MISRIMAL NAVAJEE MUNOTH JAIN ENGINEERING

COLLEGE, CHENNAI - 97
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS (MA2111)
FOR
FIRST SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

This text contains some of the most important short answer (Part A) and long
answer (Part B) questions and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university
questions. Thus, a total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student
who studies these model problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).

Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics

SEPTEMBER, 2010

www.engg-maths.com

Matrices

UNIT I

MATRICES

SHORT ANSWER

3 -1 1
Problem 1. Two eigen values of A= -1 5 -1 are 3 and 6.
1 -1 3
Find the eigen values of A-1.
Solution: Sum of the eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 3 + 5 + 3 = 11.
If is the third eigen value, then 3 + 6 + = 11. Therefore = 2.
Hence eigen values of A are 2, 3, 6.
The eigen values of A-1 are 1/2, 1/3, 1/6
1 2 3
Problem 2. Find the eigen values of A , given, A= 0 2 -7 .
0 0 3
Solution: A is an upper triangular matrix.
Hence the eigen values of A are the diagonal elements 1, 2, 3.
The eigen values of A3 are 13, 23, 33. i.e., 1, 8, 27.
3

3 1
Problem 3. If a, b are the eigen values of A=
, form the matrix whose eigen
1 5
values are a3, b3.
Solution: a3, b3 are the eigen values of the matrix A3.
3 1 3 1 10 8
Now A2 = A.A =

1 5 1 5 8 26
10 8 3 1
A3 = A2.A =

=
8 26 1 5

38 50
50 138

Problem 4. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of the matrix

2 2 3
2
1 6

1 2 0
Solution: Sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
= -2 + 1 + 0 = -1.

Matrices

3
2

Product of the eigen values A 2

6 2(0 12) 2(0 6) 3( 4 1)

1 2

0
= 24 +12 +9 = 45.

Problem 5. If the sum of two eigen values and trace of a 3 3matrix A are equal, find
the value of A .
Solution: Sum of the eigen values = 1+ 2+ 3 = sum of the diagonal elements
= trace of A.
Given 1+ 2 = trace of A.
i.e., 1+ 2 = 1+ 2+ 3
Therefore 3 = 0.
Then A = Product of the eigen values of A = 123= 0
Problem 6. Two eigen values of a singular matrix A of order three are 2 and 3. Find the
third eigen value.
Solution: Since A is singular matrix, A = 0.
Product of the eigen values = A = 0. Two eigen values are 2 and 3. Therefore the third
eigen value has to be 0.
Problem 7. State Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
Solution: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
3 1
Problem 8. Verify Cayley- Hamilton Theorem for the matrix A=

1 5
3 1
Solution: A=

1 5
The characteristic equation of A is | A - I |= 0
3- 1
1 5 0

(3 )(5 ) 1 0

2 8 14 0
To prove that A satisfies the characteristic equation i.e., A2 -8A + 14I = 0
3 1 3 1 10 8
A2 =

1 5 1 5 8 26
10 8 3 1
1 0
A2 -8A + 14I =
- 8
+ 14

8 26 1 5
0 1

Matrices

4
10
=
8
0
=
0

8 -24 8 14 0
+
+
26 8 40 0 14
0
0

1 0
2
Problem 9. If A =
, write A in terms of A and I, using Cayley- Hamilton
0
5

Theorem.
Solution: The characteristic equation of A is | A - I |= 0
0
1-
0 5 0

(1 )(5 ) 0

2 6 5 0
By Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, A2 - 6A + 5I = 0
Therefore,
A2 = 6A - 5I
1 2
4
Problem 10. Given A =
, find A using Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.
2

Solution: The characteristic equation of A is 2 S1 + S2 = 0 where

S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + (-1) = 0
S2 = A = 1(-1) -2(2) = -5
The characteristic equation is 2 5 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton Theorem, A satisfies its characteristic equation.
Therefore A2 5I = 0
5 0
A2 = 5I =

0 5
5 0 5 0 25 0
A4 = A2. A2 =

0 5 0 5 0 25
Problem 11. If the sum of the eigen values of the matrix of the quadratic form equal to
zero, then what will be the nature of the quadratic form?
Solution: Given 1+ 2+ 3 = 0.
Case (i) 1, 2, 3 cannot be all positive
Case (ii) 1, 2, 3 cannot be all negative
Case (iii) Some are positive and some are negative is possible.
Therefore the quadratic form is indefinite.
cos
Problem 12. Show that the matrix P =
sin

sin
is orthogonal.
cos

Matrices

cos
Solution: P =
sin

sin
cos

cos
PT =
sin

sin
cos

cos sin cos sin

PPT =

cos
sin cos sin

cos 2 sin 2
cos sin sin cos
=

sin 2 cos 2
sin cos cos sin

1 0

=I
0 1
Similarly, PTP = I. Therefore the given matrix is orthogonal.
Problem 13. Determine the nature of the quadratic form
x12 3 x22 6 x32 2 x1 x2 2 x2 x3 4 x3 x1

1 1 2
Solution: Matrix of the quadratic form is A 1 3 1
2 1 6
1 1
D1 = 1 1 ; D2 =
2;
1 3
1 1 2
D3 = 1 3 1 1(18 1) 1(6 2) 2(1 6) 3
2 1 6
D1, D2, D3 are all positive. Therefore the Q.F is positive definite.
Problem 14. Determine the nature of the quadratic form
2x12 x22 3 x32 12 x1 x2 8 x2 x3 4 x3 x1
6 - 2
2

Solution: Matrix of the quadratic form is A 6

1 - 4
- 2 4 - 3
2 6
D1 = 2 2 ; D2 =
34 ;
6 1
D3 = A 2(3 16) 6(18 8) 2(24 2) 162
D1, D3 positive and D2 negative. Therefore the Q.F is indefinite.
Problem 15. Find the rank, index, signature and nature of the Quadratic Form

0 y1 3 y2 14 y3
2

Solution: The given quadratic form is in the canonical form (C.F).

Matrices

6
Rank of the Q.F = No. of terms in the C.F = 2
Index of the Q.F = No. of positive terms in the C.F = 2
Signature of Q.F. = (No. of positive terms) (No. of negative terms) = 2 - 0 = 2
Nature of the Q.F. is positive semi definite.

LONG ANSWER

Problem 16. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
2 2 3
A 2
1 6
1 2 0
Solution:
The characteristic equation is | A - I | = 0.

i.e.,

2-

1-

0-

i.e., (-2 - ) [-(1 - ) -12] - 2[-2 - 6] -3[-4 + 1 - ] = 0

i.e., (-2 - ) [2 - -12] + 4 + 12 + 9 + 3 = 0
i.e., 3 + 2 - 21 - 45 = 0
3
2
Now, (-3) + (-3) - 21(-3) - 45 = -27 + 9 + 63 45 = 0
-3 is a root of equation (1).
Dividing 3 + 2 - 21 - 45 by + 3

3 1 1 21 45
0 3 6
45
1 2 15
0
Remaining roots are given by
2 - 2 - 15 = 0
i.e.,
( + 3) ( - 5) = 0
i.e.,
= -3, 5.
The eigen values are -3, -3, 5
2 2 - 3 x1 0
The eigen vectors of A are given by 2
1 - - 6 x 2 0
- 1
- 2 - x3 0
Case 1 = -3
2
- 3
2 3
1 2 - 3

Now
1 3 - 6 ~ 2 4 - 6
2
-2
3
- 1
- 1 - 2 3

(1)

Matrices

7
1 2 - 3
~ 0 0 0
0 0 0

x1 + 2x2 - 3x3 = 0
Put
x2 = k1, x3 = k2
Then x1 = 3k2 - 2k1
3k 2 2k 1

The general eigen vectors corresponding to = -3 is

k1

k 2

3
When k1 = 0, k2 = 1, we get the eigen vector 0
1
2
When k1 = 1, k2 = 0, we get the eigen vector 1
0

3
2

Hence the two eigen vectors corresponding to = -3 are 0 and 1 .

0
1
These two eigen vectors corresponding to = -3 are linearly independent.
Case 2 = 5
2 5 2 - 3
7 2 - 3
2

1 - 5 - 6 ~ 2 - 4 - 6

- 1
- 1 - 2 - 5
- 2 - 5
1 2 5
~ 0 8 16
0
0
0
-x1 - 2x2 - 5x3 = 0
-8x2 - 16x3 = 0
A solution is x3 = 1, x2 = -2, x1 = -1
1
Eigen vector corresponding to = 5 is 2 .
1
1 1 2
Problem 17. Find the characteristic equation of 2 1 3 and verify Cayley 3 2 3
Hamilton Theorem. Hence find the inverse of the matrix.

Matrices

1 1 2
Solution: Let A 2 1 3 Characteristic eqn. of A is
3 2 3
3 2 1 1 3 9 9 1 26 0
i.e 3 2 19 26 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem A3 A2 19 A 26 I 0 .
Verification:
2 7
1 1 2 1 1 2 9

A A. A 2 1 3 2 1 3 5
9 10
3 2 3 3 2 3 10 7 21

2 7 1 1 2 16 21 45
9

A3 A2 . A 5
9 10 2 1 3 43 16 67
10 7 21 3 2 3 67
45 104

Substituting in the characteristic equation
2 7 19 19 38 26 0 0 0
16 21 45 9

9 10 38 19
57 0 26 0 0
43 16 67 5
67
45 104 10 7 21 57 38 57 0 0 26 0

Hence verified.
Now to find the inverse of the matrix A, premultiply the characteristic equation by
A2 A 19 I 26 A1 0

0 0

0 0
0 0

A 1

1
19 I A A2

26
19 0 0 1 1 2 9
2 7
9 5 5
1


1

0 19 0 2 1 3 5
9 10 3 9 7

26
26

0 0 19 3 2 3 10 7 21
7 5 1

A 1

3
1 0

Problem 18. Given A 2 1 1 , use Cayley-Hamilton Theorem to find the inverse of

1 1 1
A and also find A4

Solution:
The characteristic equation of A is
1

3
1 0
1

Matrices

i.e., (1-) [(1 - ) (1 - ) -1] + 3[-2 - (1 - )] = 0

i.e., (1 - )3 - (1 - ) 6 -3 + 3 = 0
i.e., 1 - 3 + 32 - 3 1 + - 9 + 3 = 0
i.e., -3 + 32 + - 9 = 0
i.e., 3 - 32 - + 9 = 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem,
A3-3A2 A + 9I = 0
-1
-1
To find A , multiplying by A , A2-3A - I + 9A-1 = 0

A-1 =

1
[-A2 + 3A + I]
9

3 1 0
3 4 3 6
1 0

A 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 5
9 1 0 0
4 3 6 3 0
1

A 1 3 2 4 6 3 3 0 1 0
9
0
2 5 3 3 3 0 0 1
2

3
0 3
1
3 2 7
9
3 1 1

To find A4:
We have
A3- 3A2 A + 9I = 0
i.e.,
A3 = 3A2 + A - 9I
(1)
Multiplying (1) by A, we get,
A4 = 3A3 + A2-9A

= 3(3A2 + A - 9I) + A2 - 9A
using (1)
= 10A2 - 6A - 27I
3
4 3 6 1 0
1 0 0

10 3 2 4 6 2 1 1 27 0 1 0
0 2 5 1 1 1
0 0 1
7 30 42
18 13 46
6 14 17

0 0 2
Problem 19. . If A 2 1 0 express A6 25 A2 122 A as a single matrix
1 1 3

Solution: To avoid higher powers of A like A6 we use Cayley Hamilton Theorem.

Characteristic equation is 3 4 2 5 2 0
By Cayley Hamilton Theorem A3 4 A2 5 A 2 I 0
To find A6 25 A2 122 A we will express this in terms of smaller powers of A using the
characteristics equation. We know that (Divisor) X (Quotient) + Remainder = Dividend

Matrices

10

Assuming A3 4 A2 5 A 2 I as the divisor we get,

A3 4 A2 11A 22 I
A3 4 A2 5 A 2 I

A6 0 A5 0 A4 25 A2 122 A 0 I
A6 4 A5 5 A4 2 A3
4 A5 5 A4 2 A3 25 A2 122 A
4 A5 16 A4 20 A3 8 A2
11A4 22 A3 33 A2 122 A
11A4 44 A3 55 A2 22 A
22 A3 88 A2 100 A
22 A3 88 A2 110 A 44 I
10 A 44 I

A6 25 A2 122 A A3 4 A2 5 A 2 I A3 4 A2 11A 22 I 10 A 44 I

But A3 4 A2 5 A 2 I 0
A6 25 A2 122 A 0 10 A 44 I

10 A 44 I
0
0 20 44 0 0

20 10
0 0 44 0
10 10 20 0 0 44
0
44

20 54
10 10

44 0

20 54
10 10

20

0
74
20

0
74

Problem 20. If i are the eigen values of the matrix A, then prove that

i k i are the eigen values of kA where k is a nonzero scalar.

ii. im are the eigen value of Am and
1
iii.
are the eigen values of A1 .
i
Solution: Let i be the eigen values of matrix A and Xi be the corresponding eigen
vectors. Then by defn: AXi iXi......( I ) ( i.e by defn. of eigen vectors)
i. Premultiply ( I ) with the scalar k. Then
k AXi k iXi
i.e. kA X i k i Xi

Matrices

11
k i are the eigen values of kA (comparing with ( I ) i.e by defn.)

ii. Premultiply ( I ) with A, then

A AXi A iXi
i.e. A2 X i i AXi
i i Xi from (I)
i Xi
2

1y we can prove that A3 Xi i Xi and so on Am Xi i Xi

3

i m are the eigen values of the Am (comparing with ( I ) i.e. by defn.)

iii. Premultiply ( I ) with A1 , then
A1 AXi A1 iXi

i.e. A1 A Xi i A1 Xi
i.e. IXi i A1 Xi
i.e. A1 Xi

1
Xi
i

1
are the eigen values of A1 (comparing with ( I ) ).
i
2 0 1
Problem 21. Find the characteristic vectors of 0 2 0 and verify that they are
1 0 2

mutually orthogonal.

2 0 1
Solution: A = 0 2 0 Characteristic equation is 3 6 2 11 6 0
1 0 2

Solving: 1, 2,3
Consider the matrix equation A I X 0
Case (i) when 1;

1x1 0 x2 1x3 0 1
1 0 1 x1 0

0 1 0 x2 0 i.e. 0 x1 1x2 0 x3 0 2 equation (1) & (3) are identical.
1 0 1 x 0
1x1 0 x2 1x3 0 3

3
Solving (1) and (2) using the rule of cross multiplication
1
x1
x2
x3
x1 x2 x3

i.e. X 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0
1
1

Matrices

12

Case (ii) when 2;

0 x1 0 x2 1x3 0
1 0 1 x1 0

0 1 0 x2 0 i.e. 0 x1 0 x2 0 x3 0
1 0 1 x 0
1x1 0 x2 0 x3 0

0 0

X 2 k i.e 1 .
0 0

Case (ii) when 3;
x1 0 x2 1x3 0
1 0 1 x1 0

0 1 0 x2 0 i.e. 0 x1 1x2 0 x3 0
1 0 1 x 0
1x1 0 x2 1x3 0

x3 0
i.e. x2 is arbitrary say k
x1 0

Solving (1) and (2)

1
x1 x2 x3

X3 0
1 0
1
1

Thus the eigen values are 1,2,3 and the correspondent eigen vectors are
1 0
1


T
0 , 1 and 0 . To check orthogonallity, X 1 X 2 0
1 0
1


X 2T X 3 0
X 1T X 3 0
X1, X 2 , X 3
are mutually orthogonal.

6 6 5
Problem 22. Find the latent vectors of 14 13 10
7 6 4

Solution: Characteristic equation is 1 0 1, 1, 1

3

When 1 (repeated 3 times) we have to find 3 corresponding latent vectors.

7 x1 6 x2 5 x3 0
7 6 5 x1 0

14 12 10 x2 0 i.e. 14 x1 12 x2 10 x3 0 All three equation are identical
7 6 5 x 0
7 x1 6 x2 5 x3 0

3
.i.e. we get only one equation, but we have to find three vectors that are linearly
independent.
0
x2 x3

Assume x1 0 6 x2 5 x3 0 i.e. 6 x2 5 x3 i.e. X 1 5
5
6
6

Matrices

13

5
x1 x3

Assume x2 0 7 x2 5 x3 0 i.e. 7 x1 5 x3i.e.. X 2 0
5 7
7

6
x1 x2

And assume x2 0 7 x2 6 x3 0 i.e. 7 x1 6 x2 0i.e.. X 3 7
6 7
0

X1, X2 and X3 are linearly independent.

Problem 23.

1 1 1
Find the eigen vectors of the matrix A 0 2 1
4 4 3

Solution:
1 -
The characteristic equation of A is 0
4

1
2-
1 0
4
3 -
1

i.e., (1 - ) [(2 - ) (3 - ) - 4] -1[0 + 4] +1[0 + 4(2 - )]

i.e., (1 - )(2 - 5 + 6 - 4) 4 + 8 - 4
i.e., (1 - )(2 - 5 + 2) + 4 - 4
i.e., (1 - )(2 - 5 + 2 + 4)
i.e., ( -1)(2 - 5 + 6)
i.e., ( -1)( - 2)( - 3)
The eigen values of A are = 1, 2, 3.
1
1
1 -

The eigen vectors are given by 0 2 -

1
4
4
3 -
Case 1

=1
0 1 1
0 1 1 ~

4 4 2

4 4 2
0 1 1

0 0 0
-4x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 0
x2 + x3 = 0
A solution is, x3 = 2, x2 = -2, x1= -1
1
Eigen vector X1 = 2
2

=0
=0
=0
=0
=0
=0

x 1 0
x 0
2
x 3 0

Matrices

14

=2
1 1 1
0 0 1 ~

4 4 1

Case 2

1 1 1
0 0 1

0 0 0
-x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
x3 = 0
A solution is, x3 = 0, x2 = 1, x1 = 1
1
Eigen vector X2 = 1
0

=3
2 1 1
0 1 1 ~

4 4 0

Case 3

2 1 1
0 1 1

0
0 0
-2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0
-x2 + x3 = 0
A solution is, x3 = 1, x2 = 1, x1 = 1
1
Eigen vector X3 = 1
1

2 2 0
Problem 24. Diagonalise the matrix 2 5 0 using orthogonal transformation.
0 0 3

3
2
Solution: Characteristic equation is 10 27 18 0
Solving we get the eigen value as 1, 3, 6
2
0
1



When 1, X 1 1 ; When 3, X 2 0 ; When 6, X 3 2
0
1
0



2
5 0

1

Normalizing each vector, we get
, 0 and
5

1
0

1
5

Matrices

15

2
0
5

Normalized Modal Matrix, N 1

0
5

1
0

Then by the orthogonal transformation,

2
1
2
0

5
5
5

2 2 0

N AN 0
0
1 2 5 0 0

2
1
0 0 0 3 1
5
5

N AN D 1 , 2 , 3

2
5
5

2 . N NT 0

1
0
5

0
0
1

0
1,

2
0
5

2 . On simplifying, we get
5
0

1 0 0

which is diagonal matrix with eigen values along the

D 1,3, 6 0 3 0
0 0 6

diagonal (in order).

6 2 2
Problem 25. Reduce 2 3 1 to a diagonal matrix by orthogonal reduction.
2 1 3

3
Solution: Characteristic equation is 12 2 36 32 0 8, 2, 2
When 8
2 2 2 x1 0

2 5 1 x2 0
2 1 5 x 0

3
i.e
2 x1 2 x2 2 x3 0
2 x1 5 x2 1x3 0
2 x1 1x2 5 x3 0
2
x1 x2 x3

Solving any two equations

X 1 1
2 1 1
1

When 2 (repeated twice)
4 2 2 x1 0

2 1 1 x2 0 i.e 2 x1 2 x2 2 x3 0 . All the equations are identical.
2 1 1 x 0

Matrices

16

0
x2 x3

To get one of the vectors, assume x1 0 x2 x3 0 i.e. X 2 1
1
1
1

a

T
X 1 X 2 0 . Therefore X 1 and X 2 are orthogonal. Now assume X 3 b to be mutually
c

orthogonal with X1 and X2.

T
X 1 X 3 0 i.e. 2 1 1 b 0 i.e.2a b c 0
c
a
b c

i.e
a
2 2 2

and X 2T X 3 0 i.e. 0 1 1 b 0 i.e.0a b c 0

1

X3 1 .
1

After normalizing these 3 mutually orthogonal vectors, we get the normalized Modal
2
1
0

6
3

1
1
Matrix N 1
6
2
3

1
1
1

6
2
3

Diagonalizing we get
2

D N T AN 0

on simplifying we get

6 6 2 2
6

1
1
2 3 1 1
2
2
6

1
3

1
1
1
3
3
6

D D 1 , 2 , 3
1

8 0 0

0 2 0
0 0 2

D 8, 2, 2

1
3
1
3
1

6
1
2
1
3

Matrices

17

3 1 1
Problem 26. Diagonalise the matrix A 1 3 -1
1 -1 3
Solution:

1
3- 1

The characteristic equation of A is 1 3- -1 0

1
-1 3-
i.e., (-1)(2 - 8 + 16) = 0
The eigen values of A are = 1, 4, 4.
1 x1 0
3- 1

The eigen vectors are given by 1 3- -1 x 2 0

1
-1 3- x 3 0
Case 1

=1

1
Eigen vector X1 = 1
1
Case 2 = 4
0
Eigen vector X2 = 1

1
a

Now assume X 3 b to be mutually orthogonal with X1 and X2.
c

T
X 1 X 3 0 i.e. a b c 0
a b c
i.e
T
2 1 1
and X 2 X 3 0 i.e. b c 0
2

X3 1 .
1

1 0 2
Hence the modal matrix M 1 1 1
1 1 1

Matrices

18

1
0

1
The Normalized Modal Matrix is N 1
3
2

1
1

3
2

Diagonalizing, we get
1
1

3
3

T
1
D N AN 0
2

2
1

6
6

1
6
1
6

3 3 1 1
3

1 1 3 1 1
1

2
3
2

1 1 3

1
1
1
6
3
2

1
6
1
6

1 0 0
0 4 0 = D(1, 4, 4)
0 0 4

Problem 27. Reduce the Quadratic From 10 x12 2 x22 5 x32 6 x2 x3 10 x3 x1 4 x1 x2 into
canonical form by orthogonal reduction. Hence find the nature, rank, index and the
signature of the Q.F. Find also a nonzero set of values of X which will make the Q.F.
vanish.

10 2 5

Solution: Matrix of the given Q.F. is A 2 2 3 , which is a real and symmetric

5 3 5

3
2
matrix. The characteristic equation is 17 42 0
Solving, we get 0, 3, 14
1
1
3



When 0, X 1 5 ; When 3, X 2 1 ; When 14, X 3 1
4
1
2



and X 1 , X 2 , X 3 are mutually orthogonal since X 1 , X 2 0, X 2 X 3 0 andX 3 X 1 0
Normalizing these vectors we get the normalized model matrix
1

3
1

42
3
14

1
1
N 5

42
3
14

1
2

42
3
14

Matrices

19

Diagonalising we get D N T AN
D 12 , 3 in order
D 0, 3, 14

0 0 0

D 0 3 0 (i.e. the eigen values in order along the principal

0 0 14

i.e

diagonal).
Now to reduce the Q.F to C.F (.i.e Canonical form)
y1

Consider the orthogonal transformation X = NY where Y y2
y
3
Then the Q.F. X T AX becomes NY A NY Y T N T AN Y
T

= Y T DY since
0

y1 y2 y3 0
0

N T AN D
0 0 y1

3 0 y2

0 14
y3

0 y1 3 y2 14 y3
2

Thus = 0 y1 3 y2 14 y3 is the Canonical form of the given Q.F. And the equations of
this transformation are got from X= NY.
1

3
1

42
3
14 y1
x1

5
1
1
x

NY

y2
2

42
3
14

x
3
4
y3
1
2

42
3
14

1
1
3
y1
y2
y3
42
3
14
5
1
3
x2
y1
y2
y3
42
3
14
4
1
3
x3
y1
y2
y3
42
3
14

x1

To get the non-zero set of values of x which make the Q.F zero we assume values
for y1 , y2 and y3 such that the C.F. vanishes.

Matrices

20

i.e 0 y1 3 y2 14 y3 will vanish if y2 0, y3 0 and y1 is any arbitrary value (for

simplicity sake, assume y1 as the denominator of the coeff. of y1 in the equations) let
2

y1 42
1
1
3
x1
42
(0)
0
42
3
14
i.e. x1 1 0 0 1

III 1 y x2 5 0 0 5
and x3 4 0 0 4

Thus the set of values of x i.e 1, 5, 4 will reduce the given Q.F. to zero.
To find the rank, index, signature and nature using canonical form:
2
2
2
C.F. is 0 y1 3 y2 14 y3
rank is 2 (no. of terms in C.F)
Index is 2 (no. of positive terms)
Signature of Q.F. = ( no. of positive terms) (no. of negative terms) = 2
Nature of the Q.F. is positive semi definite.

Problem 28. Reduce the Q.F. 2 xy 2 yz 2 zx into a form of sum of squares. Find the
rank, index and signature of it. Find also the nature of the Q.F.
0 1 1

Solution: Matrix of the Q.F. is A 1 0 1

1 1 0

3
Characteristic equation is 3 2 0 solving 2, 1, 1

1

When 2, X 1 1
1

When 1 (repeated twice) we get identical equations as x1 x2 x3 0
x
x
x1 0 x2 x3 0 i.e. x2 x3 i.e. 2 3
1 1
0
Assume

X 2 1
1

which is orthogonal with X 1.
a

Now to find X 3 orthogonal with both X 1 and X 2 assume X 3 b
c

Matrices

21
if X 2T X 3 0, a b c 0

if X 2T X 3 0, 0a b c 0
a b
c
i.e.

2 1 1
2
2


X 3 1 i.e. 1
1
1

which is orthogonal with X 1 and X 2 .

1
0
3

3
2
6

1
1
Normalising these vectors we get N 1
and D N AN
3
2
6

1
2

3
2
6

2 0 0

= D 1 , 2 , 3 0 1 0 .Consider the orthonormal transformation X = NY

0 0 1

such that Q.F.is reduced to C.F.

The Q.F. is reduced as
T
X T AX NY A NY

Y T N T AN Y

Y T DY
2 0 0 y1

y1 , y2 , y3 , 0 1 0 y2
0 0 1 y

3
The C.F. is 2 y12 y2 2 y3 2
rank of Q.F.is = no. of terms in C.F=3
index of Q.F. = no. of positive terms in C.F. = 1
signature of Q.F. = ( no. of positive terms) (no. of negative terms)
= 1-2 = -1
Nature of the Q.F. is indefinite.

Problem 29. Reduce the quadratic form

8 x12 7 x 22 3 x32 12 x1 x 2 4 x1 x3 8 x 2 x3 to the

canonical form by an orthogonal transformation. Find also the rank, index, signature and
the nature of the quadratic form.

Matrices

22

Solution:

8 6 2
The matrix of the quadratic form is A 6 7 4
2 4 3
The eigen values of this matrix are 0, 3 and 15 and the corresponding eigen vectors are
1
2
2

X 1 2 ,
X2 1 ,
X 3 2 , which are mutually orthogonal.
2
2
1
2/3
1/3 2/3

The normalized modal matrix is N 2/3 1/3 2/3

2/3 2/3 1/3
0 0 0
and N AN = D 0 3 0
0 0 15
T

Now the orthogonal transformation X = NY will reduce the given quadratic form to the
canonical form 0y12 3y 22 15y 32 .
Also rank = 2, index = 2, signature = 2. The quadratic form is positive semi definite.

Problem 30.

Find the orthogonal transformation which reduces the quadratic form

2 x1 x 2 2 x 2 x3 2 x1 x3 into the canonical form. Determine the rank, index,

signature and the nature of the quadratic form.
2 x12

2 x 22

2 x32

Solution:
2 1 1
The matrix of the quadratic form is A 1 2 1
1 1 2
2-
-1
1

The characteristic equation of A is

-1

2-

-1

-1 0
2-

Expanding - 6 + 9 - 4 = 0
= 1 is a root
Dividing 3 - 62 + 9 - 4 by -1,
3

1 6 9 4
0 1 5 4
1 5

The remaining roots are given by

2-5 + 4 = 0
2 - 5 + 4 = ( - 1) ( - 4) = 0
i.e., = 1, 4

Matrices

23

The eigen values of A are = 4, 1, 1

Case 1

=4

1
2 - 4 - 1

The eigen vectors are given by - 1 2 - 4 - 1

1
- 1 2 - 4
2 1 1 1 - 1 - 2
1 2 1 ~ 0 - 3 - 3

1 1 2 0 0 0

x1 - x2 - 2x3 = 0
-3x2 - 3x3 = 0
A solution is x3 = 1, x2 = -1, x1 = 1.

x 1 0
x 0
2
x 3 0

1
The corresponding eigen vector is X1 = 1
1
Case 2

=1

1 x1 0
2 - 1 - 1

The eigen vectors are given by - 1 2 - 1 - 1 x 2 0

1
- 1 2 - 1 x3 0

1 - 1 1 1 1 1
- 1 1 - 1 ~ 0 0 0

1 - 1 1 0 0 0
x1- x2 + x 3 = 0
Put x3 = 0. We get x1 = x2 = 1. Let x1 = x2 = 1
1
The eigen vector corresponding to = 1 is X2 = 1
0

X1 and X2 are orthogonal as X 1T X 2 = 10 + (-1) 1 + 11 = 0.

a
To find another vector X3 = b corresponding to =1 such that it is orthogonal to both
c

X1 and X2 and satisfies x1- x2 + x3 = 0

i.e.,
X1.X3 = 0,
X2.X3 = 0 and a b + c = 0
i.e.,
1.a -1.b + 1.c = 0, 1.a + 1.b + 0.c = 0 and a b + c = 0.
i.e.,
a b + c = 0 and
a+b=0
i.e.,
a = -b and
c = 2b
Put b =1, so that a = -1, c = 2

Matrices

24
1
X 3 1
2

1 1 1
The modal matrix is 1 1 1
1 0 2
1/ 3 1/ 2

Hence the normalized modal matrix is N 1 / 3 1 / 2

1/ 3
0

1/
1/

2/

The required orthogonal transformation is X = NY will reduce the given quadratic

form to the canonical form.
C.F= 4 y12 y 22 y 32
Rank of the quadratic form = 3, index = 3, signature = 3. The quadratic form is positive
definite.