
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c1, c2the side length of column section vertical to slab bottom edge and parallel to
slab bottom edge respectively (m).
8.5.19 Calculation of punching shear capacity of independent slab at the pile foundation
under column shall meet the following requirements:
1 Punching of column for slab may be calculated according to the following formulae
(Figure 8.5.19-1):
Fl2[aox(bc+aoy)+aoy(hc+aox)]hpfth0 (8.5.19-1)
Fl=F-Ni (8.5.19-2)
aox=0.84/(ox+0.2) (8.5.19-3)
aoy=0.84/(oy+0.2) (8.5.19-4)
Where,
Flthe punching force design value applied to punching failure cone corresponding to
acting fundamental combination after the deadweight of slab and its fill on the slab is
deducted (kN); the punching failure cone shall adopt cone formed by the connecting line from
column side or steps variation of slab to corresponding pile top edge and the included angle of
cone to the slab bottom surface shall not be less than 45 (Figure 8.5.19-1);
h0the effective depth of punching failure cone (m);
hpthe section height influence coefficient of punching shear capacity, taking
according to the requirements of Article 8.2.8 of this code;
aox, aoythe punching coefficient;
ox, oythe ratio of punching to span, ox=aox/h0, oy=aoy/h0, aox and aoy are horizontal
distance from column side or steps variation point to pile side; when aox (aoy)<0.25h0, aox
(aoy)=0.25h0; when aox (aoy)>h0, aox (aoy)=h0;
Fthe design value of axial force of column root (kN);
Nithe sum of the design value of net counterforce for each pile within the range of
punching failure cone (kN).
For the slab on the medium- and low-compressible soil, the slab thickness of punching
calculation for the independent slab of the pile foundation under column shall be reduced
according to the area experience when there is no void phenomenon between the slab and the
subsoil.
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Figure 8.5.19-1 Punching of Column for Slab
2 Punching of angle pile for slab may be calculated according to the following
formulae:
1) The bearing capacity of multi-pile rectangular slab under the punching of the angle
pile shall be calculated according to the following formula (Figure 8.5.19-2):
a1 y a
N l a1x c 2 a1 y (c1 1x ) hp f t h0 (8.5.19-5)
2 2
0.56
a1x (8.5.19-6)
1x 0.2
0.56
a1 y (8.5.19-7)
1 y 0.2
Where,
Nlthe design value of the vertical force of angle pile top corresponding to acting
fundamental combination after deadweight of slab and fill on the slab is deducted (kN);
a1x, a1ythe punching coefficient of angle pile;
1x, 1ythe ratio of punching to span of angle pile, its value in accordance with
0.25~1.0, 1x=a1x/h0, 1y=a1y/h0;
c1, c2the distance from angle pile inner edge to slab outer edge (m);
a1x, a1ythe horizontal distance from crosspoint of 45 punching line from the inner
edge of slab bottom angle pile and slab top surface or slab step variation point to the inner
edge of angle pile (m);
h0the effective height of slab outer edge (m).
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Figure 8.5.19-2 Punching Checking of Rectangular Slab Angle Pile
2) Bearing capacity of tri-pile triangle slab under the angle pile punching may be
calculated according to the following formula (Figure 8.5.19-3). For the circular column and
circular pile, circular section may be converted to square section in calculation.
Bottom angle pile
1
N l a11 (2c1 a11 ) tan hp f t h0 (8.5.19-8)
2
0.56
a11 (8.5.19-9)
11 0.2
Top angle pile
2
N l a12 (2c 2 a12 ) tan hp f t h0 (8.5.19-10)
2
Figure 8.5.19-3 Punching Checking of Triangle Slab Angle Pile
0.56
a12 (8.5.19-11)
12 0.2
Where,
11, 12the ratio of punching to span of angle pile, its value in accordance with
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a11 a
0.25~1.0, 11 , 12 12
h0 h0
a11, a12the horizontal distance from crosspoint of 45 punching line from the inner
edge of slab bottom angle pile to the adjacent slab and slab top surface to the inner edge of
angle pile (m); the cone line of punching cone shall take the connecting line between the
column side and pile inner edge when the column is within this 45 line.
8.5.20 For the independent slab of the pile foundation under column, the shear
calculation shall be carried out respectively for the inclined sections formed at column
side and pile side and step variation point and by connecting line of pile side. When
multiple shear inclined sections are formed by multirow pile available outside the
column side, each inclined section shall be checked.
8.5.21 The inclined section shear bearing capacity of independent slab for pile foundation
under column may be calculated according to the following formulae (Figure 8.5.21):
Vhsftb0h0 (8.5.21-1)
1.75
(8.5.21-2)
1.0
Where,
Vthe design value of the maximum shear force inclined section corresponding to
acting fundamental combination after deadweight of slab and fill on the slab is deducted (kN);
b0the calculation width at slab calculated section (m); the calculation width of steps
variation point of stepped slab and the conical slab shall be determined in accordance with
Appendix U of this code;
h0the slab effective height at calculation width (m);
the coefficient of shear;
hsthe section height influence coefficient of shear bearing capacity, calculated
according to Formula (8.2.9-2);
ax ay
the ratio of shear to span of the calculation section, x , y ; ax and
h0 h0
ay are the horizontal distance from the column side or the slab steps variation point to the
pile side of the first row of the piles in the x and y directions, when <0.25, =0.25; when
>3, =3.
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Figure 8.5.21 Shear Calculation of Slab Inclined Section
8.5.22 When the concrete strength grade of the slab is equal to that of the column or
pile, the local pressure bearing capacity of the slab under the column or above the pile
shall also be recalculated.
8.5.23 Connection between slabs shall meet the following requirements:
1 Linking beam shall be placed in two orthogonal directions for a uni-pile slab.
2 Linking beam shall be placed in the transverse direction for bi-pile slab.
3 Linking beam shall be placed in two main axle directions for the independent slab
under column with aseismic requirements.
4 The top surface of linking beam should be at the same elevation with the slab. The
linking beam width shall not be less than 250mm; the beam height may be 1/10~1/15 of the
center distance of the slab and shall not be less than 400mm.
5 The main bar of linking beam shall be determined in accordance with calculation
requirements. The diameter of upper and lower longitudinal steel bars within the linking beam
shall not be less than 12mm and shall not be less than two, moreover, the slab shall be
anchored based on the tension requirements.
8.6 Rock Bolt Foundation
8.6.1 Rock bolt foundation is applicable to column foundations constructed directly on the
bed rock and the building foundation bearing larger tension or horizontal force. The anchor
bolt foundation shall be integrated with the bed rock and shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The anchor bolt hole diameter should take 3 times the diameter of anchor bolt bar but
shall not be less than one times the diameter of anchor bolt bar plus 50mm. The construction
requirements of anchor bolt foundation may adopt according to Figure 8.6.1.
2 Length of anchor bolt bar into the superstructure shall meet anchorage length
requirements of the steel bars.
3 Anchor bolt bar should adopt hot-rolled ribbed steel bar; strength of cement mortar
should not be less than 30MPa and strength of fine stone concrete should not be less than C30.
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Before grouting, the anchor bolt hole shall be cleaned up.
Figure 8.6.1 Anchor Bolt Foundation

d1Anchor bolt diameter; lEffective anchorage length of anchor bolt; dDiameter of anchor bolt bar
8.6.2 Pulling force borne by single anchor bolt in anchor bolt foundation shall be calculated
according to the following formulae:
Fk Gk M xk y i M yk xi
N ti (8.6.2-1)
n y i2 xi2
NtmaxRt (8.6.2-2)
Where,
Fkthe vertical force acting on foundation top corresponding to acting nominal
combination (kN);
Gkthe deadweight of foundation and soil on the foundation (kN);
Mxk, Mykthe moment of centroid acting on foundation bottom calculated according
to acting nominal combination (kNm);
xi, yithe distances from the ith anchor bolt to y-axis and x-axis of centroid at
foundation bottom (m);
Ntithe pulling force value borne by the ith anchor bolt corresponding to acting
nominal combination (kN);
Rtthe characteristic value of pullout bearing capacity for a single anchor bolt (kN).
8.6.3 For the building of Grade-A design grade, the characteristic value Rt of pullout bearing
capacity for a single anchor bolt shall be determined through field test; other buildings shall
comply with the following formula:
Rt0.8d1lf (8.6.3)
Where,
fthe bond strength characteristic value between mortar and rock (kPa), may be taken
according to Table 6.8.6 of this code.
9 Excavation Engineering
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9.1.1 Foundation pit excavation and support of building (structure) in the rock and soil site,
including column and wall support, rock strata or soil bolt and excavation engineering
constructed in inverse practice shall meet the requirements of this chapter.
9.1.2 The support design of foundation pit shall ensure safety of rock-soil excavation and
underground structure construction and shall ensure not to damage the ambient environment.
9.1.3 Excavation engineering design shall include the following contents:
1 Support structure system scheme and technical and economical comparison;
2 Stability checking of foundation pit support system;
3 Bearing capacity, stability and deformation calculation of support structure;
4 Underground water control design;
5 Design of influence control on surrounding environment;
6 Earth excavation scheme for foundation pit;
7 Monitoring requirements of excavation engineering.
9.1.4 Safety class for excavation engineering design, service life for structural design and
significance coefficient of structure shall be adopted according to design, construction and
service conditions of excavation engineering based on the relevant specifications.
9.1.5 The design of support structure of foundation pit shall meet the following
requirements:
1 All the support structure designs shall meet the requirements of strength and
deformation calculation and soil stabilization checking;
2 For the excavation engineering of Grade-A and Grade-B design grade, the
deformation calculation of soil mass inside and outside the foundation pit caused by earth
excavation and precipitation;
3 For the excavation engineering of Grade-A design grade in the high underground
water level area, the special design for underground water control shall be carried out in
accordance with Section 9.9 of this code.
9.1.6 Soil strength index adopted in excavation engineering design shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The sludge and sludgy soil shall adopt triaxial unconsolidated undrained shear
strength index;
2 Saturated cohesive soil under normal consolidation shall adopt triaxial
unconsolidated undrained shear strength index preconsolidated under the effective
deadweight stress of soil; when the earth excavation speed is relatively slow, the drainage
condition is good and soil mass is possible to be consolidated, the triaxial consolidated
undrained shear strength index may be adopted;
3 Sandy soil adopt effective stress strength index;
4 Checking of upheaval stability of soft clay may adopt vane-shear strength or triaxial
unconsolidated undrained shear strength index;
5 For the higher sensitivity soil, when the heavily-travelled main road or other soil
perturbance source is near the foundation pit, the soil strength index adopted in the calculation
should be reduced properly;
6 Adverse effect of construction disturbing causes like extrusion effect of piling and
ground treatment on the reduction of the soil strength index shall be considered.
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9.1.7 The deformation of soil mass inside and outside the foundation pit caused by support
structure deformation, rock-soil excavation and ground water conditions change shall meet
the following requirements:
1 Shall not influence size, form and normal construction of underground structure;
2 Shall not influence normal use of existing pile foundation;
3 Subsoil deformation caused by existing buildings and structures nearby shall not
exceed allowable subsoil deformation;
4 Shall not influence normal use of underground building (structure), underground
track traffic equipments and pipeline at the periphery.
9.1.8 Excavation engineering design shall have the following data:
1 Geotechnical engineering investigation report;
2 General plan drawing of building and land red-line maps;
3 Design information of building's underground structure and data of pile foundation or
ground treatment design;
4 Environmental investigation report for foundation pit, including relevant materials
for the building (structure), underground pipelines, underground facility and underground
traffic works nearby the foundation pit.
9.1.9 Foundation pit earth excavation shall be in strict accordance with the design
requirements and overexcavation is not allowed. The stacking at the periphery of the
foundation pit shall not exceed the design requirements. After the completion of the earth
excavation, the cushion layer shall be constructed immediately; the foundation pit shall be
sealed in case of water immersion and exposure and the underground structure construction
shall be carried out timely.
9.2 Excavation Engineering Exploration and Environmental Investigation
9.2.1 Excavation engineering exploration should place exploration points within the range
of 1~2 times the excavation depth outside the boundary of excavation. The exploration depth
shall meet the requirements of foundation pit support stability checking, precipitation or
waterproof curtain design. If it is impossible to place the exploration point at the boundary of
the foundation pit excavation, the relevant data shall be obtained through investigations.
9.2.2 Hydro-geological data and precipitation relevant parameter in the site shall be found
out and shall include the following contents:
1 Underground water type, underground water level elevation and amplitude of
variation;
2 Hydraulic connection, supply, runoff condition of each aquifer and permeability
coefficient of soil layer;
3 Analysis of possibility of quicksand and piping production;
4 Propose construction precipitation or water isolation measures and assess influence
of underground water level change on the site environment.
9.2.3 If the site hydrogeologic conditions are complex, on-site pumping test and
hydrogeological survey shall be carried out.
9.2.4 For the large-scale overyearing foundation pit in the severe cold area, the frost
heaving of each soil layer shall be assessed and the soil characteristics parameter variation of
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special soil caused by excavation, vibration effect and dehydration and water soaking shall be
assessed.
9.2.5 Excavation engineering exploration for rock mass shall not only find out the
distribution of rock strata around the foundation pit, weathering degree and rock breaking
condition as well as the physical and mechanical property of each rock stratum but the type,
occurrence, extension, closing degree, filling condition and mechanical property in terms of
the main structure surface, especially the shear strength and underground water condition of
outward inclined structural surface and assess the possibility of rock mass sliding and rock
block collapse.
9.2.6 When the excavation engineering periphery shall be subjected to environmental
investigation, the scope and details shall meet the following requirements:
1 The building (structure) and equipments condition shall be surveyed within the range
of two times the excavation depth around the foundation pit and the survey scope shall be
enlarged when the important building (structure) and equipments like track traffic equipments,
tunnel and flood wall are nearby or the precipitation depth is relatively large.
2 Environmental investigation shall include the following content:
1) Structural type, material strength, foundation type and buried depth, settlement and
inclination and protection requirement in terms of building (structure);
2) Plan position, buried depth, structural type, material strength, section size, operation
condition and protection requirement in terms of underground traffic works and pipeline
equipments etc.
9.3 Earth Pressure and Water Pressure
9.3.1 Action effect of support structure includes the following items:

1 Earth pressure;
2 Hydrostatic pressure and seepage pressure;
3 Building (structure) loading, ground overloading and construction load within the
influence range of foundation pit excavation and construction influence of adjacency site;
4 Internal force and deformation of support structure caused by temperature variation
and frost heaving;
5 Water-side support structure shall consider wave action and seepage force during the
water flow ebb;
6 Relevant loading action of building when used as permanent structure;
7 Loading action generated by main road transportation around the foundation pit.
9.3.2 Active earth pressure and passive earth pressure may be calculated by Coulomb or
Rankine earth pressure theory. When there is strict restriction on the horizontal displacement
of the support structure, they shall be calculated by earth pressure at rest.
9.3.3 The earth pressure and water pressure acting on support structure should be calculated
according to independent calculation of water and soil for the sandy soil or calculated
according to the composite calculation of water and soil for the cohesive soil or determined
according to the area experience.
9.3.4 When the excavation engineering adopts waterproof curtain and is inserted into the
relative impermeable layer at the lower part of the pit bottom, the water pressure inside and
88

outside the foundation pit may be calculated according to hydrostatic pressure.
9.3.5 When the support structure is designed according to the deformation control principle,
the calculated earth pressure acting on support structure may be determined according to the
interaction principle of support structure and soil mass or according to the area experience.
9.4 Design Calculation
9.4.1 Acting design value of the effect shall meet the following requirements during the
design of support structure for foundation pit:
1 Effect design value of the fundamental combination may adopt simplification rule
and calculated in accordance with the following formula:
Sd=1.25Sk (9.4.1-1)
Where,
Sdthe design value of the fundamental combination effect;
Skthe design value of the standard combination effect.
2 For axial force based members, Sd simplified calculation may be carried out
Sd=1.35Sk (9.4.1-2)
9.4.2 Buried depth of support structure shall meet the requirements of foundation pit
support structure stability and deformation checking and be determined in combination with
region engineering through experience. In case of underground water seepage action, the
support structure shall meet the checking of anti-seepage stability and should be inserted a
certain depth into impermeable layer under the pit bottom.
9.4.3 The design calculation of pile and wall support structure shall meet the following
requirements:
1 Pile and wall supports may be independent supports like colonnade piles in row,
sheet pile, underground diaphragm wall and section steel soil-cement wall or composite
support system with internal support and anchor bolt and applicable to the support structure
with narrow construction site, poor geological conditions and relatively deep foundation pit or
requiring to be strictly controlled or the excavation engineering during the subsoil
deformation at the environment around foundation pit .
2 Design of pile and wall support structure shall include the following content:
1) Determine buried depth of pile and wall
2) Calculation of internal force of support structure and deformation;
3) Design of member and node of support structure;
4) Foundation pit deformation calculation, if necessary, propose engineering technical
measures for environmental protection;
5) Calculation of internal force and deformation under the action of building load when
the support pile and wall are regarded as a part of main structure;
6) Monitoring requirements of excavation engineering.
9.4.4 Deformation control design may be carried out according to the following
requirements and the complexity of foundation pit surrounding environment and
environmental protection requirements and the appropriate protective measures shall be
taken:
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1 According to environmental protection requirements around the foundation pit,
propose each deformation design control index in terms of foundation pit;
2 Pre-estimate the additional deformation value of foundation pit excavation on
surrounding environment and the total deformation value shall be less than the allowable
deformation value;
3 Surrounding environment shall be protected by relevant measures to support
structure construction, underground water control and excavation.
9.4.5 Internal force and deformation analysis of support structure should be calculated in
lateral elastic subsoil reactions method. The lateral subsoil reactions coefficient of the soil
may be determined by horizontal loading test of a single pile.
9.4.6 The support structure shall be subjected to stability checking which shall meet the
requirements of Appendix V of this code. In case of stable engineering experience, stability
and safety coefficient may be determined according to area experience.
9.4.7 Stability checking for underground water seepage shall meet the following
requirements:
1 When there is head difference is available inside and outside the pit, the silt and
sandy soil shall be subjected to the stability checking according to Appendix W of this code;
2 When the upside soil body of foundation pit bottom is impermeable layer and
downside is provided with artesian head, the soil body in the pit shall be subjected to stability
checking resistant to bursting according to Appendix W of this code.
9.5 Internal Bracing of Support Structure
9.5.1 The internal bracing of support structure must adopt the connection structure of stable
structure system, and prefer to the hyperstatic internal bracing structure system and the
rigidity shall meet the requirement of deformation calculation.
9.5.2 The support structure calculation analyses shall meet the following principles:
1 Internal bracing structure shall be subjected to internal force and deformation
analysis in the principle of compatibility of deformation with the support pile and wall joints;
2 Under the action of vertical load and horizontal load, bearing capacity and
displacement calculation of support structure shall meet the relevant requirements of the
current national code for structural design and the bracing system may be analyzed according
to plane frame, continuous beam or simply supported beam based on different conditions;
3 When the variation of lateral earth pressure acting on the surrounding of the internal
bracing is large because the elevation of pit bottom in the foundation pit has large difference
or the soil index has large difference due to the uneven distribution of the soil layer around
the foundation pit, the calculation shall be carried out in the principle of displacement
coordination of the joints of pile, wall and internal bracing system;
4 When there is reliable experience, the space structure analysis method may be
adopted for integral calculation of support and surrounding purline (capping beam) and
support structure;
5 Each horizontal and vertical loaded member of the internal bracing system shall be
provided with necessary connecting members according to the stress conditions of the
structural member and the adverse effect in the construction to ensure the stability of the
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structural member in and out of the plane.
9.5.3 The construction and dismantlement order of the bracing structure shall be consistent
with the support structure design conditions and must comply with the principle of excavation
after bracing.
9.6 Soil Bolt
9.6.1 Anchorage segment for soil bolt shall not be placed at the untreated soft soil layer,
unstable soil layer and the soil layer with large soil body settlement due to harmful geologic
district and drilling injection.
9.6.2 Bolt body material should adopt the steel strand and twisted steel and HRB 335 steel
bar may be adopted when the ultimate bearing resistance of the bolt is less than 400kN.
9.6.3 Bolt arrangement and anchoring substance strength shall meet the following
requirements
1 The spacing of the upper and lower rows of anchoring substance of the bolt should
not be less than 2.5m and the spacing in the horizontal direction should not be less than 1.5m;
the overlaying soil thickness of anchoring substance of bolt should not be less than 4.0m. The
slope angle of the bolt should be 15~35.
2 One bolt positioning support should be arranged every other 1.0~2.0m along the bolt
axis direction; protection layer of anchor bolt body shall not be less than 20mm.
3 Anchoring substance should adopt cement mortar or neat cement grout and the grout
design strength should not be less than 20.0MPa.
4 Soil bolt hole diameter should not be less than 120mm.
9.6.4 Bolt design shall include the following contents:
1 Determination of bolt types, spacing, row spacing, mounting angle, section form and
construction process;
2 Determination of length of the free segment of the bolt and the anchorage segment,
anchoring substance diameter and characteristic value of pullout bearing capacity in terms of
bolt;
3 Design of anchor bolt bar material;
4 Design of anchorage device, bearing plate, pedestal and breast beam;
5 Tensioning load value and locking load value in terms of pressured anchor;
6 Bolt test and monitoring requirements;
7 Supplementary stretching design for bolt required by support structure deformation
control.
9.6.5 Sectional area of bolt prestressing tendon shall be determined according to the
following formula:
Nt
A1.35 (9.6.5)
P f Pt
Where,
Ntthe tension value borne by bolt corresponding to the acting standard combination,
(kN);
Pthe control coefficient for bolt tension construction process, taking 1.0 when the
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prestressing tendon is in a single bundle or 0.9 when prestressing tendon is in a multiple
bundles;
fPtthe design value of steel bar and steel strand strength (kPa).
9.6.6 The anchorage segment length (La) of soil bolt shall be determined in accordance with
fundamental test and the length in the primary design may be estimated according to the
following formula:
K Nt
La (9.6.6)
D qs
Where,
Dthe anchoring substance diameter, (m);
Kthe safety coefficient, taking 1.6;
qsthe bond strength characteristic value between soil body and anchoring substance
(kPa), obtained from statistical analysis of local pullout test results.
9.6.7 The bolt shall be tensioned and locked one by one after the strength of anchoring
substance and outer anchor head reaches above 80% of the design strength; the tension load
should be 1.05~1.1 times the tension value borne by the bolt and locked back to locking load
after stability for 5~10min. The locking load should be 0.7~0.85 times the design bearing
capacity of the bolt.
9.6.8 The free segment of the bolt shall not be less than 1m above the potential rupture
plane; the free segment length should not be less than 5m; the effective length of anchorage
segment outside the most dangerous sliding surface shall meet stability calculation
requirements.
9.6.9 For excavation engineering of Grade A design grade, the characteristic value of axial
tensile force of bolt shall be determined in accordance with Appendix Y of this code. For the
excavation engineering of Grade B and Grade C design grade, it may be designed according
to the physical parameter or empirical data and verified through the site test.
9.7 Excavation Engineering Inverse Practice
9.7.1 Inverse practice is applicable to excavation engineering whose horizontal

displacement is under strict control. According to the specific conditions of the engineering,
full inverse practice, semi-inverse practice and partial inverse practice may be adopted.
9.7.2 Design of inverse practice shall include the following contents:
1 Structural analysis and calculation of underground diaphragm wall of foundation pit
support or side wall of piles in rows and underground structure, internal bracing and
underground structure floor system;
2 Earth excavation and transport outwards;
3 Temporary upright practice;
4 Connection of side wall and support structure;
5 Connection of upright to bottom slab and floor system;
6 Analytical calculation of influence of differential settlement between adjacent
uprights and upright and side wall caused by unloading and resilience of pit subsoil on the
stress of constructed structure;
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7 Construction operation procedure, concreting and construction joint treatment;
8 Structure node construction measures.
9.7.3 Excavation engineering inverse practice shall be designed to ensure the underground
structure side wall, floor slab bottom slab and column to meet the design requirements as
foundation pit support structure and permanent structure condition of basement during
foundation pit excavation.
9.7.4 When the inverse practice is adopted, the design scheme of combination of support
structure system and underground structure may be adopted:
1 Underground structure wall regarded as foundation pit support structure;
2 Horizontal member (beam and plate system) of underground structure regarded as
internal bracing of foundation pit support;
3 Vertical member of underground structure regarded as support column of support
structure.
9.7.5 When the underground diaphragm wall is used as basement permanent structure,
design calculation of underground diaphragm wall shall meet the following requirements:
1 Underground diaphragm wall shall be subjected to the bearing capacity and
deformation calculation and cracking checking in accordance with limit state of bearing
capacity and limit state of normal use respectively.
2 The water-proof grade of underground diaphragm wall shall meet the design
requirements for application and water protection of the permanent structure. The joint (i.e.
top slab and bottom slab of underground structure) of underground diaphragm wall and main
structure may be provided with rigid waterstop strip, water expansion rubber waterstop strip
and the embedded grouting pipe according to water-proof grade requirements of the
underground structure.
3 The connection of the underground diaphragm wall and main structure shall be
subjected to design calculation according to stress characteristics and connection rigidity.
4 When the wall top bears the vertical eccentric load, compressive bearing capacity of
normal section shall be calculated in accordance with eccentric compression member. The
section's shear bearing capacity shall be checked at the joints of wall top ring beam and wall
and superstructure.
9.7.6 When the horizontal member of main underground structure is used as bracing, the
design shall meet the following requirements:
1 The horizontal member for bracing underground structure should be subjected to
analytical calculation in beam and slab structure system;
2 The structure secondary stress for horizontal member of underground structure
caused by differential deformation of upright piles and that between upright pile and
enclosure wall and necessary measures shall be taken to prevent generation of harmful cracks;
3 For the position different in height at the same floor slab of the underground structure,
the bending, shear and torsion bearing capacity of this position member shall be checked, if
necessary, the reliable horizontal conversion structure or temporary bracing measures shall be
arranged;
4 At the structure floor slab opening and lane's opening, when the beam plate at both
sides of the opening fails to meet the horizontal force transmission requirements of the
bracing, the temporary bracing shall be arranged at the position lack of structure floor slab;
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5 The structure parting in each layer of structure or post-placed strip which shall not be
sealed during pit construction shall be provided with horizontal force transmission members
through calculation.
9.7.7 The design of vertical bearing structure shall meet the following requirements:
1 Vertical bearing structure should adopt type of a structural column corresponding to a
temporary upright and upright pile (column and pile one to one).
2 The upright shall be subjected to calculation of bearing capacity and stability
checking in accordance with eccentric compression member and upright pile shall be
subjected to vertical bearing capacity and settlement calculation of a single pile.
3 Before construction of bottom slab of main structure, differential settlement between
adjacent upright piles and upright pile and adjacent foundation pit enclosure wall should not
be greater than 1/400 of column space and should not be greater than 20mm. Cast-in-situ pile
used as upright pile should adopt post-grouting of pile tip.
9.8 Excavation Engineering of Rock Mass
9.8.1 Rock mass foundation pit includes rock foundation pit and soil & rock composite
ground pit. Before excavation engineering, reliable treatment measures shall be taken for
landslide, debris flow, collapse and karst and section with soil cave developed intensely which
have potential threat or direct hazards.
9.8.2 Excavation engineering design for rock mass shall analyze influence of rock mass
texture and weak structural plane on the slope stability.
9.8.3 Under the condition of rock slope overall stability, slope excavation scheme may be
adopted. The allowable value of excavation gradient of rock slope shall be determined
according to local experience and the principle of engineering analogy as well as by reference
to the gradient value of local existing stable side slope.
9.8.4 For side slope of soft rock in the integral stability, side slope shall be subjected to
construction treatment during the excavation in accordance with Article 6.8.2 of this code.
9.8.5 The transverse thrust of outward side slope of single structure surface applied on the
retaining structure may be calculated according to wedged balance method in consideration of
the property of structural surface fillers and the change after water soaking. When the
intersecting line of two groups or multigroups of structural surfaces is inclined to the side
slope of the free face, the gliding force of the mound may be calculated through cutting
method of prismatic body.
9.8.6 When soil & rock Composite ground pit is supported by rock bolt retaining structure,
the requirements of Article 6.8.2 and Article 6.8.3 shall be complied with. The construction
requirements and design calculation of rock bolt shall meet the requirements of Article 6.8.4
and Article 6.8.5 of this code.
9.9 Underground Water Control
9.9.1 Underground water control for excavation engineering shall prevent piping, quicksand
and pit bottom bursting as well as excessive settlement of stratum outside the pit related to
underground water during the foundation pit excavation process and use period.
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9.9.2 Design of underground water control shall meet the following requirements:
1 During the construction of the underground engineering, the underground water level
shall be controlled at 0.5~1.5m below the foundation pit surface;
2 Meet checking requirements of pit bottom bursting;
3 Meet the requirements of stability of seepage resistance at pit bottom and side wall;
4 Control ground settlement volume and differential settlement outside the pit to
ensure the normal use of adjacent building (structure) and underground pipelines.
9.9.3 Foundation pit precipitation design shall include the following content:
1 Foundation pit precipitation system design shall include the following content:
1) Determine precipitation well layout, number, depth, spacing, well diameter and
individual well capacity;
2) Structure design of screen pipe of drainage well and relief well;
3) Requirements for artificial filtering layer;
4) Drainage pipeline system.
2 Checking of seepage stability of soil layer at pit bottom and stability of resistance to
pressure water bursting.
3 Calculation of final stabilized water level and variation of water level drop depth
with time in each typical position within the foundation pit precipitation area.
4 Calculation of settlement of adjacent building (structure) and underground facility
caused by precipitation.
5 Disposal well layout and recharge system design.
6 Influence of seepage action on internal force and deformation of support structure.
7 Monitoring requirements for precipitation construction and operation and foundation
pit safety shall cover monitoring requirements for water level and fine particle content in
water besides the monitoring of surrounding environment.
9.9.4 Water proof curtain design shall meet the following requirements:
1 If the underground diaphragm wall or water proof curtain is used to isolate the
underground water, the permeability coefficient for the isolation curtain should be less than
1.010-4m/d and vertical cut-off curtain shall insert underlying impermeable layer in such a
depth to meet the requirements of seepage resistance flow stability.
2 For closed water proof curtain, conduct the pumping test in the pit before foundation
pit excavation, observe the water-level fluctuation and pumping capacity through the
observation well in and out of the pit to confirm curtain's waterstop effect and quality.
3 If the water proof curtain fails to cut off effectively the confined aquifer at the deep
part of the foundation pit, the relief well may be arranged in the confined aquifer to control
relief water head of confined aquifer through design calculation and reduce the pressure as
required to ensure no bursting at the pit bottom. During the pressure-reducing control over the
pressure water, the ground settlement outside the pit caused by precipitation and
pressure-reducing shall not exceed allowable ground deformation value required by
environment control.
9.9.5 Underground water control design for foundation pit shall be considered together with
the design of the support structure; the stratum deformation and surface subsidence caused by
precipitation, drainage and horizontal displacement of support structure shall not be greater
than the allowable deformation value.
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9.9.6 In the high underground water level area, the excavation engineering featured by
complex hydrogeologic conditions, high protection requirement for surrounding environment
and Grade-A design grade shall be subjected to special design for underground water control
and shall include the following contents:
1 Shall have special hydrogeological survey data, survey report for foundation pit
surrounding environment and on-site pumping test data;
2 Precipitation risk analysis and precipitation design in terms of foundation pit;
3 Calculation of ground settlement caused by precipitation and environmental
protection measures;
4 Risk prediction and emergency rescue measures for foundation pit leakage;
5 Measures for operation, monitoring and management of precipitation.
10 Inspection and Monitoring
10.1.1 The test to provide basis for the design shall be carried out before the design; the
plate loading test, foundation pile static test, foundation pile pullout test and anchor bolt
pullout test shall be loaded to the ultimate or damage and the base reaction, pile body internal
force and pile tip resistance shall be tested if necessary.
10.1.2 Maximum loading capacity in acceptance inspection of static load test shall not be
less than two times the characteristic value of bearing capacity.
10.1.3 Acceptance inspection of uplift pile shall take crack width control measures for
engineering pile.
10.2 Inspection
10.2.1 Foundation trench (pit) inspection shall be carried out after it is excavated to the end.
When the geological conditions are found inconsistent with the investigation report and
design document or abnormal condition is encountered, treatment suggestion shall be
proposed in combination with geological conditions.
10.2.2 Ground treatment effect inspection shall meet the following requirements:
1 The number of load test after ground treatment shall be determined according to site
complexity and building importance. For the general building on the simple site, the load test
point number of each monomer engineering should not be less than three; the test point shall
be added at the complex site or important building.
2 Inspection depth for treatment of ground uniformity shall not be less than the design
treatment depth.
3 Such special soil as backfilling weathered rock, mountain soil and construction
wastes shall be evaluated comprehensively in various methods like wave velocity, superduty
dynamic sounding and deep layer load test.
4 For the special soil layer like weathered rock and expansive soil which will be
softened and crumbled in case of water, influence of difference of testing condition and
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physical condition on inspection result shall be assessed besides bearing capacity assessment
according to test data.
5 Composite ground shall not only be subjected to static load test but also quality
inspection of vertical reinforcement and periphery soil.
6 Press plate width of load test for composite ground of strip foundation and individual
foundation should be determined according to foundation width.
10.2.3 In the compacted fill construction, the stratified sampling shall be carried out to
inspect the dry density and water content of the soil. the inspection point shall not be less than
one per area of 50~100m2 in a large foundation pit; for the foundation trench, it shall not be
less than one per 10~20m each independent column foundations shall not be less than one
inspection point. If the construction quality of cushion layer is inspected by penetrometer or
dynamic sounding, the spacing between the inspection points shall be less than 4m. The
compaction coefficient obtained according to inspection result shall not be less than the
requirements of Table 6.3.7 of this code.
10.2.4 Compaction coefficient may be inspected in core cutter method, sand replacement
method, water replacement method or other methods.
10.2.5 The pre-pressed soft ground shall be subjected to vane shear test and laboratory soil
test at the original position respectively before and after prepressing. Prepressed subsoil
bearing capacity shall be subjected to field loading test.
10.2.6 Treatment effect of dynamic compaction ground shall be inspected in the load test in
combination with other in-situ tests methods. The subsoil bearing capacity displaced by
dynamic compaction shall be inspected by single-pier load test and the variation of soil layer
density with the depth after construction shall be found out in dynamic sounding etc. The
press plate area in load test of dynamic compaction ground or dynamic compaction
displacement ground shall be determined in accordance with treatment depth.
10.2.7 Treatment effect of Sand-gravel pile and vibro-flotation gravel pile shall be inspected
in the composite ground load test method. The large project and important building shall be
inspected in the method of load test method of multi-pile composite ground; the soil between
piles shall be inspected in the in-situ tests methods like dynamic sounding, standard
penetration and static sounding after treatment. The pile body compactness of sand-gravel pile
and vibro-flotation gravel pile may be inspected in the dynamic sounding methods.
10.2.8 Portable penetration test and standard penetration test may be carried out after piling
of cement mixing pile and the pile body quality may be assessed in compaction strength test
in combination with taking core sample by drilling and in segment.
10.2.9 Composite ground bearing capacity inspection of soil-cement mixing pile shall be
subjected to single pile load test and composite ground load test.
10.2.10 Composite ground shall be subjected to inspection of pile body integrity and
vertical bearing capacity of a single pile and the single pile or multi-pile composite ground
load test, if the construction process has an effect on bearing capacity of soil between piles,
the such bearing capacity inspection shall be carried out.
10.2.11 Driven pile and static pressure pile shall be provided with conformed relevant
parameter of construction process. After construction is completed, such inspection as pile top
elevation and pile position deviation shall be carried out.
10.2.12 For the concrete filling pile, parameter related to construction process shall be
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provided, including mechanical property test report for raw material, the specimen retained
quantity, production & maintenance method, test report for concrete compressive strength and
the inspection report on the production quality of reinforcement cage. The inspection of pile
top elevation and pile position deviation shall be carried out still.
10.2.13 When the artificial excavated pile ends, inspection of pile tip bearing stratum shall
be carried out. The larger-diameter rock-socketed piles in a single column and a single pile
shall consider whether there are unfavorable geological conditions like soil cave, karst cave,
fracture zone or weak intercalated layer within 3 times the pile body diameter or 5m depth
under the rocky inspection hole.
10.2.14 Engineering pile after construction is completed shall be subjected to pile body
integrity inspection and vertical bearing capacity inspection. The pile bearing the larger
horizontal force shall be subjected to horizontal bearing capacity inspection and the uplift pile
shall be subjected to pullout bearing capacity inspection.
10.2.15 The pile body integrity inspection should be carried out in two or more inspection
methods. The concrete rock-socketed piles with diameter greater than 800mm shall be tested
in drilling hole coring method or sound wave transmission method and the number shall not
be less than 10% of the total pile number and not less than ten and the pile number randomly
inspected for slab under each column shall not be less than one. The pile with diameter not
greater than 800mm and non-socketed pile with diameter greater than 800mm may be tested
according to pile diameter and pile length in combination with pile type and local experience
in the drilling hole coring method, sound wave transmission method or motional survey
method. The tested pile number shall not be less than 10% of the total pile number and shall
not be less than ten.
10.2.16 The method and number for the vertical bearing capacity inspection may be
determined according to design grade of foundation and site condition in combination with
reliable local experience and technology. The vertical bearing capacity inspection of
engineering pile under complicated geological conditions shall adopt static load test and
inspected pile number shall not be less than 1% of the total pile number under the same
conditions and shall not be less than three. The bearing capacity of larger-diameter
rock-socketed piles may be verified according to rock character report of pile tip bearing
stratum during final hole in combination with quality inspection report for pile body.
10.2.17 Bearing capacity inspection of horizontal bearing pile and uplift pile may be carried
out according to horizontal loading test of a single pile in Appendix S of this code and vertical
pullout static test of a single pile in Appendix T and the inspected pile number shall not be
less than 1% of total pile number under the same conditions and shall not be less than three.
10.2.18 Underground diaphragm wall shall submit confirmed record on the wall shaping
and construction report. Wall quality inspection shall be carried out after underground
diaphragm wall is completed. Inspection method may adopt drilling hole coring or sound
wave transmission methods; the test cell number for underground diaphragm wall shall not be
less than 10% of the total cell number under the same condition; the test cell number of
bearing underground diaphragm wall shall not be less than 20% of the total cell number under
the same condition.
10.2.19 After rock bolt is completed, pullout bearing capacity inspection shall be carried out
in accordance with Appendix M of this code and inspection quantity shall not be less than 5%
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of the total number of anchor bolt and shall not be less than 6.
10.2.20 When the ground treatment effect, pile body or underground diaphragm wall quality
and pile or rock bolt bearing capacity are found to fail to meet the design requirements in the
inspection, comprehensive analysis shall be carried out in combination with engineering site
geology and construction conditions and if necessary, inspection quantity shall be enlarged
and treatment suggestion shall be proposed.
10.3 Monitoring
10.3.1 Ground treatment engineering like large-area filling and land reclamation shall be
subjected to long-term monitoring for the ground settlement until the settlement reaches the
stabilizing criterion; the soil mass displacement, void water pressure, etc. shall be monitored
in construction process.
10.3.2 Foundation pit excavation shall be monitored according to the design requirements
and subjected to dynamic design and informatization construction.
10.3.3 When the underground water reduction has a relatively large influence on
surrounding environment in the construction process, the underground water level variation,
periphery building settlement and displacement, soil mass deformation and underground
pipelines deformation etc. shall be monitored.
10.3.4 Locked prestress shall be monitored after prestressed anchor construction is
completed and the monitored anchor bolt number shall not be less than 5% of the total
number of the anchor bolt and shall not be less than six.
10.3.5 Foundation pit excavation monitoring includes internal force and deformation of
support structure; the monitoring like underground water level variation and public utilities
like periphery building (structure) and underground pipelines may be selected according to
those specified in Table 10.3.5.
Table 10.3.5 Selection List for Foundation Pit Monitoring Item
Adjacent
building
Horizontal (structure) Anchor Bracing Piling
Design Foundation Pore
displacement settlement Underground bolt axial force Upright wall Ground Soil lateral Earth
grade of pit bottom water
of support and water level tensile or deformation internal settlement deformation pressure
foundation upheaval pressure
structure underground force deformation force
pipelines
deformation
Grade A
Grade B
Grade C
Notes: 1 is the item shall be measured; is the item should be measured; is item may not be measured;
2 Foundation pit with depth greater than 15m should be arranged with resilience monitoring point of pit bottom soil;
3 When the protection requirement for foundation pit surrounding environment is strict, the monitoring of underground
water level shall cover monitoring for the underground water level in and out of the foundation pit.
10.3.6 During the construction of the side slope works, meteorological conditions, earth
excavation, filling and stacking shall be recorded strictly. The horizontal displacement and
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vertical displacement of side slope shall be monitored until deformation is stable for not less
than two years. During the blasting construction, influence of blasting on surrounding
environment shall be monitored.
10.3.7 When the squeezing earth pile is placed densely or the protection requirement for
surrounding environment is strict, the soil mass upheaval and displacement caused by piling,
adjacent pile top elevation and pile position and pore water pressure, etc. shall be monitored.
10.3.8 The following buildings shall be subjected to settlement deformation observation in
construction period and service period.
1 Building of Grade-A design grade of foundation;
2 Building of Grade-B design grade of foundation on soft ground;
3 Building on treatment ground;
4 Layered and expanded building;
5 The building impacted by the adjacent excavation construction of deep foundation pit
or environmental factor like underground water change;
6 Building adopting new type foundation or new type structure.
10.3.9 For the engineering required to accumulate building settlement experience or
subjected to design back analysis, building settlement observation and foundation counter
stress monitoring shall be carried out. The layers settlement monitoring point should be
arranged for settlement observation.
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Appendix A
Division of Rock Hardness and Rock Mass Integrity Degree
A.0.1 Rock hardness shall be divided according to the on-site observation and shall be in
accordance with those specified in Table A.0.1.
Table A.0.1 Quality Identification Division of Rock Hardness
Name Identification Typical rocks
Hammering sounds clear and crisp

Unweathered-slightly weathered granite, diorite, diabase,
with rebounds and hand shaking,
Hard rock basalt, andesite, gneiss, quartzite, siliceous conglomerate,
difficult to smash and without
quartz sandstone, cherty limestone, etc.
basically water absorption reaction
Hard
Hammering sounds comparatively
rock
clear and crisp with slight rebounds 1.Slightly weathered hard rock;
Medium
and slight hand shaking, relatively 2.Unweathered-slightly weathered marble, slate, limestone,
hard rock
difficult to smash and with slight dolostone, calcareous sandstone, etc.
water absorption reaction
Hammering sounds not clear and 1.Moderately-weathered-highly weathered hard rock or

Medium crisp without rebound and relatively medium hard rock;
soft rock easy to smash, after watering, the 2.Unweathered-slightly weathered tuff, phyllite, sandy mud
finger may mark on the rock rock, marlstone, etc.
Soft
1.Highly weathered hard rock and medium hard rock;
rock
Hammering sounds mute without 2.Moderately-weathered-highly weathered medium soft
Soft rock rebound, pitted, easy to smash and rock;
after watering, may be split by hands 3.Unweathered-slightly weathered shale, dirty sandstone,
mud rock, etc.
Hammering sounds mute without

rebound, deeply pitted, may be 1.All kinds of completely-weathered rocks;
Dead-soft rock
crumbled by hands and may be 2.All kinds of semi diagenism
kneaded into a lump after watering
A.0.2 Division of rock mass integrity degree should according to those specified in Table
A.0.2.
Table A.0.2 Division of Rock Mass Integrity Degree
Structural plane group Average spacing of control structural
Name Typical structure type
number plane (m)
Integrate 1~2 Integral structure

>1.0
Medium integrate 2~3 Blocky structure Mosaic
0.4~1.0
Medium broken >3 structure
0.2~0.4
Broken >3 Breaking structure Granula
<0.2
Extreme broken Orderless structure
101

Appendix B
Field Identification of Gravel Soil
Table B.0.1 Field Identification Method of Gravel Soil Compactness

Skeleton particle content and
Compactness Excavation Drillability
arrangement
It is extremely difficult to drill

Skeleton particle content is Difficult to excavate with
in. During percussive drilling, the
greater than 70% of total weight in spades and pickaxes and may
Compact drill bar and drop hammer beats
a staggered arrangement and be loosened with crowbar; the
severely and the hole wall is
continuous contact well wall is generally steady.
steady
It may be excavated by a
spade or pickaxe; borehole It is relatively easy to drill in.
Skeleton particle content is
wall has block falling During percussive drilling, the
equal to 60%~70% of the total
Medium compact phenomenon and the concave drill bar and drop hammer do not
weight in staggered arrangement
shape of large particles when beat severely and the hole wall is
and most contacts
being taken from borehole liable to collapse
wall may be maintain
Spades are competent to

Skeleton particle content is excavate; the well wall is apt It is easy to drill in. During
equal to 55~60% of total weight in to collapse; sandy soil percussive drilling, the drill bar
Slightly compact
a disordered arrangement and immediately slumps after beats slightly and the hole wall is
most does not contact taking out of large particles liable to collapse
from well wall.
Skeleton particle content is less It is very easy to drill; during

Easy to excavate by spade
than 55% of the total weight in percussive drilling, the drill rod
Loose and the well wall is extremely
quite disordered arrangement and has no rebounce; the hole wall is
easy to collapse
most does not contact easy to collapse.
Notes: 1 Skeleton particle indicates particle of particle size corresponding to Table 4.1.5 of this code;
2 Compactness of gravelly soil shall be determined according to each requirement in the table comprehensively.
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Appendix C
Key Points for Shallow Plate Load Testing
C.0.1 The shallow plate load testing for foundation soil is applicable to determine the
bearing capacity and deformation parameter within main influence range of stress under
pressure-bearing plate of shallow foundation soil layer; the area of the pressure-bearing plate
shall not be less than 0.25m2 and shall not be less than 0.5m2 for soft soil.
C.0.2 The width of the test foundation pit shall not be less than three times the width or
diameter of the pressure-bearing plate. The original structure and natural moisture of the test
soil layer shall be kept. Leveling should be carried out on the surface to be pressure tested
with coarse sand or medium sand layer, and the thickness shall not exceed 20mm.
C.0.3 The loading grades shall not be less than 8. The maximum loading capacity shall not
be less than twice the design requirements.
C.0.4 After loading each grade, one settlement volume shall be measured and read at an
interval of 10min, 10min, 10min, 15min and 15min and every other half an hour later; where
the settlement volume per hour within continuous two hours is less than 0.1mm, the
settlement volume tends to be more stable, and the next load may be added.
C.0.5 Loading may be terminated where one of the following conditions occurs:
1 Soil around the pressure-bearing plate obviously extrudes laterally;
2 Settlement s increases suddenly and load settlement (p-s) curve has steep drop
section;
3 The settlement rate in 24h at certain load fails to reach the stability criteria;
4 The ratio of settlement volume to width or diameter of pressure-bearing plate is
greater than or equal to 0.06.
C.0.6 Where one of the first three clauses in Article C.0.5 is met, the corresponding former
load shall be the ultimate load.
C.0.7 The determination of characteristic value of bearing capacity shall meet the following
requirements:
1 Where there is scale threshold on p-s curve, the load value corresponding to this
scale threshold shall be taken;
2 Where the ultimate load is less than twice the load value of corresponding scale
threshold, one half of the ultimate load value shall be taken;
3 Where it is incapable of determining according to the requirements of
above-mentioned two clauses, when the press plate area is 0.25m2~0.50m2, the load
corresponding to s/b=0.01~0.015 may be taken, but the value shall not be greater than one
half of the maximum loading capacity.
C.0.8 The test points participating in statistics for the same soil layer shall not be less than 3;
the extreme difference of measured test values shall not exceed 30% of the average value, and
this average value shall be taken as the characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity of this
soil layer (fak).
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Appendix D
Key Points for Deep Plate Load Testing
D.0.1 The deep plate load testing for foundation soil is applicable to determine the bearing
capacity and deformation parameter within main influence range of stress under
pressure-bearing plate of deep foundation soil layer and large-diameter-pile-tip soil layer.
D.0.2 The pressure-bearing plate for deep plate load testing shall adopt a rigid plate of 0.8m
in diameter, and the height of soil layer close to the outside of pressure-bearing plate
periphery shall not be less than 80cm.
D.0.3 The loading grade may be applied by grades according to 1/10~1/15 of pre-estimated
ultimate bearing capacity.
D.0.4 After loading each grade, one settlement shall be measured and read at an interval of
10min, 10min, 10min, 15min and 15min within the first hour and every other half an hour
later. Where the settlement volume per hour within continuous two hours is less than 0.1mm,
the settlement volume tends to be more stable, and the next load may be added.
D.0.5 Loading may be terminated where one of the following conditions occurs:
1 Settlement s increases suddenly, load-settlement (p-s) curve has steep drop section
which may judge the ultimate bearing capacity, and the settlement volume exceeds 0.04d (d is
the diameter of pressure-bearing plate);
2 The settlement rate in 24h at certain load fails to reach stability;
3 The settlement volume of this grade is greater than 5 times that of the former grade;
4 Where the soil layer of the bearing stratum is hard and the settlement volume is very
small, the maximum loading capacity is not less than twice the design requirements.
D.0.6 The determination of the characteristic value of bearing capacity shall meet the
1 Where there is scale threshold on p-s curve, the load value corresponding to this
scale threshold shall be adopted;
2 Where one of the first three clauses in loading termination conditions is met, the
corresponding former load shall be the ultimate load; where this value is less than twice the
load value corresponding to scale threshold, one half of the ultimate load value shall be taken;
3 Where it is incapable of determining according to the requirements of
above-mentioned two clauses, the load value corresponding to s/d=0.01~0.015 may be taken,
but the value shall not be greater than one half of the maximum loading capacity.
D.0.7 The test points participating in statistics for the same soil layer shall not be less than 3;
where the extreme difference of measured test values does not exceed 30% of the average
value, this average value shall be taken as the characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity
of this soil layer (fak).
104

Appendix E
Standardized Value for Shear Strength Parameters C and
E.0.1 The standardized value for internal friction angle k and the standardized value for
cohesion strength Ck may be calculated according to the following requirements:

1 According to the results of n groups of indoor triaxial compression tests, the
coefficient of variation, the test average value of a certain soil indicator and the standard
deviation may be calculated according to the following formulae:
=/ (E.0.1-1)
n
i
i 1
(E.0.1-2)
n
i
2
n 2
i 1
(E.0.1-3)
n 1
Where,
the coefficient of variation;
the test average value of a certain soil indicator;
the standard deviation.
2 The statistic correction coefficients and c of internal friction angle and
cohesion strength shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
1.704 4.678
1 2 (E.0.1-4)
n n
1.704 4.678
c 1 c (E.0.1-5)
n n 2
Where,
the statistic correction coefficient of internal friction angle;
cthe statistic correction coefficient of cohesion strength;
the coefficient of variation of internal friction angle;
cthe coefficient of variation of cohesion strength.
3 k m (E.0.1-6)
Ck= cCm (E.0.1-7)

Where,
mthe test average value of internal friction angle;
105

Cmthe test average value of cohesion strength.
106

Appendix F Standard frost pentration line graph of seasonally frozen ground of China
A 95"
Legend
S..1 JIl~ttatiOD Iin.

~~.."--'"
) . '" is shon of in rmahon
11111 :: I=a(' Ic~cutive311d

island "" thawed area )
,
......... Natiolllll
.~ '""onal un~fmM boun
"- nvmcw ooun
1l(' L-...U9__ 360

Scale
@
Appendix G
Classification of Soil Expansion upon Freezing and Maximum
Allowable Thickness of Frozen Earth above Building Foundation
G.0.1 The soil expansion upon freezing may be classified into non-frost heaving, weak frost
heaving, frost heaving, strong frost heaving and extra strong frost heaving according to those
specified in Table G.0.1.
G.0.2 The maximum allowable thickness of frozen earth above building foundation hmax (m)
may be adopted from Table G.0.2.
Table G.0.1 Classification of Soil Expansion upon Freezing
Minimum
Distance from
Natural water Underground Average frost
Frost heaving Frost heaving
Soil name content before Water Level to heaving ratio
grade category
freezing (%) Freezing Surface (%)
in Freezing Period
hw (m)
Crushed stone >1.0 1 I Non-frost heaving

12
(pebble), gravelly 1.0 Weak frost
1<3.5 II
sand, coarse sand >1.0 heaving
12<18
and medium sand 1.0
3.5<6 III Frost heaving
(content of >0.5
particle with
particle size less
than 0.075mm is
greater than 15%),
>18 Strong frost
fine sand (content 0.5 6<12 IV
heaving
of particle with
particle size less
than 0.075mm is
greater than 10%)
>1.0 1 I Non-frost heaving

14
1.0 Weak frost
1<3.5 II
>1.0 heaving
14<19
1.0
Silty sand >1.0
19<23 Strong frost
1.0 6<12 IV
heaving
Extra strong frost

>23 Not considered >12 V
heaving
Silty soil 19 >1.5 1 I Non-frost heaving
107

Weak frost
1.5 1<3.5 II
heaving
Weak frost
>1.5 1<3.5 II
19<22 heaving
1.5
>1.5
22<26
1.5 Strong frost
6<12 IV
>1.5 heaving
26<30
1.5 Extra strong frost
>12 V
>30 Not considered heaving
>2.0 1 I Non-frost heaving

p+2
2.0 Weak frost
1<3.5 II
>2.0 heaving
p+2<p+5
2.0
Cohesive soil >2.0
p+5<p+9
2.0 Strong frost
6<12 IV
>2.0 heaving
p+9<p+15
2.0 Extra strong frost
>12 V
>p+15 Not considered heaving
Notes: 1 pthe plastic limit water content (%);

the average value of natural water content before freezing in frozen soil layer (%);
2 Salinized frozen soil is not included;
3 Where the plasticity index is greater than 22, the frost heaving may be reduced one grade;
4 Where the content of particle with particle size less than 0.005mm is greater than 60%, the soil is of non-frost heaving;
5 Where the filling of gravelly soil is greater than 40% of total mass, the frost heaving shall be judged according to the
filling soil category;
6 Gravelly soil, gravelly sand, coarse sand, medium sand (content of particle with particle size less than 0.075mm is not
greater than 15%) and fine sand (content of particle with particle size less than 0.075mm is not greater than 10%) shall be
considered as non-frost heaving.
Table G.0.2 Maximum Allowable Thickness of Frozen Earth above Building Foundation hmax (m)
Average pressure of foundation (kPa)
110 130 150 170 190 210
Frost heaving property Foundation type Heating condition
Heating 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20

Square foundation
Non-heating 0.70 0.80 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10
Weak frost heaving soil
Heating >2.50 >2.50 >2.50 >2.50 >2.50 >2.50
Strip foundation
Non-heating 2.20 2.50 >2.50 >2.50 >2.50 >2.50
Heating 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85

Square foundation
Non-heating 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
Frost heaving soil
Heating 1.55 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.50
Strip foundation
Non-heating 1.15 1.35 1.55 1.75 1.95
Notes: 1 This table only calculates the normal frost heaving force; if there is tangential frost heaving force at the foundation
side, tangential force protection measures shall be taken:
2 It is not applicable if the foundation width is less than 0.6m; for rectangular foundation, it shall be calculated by short-side
108

dimension according to square foundation;
3 Data in this table are not applicable to sludge, sludgy soil and under-consolidated soil;
4 For the calculation of the average pressure of foundation, the standard combination value of permanent action multiplied
by 0.9 shall be taken, and interpolation may be adopted.
109

Appendix H
Key Points for Loading Test on Rock
H.0.1 This appendix is applicable to determine the bearing capacity of integral, relatively
integral and relatively broken rock foundation used as natural subsoil or pile foundation
bearing stratum.
H.0.2 The round rigid pressure-bearing plate with a diameter of 300mm shall be adopted.
Where the rock buried depth is larger, reinforced concrete pile may be adopted, but measures
shall be taken around the pile to eliminate the frictional force between pile body and soil.
H.0.3 For reading observation for initial stability of survey system, one reading shall be
made every other 10min before pressure application, and the test may be started only after the
continuous three readings are constant.
H.0.4 The loading shall adopt single cycle; the load shall ascend grade by grade up to
damage, and then unloading shall be carried out by grade.
H.0.5 In loading, the first grade loading value shall be 1/5 of the pre-estimated design load,
later, each grade shall be 1/10 of pre-estimated design load.
H.0.6 The measurement and reading of settlement volume shall be carried out immediately
after loading, and one reading shall be carried out per 10min later.
H.0.7 If the difference of continuous three reading is not greater than 0.01mm, it is
considered the stability criteria are achieved, and the next load may be applied.
H.0.8 Loading may be terminated where one of the following phenomena occurs in the
loading process:
1 The settlement volume reading changes continuously and the settlement rate has
increase trend in 24h;
2 The pressure is not applied or the pressure is applied with difficulty but fails to
remain stable.
Note: If limited to load carrying capacity, the load shall also be increased to at least twice the design requirements.
H.0.9 Unloading and unloading observation shall meet the following requirements:
1 Each grade unloading shall be twice of loading; if it is odd, the first grade may be 3
times;
2 After each grade unloading, one measurement and reading shall be made every other
10min, and the next load may be unloaded after three measurements and readings;
3 After all unloading, where the resilience amount of half an hour is measured less than
0.01mm, it is considered the stability is achieved.
H.0.10 The determination of rock foundation bearing capacity shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The end point corresponding to initial straight section of p-s curve shall be the scale
threshold. The former load meeting the loading termination condition shall be the ultimate
load. After comparison of the value obtained from ultimate load divided by a safety
coefficient of 3 with the load corresponding to scale threshold, the smaller value shall be
taken.
2 The quantity of each site load testing shall not be less than 3, and the minimum value
110

shall be taken as the characteristic value of bearing capacity of rock foundation.
3 The bearing capacity of rock foundation may not be subjected to depth-width
correction.
Appendix J
Requirements for Uni-axial Compressive Strength Testing on Rock
J.0.1 The test portion may adopt the bored core or rock block taken in pitting or trenching.
J.0.2 The rock sample shall be 50mm100mm in dimension in general and not less than 6
in quantity, and subjected to saturated treatment.
J.0.3 Load on a pressing machine at a loading rate of 500kPa~800kPa per second until
sample failure, record the maximum loading, and make sample description before and after
the test.
J.0.4 Calculate the average value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation according
to the test values of a group of samples participating in statistics, and the standardized value
for uni-axial compressive strength on rock is:
frk = frm (J.0.4-1)
1.704 4.678
=1- (J.0.4-2)
n n 2
Where,
frmthe average value of uni-axial compressive strength on rock (kPa);
frkthe standardized value for uni-axial compressive strength on rock (kPa);
the statistic correction coefficient;
nthe sample number;
the coefficient of variation.
111

Appendix K
Stress Influence Coefficient and Average Stress Influence
Coefficient
K.0.1 Stress influence coefficient (Table K.0.1-1) and average stress influence coefficient
(Table K.0.1-2) of angular point under the action of evenly distributed load on rectangular
area.
Table K.0.1-1 Stress Influence Coefficient of Angular Point under the Action of Evenly Distributed
Load on Rectangular Area
l/b
z/b
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 Strip
0.0 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249
0.4 0.240 0.242 0.243 0.243 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244 0.244
0.6 0.223 0.228 0.230 0.232 0.232 0.233 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234
0.8 0.200 0.207 0.212 0.215 0.216 0.218 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220 0.220
1.0 0.175 0.185 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.200 0.203 0.204 0.204 0.204 0.205 0.205
1.2 0.152 0.163 0.171 0.176 0.179 0.182 0.187 0.188 0.189 0.189 0.189 0.189
1.4 0.131 0.142 0.151 0.157 0.161 0.164 0.171 0.173 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.174
1.6 0.112 0.124 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.148 0.157 0.159 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160
1.8 0.097 0.108 0.117 0.124 0.129 0.133 0.143 0.146 0.147 0.148 0.148 0.148
2.0 0.084 0.095 0.103 0.110 0.116 0.120 0.131 0.135 0.136 0.137 0.137 0.137
2.2 0.073 0.083 0.092 0.098 0.104 0.108 0.121 0.125 0.126 0.127 0.128 0.128
2.4 0.064 0.073 0.081 0.088 0.093 0.098 0.111 0.116 0.118 0.118 0.119 0.119
2.6 0.057 0.065 0.072 0.079 0.084 0.089 0.102 0.107 0.110 0.111 0.112 0.112
2.8 0.050 0.058 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.080 0.094 0.100 0.102 0.104 0.105 0.105
3.0 0.045 0.052 0.058 0.064 0.069 0.073 0.087 0.093 0.096 0.097 0.099 0.099
3.2 0.040 0.047 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.081 0.087 0.090 0.092 0.093 0.094
3.4 0.036 0.042 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.061 0.075 0.081 0.085 0.086 0.088 0.089
3.6 0.033 0.038 0.043 0.048 0.052 0.056 0.069 0.076 0.080 0.082 0.084 0.084
3.8 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.065 0.072 0.075 0.077 0.080 0.080
4.0 0.027 0.032 0.036 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.060 0.067 0.071 0.073 0.076 0.076
4.2 0.025 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.044 0.056 0.063 0.067 0.070 0.072 0.073
4.4 0.023 0.027 0.031 0.034 0.038 0.041 0.053 0.060 0.064 0.066 0.069 0.070
4.6 0.021 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.049 0.056 0.061 0.063 0.066 0.067
4.8 0.019 0.023 0.026 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.046 0.053 0.058 0.060 0.064 0.064
5.0 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.043 0.050 0.055 0.057 0.061 0.062
6.0 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.046 0.051 0.052
7.0 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.025 0.031 0.035 0.038 0.043 0.045
8.0 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.020 0.025 0.028 0.031 0.037 0.039
112

9.0 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.026 0.032 0.035
10.0 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0.028 0.032
12.0 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.022 0.026
14.0 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.023
16.0 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.020
18.0 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.018
20.0 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.010 0.016
25.0 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.013
30.0 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.011
35.0 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.009
40.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.008
Note: lFoundation length (m); bFoundation width (m); xVertical distance from calculation point to foundation
bottom (m).
K.0.2 Stress influence coefficient and average stress influence coefficient (Table
K.0.2) under the action of triangular load on rectangular area.
K.0.3) of midpoint under the action of evenly distributed load on round area.
K.0.4) of side point under the action of triangular load on round area.
113

Table K.0.1-2 Average Stress Influence Coefficient of Angular Point under the Action of Evenly Distributed Load on Rectangular Area
l/b
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 5.0 10.0
z/b
0.0 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500
0.2 0.2496 0.2497 0.2497 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498 0.2498
0.4 0.2474 0.2479 0.2481 0.2483 0.2483 0.2484 0.2485 0.2485 0.2485 0.2485 0.2485 0.2485 0.2485
0.6 0.2423 0.2437 0.2444 0.2448 0.2451 0.2452 0.2454 0.2455 0.2455 0.2455 0.2455 0.2455 0.2456
0.8 0.2346 0.2372 0.2387 0.2395 0.2400 0.2403 0.2407 0.2408 0.2409 0.2409 0.2410 0.2410 0.2410
1.0 0.2252 0.2291 0.2313 0.2326 0.2335 0.2340 0.2346 0.2349 0.2351 0.2352 0.2352 0.2353 0.2353
1.2 0.2149 0.2199 0.2229 0.2248 0.2260 0.2268 0.2278 0.2282 0.2285 0.2286 0.2287 0.2288 0.2289
1.4 0.2043 0.2102 0.2140 0.2164 0.2180 0.2191 0.2204 0.2211 0.2215 0.2217 0.2218 0.2220 0.2221
1.6 0.1939 0.2006 0.2049 0.2079 0.2099 0.2113 0.2130 0.2138 0.2143 0.2146 0.2148 0.2150 0.2152
1.8 0.1840 0.1912 0.1960 0.1994 0.2018 0.2034 0.2055 0.2066 0.2073 0.2077 0.2079 0.2082 0.2084
2.0 0.1746 0.1822 0.1875 0.1912 0.1938 0.1958 0.1982 0.1996 0.2004 0.2009 0.2012 0.2015 0.2018
2.2 0.1659 0.1737 0.1793 0.1833 0.1862 0.1883 0.1911 0.1927 0.1937 0.1943 0.1947 0.1952 0.1955
2.4 0.1578 0.1657 0.1715 0.1757 0.1789 0.1812 0.1843 0.1862 0.1873 0.1880 0.1885 0.1890 0.1895
2.6 0.1503 0.1583 0.1642 0.1686 0.1719 0.1745 0.1779 0.1799 0.1812 0.1820 0.1825 0.1832 0.1838
2.8 0.1433 0.1514 0.1574 0.1619 0.1654 0.1680 0.1717 0.1739 0.1753 0.1763 0.1769 0.1777 0.1784
3.0 0.1369 0.1449 0.1510 0.1556 0.1592 0.1619 0.1658 0.1682 0.1698 0.1708 0.1715 0.1725 0.1733
3.2 0.1310 0.1390 0.1450 0.1497 0.1533 0.1562 0.1602 0.1628 0.1645 0.1657 0.1664 0.1675 0.1685
3.4 0.1256 0.1334 0.1394 0.1441 0.1478 0.1508 0.1550 0.1577 0.1595 0.1607 0.1616 0.1628 0.1639
3.6 0.1205 0.1282 0.1342 0.1389 0.1427 0.1456 0.1500 0.1528 0.1548 0.1561 0.1570 0.1583 0.1595
3.8 0.1158 0.1234 0.1293 0.1340 0.1378 0.1408 0.1452 0.1482 0.1502 0.1516 0.1526 0.1541 0.1554
4.0 0.1114 0.1189 0.1248 0.1294 0.1332 0.1362 0.1408 0.1438 0.1459 0.1474 0.1485 0.1500 0.1516
4.2 0.1073 0.1147 0.1205 0.1251 0.1289 0.1319 0.1365 0.1396 0.1418 0.1434 0.1445 0.1462 0.1479
4.4 0.1035 0.1107 0.1164 0.1210 0.1248 0.1279 0.1325 0.1357 0.1379 0.1396 0.1407 0.1425 0.1444
114

4.6 0.1000 0.1070 0.1127 0.1172 0.1209 0.1240 0.1287 0.1319 0.1342 0.1359 0.1371 0.1390 0.1410
4.8 0.0967 0.1036 0.1091 0.1136 0.1173 0.1204 0.1250 0.1283 0.1307 0.1324 0.1337 0.1357 0.1379
5.0 0.0935 0.1003 0.1057 0.1102 0.1139 0.1169 0.1216 0.1249 0.1273 0.1291 0.1304 0.1325 0.1348
5.2 0.0906 0.0972 0.1026 0.1070 0.1106 0.1136 0.1183 0.1217 0.1241 0.1259 0.1273 0.1295 0.1320
5.4 0.0878 0.0943 0.0996 0.1039 0.1075 0.1105 0.1152 0.1186 0.1211 0.1229 0.1243 0.1265 0.1292
5.6 0.0852 0.0916 0.0968 0.1010 0.1046 0.1076 0.1122 0.1156 0.1181 0.1200 0.1215 0.1238 0.1266
5.8 0.0828 0.0890 0.0941 0.0983 0.1018 0.1047 0.1094 0.1128 0.1153 0.1172 0.1187 0.1211 0.1240
6.0 0.0805 0.0866 0.0916 0.0957 0.0991 0.1021 0.1067 0.1101 0.1126 0.1146 0.1161 0.1185 0.1216
6.2 0.0783 0.0842 0.0891 0.0932 0.0966 0.0995 0.1041 0.1075 0.1101 0.1120 0.1136 0.1161 0.1193
6.4 0.0762 0.0820 0.0869 0.0909 0.0942 0.0971 0.1016 0.1050 0.1076 0.1096 0.1111 0.1137 0.1171
6.6 0.0742 0.0799 0.0847 0.0886 0.0919 0.0948 0.0993 0.1027 0.1053 0.1073 0.1088 0.1114 0.1149
6.8 0.0723 0.0779 0.0826 0.0865 0.0898 0.0926 0.0970 0.1004 0.1030 0.1050 0.1066 0.1092 0.1129
7.0 0.0705 0.0761 0.0806 0.0844 0.0877 0.0904 0.0949 0.0982 0.1008 0.1028 0.1044 0.1071 0.1109
7.2 0.0688 0.0742 0.0787 0.0825 0.0857 0.0884 0.0928 0.0962 0.0987 0.1008 0.1023 0.1051 0.1090
7.4 0.0672 0.0725 0.0769 0.0806 0.0838 0.0865 0.0908 0.0942 0.0967 0.0988 0.1004 0.1031 0.1071
7.6 0.0656 0.0709 0.0752 0.0789 0.0820 0.0846 0.0889 0.0922 0.0948 0.0968 0.0984 0.1012 0.1054
7.8 0.0642 0.0693 0.0736 0.0771 0.0802 0.0828 0.0871 0.0904 0.0929 0.0950 0.0966 0.0994 0.1036
8.0 0.0627 0.0678 0.0720 0.0755 0.0785 0.0811 0.0853 0.0886 0.0912 0.0932 0.0948 0.0976 0.1020
8.2 0.0614 0.0663 0.0705 0.0739 0.0769 0.0795 0.0837 0.0869 0.0894 0.0914 0.0931 0.0959 0.1004
8.4 0.0601 0.0649 0.0690 0.0724 0.0754 0.0779 0.0820 0.0852 0.0878 0.0893 0.0914 0.0943 0.0938
8.6 0.0588 0.0636 0.0676 0.0710 0.0739 0.0764 0.0805 0.0836 0.0862 0.0882 0.0898 0.0927 0.0973
8.8 0.0576 0.0623 0.0663 0.0696 0.0724 0.0749 0.0790 0.0821 0.0846 0.0866 0.0882 0.0912 0.0959
9.2 0.0554 0.0559 0.0637 0.0670 0.0697 0.0721 0.0761 0.0792 0.0817 0.0837 0.0853 0.0882 0.0931
9.6 0.0533 0.0577 0.0614 0.0645 0.0672 0.0696 0.0734 0.0765 0.0789 0.0809 0.0825 0.0855 0.0905
10.0 0.0514 0.0556 0.0592 0.0622 0.0649 0.0672 0.0710 0.0739 0.0763 0.0783 0.0799 0.0829 0.0880
10.4 0.0496 0.0537 0.0572 0.0601 0.0627 0.0649 0.0686 0.0716 0.0739 0.0759 0.0775 0.0804 0.0857
115

10.8 0.0479 0.0519 0.0553 0.0581 0.0606 0.0628 0.0664 0.0693 0.0717 0.0736 0.0751 0.0781 0.0834
11.2 0.0463 0.0502 0.0535 0.0563 0.0587 0.0609 0.0644 0.0672 0.0695 0.0714 0.0730 0.0759 0.0813
11.6 0.0448 0.0486 0.0518 0.0545 0.0569 0.0590 0.0625 0.0652 0.0675 0.0694 0.0709 0.0738 0.0793
12.0 0.0435 0.0471 0.0502 0.0529 0.0552 0.0573 0.0606 0.0634 0.0656 0.0674 0.0690 0.0719 0.0774
12.8 0.0409 0.0444 0.0474 0.0499 0.0521 0.0541 0.0573 0.0599 0.0621 0.0639 0.0654 0.0682 0.0739
13.6 0.0387 0.0420 0.0448 0.0472 0.0493 0.0512 0.0543 0.0568 0.0589 0.0607 0.0621 0.0649 0.0707
14.4 0.0367 0.0398 0.0425 0.0448 0.0468 0.0486 0.0516 0.0540 0.0561 0.0577 0.0592 0.0619 0.0677
15.2 0.0349 0.0379 0.0404 0.0426 0.0446 0.0463 0.0492 0.0515 0.0535 0.0551 0.0565 0.0592 0.0650
16.0 0.0332 0.0361 0.0385 0.0407 0.0425 0.0442 0.0469 0.0492 0.0511 0.0527 0.0540 0.0567 0.0625
18.0 0.0297 0.0323 0.0345 0.0364 0.0381 0.0396 0.0422 0.0442 0.0460 0.0475 0.0487 0.0512 0.0570
20.0 0.0269 0.0292 0.0312 0.0330 0.0345 0.0359 0.0383 0.0402 0.0418 0.0432 0.0444 0.0468 0.0524
116

Stress influence coefficient and average stress influence coefficient under the
action of triangular load on rectangular area
117

Table K.0.2
l/b 0.2 0.4 0.6 l/b
Point 1 2 1 2 1 2 Point
Coefficient Coefficient

z/b z/b
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0
0.2 0.0223 0.0112 0.1821 0.2161 0.0280 0.0140 0.2115 0.2308 0.0296 0.0148 0.2165 0.2333 0.2
0.4 0.0269 0.0179 0.1094 0.1810 0.0420 0.0245 0.1604 0.2084 0.0487 0.0270 0.1781 0.2153 0.4
0.6 0.0259 0.0207 0.0700 0.1505 0.0448 0.0308 0.1165 0.1851 0.0560 0.0355 0.1405 0.1966 0.6
0.8 0.0232 0.0217 0.0480 0.1277 0.0421 0.0340 0.0853 0.1640 0.0553 0.0405 0.1093 0.1787 0.8
1.0 0.0201 0.0217 0.0346 0.1104 0.0375 0.0351 0.0638 0.1461 0.0508 0.0430 0.0852 0.1624 1.0
1.2 0.0171 0.0212 0.0260 0.0970 0.0324 0.0351 0.0491 0.1312 0.0450 0.0439 0.0673 0.1480 1.2
1.4 0.0145 0.0204 0.0202 0.0865 0.0278 0.0344 0.0386 0.1187 0.0392 0.0436 0.0540 0.1356 1.4
1.6 0.0123 0.0195 0.0160 0.0779 0.0238 0.0333 0.0310 0.1082 0.0339 0.0427 0.0440 0.1247 1.6
1.8 0.0105 0.0186 0.0130 0.0709 0.0204 0.0321 0.0254 0.0993 0.0294 0.0415 0.0363 0.1153 1.8
2.0 0.0090 0.0178 0.0108 0.0650 0.0176 0.0308 0.0211 0.0917 0.0255 0.0401 0.0304 0.1071 2.0
2.5 0.0063 0.0157 0.0072 0.0538 0.0125 0.0276 0.0140 0.0769 0.0183 0.0365 0.0205 0.0908 2.5
3.0 0.0046 0.0140 0.0051 0.0458 0.0092 0.0248 0.0100 0.0661 0.0135 0.0330 0.0148 0.0786 3.0
5.0 0.0018 0.0097 0.0019 0.0289 0.0036 0.0175 0.0038 0.0424 0.0054 0.0236 0.0056 0.0476 5.0
7.0 0.0009 0.0073 0.0010 0.0211 0.0019 0.0133 0.0019 0.0311 0.0028 0.0180 0.0029 0.0352 7.0
10.0 0.0005 0.0053 0.0004 0.0150 0.0009 0.0097 0.0010 0.0222 0.0014 0.0133 0.0014 0.0253 10.0
Table K.0.2 (Continued)

l/b 0.8 1.0 1.2 l/b

z/b z/b
118

0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0
0.2 0.0301 0.0151 0.2178 0.2339 0.0304 0.0152 0.2182 0.2341 0.0305 0.0153 0.2184 0.2342 0.2
0.4 0.0517 0.0280 0.1844 0.2175 0.0531 0.0285 0.1870 0.2184 0.0539 0.0288 0.1881 0.2187 0.4
0.6 0.0621 0.0376 0.1520 0.2011 0.0654 0.0388 0.1575 0.2030 0.0673 0.0394 0.1602 0.2039 0.6
0.8 0.0637 0.0440 0.1232 0.1852 0.0688 0.0459 0.1311 0.1883 0.0720 0.0470 0.1355 0.1899 0.8
1.0 0.0602 0.0476 0.0996 0.1704 0.0666 0.0502 0.1086 0.1746 0.0708 0.0518 0.1143 0.1769 1.0
1.2 0.0546 0.0492 0.0807 0.1571 0.0615 0.0525 0.0901 0.1621 0.0664 0.0546 0.0962 0.1649 1.2
1.4 0.0483 0.0495 0.0661 0.1451 0.0554 0.0534 0.0751 0.1507 0.0606 0.0559 0.0817 0.1541 1.4
1.6 0.0424 0.0490 0.0547 0.1345 0.0492 0.0533 0.0628 0.1405 0.0545 0.0561 0.0696 0.1443 1.6
1.8 0.0371 0.0480 0.0457 0.1252 0.0435 0.0525 0.0534 0.1313 0.0487 0.0556 0.0596 0.1354 1.8
2.0 0.0324 0.0467 0.0387 0.1169 0.0384 0.0513 0.0456 0.1232 0.0434 0.0547 0.0513 0.1274 2.0
2.5 0.0236 0.0429 0.0265 0.1000 0.0284 0.0478 0.0318 0.1063 0.0326 0.0513 0.0365 0.1107 2.5
3.0 0.0176 0.0392 0.0192 0.0871 0.0214 0.0439 0.0233 0.0931 0.0249 0.0476 0.0270 0.0976 3.0
5.0 0.0071 0.0285 0.0074 0.0576 0.0088 0.0324 0.0091 0.0624 0.0104 0.0356 0.0108 0.0661 5.0
7.0 0.0038 0.0219 0.0038 0.0427 0.0047 0.0251 0.0047 0.0465 0.0056 0.0277 0.0056 0.0496 7.0
10.0 0.0019 0.0162 0.0019 0.0308 0.0023 0.0186 0.0024 0.0336 0.0028 0.0207 0.0028 0.0359 10.0

l/b 1.4 1.6 1.8 l/b

z/b z/b
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0
0.2 0.0305 0.0153 0.2185 0.2343 0.0306 0.0153 0.2185 0.2343 0.0306 0.0153 0.2185 0.2343 0.2
0.4 0.0543 0.0289 0.1886 0.2189 0.0545 0.0290 0.1889 0.2190 0.0546 0.0290 0.1891 0.2190 0.4
0.6 0.0684 0.0397 0.1616 0.2043 0.0690 0.0399 0.1625 0.2046 0.0694 0.0400 0.1630 0.2047 0.6
0.8 0.0739 0.0476 0.1381 0.1907 0.0751 0.0480 0.1396 0.1912 0.0759 0.0482 0.1405 0.1915 0.8
119

1.0 0.0735 0.0528 0.1176 0.1781 0.0753 0.0534 0.1202 0.1789 0.0766 0.0538 0.1215 0.1794 1.0
1.2 0.0698 0.0560 0.1007 0.1666 0.0721 0.0568 0.1037 0.1678 0.0738 0.0574 0.1055 0.1684 1.2
1.4 0.0644 0.0575 0.0864 0.1562 0.0672 0.0586 0.0897 0.1576 0.0692 0.0594 0.0921 0.1585 1.4
1.6 0.0586 0.0580 0.0743 0.1467 0.0616 0.0594 0.0780 0.1484 0.0639 0.0603 0.0806 0.1494 1.6
1.8 0.0528 0.0578 0.0644 0.1381 0.0560 0.0593 0.0681 0.1400 0.0585 0.0604 0.0709 0.1413 1.8
2.0 0.0474 0.0570 0.0560 0.1303 0.0507 0.0587 0.0596 0.1324 0.0533 0.0599 0.0625 0.1338 2.0
2.5 0.0362 0.0540 0.0405 0.1139 0.0393 0.0560 0.0440 0.1163 0.0419 0.0575 0.0469 0.1180 2.5
3.0 0.0280 0.0503 0.0303 0.1008 0.0307 0.0525 0.0333 0.1033 0.0331 0.0541 0.0359 0.1052 3.0
5.0 0.0120 0.0382 0.0123 0.0690 0.0135 0.0403 0.0139 0.0714 0.0148 0.0421 0.0154 0.0734 5.0
7.0 0.0064 0.0299 0.0066 0.0520 0.0073 0.0318 0.0074 0.0541 0.0081 0.0333 0.0083 0.0558 7.0
10.0 0.0033 0.0224 0.0032 0.0379 0.0037 0.0239 0.0037 0.0395 0.0041 0.0252 0.0042 0.0409 10.0

l/b 2.0 3.0 4.0 l/b

z/b z/b
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0
0.2 0.0306 0.0153 0.2185 0.2343 0.0306 0.0153 0.2186 0.2343 0.0306 0.0153 0.2186 0.2343 0.2
0.4 0.0547 0.0290 0.1895 0.2191 0.0548 0.0290 0.1894 0.2192 0.0549 0.0291 0.1894 0.2192 0.4
0.6 0.0696 0.0401 0.1633 0.2048 0.0701 0.0402 0.1638 0.2050 0.0702 0.0402 0.1639 0.2050 0.6
0.8 0.0764 0.0483 0.1412 0.1917 0.0773 0.0486 0.1423 0.1920 0.0776 0.0487 0.1424 0.1920 0.8
1.0 0.0774 0.0540 0.1225 0.1797 0.0790 0.0545 0.1244 0.1803 0.0794 0.0546 0.1248 0.1803 1.0
1.2 0.0749 0.0577 0.1069 0.1689 0.0774 0.0584 0.1096 0.1697 0.0779 0.0586 0.1103 0.1699 1.2
1.4 0.0707 0.0599 0.0937 0.1591 0.0739 0.0609 0.0973 0.1603 0.0748 0.0612 0.0982 0.1605 1.4
1.6 0.0656 0.0609 0.0826 0.1502 0.0697 0.0623 0.0870 0.1517 0.0708 0.0626 0.0882 0.1521 1.6
1.8 0.0604 0.0611 0.0730 0.1422 0.0652 0.0628 0.0782 0.1441 0.0666 0.0633 0.0797 0.1445 1.8
120

2.0 0.0553 0.0608 0.0649 0.1348 0.0607 0.0629 0.0707 0.1371 0.0624 0.0634 0.0726 0.1377 2.0
2.5 0.0440 0.0586 0.0491 0.1193 0.0504 0.0614 0.0559 0.1223 0.0529 0.0623 0.0585 0.1233 2.5
3.0 0.0352 0.0554 0.0380 0.1067 0.0419 0.0589 0.0451 0.1104 0.0449 0.0600 0.0482 0.1116 3.0
5.0 0.0161 0.0435 0.0167 0.0749 0.0214 0.0480 0.0221 0.0797 0.0248 0.0500 0.0256 0.0817 5.0
7.0 0.0089 0.0347 0.0091 0.0572 0.0124 0.0391 0.0126 0.0619 0.0152 0.0414 0.0154 0.0642 7.0
10.0 0.0046 0.0263 0.0046 0.0403 0.0066 0.0302 0.0462 0.0462 0.0084 0.0325 0.0083 0.0485 10.0

l/b 6.0 8.0 10.0 l/b

z/b z/b
0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0
0.2 0.0306 0.0153 0.2186 0.2343 0.0306 0.0153 0.2186 0.2343 0.0306 0.0153 0.2186 0.2343 0.2
0.4 0.0549 0.0291 0.1894 0.2192 0.0549 0.0291 0.1894 0.2192 0.0549 0.0291 0.1894 0.2192 0.4
0.6 0.0702 0.0402 0.1640 0.2050 0.0702 0.0402 0.1640 0.2050 0.0702 0.0402 0.1640 0.2050 0.6
0.8 0.0776 0.0487 0.1426 0.1921 0.0776 0.0487 0.1426 0.1921 0.0776 0.0487 0.1426 0.1921 0.8
1.0 0.0795 0.0546 0.1250 0.1804 0.0796 0.0546 0.1250 0.1804 0.0796 0.0546 0.1250 0.1804 1.0
1.2 0.0782 0.0587 0.1105 0.1700 0.0783 0.0587 0.1105 0.1700 0.0783 0.0587 0.1105 0.1700 1.2
1.4 0.0752 0.0613 0.0986 0.1606 0.0752 0.0613 0.0987 0.1606 0.0753 0.0613 0.0987 0.1606 1.4
1.6 0.0714 0.0628 0.0887 0.1523 0.0715 0.0628 0.0888 0.1523 0.0715 0.0628 0.0889 0.1523 1.6
1.8 0.0673 0.0635 0.0805 0.1447 0.0675 0.0635 0.0806 0.1448 0.0675 0.0635 0.0808 0.1448 1.8
2.0 0.0634 0.0637 0.0734 0.1380 0.0636 0.0638 0.0736 0.1380 0.0636 0.0638 0.0738 0.1380 2.0
2.5 0.0543 0.0627 0.0601 0.1237 0.0547 0.0628 0.0604 0.1238 0.0548 0.0628 0.0605 0.1239 2.5
3.0 0.0469 0.0607 0.0504 0.1123 0.0474 0.0609 0.0509 0.1124 0.0476 0.0609 0.0511 0.1125 3.0
5.0 0.0283 0.0515 0.0290 0.0833 0.0296 0.0519 0.0303 0.0837 0.0301 0.0521 0.0309 0.0839 5.0
7.0 0.0186 0.0435 0.0190 0.0663 0.0204 0.0442 0.0207 0.0671 0.0212 0.0445 0.0216 0.0674 7.0
121

10.0 0.0111 0.0349 0.0111 0.0509 0.0128 0.0359 0.0130 0.0520 0.0139 0.0364 0.0141 0.0526 10.0
122

Table K.0.3 Stress Influence Coefficient and Average Stress Influence Coefficient of Midpoint under
the Action of Evenly Distributed Load on Round Area
z/r Round Round
z/r

0.0 1.000 1.000

2.6 0.187 0.560
0.1 0.999 1.000
2.7 0.175 0.546
0.2 0.992 0.998
2.8 0.165 0.532
0.3 0.976 0.993
2.9 0.155 0.519
0.4 0.949 0.986
3.0 0.146 0.507
0.5 0.911 0.974
3.1 0.138 0.495
0.6 0.864 0.960
3.2 0.130 0.484
0.7 0.811 0.942
3.3 0.124 0.473
0.8 0.756 0.923
3.4 0.117 0.463
0.9 0.701 0.901
3.5 0.111 0.453
1.0 0.647 0.878
3.6 0.106 0.443
1.1 0.595 0.855
3.7 0.101 0.434
1.2 0.547 0.831
3.8 0.096 0.425
1.3 0.502 0.808
3.9 0.091 0.417
1.4 0.461 0.784
4.0 0.087 0.409
1.5 0.424 0.762
4.1 0.083 0.401
1.6 0.390 0.739
4.2 0.079 0.393
1.7 0.360 0.718
4.3 0.076 0.386
1.8 0.332 0.697
4.4 0.073 0.379
1.9 0.307 0.677
4.5 0.070 0.372
2.0 0.285 0.658
4.6 0.067 0.365
2.1 0.264 0.640
4.7 0.064 0.359
2.2 0.245 0.623
4.8 0.062 0.353
2.3 0.229 0.606
4.9 0.059 0.347
2.4 0.210 0.590
5.0 0.057 0.341
2.5 0.200 0.574
Radius of round area
Table K.0.4 Stress Influence Coefficient and Average Stress Influence Coefficient of Side Point
under the Action of Triangular Load on Round Area
Point 1 2
Coefficient

z/r
0.0 0.000 0.000 0.500 0.500
123

0.1 0.016 0.008 0.465 0.483
0.2 0.031 0.016 0.433 0.466
0.3 0.044 0.023 0.403 0.450
0.4 0.054 0.030 0.376 0.435
0.5 0.063 0.035 0.349 0.420
0.6 0.071 0.041 0.324 0.406
0.7 0.078 0.045 0.300 0.393
0.8 0.083 0.050 0.279 0.380
0.9 0.088 0.054 0.258 0.368
1.0 0.091 0.057 0.238 0.356
1.1 0.092 0.061 0.221 0.344
1.2 0.093 0.063 0.205 0.333
1.3 0.092 0.065 0.190 0.323
1.4 0.091 0.067 0.177 0.313
1.5 0.089 0.069 0.165 0.303
1.6 0.087 0.070 0.154 0.294
1.7 0.085 0.071 0.144 0.286
1.8 0.083 0.072 0.134 0.278
1.9 0.080 0.072 0.126 0.270
2.0 0.078 0.073 0.117 0.263
2.1 0.075 0.073 0.110 0.255
2.2 0.072 0.073 0.104 0.249
2.3 0.070 0.073 0.097 0.242
2.4 0.067 0.073 0.091 0.236
2.5 0.064 0.072 0.086 0.230
2.6 0.062 0.072 0.081 0.225
2.7 0.059 0.071 0.078 0.219
2.8 0.057 0.071 0.074 0.214
2.9 0.055 0.070 0.070 0.209
3.0 0.052 0.070 0.067 0.204
3.1 0.050 0.069 0.064 0.200
3.2 0.048 0.069 0.061 0.196
3.3 0.046 0.068 0.059 0.192
3.4 0.045 0.067 0.055 0.188
3.5 0.043 0.067 0.053 0.184
3.6 0.041 0.066 0.051 0.180
3.7 0.040 0.065 0.048 0.177
3.8 0.038 0.065 0.046 0.173
3.9 0.037 0.064 0.043 0.170
4.0 0.036 0.063 0.041 0.167
4.2 0.033 0.062 0.038 0.161
4.4 0.031 0.061 0.034 0.155
4.6 0.029 0.059 0.031 0.150
4.8 0.027 0.058 0.029 0.145
124

5.0 0.025 0.057 0.027 0.140
125

Appendix L
Active Earth Pressure Coefficient ka for Retaining Wall
L.0.1 The active pressure coefficient under the action of earth pressure for retaining wall
shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
sin( )
ka kq sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
sin a sin 2 ( )
2
2 sin cos cos( ) 2

(k q sin( ) sin( ) sin cos
) k q sin( ) sin( ) sin cos ) 1/ 2
(L.0.1-1)
2q sin cos
kq 1 (L.0.1-2)
h sin( )
2c
(L.0.1-3)
h
Where,
qthe evenly distributed load on ground surface (kPa), calculated by load intensity on
unit horizontal projection plane.
L.0.2 For the retaining wall with height less than or equal to 5m, where the fill quality
meets the design requirements and the drainage condition meets the requirements of Article
6.7.1 of this code, the active earth pressure coefficient may be obtained from Figure L.0.2;
where the underground water is rich, the water pressure action shall be considered.
L.0.3 When obtaining the active earth pressure coefficient from Figure L.0.2, the fill quality
of soil category in the figure shall meet the following requirements:
126

Figure L.0.1 Calculation Diagram
1 Category I, gravelly soil, the compactness shall be moderately compact or above, and
the dry density shall be greater than or equal to 2000kg/m3;
2 Category II, including gravelly sand, coarse sand and medium sand, the compactness
shall be moderately compact or above, and the dry density shall be greater than or equal to
1650kg/m3;
3 Category III, clay mixed with block stones, the dry density shall be greater than or
equal to 1900kg/m3;
4 Category IV, powdery clay, the dry density shall be greater than or equal to
1650kg/m3.
127

Figure L.0.2-1 Active Earth Pressure Coefficient ka for Retaining Wall (I)
1
(a) Earth pressure coefficient of Category I soil ( , q 0 )
2
128

(b)
Figure L.0.2-2 Active Earth Pressure Coefficient ka for Retaining Wall (II)
1
(b) Earth pressure coefficient of Category II soil ( , q 0 )
2
129

(c)
Figure L.0.2-3 Active Earth Pressure Coefficient ka for Retaining Wall (III)
1
(c) Earth pressure coefficient of Category III soil ( , q 0 , H=5m)
2
130

(d)
Figure L.0.2-4 Active Earth Pressure Coefficient ka for Retaining Wall (IV)
1
(d) Earth pressure coefficient of Category IV soil ( , q 0 , H=5m)
2
131

Appendix M
Key Points for Pullout Resistance Testing on Rock Anchors
M.0.1 The test anchors in the same rock stratum on the same site shall not be less than 5%
of total anchors and shall not be less than 6.
M.0.2 The test shall adopt grade loading, and the load grades shall not be less than 8. The
maximum loading capacity of test shall not be less than twice the design load of the anchor.
M.0.3 After each grade load is applied, the displacement shall be measured and read
immediately. Later, one measurement and read shall be made at an interval of 5min. Where
the up-pull of the anchor measured and read for continuous 4 times are less than 0.01mm, it is
considered the displacement at this load has reached the stable state, and the next up-pull load
may be continued to be applied.
M.0.4 The up-pull test on anchors may be terminated where one of the following conditions
occurs:
1 The up-pull of anchor continues to grow and there is no stable evidence within 1h;
2 The newly-increased up-pull fails to be applied or it is incapable of remaining the
up-pull stable after application;
3 The steel bars of anchors have been pulled off or anchor bars of anchors are pulled
out.
M.0.5 The former up-pull load meeting above-mentioned termination conditions shall be
the ultimate pullout force of this anchor.
M.0.6 For the test anchors participating in statistics, where the extreme difference does not
exceed 30% of the average value, the average value may be taken as the ultimate bearing
capacity of anchors. Where the extreme difference exceeds 30% of the average value, the test
quantity should be added and the cause of too large extreme difference shall be analyzed, and
the ultimate bearing capacity shall be determined in combination with the engineering
conditions.
M.0.7 The ultimate bearing capacity of anchor divided by a safety coefficient of 2 shall be
the characteristic value of pullout bearing capacity of anchor (Rt).
M.0.8 For anchor boring, the core taken from boring shall be machined into standard
specimens and subjected to uni-axial compression test on rock under natural moisture
conditions, and the samples for each test anchor shall not be less than 3.
M.0.9 At the end of the test, detailed description and picture shooting must be carried out
for the damage condition on the anchor test site.
132

Appendix N
Calculation of Subsequent Foundation Settlement under Massive
Ground Surcharge
N.0.1 The calculation value of subsequent foundation settlement of midpoint at the inside
edge of column foundation caused by ground load may be calculated according to layerwise
summation method, and the calculation depth may be determined according to Formula (5.3.7)
of this code.
N.0.2 The ground load participating in calculation covers ground surcharge and recent fill
after foundation completion and shall be considered according to evenly distributed load; its
calculation range shall take 5 times foundation width in transverse direction and actual
surcharge length in longitudinal direction. And its acting surface is at the foundation plane.
N.0.3 Where the transverse width in load range exceeds 5 times the foundation width,
calculation shall be carried out according to 5 times the foundation width. Where it is less
than 5 times the foundation width or load is uneven, it shall be converted to the equivalent
evenly-distributed ground load with a width of 5 times the foundation width.
N.0.4 In conversion, the ground load at both sides of column foundation shall be divided
into 10 sections (Figure N.0.4) according to 0.5 times the foundation width per section, and
then the equivalent evenly-distributed ground load shall be calculated according to Formula
(N.0.4). Where the equivalent evenly-distributed ground load is positive value, the column
foundation will have inward inclination; if negative value, it will have outward inclination.
10 10

qeq 0.8 i qi i pi (N.0.4)
i 0 i 0
Where,
qeqthe equivalent evenly-distributed ground load (kPa);
ithe conversion coefficient of ground load of i section, adopted from Table N.0.4;
qithe average ground load within i section inside the column (kPa);
pithe average ground load within i section outside the column (kPa).
Table N.0.4 Conversion Coefficient of Ground Load i
Section 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a 0.30 0.29 0.22 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
1
5b
a 0.52 0.40 0.30 0.13 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01
<1
5b
Note: a and b are detailed in Table 7.5.5 of this code.
133

Figure N.0.4 Division of Ground Load Sections
1Ground surcharge;2Massive fill
134

Appendix P
Perimeter of Critical Section for Shearing and Polar Moment of
Inertia Calculation
P.0.1 Perimeter um of critical section for shearing and polar moment of inertia Is of critical
section for shearing to its gravity center shall be respectively calculated according to the
following formulae in accordance with the column location:
Figure P.0.1-1
1 For inner column, they shall be calculated according to the following formulae:
um=2c1+2c2 (P.0.1-1)
c1h03 c13 h0 c2 h0 c12

Is (P.0.1-2)
6 6 2
c1=hc+h0 (P.0.1-3)
c2=bc+h0 (P.0.1-4)
c1
cAB= (P.0.1-5)
2
Where,
hcthe side length of column section with consistent action direction to bending
moment (m);
Bcthe side length of column section vertical to hc (m).
2 For side column, they shall be calculated according to Formula (P.0.1-6)~Formula
(P.0.1-11). Formula (P.0.1-6)~Formula (P.0.1-11) are applicable to the side column flush with
raft slab edge outside the column. For overhung raft slab, the calculation mode of critical
section for shearing of raft slab under side column shall be determined according to the
cantilevered length of raft slab outside the side column and the side length of the column.
Where the cantilevered length outside the side column is less than or equal to (h0+0.5bc), the
critical section for shearing may be calculated to the slab end vertical to the free side; when
calculating c1 and Is, the cantilevered length outside the side column shall be counted; where
135

the cantilevered length of raft slab outside the side column is greater than (h0+0.5bc), the
calculation mode of critical section for shearing of raft slab under side column shall be the
same as inner column.
Figure P.0.1-2
um=2c1+c2 (P.0.1-6)
2
c1h03 c13 h0 c
Is 2h0 c1 1 X c 2 h0 X 2 (P.0.1-7)
6 6 2
h0
c1 hc (P.0.1-8)
2
c 2 bc h0 (P.0.1-9)
c AB c1 X (P.0.1-10)
c12
X (P.0.1-11)
2c1 c 2
Where,
X the gravity center position of critical section for shearing (m).
3 For corner column, they shall be calculated according to Formula
(P.0.1-12)~Formula (P.0.1-17). Formula (P.0.1-12)~Formula (P.0.1-17) are applicable to the
corner columns flush with the raft slab edge at two adjacent outsides of column. For overhung
raft slab, the calculation mode of critical section for shearing of raft slab under corner column
shall be determined according to the cantilevered length of raft slab outside the corner column
and the side length of the column. Where the cantilevered lengths of raft slabs at two adjacent
outsides of the corner column are respectively less than or equal to (h0+0.5bc) and (h0+0.5hc),
the critical section for shearing may be calculated to the slab end vertical to the free side;
when calculating c1, c2 and Is, the cantilevered length outside the corner column shall be
counted; where the cantilevered lengths of raft slabs at two adjacent outsides of the corner
column are greater than (h0+0.5bc) and (h0+0.5hc), the calculation mode of critical section for
shearing of raft slab under corner column shall be the same as inner column.
136

Figure P.0.1-3
u m c1 c2 (P.0.1-12)
2
c1h03 c13 h0 c
Is c1h0 1 X c2 h0 X 2 (P.0.1-13)
12 12 2
h0
c1 hc (P.0.1-14)
2
h0
c 2 bc (P.0.1-15)
2
c AB c1 X (P.0.1-16)
c12
X (P.0.1-17)
2c1 2c2
137

Appendix Q
Key Points for Vertical Static Load Test on Single Pile
Q.0.1 For loading method of vertical static load test on single pile, slow speed maintained
load method shall be adopted.
Q.0.2 The loading counterforce device should adopt anchor pile; where stacking is adopted,
the following requirements shall be complied with:
1 The compressive stress of stacking applied to foundation should not exceed
characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity.
2 The stacking limit may be determined according to its influence on test pile and
reference pile.
3 Where the stacking quantity is large, piles should be used (engineering pile may be
used) to serve as the supporting point of stacking.
4 Maximum uplift or bearing capacity of test counterforce device shall meet the
requirements of test loading.
Q.0.3 The centre distance among test pile, anchor pile (loading platform lug support) and
reference pile shall meet the requirements specified in Table Q.0.3.
Table Q.0.3 Centre Distance among Test Pile, Anchor Pile and Reference Pile
Between test pile and anchor pile (or Between reference pile and
Between test pile and
Counterforce system lug support side of ballasting anchor pile (or lug support
reference pile
platform) side of ballasting platform)
Anchor pile transverse

beam counterforce device
4d and >2.0m 4d and >2.0m 4d and >2.0m
Counterforce device of
ballasting platform
Note: dthe design diameter of test pile or anchor pile; take the larger one (if test pile or anchor pile is pedestal pile, the
center distance of test pile and anchor pile shall not be less than 2 times the diameter of extended end).
Q.0.4 Test starting time: for precast pile: 7d after it is inserted into the sandy soil; for
cohesive soil, at least 15d; for saturated soft clay, at least 25d. For cast-in-situ pile, the test
shall not be carried out until the pile body concrete reaches the design strength.
Q.0.5 The loading grading shall not be less than 8 grades; the loading capacity of every
grade should be 1/8~1/10 of pre-estimated ultimate load.
Q.0.6 Measure and read the interval time of pile settlement volume; after the loading of
every grade, measure and read once every other 5min, 10min and 15min; afterwards read
once every other 15min; read every other half an hour after accumulate 1h.
Q.0.7 Under the action of every grade of load, where the pile settlement volume is less than
0.1mm in each hour for twice continuously, it may be regarded as stable.
Q.0.8 The loading may be terminated when one of the following conditions is met:
1 Where there is a steep drop section on the load-settlement (Q-s) curve which may
determine the ultimate bearing resistance and the pile top total settlement exceeds 40mm;
s n 1
2 2, and has not become stable after 24h;
s n
138

3 For non-socketed pile above 25m, when the Q-s curve takes on slow change shape,
and the pile top total settlement is greater than 60mm~80mm;
4 Under special conditions, loading may be carried out till the pile top total settlement
is greater than 100mm according to specific requirements.
Notes: 1 snthe settlement volume of Grade n load; sn+1the settlement volume of Grade n+1 load;
2 Where the pile bottom support is on hard rock (soil) layer, and the pile settlement is very small, the maximum loading
capacity shall not be less than twice the design load.
Q.0.9 Unloading and unloading observation shall meet the following requirements:
1 The unloading value of every grade is twice the loading value;
2 Measure and read once at an interval of 15min after unloading; after reading for
twice, reread once at an interval of half an hour, and then lower-grade load may be unloaded;
3 After all the unloading, measure and read once at an interval of 3h.
Q.0.10 Vertical ultimate bearing capacity of single pile shall be determined according to the
following method:
1 Draw load-settlement (Q-s) curve and other curves required for auxiliary analysis.
2 When the steep drop section is obvious, take load value corresponding to starting
point of steep drop section.
3 When the situation like Clause 2 in Q.0.8 of this appendix occurs, take the load value
of earlier stage.
4 When the Q-s curve takes on slow change shape, take the load value which is
corresponding to pile top total settlement s=40mm; when the pile length is greater than 40m,
the elastic compression of pile body should be considered.
5 Where there is difficulty in judging according to above-mentioned method, synthetic
judgment may be carried out by combining other auxiliary analysis method. For those which
have special requirements for pile foundation settlement, the selection shall be made
according to the specific conditions.
6 For the test pile which participates in statistics, where its extreme deviation does not
exceed 30% of the average value, its average value may be taken as vertical ultimate bearing
capacity of single pile; Where the extreme deviation exceeds 30% of the average value, the
test pile number should be increased and the cause of too large extreme deviation should be
analyzed, and the ultimate bearing capacity should be determined by combining the specific
conditions of engineering. For pile cap under column whose pile number is three or below,
take the minimum value.
Q.0.11 The vertical ultimate bearing capacity of single pile divided by safety coefficient 2
equals to characteristic value of vertical bearing capacity of single pile (Ra).
139

Appendix R
Final Settlement Calculation for Pile Foundation
R.0.1 The calculation of final settlement of pile foundation shall adopt unidirectional
compression layerwise summation method:
m nj
j ,i h j ,i
s p (R.0.1)
j 1 i 1 Esj , i
Where,
sthe final calculated settlement volume of pile foundation (mm);
mthe total soil layer number in the range of compressed layer under the pile tip
plane;
Esj,ithe compression modulus of ith sub-layer of the jth layer soil under pile tip plane
at the action segment from self-weight stress to self-weight stress plus additional stress
(MPa);
njthe calculated layer number of the jth layer soil under the pile tip plane;
hj,ithe thickness of ith sub-layer of the jth layer soil under pile tip plane (m);
j,ithe vertical additional stress of ith sub-layer of the jth layer soil under pile tip
plane, (kPa); it may be respectively calculated according to the requirements of Article R.0.2
or Article R.0.4 of this appendix;
pthe empirical coefficient of pile foundation settlement calculation; for each area,
it shall be determined by comparing the statistics of measured data from local engineering.
R.0.2 Where solid deep foundation is adopted to calculate the final settlement for pile
foundation, calculate in unidirectional compression layerwise summation method according
to relevant formula in Article 5.3.5~Article 5.3.8 of this code.
R.0.3 The additional pressure calculation in Formula (5.3.5) of this code shall be the
additional pressure on pile bottom plane. The bearing area of solid foundation may be adopted
according to Figure R.0.3. The empirical coefficient ps for pile foundation settlement
calculation of solid deep foundation shall be determined according to settlement observation
data of area pile foundation and empirical statistics. Where conditions are not met, the value
of ps may be selected according to those specified in Table R.0.3.
Table R.0.3 Empirical Coefficient ps for Pile Foundation Settlement Calculation of Solid Deep
Foundation
E s (MPa) 15 25 35 45
ps 0.5 0.4 0.35 0.25
Note: The value in this table may be interpolated.
140

(a) (b)
Figure R.0.3 Bottom Surface of Solid Deep Foundation

R.0.4 Where pile foundation settlement calculation is carried out by adopting Mindlin stress
formula method, the following requirements shall be complied with:
1 Where Mindlin stress formula is adopted to calculate the vertical additional stress
value of certain point in the ground, the value may be calculated according to the following
formula by superposing the additional stress of each pile generated at this point one by one:
j ,i zp ,k zs ,k
n
(R.0.4-1)
k 1
Where,
zp,k the stress at depth z point generated by tip resistance of No. k parent stock
(kPa);
zs,k the stress at depth z point generated by lateral friction of No. k parent stock
(kPa).
2 The stress at depth z point generated by tip resistance of No. k parent stock may be
Q
zp ,k I p ,k (R.0.4-2)
l2
Where,
Qthe additional load of single pile under the action of axial vertical force
141

corresponding to acting quasi-permanent combination; it is jointly undertaken by pile tip
resistance Qp and pile skin friction Qs, and Q=Q, is the pile tip resistance ratio; the pile tip
resistance is assumed to be concentrated force; the pile skin friction may be assumed to be
composed of uniformly distributed along the pile body and linearly growing distributed along
the pile body; the values are respectively Q and (1--)Q, as shown in Figure R.0.4;
lthe pile length (m);
Ip,kthe stress effect coefficient; it may be deduced by carrying out integral method to
Mindlin stress formula.
Concentrated force Evenly distributed Linearly grow along
along the pile body the pile body
Figure K.0.4 Single Pile Load Sharing

3 The stress at depth z point generated by lateral friction of No. k parent stock may be
zs ,k
Q
I s1,k (1 ) I s 2,k (R.0.4-3)
l2
Where,
Is1, Is2the stress effect coefficient; it may be deduced by carrying out integral method
to Mindlin stress formula.
4 For ordinary friction-type piles, all pile skin friction may be assumed to be linearly
growing along the pile body (namely =0), and Formula (R.0.4-3) may be reduced to:
Q
zs ,k (1 ) I s 2,k (R.0.4-4)
l2
5 Concentrated force to pile top:
(1 2v)(m 1) (1 2v)(m 1) 3(m 1)
3
1
Ip
8 (1 v) A3 B3 A5
(R.0.4-5)
3(3 4v) m( m 1) 2 3(m 1)(5m 1) 30m(m 1) 3

B5 B7
6 For the situation that pile skin friction is evenly distributed along the pile body:
142

2(2 v) 2(2 v) 2(1 2v)(m / n m / n )
2 2 2
1
I s1
8 (1 v) A B
(1 2v)2( m / n) 2 n 2 4m 2 4(1 v)(m / n) 2 m 2
3
F A F3
(R.0.4-6)
4m(1 v)(m 1)(m / n 1 / n) 2 (4m 2 n 2 )

B3

6m 2 (m 4 n 4 ) / n 2 6m mn 2 (m 1) 5 / n 2

F5 B5
7 For the situation that pile skin friction linearly grows along the pile body:
2(2 v) 2(2 v)(4m 1) 2(1 2v)(1 m)m / n

2 2
1
I s2
4 (1 v) A B
2(1 2v)m 3 / n 2 8(2 v)m mn 2 (m 1) 3

F A3
4vn 2 m 4m 3 15n 2 m 2(5 2v)(m / n) 2 (m 1) 3 (m 1) 3

B3
2(7 2v)mn 2 6m 3 2(5 2v)(m / n) 2 m 3

F3
6mn 2 ( n 2 m 2 ) 12(m / n) 2 (m 1) 5 12(m / n) 2 m 5 6mn 2 (n 2 m 2 )

B5 F5
A m 1 B m 1
2(2 v) ln
F m F m
Where,

1 1
A= n 2 (m 1) 2 2 B n 2 (m 1) 2 2 F n 2 m 2 n r / lm z / l ;
vthe Poisson's ratio of foundation soil;
rthe lateral distance from calculation point to axis of pile body, (m);
zthe vertical distance from calculated stress point to pile cap bottom surface, (m).
8 Substitute Formula (R.0.4-1)~Formula (R.0.4-4) in Formula (R.0.1) and obtain
settlement calculation formula in unidirectional compression layerwise summation method:
Q m j h j ,i K
n
s pm
I p,k (1 ) I s 2,k
l 2 j 1 i 1 E sj ,i k 1
(R.0.4-8)
R.0.5 When Mindlin stress formula is adopted to calculate the final settlement of pile
foundation and corresponding to acted quasi-permanent combination, the pile tip resistance
ratio of single pile additional load under the action of axial vertical force and empirical
coefficient pm for pile foundation settlement calculation shall be determined according to
measured data statistics of local engineering. When without area experience, the pm value
may be selected according to those specified in Table R.0.5.
Table R.0.5 Empirical Coefficient pm for Pile Foundation Settlement Calculation with Mindlin Stress
Formula Method
143

E s (MPa) 15 25 35 40
pm 1.00 0.8 0.6 0.3
Note: The value in this table may be interpolated.
144

Appendix S
Key Points for Lateral Load Test on Single Pile
S.0.1 Lateral static load test on single pile should adopt multiple cycle plus unloading test
method; slow speed maintained load method should be adopted where measuring pile body
stress or strain is required.
S.0.2 The point of action where lateral acting force is applied to should be consistent with
the bottom elevation of pile cap of actual engineering. The vertical verticality deviation of test
pile should not be greater than 1%.
S.0.3 Adopt jack pushing or adopt towing method to apply lateral force. The contact area of
point of force application with test pile should be arranged with spherical hinge and it shall be
guaranteed that the lateral acting force and test pile axis are on the same plane.
Figure S.0.3 Schematic of Lateral Static Load Test on Single Pile

1Dial indicator; 2Spherical hinge; 3Jack; 4Filling block; 5Reference beam
S.0.4 The lateral displacement of pile should adopt displacement sensor or wide range dial
indicator for measurement. On both sides of the force acted test pile on lateral plane, two dial
indicators or displacement sensors shall be installed symmetrically.
S.0.5 The reference pile which fixes dial indicator shall be arranged outside the influence
range of test pile and counterforce structure. When the reference pile is arranged in the
vertical direction to loading axis or the opposite direction to test pile displacement, the clear
distance may be properly reduced, but should not be less than 2m.
S.0.6 Where incremental launching method is adopted, the clear distance between
counterforce structure and test pile should not be less than 3 times the test pile diameter;
145

where towing method is adopted, the clear distance should not be less than 10 times the test
pile diameter.
S.0.7 During multiple cycle loading, the load grading should take 1/10~1/15 of the design
or pre-estimated ultimate lateral bearing capacity; after every grade of load is applied,
maintain permanent load for 4min, measure and read the lateral displacement, and then
unload to zero, stop for 2min, measure and read the lateral residual displacement; hereto
complete a loading and unloading cycle, cycle for 5 times and complete Grade 1 load test
observation. Midway stop is not allowed in the test.
S.0.8 Loading and unloading grading, test method and stabilized reference of slow speed
maintained load method shall meet the requirements of Articles Q.0.5, Q.0.6 and Q.0.7 of this
code.
S.0.9 Loading may be terminated where one of the following conditions occurs:
1 Under the action of constant load, the lateral displacement rapidly increases;
2 The lateral displacement exceeds 30mm~40mm (take the larger value for soft soil or
large diameter pile);
3 The pile body is broken.
S.0.10 The lateral limit load Hu on single pile may be comprehensively determined
according to the following method:
1 Take the load of earlier stage when the lateral force-time-displacement (H0-t-X0)
curve encounters obvious abrupt change as ultimate load (Figure S.0.10-1); for slow speed
maintained load method, take the load corresponding to starting point of H0-X0 generating
obvious abrupt change as the ultimate load;
2 Take the load corresponding to end point of No.2 straight section of lateral
force-displacement gradient (H0-X0/H0) curve as the ultimate load (Figure S.0.10-2);
3 Take the load of earlier stage when the pile body is broken as the ultimate load
(Figure S.0.10-3);
4 Where there is difficulty in judging according to above-mentioned method, synthetic
judgment may be carried out by combining other auxiliary analysis method;
5 The evaluation method of ultimate bearing capacity statistics shall meet the relevant
requirements of Article Q.0.10 of this code.
S.0.11 The characteristic value of lateral bearing capacity on single pile shall be
comprehensively determined according to the following method:
1 The lateral critical load on single pile (Hcr) may take the end point of No.1 straight
section of H0-X0/H0 curve or load corresponding to No.1 break point of H0-g curve
(Figure S.0.10-2 and Figure S.0.10-3).
146

Figure S.0.10-1 H0-t-X0 Curve
(1)Lateral displacement X0 (mm); (2)Lateral force; (3)Time t(h)
2 For the test pile in statistics, where its extreme deviation does not exceed 30% of the
average value, its average value may be taken as lateral limit load statistic of single pile.
Where the extreme deviation exceeds 30% of the average value, the test pile number should
be increased and the reason why the range istoo great should be analyzed, and the lateral limit
load statistic of single pile should be determined in combination with the specific conditions
of engineering.
3 Where crack is not allowed to the pile body, take 0.75 times the lateral critical load
statistic as the characteristic value of lateral bearing capacity on single pile.
4 When the pile body permits crack, the lateral limit load statistic of single pile divided
by safety coefficient 2 equals to characteristic value of lateral bearing capacity on single pile,
and the crack width on pile body shall meet the requirements of relevant specifications.
147

Figure S.0.10-2 H0-X0/H0 Curve
(1)Displacement gradient; (2)Lateral force
Figure S.0.10-3 H0-g Curve

(1)Reinforcement stress on maximum bending moment point; (2)Lateral force
S.0.12 The interval time from piling to test start shall meet the requirements of Article Q.0.4
of this code.
148

Appendix T
Key Points for Uplift Capacity Test on Single Pile
T.0.1 Uplift capacity test on single pile shall be carried out by adopting slow speed
maintained load method.
T.0.2 Test piles shall meet the actual operating conditions and shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The length that pile body steel bar in test pile outstretches the pile top should not be
less than 40d+500mm (d is the diameter of steel bars). For tests which provide reference for
the design, the tension of steel bar in test pile calculated according to standardized value of
steel bar strength shall be greater than 1.25 times the pre-estimated ultimate bearing capacity.
2 The height of test pile top exposed above the ground should not be less than 300mm.
3 The piling process and quality control of test pile shall strictly comply with the
relevant requirements. Before the test, low strain inspection shall be carried out to the test pile;
piles which have obvious hole enlargement shall not serve as piles for uplift test.
4 The distance between the setting position of meter for measurement of test pile
displacement and the pile top shall not be less than the pile diameter; when the pile diameter
is greater than 800mm, the distance may be properly reduced but shall not be less than 0.5
times the pile diameter.
5 Where engineering pile is adopted as test pile, the reinforcement of pile shall meet
the controlled condition of pile crack width under the action of maximum test load,
reinforcement in segments may be adopted.
T.0.3 Test equipment devices mainly consist of loading equipment and measuring devices,
as shown in Figure T.0.3.
Figure T.0.3 Schematic of Uplift Capacity Test on Single Pile

1Test pile; 2Anchor pile; 3Hydraulic jack; 4Gauge stand; 5Micrometer dial; 6Reference beam; 7Spherical hinge;
8Reaction beam
1 For measuring instrument, displacement sensor or wide range dial indicator shall be
adopted. The loading equipment shall adopt parallel synchronous oil jack of the same model;
the counterforce device of jack may be counterforce anchor pile. Counterforce anchor pile
may adopt engineering pile according to the field situation. The minimum distance among test
149

pile, anchor pile and reference pile shall meet the requirements of Article Q.0.3 of this code;
for enlarged base uplift pile, above-mentioned minimum distance shall be properly increased.
2 Where natural foundation is adopted to provide counterforce, the compressive stress
applied to the ground shall not be greater than 1.5 times the characteristic value of subsoil
bearing capacity.
T.0.4 The loading capacity should not be less than required pre-estimated or design ultimate
uplift bearing capacity on single pile. Every grade of loading is 1/8~1/10 of design or
pre-estimated ultimate uplift bearing capacity on single pile; add next grade load after every
grade of load reaches stabilized reference till loading end condition is met, and then unload in
grades to zero.
T.0.5 For uplift static load test, except for carrying out observation to up-pull deformation
amount of test pile, observation record shall be carried out to anchor pile deformation amount,
deformation situation of pile peripheral surface soil and cracking process of exposed part of
pile body.
T.0.6 After every grade of loading, measure and read up-pull deformation amount once at
5min, 10min and 15min; afterwards measure and read once every other 15min and measure
and read once every other 30min after accumulate 1h.
T.0.7 Under the action of every grade of load, where the up-pull deformation amount of pile
is less than 0.1mm in each hour for twice continuously, it may be regarded as stable.
T.0.8 Every grade of unloading value is twice the loading value. After unloading, measure
and read once at an interval of 15min. After reading for twice, reread once at an interval of
30min, namely the next grade load may be unloaded. After all the unloading, measure and
read once at an interval of 3h.
T.0.9 Loading may be terminated where one of the following conditions occurs in the test
process:
1 When the load on pile top reaches 0.9 times the standard value of strength of tensile
steel bars of pile, or some steel bar has tensile failure;
2 Under the action of some grade of load, the up-pull deformation amount increases
sharply and the total up-pull deformation amount exceeds 80mm already;
3 The accumulated up-pull deformation amount exceeds 100mm;
4 When the engineering pile is subjected to acceptance testing, the applied up-pull
force shall reach the design requirements; when the pile has crack resistance requirements, the
load corresponding to crack resistance requirements for the pile body shall not be exceeded.
T.0.10 Ultimate uplift bearing capacity on single pile shall be determined according to the
following requirements.
1 For abrupt change shape curve (Figure T.0.10-1), take the load value corresponding
to starting point of steep lifting section.
2 For slow deformation U- curve, the load value of earlier stage with obviously
flexural tail may be taken according to -lgt curve (Figure T.0.10-2).
150

Figure T.0.10-1 Abrupt Change Shape U- Curve Figure T.0.10-2 -lgt Curve
3 When the situation of Clause 1 in Article T.0.9 occurs, take the load of earlier stage.
4 For test piles which participate in statistics, where its extreme deviation does not
exceed 30% of the average value, its average value may be taken as ultimate uplift bearing
capacity on single pile; where the extreme deviation exceeds 30% of the average value, the
test pile number should be increased, the cause of too large extreme deviation should be
analyzed, and the ultimate bearing capacity should be determined by combining specific
conditions of engineering. For pile cap under column whose pile number is three or below,
take the minimum value.
T.0.11 The characteristic value of uplift bearing capacity on single pile shall be determined
according to the following method:
1 Divide the ultimate uplift bearing capacity on single pile by 2, at this time, the
reinforcement on pile body shall meet the design requirements for crack width;
2 When the pile body does not allow crack, the load of earlier stage when the pile body
cracks shall be taken;
3 Take value according to the load corresponding to design permissible up-pull
deformation amount.
T.0.12 The time interval from piling to test start shall meet the requirements of Article Q.0.4
of this code.
151

Appendix U
Anti-shearing Sectional Width of Step and Cone-shape Pile Cap
U.0.1 For step-shape pile cap, anti-shearing calculation (Figure U.0.1) of inclined section
shall be respectively carried out at steps variation point (A1-A1, B1-B1) and column side
(A2-A2, B2-B2), and the following requirements shall be complied with:
Figure U.0.1 Anti-shearing Calculation of Step-shape Pile cap Inclined Section

1 When anti-shearing bearing capacities of inclined section of section A1-A1, B1-B1 at
steps variation point are calculated, the effective height of both sections is h01 and the
calculation widths of sections are by1 and bx1 respectively.
2 When the anti-shearing bearing capacities of inclined section at A2-A2 and B2-B2
point of column side section are calculated, the effective height of both sections is h01+h02; the
section calculation width is calculated according to the following formulae:
b y1 h01 b y 2 h02
For A2-A2 by 0 (U.0.1-1)
h01 h02
152

bx1 h01 bx 2 h02
For B2-B2 bx 0 (U.0.1-2)
h01 h02
U.0.2 For cone-shape pile cap, the anti-shearing bearing capacity calculation shall be
carried out to A-A and B-B sections (Figure U.0.2); the effective height of both sections is h0,
and the section calculation width shall be calculated according to the following formula:
h b y 2
For A-A b y 0 1 0.5 1 1 b y1 (U.0.2-1)
h b
0
y1
h b
For B-B bx 0 1 0.5 1 1 x 2 bx1 (U.0.2-2)
h0 bx1
Figure U.0.2 Anti-shearing Calculation of Cone-shape Pile Cap
153

Appendix V
Stability Evaluation for Excavation Support Structures
V.0.1 For pile and wall supported structure, anti-overturning stability, upheaval stability and
overall stability evaluation shall be carried out according to the requirements specified in
Table V.0.1. The selection of soil shear strength index shall meet the requirements of Article
9.1.6 of this code.
V.0.2 Where there is underground water seepage action in the slope and during stability
analysis, calculation of hydraulic gradient and seepage pressure in the slope shall be carried
out, or replacing weight density method may be adopted for simplified analysis.
154

Table V.0.1 Stability Evaluation of Support Structure
Structural type Pile and wall support
Stability evaluation
Calculation method and stability safety Cantilever pile overturning stability Overturning stability with support pile
coefficient
Calculation diagram
Under the action of water and earth pressure inside and outside the pit, Under the action of water and earth pressure inside and outside the pit, the
the overturning action of cantilever supporting pile obtaining distance to overturning action of supporting pile below the undermost bearing point obtaining
Point O shall meet the requirements of the following formula: distance to Point O shall meet the requirements of the following formula:
K t
M Ep
Kt
M Ep
M Ea M Ea
Calculation method and stability safety
coefficient Where, M E p the sum of overturning action moment in the Where, M E p the sum of overturning action moment in the active area,
active area, (kNm); (kNm);
M Ea the sum of anti-overturning action moment in the passive M Ea the sum of anti-overturning action moment in the passive area,
area, (kNm); (kNm);

Ktthe anti-overturning stability safety coefficient of pile and wall Ktthe anti-overturning stability safety coefficient of support with support pile
155

cantilever support; take Kt1.30 and wall; take Kt1.30
Remark
Table V.0.1 (Continued)

Structural type Pile and wall support
Stability evaluation
Calculation method Upheaval stability Overall stability
and stability safety coefficient
Calculation diagrams
156

The strength stability of soil mass at the lower part of
foundation pit bottom shall meet the requirements of the
following formula: The strength stability of soil mass at the lower part of The evaluation of foundation pit overall stability according to
foundation pit bottom shall meet the requirements of circular sliding surface method shall meet the requirements of
N c 0 t
KD the following formula: the following formula:
(h t ) q
M p 0 0td MR
Where, KD KR
Calculation method and
Nc the coefficient of bearing capacity Nc=5.14;
(q h)t / 22 MS
stability safety coefficient
0 the overall strength determined from vane test, Where, Where,
3
(kPa); the weight density of soil (kN/m ); Mpthe bending strength standardized value of MS, MRthe up-sliding dynamic torque and the anti-sliding
KD the upheaval-resistant stability safety coefficient supporting pile and wall cross section, (kNm); moment for dangerous sliding cambered surface respectively,
of bottom soil at buried depth; take KD1.60; KDthe upheaval-resistant stability safety coefficient (kNm);
t the buried depth of support structure, (m);h of soil at the bottom of foundation pit; take KD1.40; KRthe overall stability safety coefficient; take KR1.30
the excavation depth of foundation pit, (m);
q the ground load (kPa)
Remark Applicable to foundation pit whose supporting pile bottom is soft soil ( 0)
157

Appendix W
Anti-seepage Stability Evaluation for Foundation Pit
W.0.1 When the upper part is impermeable layer and certain depth point at the pit bottom
has artesian aquifer, the anti-seepage stability of foundation pit bottom may be subjected to
evaluation according to the following formula (Figure W.0.1):
m (t t )
1.1 (W.0.1)
pw
Where,
mthe soil saturated weight above the permeable layer (kN/m3);
t+tthe distance from the top surface of permeable layer to foundation pit bottom
(m);
pwthe aquifer water pressure,(kPa).
Figure W.0.1 Schematic of Anti-seepage Stability Evaluation of Foundation Pit Bottom

1 Permeable layer
W.0.2 Where head difference exists inside and outside the foundation pit, silty soil and
sandy soil shall be subjected to anti-seepage stability evaluation; the hydraulic gradient of
seepage shall not exceed the critical hydraulic gradient.
158

Appendix Y
Key Points for Pre-stressed Earth Anchor Testing
Y.0.1 The geological conditions, anchor material, construction technology, etc. for earth
anchor test shall be consistent with anchor of engineering. To make the test for determining
bond strength characteristic value of anchor body and earth, and verifying bond strength
characteristic value between anchor and mortar reach limit state, the load-bearing capacity
standardized value of anchor body shall be greater than 1.2 times the pre-estimated failure
load.
Y.0.2 The maximum test load in the test should not exceed 0.9 times the load-bearing
capacity standardized value of anchor body.
Y.0.3 The anchor test may only be carried out after the grouting strength of anchor body
reaches 90% of the design strength.
Y.0.4 The test shall adopt circulating loading and unloading method, and the following
requirements shall be complied with:
1 Within the observation time of each grade of loading, the times for measuring and
reading the anchor head displacement shall not be less than 3;
2 Within the observation time of every grade of loading, when the anchor head
displacement increment is not greater than 0.1mm, load of the next grade may be applied;
when the condition is not met, load of the next grade shall be applied when the anchor head
displacement increment is less than 2mm within 2h;
3 The loading and unloading grades, and the measuring and reading interval time
should be determined according to the requirements specified in Table Y.0.4;
4 Within the observation time of the sixth cyclic loading, if the anchor head
displacement increment is not greater than 0.1mm, once or twice circulation(s) may be carried
out in consideration of the test device situation and according to 10% of pre-estimated failure
load increased from every grade.
Table Y.0.4 Loading and Unloading Grades and Displacement Observation Interval Time of Anchor
Fundamental Test Cycle
Loading standard cycle Percentage of pre-estimated failure load (%)
number Loading capacity of every Accumulated loading Unloading capacity of every
grade capacity grade
First cycle 10 30 10
Second cycle 10 30 50 30 10
Third cycle 10 30 50 70 50 30 10
Fourth cycle 10 30 50 70 80 70 50 30 10
Fifth cycle 10 30 50 80 90 80 50 30 10
Sixth cycle 10 30 50 90 100 90 50 30 10
Observation time (min) 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 5
Y.0.5 When one of the following conditions occurs in the anchor test, it may be regarded as
damage and loading shall be terminated:
159

1 The anchor head displacement is not restrained, and the anchor body is pulled out
from earth or the anchor is pulled out from the anchor body;
2 The total displacement of anchor head exceeds the design allowable value;
3 In the earth anchor test, the anchor head displacement increment generated by load of
the next grade exceeds twice the displacement increment of load of the previous grade.
Y.0.6 After the test is completed, load-displacement (Q-s), load-elastic displacement (Q-se)
curve and load-plastic displacement (Q-se) curve shall be drawn according to the test data.
Y.0.7 For ultimate bearing capacity of single anchor, take the load of earlier stage of failure
load; when the ultimate bearing capacity of single anchor has not reached the criteria of
failure under the action of maximum test load, take the maximum load value.
Y.0.8 The test quantity of anchor shall not be less than 3. For test anchor which participates
in statistics, when its extreme deviation value is not greater than 30% of the average value,
take the average value as ultimate bearing capacity of anchor; Where the maximum extreme
difference exceeds 30% of the average value, the test quantity should be increased and the
cause of too large extreme difference shall be analyzed, and the ultimate bearing capacity
shall be determined in combination with the engineering conditions.
Y.0.9 The ultimate bearing capacity of anchor divided by safety coefficient 2 equals to the
characteristic value of uplift bearing capacity of anchor (Rt).
Y.0.10 The anchor acceptance test shall meet the following requirements:
1 Determine the maximum load value of test according to 0.85Asfy;
2 The test adopts single cycle method and the load is applied according to 10%, 30%,
50%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of the maximum load value of test;
3 After reaching every grade of test load, observe for 10min, measure and record the
anchor head displacement;
4 After reaching the maximum load value of test and the anchor head displacement is
measured and recorded, unload to 10% of the maximum load of test, observe for 10min, and
measure and record the anchor head displacement;
5 After the anchor test is completed, draw load-displacement curve (Q-s) curve chart of
anchor;
6 Where the following conditions are met, the testing anchor shall be regarded as
qualified:
1) The deformation is stable after loading to design load;
2) The anchor elastic deformation shall not be less than 80% of the calculated value
of free segment length deformation, and shall not be greater than the elastic deformation
calculated value of the sum of free segment length and 1/2 of the anchorage segment length;
7 The anchor quantity for acceptance test shall take 5% of the total number of anchors,
and the quantity hereof shall not be less than 5.
160

Explanation of Wording in this Code
1 Words used for different degrees of strictness are explained as follows in order to
mark the differences in executing the requirements in this standard.
1) Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirement:
"Must" is used for affirmation; "must not" for negation.
2) Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions:
"Shall" is used for affirmation; "shall not" for negation.
3) Words denoting a permission of a slight choice or an indication of the most suitable
choice when conditions permit:
"Should" is used for affirmation; "should not" for negation.
"May" is used to express the option available, sometimes with the conditional permit.
2 "Shall comply with" or "shall meet the requirements of" is used in this standard
to indicate that it is necessary to comply with the requirements stipulated in other relative
standards and codes.
161

List of Quoted Standards
1 "Load Code for the Design of Building Structures" GB 50009

2 "Code for Design of Concrete Structures" GB 50010
3 "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" GB 50011
4 "Code for Anticorrosion Design of Industrial Constructions" GB 50046
5 "Standard for Soil Test Method" GB/T 50123
6 "Code for Durability Design of Concrete Structures" GB/T 50476
162


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Code for Design of Building Foundation

The book must be used together with the original book

Code for Design of Building Foundation

Chief Development Department: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

China Architecture and Building Press

The book must be used together with the original book

Announcement on Publishing the National Standard of "Code for Design of Building

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of

The book must be used together with the original book

The book must be used together with the original book

The book must be used together with the original book

1 General Provisions .............................................................................................................. 1

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The book must be used together with the original book

2 Terms and Symbols

2.1.1 Ground, foundation soils

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2.2.1 Action and action effect

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The book must be used together with the original book

Important industrial and civil buildings

Industrial and civil buildings beyond Grade A and Grade C

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Masonry bearing structure and frame

Building structure (m)

type (6m Rated

Chimney Height (m) 40 50 75 100

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The book must be used together with the original book

The book must be used together with the original book

4 Geotechnical Classification and Index Properties

4.1 Geotechnical Classification

Integrity index >0.75 0.75~0.55 0.55~0.35 0.35~0.15 <0.15

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5<N63.510 Slightly compact

10<N63.520 Moderately compact

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10<N15 Slightly compact

15<N30 Moderately compact

10<Ip17 Powdery clay

0<IL0.25 Hard plastic

0.75<IL1 Soft plastic

IL>1 Flow plastic

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4.2 Engineering Index Properties

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5 Foundation Design Calculation

5.1 Embedded Depth of Foundation

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Cohesive soil 1.00

Fine sand, silty sand, silty soil 1.20

Medium, coarse, gravelly sand 1.30

Gravelly soil 1.40

Non-frost heaving 1.00

Weak frost heaving 0.95

Frost heaving 0.90

Strong frost heaving 0.85

Utmost strong frost heaving 0.80

Table 5.1.7-3 Influence Coefficient of Environment on Frost Penetration

Village, town, wilderness 1.00

Suburban of city 0.95

Urban area 0.90