Bi̇tmi̇ş Gramer Ozeti̇

Feke Anatolian Teachers Training High School
YDS Grammar
VERBS AND TENSES (FLLER VE ZAMANLAR)
Fiiller znenin ne yaptn, ne durumda olduunu veya kendisine ne yapldn bildiren kelime veya kelime gruplardr. Bir cmle fiilsiz kurulamaz.
A. ORDINARY VERBS (Sradan Fiiller)
Cmledeki asl ii, oluu, hareketi, durumu bildirir. Dier fiillerle beraber kullanlmalarna gerek yoktur.
1 Actions verbs (Hareket Bildiren Fiiller)
Bir iin devam ettiini veya deiebilirliini gsterip cmlede yaplan hareket ve ileri bildirirler. imdiki zamanla kullanlrlar.
a Activity verbs (Hareket Fiilleri)

b Process verbs (Deiim Fiilleri)
He is watching TV. (TV izliyor-sreklilik-eylem sryor)

Were getting older.(Yldan yla yalanyoruz.- deiim)
2 State Verbs (Durum Bildiren Fiiller)
Hareket fiilerinin aksine, aktif i deil de sabit bir durum belirten kelimelerdir. imdiki zamanla kullanlmazlar.
a to be
Olmak, (am, is are): Im happy. He is married. We are at school.

to feel: hissetmek, dokunmak(hareket)
to taste:tadnda olmak, tatmak(hareket) to hear: iitmek
to smell: kokmak, koklamak(hareket)
to see: grmek, bulumak
(hareket)
to know: bilmek
to realize: farketmek
to understand: anlamak
to remember: hatrlamak
to want: istemek
to recognize: tanmak
to need: ihtiya duymak
to disagree: uyuamamak
to think: kansnda olmak, dnmek
to agree: kabul etmek
to believe: inanmak
to guess: tahmin etmek
to have: sahip olmak, yapmak
to belong: ait olmak
to possess: sahip olmak
to own: sahip olmak
to care: umursamak
to love: sevmek
to desire: arzu etmek
to appreciate: takdir etmek
to amaze: artmak
to like: holanmak
to dislike: sevmemek
to surprise: artmak
to enjoy: zevk almak, elenmek
to prefer: tercih etmek
to hate: nefret etmek
to want: istemek
to look: grnmek, bakmak
to look like: grnmek
to include: iermek
to cost: deerinde olmak
to weigh: arlnda olmak, tartmak
to sound: duyulmak
to seem: grnmek
to consist of: -de olumak
to appear: gibi grnmek, belirmek
to exist: var olmak
to resemble: benzemek
to matter: nemi olmak
b Senses (Duyular)
c Mental Activities (Zihinsel Eylemler)
d Possession (Aitlik)
e Emotional State (Duygusal Durumlar)
f Other States (Dier Durumlar)
to write: yazmak
to change: deimek
to ask: sormak
to grow: bymek
to answer: cevaplamak
to ripen: olgunlamak
3 Transitive Verbs (Geili Fiiller):
Bu fiiller kendilerinden sonra mutlaka bir nesne alrlar.
Hes opening the door. (Kapy ayor.)
a (Fiil + Nesne + Fiil)
She saw him go into the house. (Tm olay batan sona grd.)
She saw him going into the house. (Sadece o srada grd.)
b (Fiil + Edat + Nesne)
I often listen to music.
(Sk sk mzik dinlerim.)
c (Fiil + Nesne + Edat)
She accused her friend of stealing her money.
(Arkadan para almakla sulad.)
d (Fiil + Nesne + Sfat)
They painted the wall green. Ali made the teacher angry.
(Duvar yeile boyadlar. Ali retmendi kzdrd.)
4 Ditransitive Verbs (kili Geili Filler)
Bu fiiller hem nesne hem de dolayl tmle alrlar.
She gave the money to the child. (Paray ocua verdi.)
a (Fiil + Nesne + Edat + Dolayl Tmle)
I gave all my money to him. (Ona btn param verdim.)
My sister made cake for me. (Kardeim benim iin kek yapt.)
b (Fiil + Dolayl Tmle + Nesne)
I gave him all my money.
(Btn param ona verdim.)
My sister made me cake.
5 Intransitive Verbs (Nesnesiz Fiiller)
John is sleeping.
(John uyuyor.) ("Neyi uyuyor?" eklinde sormak mmkn deildir.)
6 Ergative Verbs
The sun melted the ice.
7 Ambitransitive Verbs
Shes playing football.
8 Linking verbs (Bant Fiilleri)
zneyi tanmlaycsna balarlar.
He became the president. (Hes reading the book.) (Bakan oldu.)
a Fiil + Sfat
She looks intelligent. (Zeki grnyor.)Kendisi
She spoke English fluently.(ngilizceyi akc konutu)ngilizceyi
b Fiil + sim
He became the president. (Bakan oldu.)Kendisi
Hes reading the book. (Kitab okuyor.) Kitab
c Fiil + Edat
Mountains usually appear in the shape of triangle.
Hasan Eiyok (English Teacher)
(Gne buzu eritti.)

(Futbol oynuyor.)
Sayfa 1 / 36
(Karemi bana kek yapt.)
The ice melted. (Buz eridi.)

Shes playing. (The football is playing) (O oynuyor.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
FLLERN YALIN,2. VE 3. HALLER
Yaln Hali
DZENL FLLER
2. Hali
play: oyna
played
3. Hali
played
Yaln Hali
to write: yazmak
DZENSZ FLLER
2. Hali
wrote
3. Hali
written
to be
was/were
been
YARDIMCI FLLER:
1. Cmlede zaman kurma 2. Cmleyi not eki alarak olumsuz yapma 3.zneyle yer deierek soru cmlesi yapmada kullanlrlar.
TO BE
DO
HAVE
BASIC MODALS
can
Zaman
Zaman
I
oul could
Tekil
I
oul Tekil
I
oul
Tekil
I
oul
Zaman Tekil
could well
imdiki
Geni
Yakn
must
is
am
are
does
do
has
have
Geni
Gemi
can
should
need
Gemi
Gemi
Uzak
was
were
did
had
shall
Gemi
will
Kullanm
+ - ?
- ?
+ - ?
+ - ?
would
-s
may
Tekil
Geni
might
(+)
may/might as well
-ed (V2)
dare
wrote(V2)
-ed
(v3)
Fiil Taklar
-ing
------------- ought to
written (v3)
Tekil,I,
had better
Gemi
oul
would rather
(+)
would prefer
would sooner
Sayfa 2 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
to be
YDS Grammar
FLLERN AKTF SM CMLELER LE ZAMANLARA GRE EKLMES

MDK, GEN, GEM ZAMAN
YAKIN GEM ZAMAN
(birey olmak)
to have been
(birey olmu olmak)
had been
Zamanlar
Geni ve imdiki Z. sim Cmlesi

(zgnm.)
Bitmi Gemi Z. sim Cmlesi

(zgndm.)
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
is
am
are
He
I
was
They
were
has
SM CMLELER
Olumsuz Cmle
He
I
They
is not
am not
are not
He
I
was not
They
were not
He
I
They
has not
been sad.
sad.
sad.
UZAK GEM ZAMAN

(birey olmutu)
Soru Cmlesi
sad.
sad.
Is
Am
Are
he
I
they
Was
he
I
Were
they
Has
sad
sad
He
I
they
been sad
?
?
Yakn Gemi Z. sim Cmlesi

( zamandan beri zgnm.)
He
I
They
Uzak Gemi Z. sim Cmlesi

( zamandan nce zgndm.)
He
I
They
had
been sad.
He
I
They
had not
been sad.
Had
He
I
They
been sad
Modals: Can
(zgn olabilirim. )
He
I
They
can
be sad.
He
I
They
can not
be sad.
Can
He
I
they
be sad
have
have not
been sad.
Have
KISALTMALAR
HAVE
TO BE
am=m, is=s, are=re
am not=m not, is not=isnt, are not=arent
has=s, have=ve
had=d
was not=wasnt, were not=werent
Sayfa 3 / 36
Have not=havent, has not=hasnt

had not=hadnt
CAN
can not=cant
Enjoy your lesson!
to play
F
1
FLLERN AKTF CMLELERLE ZAMANLARA GRE EKLMES

YAKIN GEM ZAMAN
to have played
(oynam olmak)
MDK, GEN, GEM ZAMAN

(oynamak)
Zamanlar
Geni Zaman Cmlesi

(Oynarm. Yazarm.)
Bitmi Gemi Zaman Cmlesi
(Oynadm. Yazdm.)
YDS Grammar
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
He
I
They
Yakn Gemi Zaman Cmlesi

3 ( zamandan beri oynadm.)
( zamandan beri yazdm.)
He
I
They
Uzak Gemi Zaman Cmlesi

4 ( zamandan nce oynamtm.)
( zamandan nce yazmtm.)
He
I
They
does
-----do
did
-----has
play-s
write-s
play.
write.
played
wrote.
had played
AKTF Fiil CMLELER 1

Olumsuz Cmle
He
does not
I
They
do not
He
I
They
did not
Soru Cmlesi
play.
write.
play.
write.
Does
he
Do
I
they
Did
he
I
they
play
he
I
they
played
written
He
I
They
had
played.
written.
He
I
They
had not
played.
written.
Had
he
I
they
played
written
have not
played.
written.
Has
play
write
played.
written.
have
has not
UZAK GEM ZAMAN

(oynamt)
Have
Modals:Can
(Oynayabilir. Yazabilirim.)
He
I
They
can
play.
write.
He
I
They
can not
play.
write.
Can
He
I
they
play
write
Modals: Can (Oynam olabilirim. )

(Yazm olabilirim.)
He
I
They
can
have played.
have written.
He
I
They
can not
have played.
have written.
Can
He
I
they
have played
have written
KISALTMALAR:
do not=dont, does not=doesnt
did not=didnt
Sayfa 4 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!

YAKIN GEM ZAMAN
to have been playing
(oynamakta olmak)
MDK, GEN, GEM ZAMAN

to be playing
(oynuyor olmak)
F
Zamanlar
imdiki Zaman Cmlesi

(Oynuyor. Yazyor.)
Srekli Gemi Zaman Cmlesi

(Oynuyordu. Yazyordu)
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
is
am
are
He
I
was
They
were
Srekli Yakn Gemi Z. Cmlesi

3 ( zamandan beri oynamakta.)
( zamandan beri yazmakta.)
He
I
They
has
Srekli Uzak Gemi Z. Cmlesi

4 ( zamandan nce oynamaktayd.)
( zamandan nce yazmaktayd.)
He
I
They
He
I
They
Modals:Can (Oynuyor olabilirim.)

(Yazyor Olabilirim)
Modals: Can (Oynamakta

6
olabilirim.) (Yazmakta olabilirim.)
YDS Grammar
He
I
They
AKTF Fiil CMLELER 2

Olumsuz Cmle
He
I
They
is not
am not
are not
He
I
was not
They
were not
been playing.
been writing.
He
I
They
has not
had
been playing.
been writing.
He
I
They
can
be playing.
be writing.
He
I
They
can
have been playing.

have been writing.
He
I
They
have
UZAK GEM ZAMAN

had been playing
(oynamaktayd)
playing.
writing.
playing.
writing.
Sayfa 5 / 36
have not
playing.
writing.
playing.
writing.
been playing.
been writing.
Soru Cmlesi
Is
Am
Are
he
I
they
Was
he
I
Were
they
Has
Have
playing
writing
playing
writing
he
I
they
been playing
been writing
had not
been playing.
been writing.
Had
he
I
they
been playing
been writing
can not
be playing.
be writing.
Can
He
I
they
be playing
be writing
can not
have been playing.

have been writing.
Can
He
I
they
have been playing.

have been writing.
Enjoy your lesson!
to be
to be
F
MDK, GEN, GEM ZAMAN

to play
(oynayacak olmak)
to be playing
(oynuyor olacak olmak)
Zamanlar
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynayacak.)
1
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynuyor olacak)
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynayacakt.)
2
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynuyor olacakt.)
He
I
They
He,I
They
Gelecekte Yak. G. Z.
(Oynam olacak.)
3
Gelecekte S. Y. G. Z.
(Oynamakta olacak.)
He
I
They
He,I
They
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynam olacakt.)
4
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynamakta olacakt.)

YAKIN GEM ZAMAN
to be to have played
(oynam olacak olmak)
to be to have been playing
(oynamakta olacak olmak)
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
He,I
They
He
I
They
He,I
They
is
am
are
to
going to
play.
be playing.
will
was
were
to
going to
play.
be playing.
would
is
am
are
to
going to
will
was
were
to
going to
would
YDS Grammar
have played.
have been
playing.
UZAK GEM ZAMAN
AKTF Fiil CMLELER 3

Olumsuz Cmle
He
I
They
He,I
They
He
I
They
He,I
They
He
I
They
He,I
They
have played.
He
I
have been
playing
They
He,I
They
is not
am not
are not
to
going to
Soru Cmlesi
play.
be playing.
will not
was not
were not
to
going to
Will
Was
play.
be playing.
would not
is not
am not
are not
to
going to
will not
was not
were not
to
going to
would not
Is
Am
Are
Were
Would
have played.
have been
playing.
Is
Am
Are
Will
have played.
Was
have been
playing.
Were
Woul
d
he
I
they
He,I
They
he
I
they
He,I
They
he
I
they
He,I
They
he
I
they
He,I
They
to
going to
to
going to
to
going to
play
be playing
play
be playing
have played
have been
playing
to
going to
have played
have been
playing
KISALTMALAR:
will not=wont
Sayfa 6 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
ZAMANLARIN KULLANIMLARI
He
Geni Zaman Cmlesi

(Oynarm. Yazarm.)
FL + S
I
They
He
I
They
does not
do not
wat-ch, kis-s, fini-sh, g-o, fi-x + es
run + s
%0
never: asla
not at all: hi bir zaman deil
not ever: hi deil
does
-----do
play-s
write-s
play.
write.
play.
write.
bu-z + zes
Gnlk ve Dzenli Eylemler
Genel ve Sreklilik Bildiren Eylemler
Bilimsel Gerekler ve Dorular
he
Do
I
they
study-stud + ies
GEN ZAMANDA KULLANILABLECEK ANAHTAR KELMELER

%25
%50
%75
occasionally: arada srada
usually: genellikle
almost never: nerdeyse asla
sometimes: bazan
generally: genellikle
rarely: nadiren
at times: bazen, ara sra
mostly: ounlukla
barely: g bela, zar zor
now and then: zaman zaman
most of the time: ou zaman
hardly (ever): hemen hemen hi
now and again: zaman zaman
often: sk sk
seldom: nadiren, seyrek
from time to time: bazen
frequently: sk sk
She visits her uncle twice a week.
Does
Basn Dili
Programlanm Eylemler
Zaman Tablolarndaki Olaylar
They go abroad every July.
play
write
play + s
have-has
%100
always: daima
all the time: srekli, durmadan
every day/week:her gn/hafta
(Amcasn haftada iki kez ziyaret eder.)

(Her Temmuz yurt dna gidiyorlar.)
We watch football matches in a local coffee most of the time.
( ou zaman yerel bir kahvede futbol ma seyrederiz.)
She lives in New York.
(O, New Yorkta yaar.)
He speaks English besides French.
(Franszcann yansra ngilizce de konuur.)
Water boils at 100 C.
(Su yz derecede kaynar.)
Coffee grows in Brazil.
(Kahve Brezilyada yetiir.)
Iraqi people gather to protest the new government.
(Irak halk yeni hkmeti protesto etmek iin topland.)
Galatasaray beats Leeds: 2-1
(Galatasaray, Leedsi yendi.)
The Prime-minister meets Clinton.
(Babakan, Clinton ile grecek.)
The Oxford train arrives at 1 p.m. tomorrow.
(Oxford treni yarn saat 1de gelecek)
The concert starts at 10 p.m. on Friday.
(Konser Cuma gn saat 10da balayacak.)
The meeting ends at 2 p.m.
(Toplant saat 2de bitecek.)
Masal ve Hikaye Anlatm
The poor family lives in a small cottage. The father gets up early.(Fakir aile, kk bir kulbede yaar. Baba erken kalkar)
artl Neden-Sonu / Bilimsel Gerek

If + Geni Zaman, Geni Zaman
If you heat ice, it melts. (Eer buzu strsan, erir.)
artl Gelecee Ynelik Olaslk

If + Geni Zaman,
If I go to stanbul, I will visit Topkap Palace. ( Eer stanbula gidersem, Topkap Sarayn ziyaret edeceim.)
Sayfa 7 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
He
I
They
imdiki Zaman Cmlesi

2
(Oynuyor. Yazyor.)
FL + ING
write-writing
see-seeing
is
am
are
reading
YDS Grammar
playing.
writing.
holding
ZAMANLARIN KULLANIMI
He
is not
I
am not
They
are not
studying
playing
sit-sitting
Is
Am
Are
playing.
writing.
opening (1. Hece vurgulu)
he
I
they
playing
writing
beginning (2. hece vurgulu)
?
lie-lying
MDK ZAMANDA KULLANILABLECEK ANAHTAR KELMELER

I am doing my homework right now.
now(imdi), right now(hemen imdi), at the moment (u an), currently(bugnlerde, u anda),
I am reading a novel at the moment.
at present(u ara, u anda), presently(imdilik), for the time being(imdilik), these days(bu gnlerde)
Teenagers are eating pizza nowadays.
nowadays (bu gnlerde), this month(bu ay), this week(bu hafta)
Look! My sister is coming.
Look! (Bak) Listen! (Dinle) Be careful!(Dikkatli ol)
a
Konuma Annda Gerekleen Eylemler
The teacher is checking the exam papers right now.
(retmen u anda sna katlarn okuyor.)
Geici Bir Sreliine Yaplan Eylemler
Normally, I live with my parents, but I am staying with my aunt for the time being.
(Normalde ailemle yaarm, ama imdilik halamla kalyorum.)
Gelecee Ynelik Yaplmas Planlananlar
Yaplanlardan ve Durumlardan ikayet
always (daima), constantly(srekli), continually(srekli), invariably(her zaman) gibi ifadelerle ikayet iin kullanlabilir.
They are always making noise.
(Srekli grlt yapyorlar.)
Zamanla Gelien/Deien Durumlar
day by day(gnden gne), gradually(yava yava, azar azar), more and more(gittike) gibi ifadelerle.
The conditions in our office are getting more and more unbearable.
(Bizim i yerindeki artlar gittike dayanlmaz oluyor.)
They arge getting married next June.
(Onlar Haziranda evleniyorlar.) Kesinlik
Srekli Gemi Zaman Cmlesi
3
(Oynuyordu. Yazyordu)
He
I
was
They
were
playing.
writing.
He
I
was not
They
were not
playing.
writing.
Everybody except me was sleeping last night.
Was
he
I
Were
they
playing
writing
(Dn gece benim dmda herke uyuyordu.)
Gemite Bir Noktada Hevam halinde

Olan ve Bir Sre Devam Eden Eylemler
Gemite Balayp Devam Eden Bir

Olayn Baka Olay Tarafndan Kesilmesi
Jus at I leaving home, the phone rang.

Tourists were visiting the museum when the bomb exploded.
The electricity went out as we were watching the match.
(Tam ben evden ayrlrken telefon ald.)

( Bomba patladnda turistler mzeyi geziyordu.)
(Biz ma izlerken elektrikler kesildi.)
Gemite Ayn Anda ki Farkl zne

Tarafndan Yaplan Sren Eylemler
While I was cooking, my son was watching me.
(Ben yemek yaparken, olum beni izliyordu.)
Gemite Giderek Gelien/Deien

Durumlar ve Olaylar
Her health was deteriorating day by day until she gave up smoking.
(Sigaray brakana kadar sal gnden gne ktye gidiyordu.)
I was trying to finalise my research project at this time yesterday.
(Dn bu vakitte aratrmam bitirmeye alyordum.)
When(-dnda, -iken), while(-iken), as(-iken,-d srada), just as(tam -iken)
They were having their dinner while I was reading newspaper.
Sayfa 8 / 36
(Ben gazete okurken onlar yemeklerini yiyorlard.)
Enjoy your lesson!
Bitmi Gemi Zaman Cmlesi

(Oynadm. Yazdm.)
FL + ed
He
I
They
hope-hoped
did
------
YDS Grammar
played
wrote.
He
I
did not
They
play.
write.
grab-grabbed(nsz+nl+nsz)
Did
he
I
they
try-tried
play
enjoy-enjoyed
BTM GEM ZAMANDA KULLANILABLECEK ANAHTAR KELMELER

yesterday(dn), two days/weeks/months ago(iki gn/hafta/aynce), in 1960 (1960 ylnda)
during the 1960s(1960l yllar esnasnda), between 1960 and 1990(1960 ve 1990 arasnda)
from 1980 to 2000( 1980den 2000e kadar), at that time (o zaman)
He lived in stanbul from 1965 to 1980.

(1965den 1980e kadar stanbulda yaad.)
Gemite Olup Tamamlanm Eylemler
People suffered from hunger during the World War 1.
(nsanlar Birinci Dnya Sava boyunca alktan ektiler.)
Birbiri Ardna Meydana Gelen Olaylar
When the teacher entered the class, the students stood up.
(retmen snfa girdiinde renciler ayaa kalkt.)
Gemiteki Alkanlklar ve Durumlar
He wore / used to wear a brace on his teeth as a boy.
(ocukken diteli takard.)
Its (high/about) time + zne + V2
Its time to go. (Gitme vakti!). Its time we went.

Its about the time the lesson started.
I wish / If only + zne + V2 (Keke)
I wish you were with me right now.

If only I could speak French.
(Keke imdi benimle olsa. Ama deilsin anlamnda.)

(Keke Franszca konuabilseydim Ama konuamyorum.)
as if + as though + zne +V2 (Sanki)
She treats us as if we were her own daughters.
(Bize sanki kendi kzlarym gibi davranr. Ama deiliz.)
would rather +zne+V2(Tercih ederim.)
They would rather I spoke Turkish all the time.
(Onlar benim her zaman Trke konumam tercih ederler.)
artl Cmleler 2. Tip.
If I had enough money, I could buy a large house.
(Yeteri kadar param olsayd, byk bir ev alrdm. Ama yok)
Sayfa 9 / 36
(Gitme vakimiz geldi.)

(Ders balamak zere.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
Yakn Gemi Zaman Cmlesi

5 ( zamandan beri oynadm.)
( zamandan beri yazdm.)
He
I
They
has
have
played.
written.
He
I
They
has not
have not
played.
written.
Has
Have
he
I
they
played
written
YAKIN GEM ZAMANDA KULLANILABLECEK ANAHTAR KELMELER

He hasnt served anything since I arrived. (Vardmdan beri hibirey servis etmedi.)
Since(-den sonra) + Gemi Zaman Cmlesi,
I have worked in this bank since 2000.
(2000den beri bu bankada altm. Hala alyorum.)
since + zaman balangc,
I came here in 1998. Ever since,Ive worked. (Buraya 1998de geldi. O zaman beri altm.)
since then/ever(o zamandan beri)
I havent seen him for 15 years.
(15 yldr onu grmedim.)
for + zaman dilimi: for 15 years / 5 days / 3 hour.
There has been an increase in prices lately. (Son zamanlarda fiyatlarda bir art var.)
lately / recently: son zamanlarda
He has visited about 76 cities so far.
(imdiye kadar 76 ehir ziyaret etti.)
so far, hitherto, up to now, up till now, to date: u ana kadar
Over the past 5 years, the mankind has experience many unexpected disasters.
in/during/over/for the last/past month/year etc.
(nsanlk son 5 ylda, birok beklenmedik filaket yaad.)
I have worked all morning.
(Btn sabah yaadm.)
all my life( btn yaamm boyunca), all the week (btn hafta)
She has just arrived.
(Henz/imdi geldi.)
just (az nce,henz): Olumlu cmle
I havent finished it yet.
(Henz bitirmedim.)
yet(henz): Olumsuz cmlede
Ive already seen it.
(Onu daha nce grdm.)
already(daha nce,oktan): Olumlu cmlede
I have never seen her before.
(Onu daha nce hi grmedim.)
before (nce, daha nce)
Have you ever eaten Chinese food?
(Hi in yemei yedin mi?)
ever (hi): Soru cmlelerinde ve en stnlk sfatlarnda
We have taken two exams this term.
(Bu dnem iki snava girdik.)
This morning, this term(bu dnem), this year
a
Gerekleme Zaman Bilinmeyen Olaylar
She has been abroad twice.
Gemite Balayp Devam Eden Olaylar
I have lived in Ankara for 5 years.
(5 yldr Ankarada yaadm. Hala yaamaktaym.)
Tekrarlanmann fade Edildii Eylemler
I have called you so many times today.
(Bu gn seni defalarca aradm.)
Hayat Boyunca Yaanan Tecrbeler
Have you ever eaten Chinese food?

I have never been abroad.
Yaplan Eylemin Sonucundan Bahsetme
The mechanic has repaired the car.

They have painted the house.
(Tamirci arabay tamir etti.)

(Onlar evi boyadlar.
Sra Say ve En stnlk Sfatlaryla
This is the most difficult exam I have ever taken.
(Bu imdiye kadar girdiim en zor snav.)
(ki defa yurtdnda bulundu. Zaman deil, sadece eylemin gerekletii nemlidir.)
Sayfa 10 / 36
(Hi in yemei yedin mi?

(Hayatmda hi yurtdna kmadm.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
Srekli Yakn Gemi Z. Cmlesi

6 ( zamandan beri oynamakta.)
( zamandan beri yazmakta.)
He
I
They
has
have
been playing.
been writing.
He
I
They
has not
Has
been playing.
been writing.
have not
he
I
they
Have
I have been living in Ankara for 10 years.
( 10 yldr Ankarada yaamaktaym.)
I have been learning English for 5 months.
(5 aydr ngilizce renmekteyim.)
Gemite Balayp Devam Eden Eylemler
Eylemin Etkisi Hala Grlebiliyorsa
She looks exhausted. He has been working all day. (Yorgun grnyor. Btn gn almakta.)
Vurgu Halen Yaplan Eylem zerindeyse
The mechanic has been repairing the car.

The mechanic has repaired the car.
(Tamirci arabay tamir etmekte. )

(Tamirci arabay tamir etti.
been playing
been writing
Vurgu eylemde.
Vurgu sonuta.
Uzak Gemi Zaman Cmlesi
7 ( zamandan nce oynamtm.)
( zamandan nce yazmtm.)
He
I
They
had
He
I
They
played.
written.
had not
played.
written.
he
I
they
Had
played
written
Gemite Yaplan Eylemlerden Daha nce

Meydana Gelen Eylemler
When he entered the class, the lesson had already started.

By the time we arrived, the train had already left.
We arrived after the train had left.
The train had left before we arrived.
(Snfa girdiinde ders oktan balamt.)

(Vardmzda tren oktan kalkmt.)
(Tren kalktktan sonra vardk.)
(Biz varmadan nce tren kalkmt.)
I wish / If only + zne+ had (Keke)
She didnt come to the party. If only she had come.
(Partiye gelmedi. Keke gelseydi.)
as if + as though +zne +had (Sanki)
She behaved as if she hadnt killed the man.
(Sanki adam ldrmemi gibi davrand.)
would rather+zne+had(Tercih ederdim.)
She married Can, but I would rather she hadnt married her. (Can ile evlendi, ama onunla evlenmemesini tercih ederdim.)
artl Cmleler 3. Tip.

If + had, would/could/might have + v3
If you had come to the party last week, you could have met her.
(Eer geen hafta partiye gelmi olsaydn, onunla tanm olabilirdin.)
Srekli Uzak Gemi Z. Cmlesi
8 ( zamandan nce oynamaktayd.)
( zamandan nce yazmaktayd.)
He
I
They
had
been playing.
been writing.
He
I
They
had not
been playing.
been writing.
Had
he
I
they
been playing
been writing
Gemiteki ki Eylemden Daha nce

Balayp Devam Etmekte Olan
When she came, I had been waiting for half an hour.
(O geldiinde yarm saattir beklemekteydim.)
Gemiteki Bir Eylemin Sren Etkisi
She was tired. She had been working all the day.
(ok yorgundu. Btn gn almaktayd.)
Sayfa 11 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynayacak.)
9
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynuyor olacak)
He
I
They
He,I
They
is
am
are
to
going to
play.
be playing.
will
He
I
They
He,I
They
is not
am not
are not
to
going to
play.
be playing.
will not
Is
Am
Are
Will
he
I
they
He,I
They
to
going to
play
be playing
GELECEK ZAMANDA KULLANILABLECEK ANAHTAR KELMELER

tomorrow(yarn), tomorrow morning(yarn sabah),in 2050 (2050de),two weeks later (iki hafta sonra)
in/within 2 days (iki gn iinde),shortly/briefly/soon(yaknda), next year(gelecek yl), before long(ok gemeden)
Tahminler, Beklentiler ve mitler
In 2030, population of Turkey will double.

I hope she will pass the exam.
We expect that she will pass the class.
Konuma Annda Verilen Ani Kararlar

Gerekletirme stekliliini Anlatmak
A: Todays Alis birthday.

B: Really! I will call him immediately.
(Bu gn Alinin doum gn.)

(Gerekten mi? Hemen onu arayaym.)
artl Gelecee Ynelik Olaslk

If + Geni Zaman, will
If I go to stanbul, I will visit Topkap Palace.
(Eer stanbula gidersem, Topkay Sarayn ziyaret edeceim.)
Tandk Hakknda karmlarda Bulunma
He will be late again and wont apalogize.
(Yine ge gelecek ve zr dilemeyecek.)
Gelecekte Meydana Gelecek Gerekler
My father will be 50 next Tuesday.
(nmzdeki Sal babam 50 yanda olacak.)
This time tomorrow, I will be travelling.

At this time next year, well be living in Spain.
(Yarn bu saatlerde seyahat ediyor olacam.)

(Gelecek yl bu vakitlerde, spanyada yayor olacaz.)
They are going to get married on July 1st.

We are going to meet tomorrow afternoon.
(1 Temmuzda evlenecekler.)
(Yarn leden sonra buluacaz.)
She is pregnant. She is going to have a baby.

Look at the black clouds. Its going to rain.
(O hamile. Doum yapacak.)

(Kara bulutlara bak! Yamur yaacak.
will (Basit Gelecek)
will be + fiil + ing: -yor olacak

a
Gelecek Bir Zamanda Devam Edecekler
to be going to (Planl Gelecek)

a
b
Gelecekle lgili Planlar

Mevcut pularndan ve Kantlardan
karmlarda Bulunmak
(2030 ylnda Trkiyenin nfusu ikiye katlayacak.) Tahmin

(Snav geeceini mit ediyorum.) mit, Beklenti
(Snav geeceini bekliyoruz.) mit, Beklenti
10
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynayacakt.)
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynuyor olacakt.)
He
I
They
He,I
They
was
were
Niyetlenip Yapamadmz Eylemler
to
going to
would
play.
be playing.
He
I
They
He,I
They
was not
were not
to
going to
would not
Was
play.
be playing.
Were
Would
he
I
they
He,I
They
to
going to
play
be playing
I was going to call you, but I didnt have time. ( Seni arayacaktm, ama zamanm olmad.)
Sayfa 12 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
1 (Oynam olacakt.)
1 Gelecekte S. Y. G. Z.
(Oynamakta olacak.)
He
I
They
He,I
They
is
am
are
will + have + v3
a
Gelecekte Bir Zaman Noktasndan

nce Tamamlanm Olacak Eylemler
Will + have + been + fiil + ing

b
Gelecekte Bir ii Ne Kadar Sredir

Yaptmz fade Etmek in
to
going to
have played.
ve been playing.
will
He
I
They
He,I
They
is not
am not
are not
to
going to
have played.
ve been playing.
will not
By Friday, I will have finished my project.

We will have had our meal by the time they arrive.
Is
Am
Are
Will
he
I
they
He,I
They
to
going to
In 2020, I will have been working for this company for 20 years.
(2020de bu irkette 20 yldr almakta olacam.)
MIXED MODALS (BAKA YARDIMCI FL ALAN KPLER)
can
-ebilmek
to be(am,is,are) able to
could
-ebilmek, -ebildi
to be supposed to
-ebilmek
to be allowed to
-ebilmek
beklenmek
izinli olmak
-ecek
yasakl olmak
olmas kuvvetle olas
alkn olmak
alkn olmak
-men gerek
yasakl olmak
olmas olas
olmas olas deil
-e alk olmak
-e almak
may
-ebilmek, -ebildi
to be going to
might
-ebilmek, -ebildi
to be prohibited to
may /might well
-ebilmek
must
-meli
to be bound to
to be used to
should
-sen iyi olur
to be accustomed to
need
-men gerek
to need to
shall
-elim (gidelim)
to be forbidden to
ought to
-sen iyi olur
had better
-sen iyi olur
will
-ecek
would
-ecekti, -erdi
to
to
to
to
would rather
tercih ederim/ederdim.
to get accustomed to
would prefer to
to have to
-e almak
-mek zorunda (yaz dili)
would sooner
to have got to
-mek zorunda (konuma dili)
(Cumaya kadar projemi bitirmi olacam.)

( Onlar geldiinde yemeimizi yemi olacaz.)
BASIC MODALS (KENDLER YARDIMCI FL OLAN KPLER)
could well
have played
ve been playing
Sayfa 13 / 36
be likely to
be unlikely to
use to
get used to
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
KPLERN KULLANIMI
ABILITY: YETENEK, -EBLRLK

can + V0 :
-ebilmek
a
to be able to + V0: -ebilmek
b
b
She can play the guitar.

She is able to play the guitar.
(O, gitar alabilir.)

(O, gitar alabilir.)
Geni
Geni
could + :
-ebildi.
was/were able to + V0:-ebildi.
When I was young, I could/was able to climb any tree in the forest.(Kkken ormandaki her aaca trmanabilirdim.)
He read the message but he couldnt wasnt able to understand it. (Mesaj okudu ama onu anlayamad.)
Gelecek Yetenek
By the time he finishes his course, he will be able to speak German well. (Kursunu bitirdiinde Almancay iyi konuabilecek.)
We shall be able to learn the results of the games when he arrives.
(O geldiinde malarn sonularn renebileceiz.)
shall/will be able to: -ebilecek
KPLERN KULLANIMI
POSSIBILITY: OLASILIK
Olmas Muhtemel veya Gelecee Ynelik
Tm Olaslklar
a
may/might/could
We may sign the contract at the end of the week.

We might go on holiday next month.
They could reach an agreement after these negotiations.
NOT: Gelecek olaslkta can kullanlmaz.
(Hafta sonunda kontrat imzalayabiliriz.)

(Gelecek ay tatile gidebiliriz.)
(Bu mzakerelerin ardndan bir anlamaya varabilirler.)
Teorik, Baz Durumlara Bal ve Her

Hangi Bir Zaman Olabilir Olaslklar
can
You can find a list of irregular verbs at the end of this section. (Bu blmn sonunda dzensiz fiiler listesini bulabilirsiniz.)
Anybody can learn German.
(Herkes Almanca renebilir.) Teorik Olaslk
Measles can be fatal.
(Kzamk lmcl olabilir.) Duruma bal olaslk.
Baz Yardmc Fiil Alan Kiplerle Olaslk

to be likely to + V0 : muhtemel, olas
to be unlikely to + V0: olaslk d
to be bound to + V0 : kuvvetle olas
Some people are likely to suffer back problems.

(Kimi insanlarn srt ars ekmesi olasdr / ekebilirler.)
Ahmet is unlikely to pass the class.
(Ahmetin snf gemesi muhtemel deildir / geemeyebilir.)
If you have problems at home, it is bound to affect your work. (Evde sorunlarn varsa, iini etkilemesi kuvvetle olasdr.)
may/might/could well: -ebilmek
He may/might/could well find the course difficult.
REQUESTS: RCALAR
a
can,could, will, would
would you mind + V + ing
would you mind if + zne + V2
PERMISSIONS: ZNLER
a
may, might, can, could
(Kursu zor bulabilir/ Kurs ona zor gelebilir.)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
Can / Could you pass pass the salt please?
Will / would you listen to me?
(Tuzu uzatr msn, ltfen?)

(Beni dinler misin?)
Would you mind opening the window?

Would you mind if I smoked in here?
(Pencereyi amann sakncas var m?) Kar taraf yapar.

(Burada sigara imemin sakncas var m?) Bakas yapar.
KPLERN KULLANIMI
A: May I go out with my friends tonight?
B: All right. You can go out, but dont be late.
(Bu gece arkadalarmla dar kabilir miyim?)

(Tamam, kabilirsin ama ge kalma.)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
YASAKLAMA
mustn't, cant
a
to be forbidden/prohibited to,
not to be allowed to
You mustnt/cant smoke here.

You arent allowed to enter this room.
It is prohibited/forbidden to smoke here.
Sayfa 14 / 36
(Burada sigara imemelisin/iemezsin.)

(Bu odaya girmeye izinli deilsin.)
(Burada sigara imek yasakldr.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
KPLERN KULLANIMI
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

(Zorunluluk ve Gereklilik)
ten Gelen Zorunluluk
a
must
b
c
My grades are poor. I must study a lot.)
(Notlarm kt. ok almalym.)
Dardan Gelen Zorunluluk (Yaz Dili)

have to(I,You,They)/has to(he,she,it)
You have to work overtime tomorrow.

She has to hand the project in by Monday.
(Yarn fazla mesai yapmak zorundasn.)

(Pazartesiye kadar projeyi teslim etmek zorundadr.)
Dardan Gelen Z.(Konuma Dili)
We have got to go there at ten tomorrow.

He has got to learn English.
(Yarn 10da oraya gitmek zorundayz.)

(ngilizce renmek zorundadr.)
have got to/has got to(he,she,it)
Zorunluluun olmamas
needn't (dont/doesnt need to)
dont /doesnt have to
You neednt / dont need to/dont have to wait for me.

He neednt /doesnt need to/ doesnt have to work.
Gemiteki Zorunluluk
had to
The car didnt come, so I had to wait for a long time.
Gemiteki Zorunluluun Olmamas

didn'have to / didnt need to
We ordered pizza, so I didnt have/need to cook anything.
(Benim iin beklemene gerek yok/ beklemek zorunda deilsin.)

(almasna gerek yok, almak zorunda deil.)
(Araba gelmedi beklemek zorunda kaldm.)
(Pizza smarladk, herhangi birey piirmemize gerek kalmad.)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
ADVICE (Tavsiyeler)
Gl Tavsiyeler
a
must
A: I have an unbearable headache.

B: You must see a doctor soon.
(Dayanlmaz bir ba arm var.)

(Hemen bir doktora grnmelisin.)
Yumak Tavsiyeler
should, ought to, had better
You should see this film.
(Bu filmi izlesen iyi olur.)
Olumsuz Tavsiyeler
Mustn't, shouldnt, ought not to,
had better not
You mustnt eat anything for 5 hours.

She shouldnt/ought to not/had better not go on smoking.
(5 saat boyunca hibirey yememelisin.)

(Sigara imeye devam etmesen iyi olur.)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
DEDUCTION (karmlar)
Olumlu karm
a
must
Olumsuz karm
mustn't, cant
He has worked for 13 hours today. He must be very tired now. (Bugn 13 saat alt. imdi yorgun olmal.)
He has just eaten 3 hamburgers. He cant be hungry.
They mustnt be at home. Look! Their lights are off.
(Henz 3 hamburger yedi. A olamaz.)

(Evde olmamallar. Bak. Iklar kapal.)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
AKIL DANIMA
a
shall, should
Shall we paint the living room?

Should I leave margins on this page?
Sayfa 15 / 36
(Oturma odasn boyayalm m?)

(Bu sayfada kenar boluu braksam m?)
Enjoy your lesson!

KPLERN KULLANIMI
She is used to getting up early.
I am accustomed to typing fast.
I am used to physical work.
(O, erken kalkmaya alkn.) fiil

(Ben hzl yazmaya alknm.) fiil
(Ar ilere alknm.) isim
to get used/accustomed to + Ving

to get used/accustomed to + noun
I hope he will get used to working with us soon.

I got accustomed to living in Ankara at last.
(Yaknda bizimle almaya alacan umuyorum.)

(Sonunda Ankarada yaamaya altm.)
Gemiteki alkanlklar
They used to smoke too much.

She would take us to the cinema at weekends.
He wore a brace on his teeth when he was a child.
(Ar ok sigara ierlerdi. Ama imdi imiyorlar.)

(Hafta sonlar bizi sinemaya gtrrd.)An
(ocukken di teli takard.)
HABITS (Alkanlklar)
to be used/accustomed to + Ving
a
to be used/accustomed to + noun
b
c
to use to, would, bitmi gemi zaman
PREFERENCES (Tercihler)
a
YDS Grammar
would rather (than)

would sooner (than)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
I would rather stay at home than go out.
(Dar kmaktansa evde kalmay tercih ederim.) Genel Tercih
Id rather be sleeping at home than (be) working.(alyor olmaktansa evde uyuyor olmay tercih ederim.) Memnun deil
Id rather have listened to him carefully.
(Onu dikkatli dinlemi olmay tercih ederdim. Ama dinlemedim.)
I would rather not speak German at home.
(Evde Almanca konumamay tercih ederim.)
would rather + zne

would sooner + zne
I would rather she didnt smoke.

I would rather John had accepted the offer.
would prefer to + V0 (rather than)
I
I
I
I
to prefer: tercih etmek

prefer + isim + to + isim
prefer + Ving + to + Ving
I prefer tea to coffee.

I prefer drinking tea to eating sandwich.
I prefer to drink rather than to eat sandwich.
would
would
would
would
prefer
prefer
prefer
prefer
(Sigara imemesine tercih ederim.)

(John teklifi kabul etmi olmasn tercih ederdim.)
to stay at home rather than (to) go out.

(Dar kmaktansa evde kalmay tercih ederim.)
to be sleeping at home rather than (to be) working. (alyor olmaktansa uyuyor olmay tercih ederim.)
to have listened to him carefully.
(Onu dikkatli dinlemi olmay tercih ederdim.)
not to speak German at home.
(Evde Almanca konumamay tercih ederim.)
(ay kahveye tercih ederim.)
(ay imeyi sandvi yemeye tercih ederim.)
(ay imeyi sandvi yemeye tercih ederim.)
KPLERN KULLANIMI
EXPECTATIONS (Beklentiler)
a
b
to be to: -ecek olmak

to be supposed to: beklenmek
Kipler + be Ving
Kipler + have + V3
The film is to start at 7 p.m

I was to come here.
The Prime Minister was to have announced the final decision yesterday.
The show is supposed to finish at 2 a.m.
You were supposed to attend the meeting.
KPLERN KULLANIMI
Ali is in his room. He must be sleeping.
Janes lights are off. He cant be studying.
She didnt attend the meeting. She may have forgotten about it.
You neednt have bought any bread. I had already bought.
Sayfa 16 / 36
(Film saat 7de balayacak.)

(Buraya gelecektim.)
(Babakan son karar dn aklam olacakt.)
(Gsterinin saat 2de bitmesi bekleniyor.)
(Toplantya katlman bekleniyordu.)
(Odasnda uyuyor olmal.)
(Janenin klar snk. Ders alyor olamaz.)
(Toplantya katlmad. Unutmu olabilir.)
(Ekmek almana gerek yoktu. Ben zaten almtm.)
Enjoy your lesson!

to be played
YDS Grammar
FLLERN PASF CMLELERLE ZAMANLARA GRE EKLMES

to have been played
(oynanm olmak)
(oynanmak)
had been played
(oynanmt)
PASF FL CMLELER 1
F Zamanlar
1
Geni Zaman Pasif Fiil Cmlesi

(Oynanr. Yazlr.)
Bitmi Gemi Zaman Pasif Fiil C.

(Oynand. Yazld.)
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
He
I
was
They
were
Modals Pasif Cmle:Can

3
(Oynanabilir.Yazlabilir.)
He
I
They
Yakn Gemi Zaman Pasif Fiil C.

4 ( zamandan beri oynand.)
( zamandan beri yazld.)
He
I
They

(Oynanm olabilir.)
is
am
are
He
I
They
can
has
have
can
played.
written.
played.
written.
He
I
They
is not
am not
are not
He
I
was not
They
were not
played.
written.
played.
written.
Soru Cmlesi
Is
Am
Are
he
I
they
Was
he
I
Were
they
Can
played
written
played
written
He
I
they
be played.
be written.
he
I
they
been played
been written
be played.
be written.
He
I
They
been played.
been written.
He
I
They
have been played.

have been written.
He
I
They
can not
have been played.

have been written.
Can
He
I
they
have been played

have been written
He
I
They
had not
been played.
been written.
Had
he
I
they
been played
been written
Uzak Gemi Zaman Pasif Fiil C.

He
been played.
6 ( zamandan nce oynanmt.)
I
had
been written.
( zamandan nce yazlmt.)
They
Aye was given a present by Jimmy.
A present was given to Aye by Jimmy.
A difficult test has been prepared.
A new bridge was built by Smith.
The work must be finished by 7.
A cease-fire is expected later.
The new proposal will be discussed.
Three new houses will have been built by the end of next year.
She is known to be treated badly.
She is believed to have been killed.
I dislike being waited.
She denies having been accused of cheating in the exam.
The game was called off because of the rain.
It is said that he is in the habit of stealing money.
Olumsuz Cmle
can not
has not
have not
be played.
be written.
been played.
been written.
Has
Have
(Ayeye Ali tarafndan bir hediye verildi.)

(Bir hediye Ali tarafndan Ayeye verildi.)
(Zor bir test hazrland.)
(Smith tarafndan yeni bir kpr ina edildi.)
( 7ye kadar bitirilmeli.)
(Daha sonra bir atekes beklenir.)
(Yeni neri tartalacak.)
(Gelecek yln sonuna kadar yeni ev ina edilmi olacaktr.)
(Ona kt davranld biliniyor.)
(ldrldne inanlyor.)
(Bekletilmekten holanmyor.)
(Snavda kopya ekmekten sulanmay reddediyor.)
(Yamurdan dolay ma iptal edildi.)
(Onun para alma alkanlnn olduu syleniyor.)
Sayfa 17 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!

to be being played

to have been being played
(oynanmakta olmak)
(oynanyor olmak)
F Zamanlar
1
imdiki Z. Pasif Fiil Cmlesi

(Oynanyor. Yazlyor.)
Srekli Gemi Z. Pasif Fiil C.

(Oynanyordu. Yazlyordu.)
YDS Grammar
PASF FL CMLELER 2
Olumsuz Cmle
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
is
am
are
He
I
was
They
were

3 (Oynanyor olabilir.)
(Yazlyor olabilir.)
He
I
They
Srekli Yakn G. Z Pasif Fiil C.

4 ( zamandan beri oynanmakta.)
( zamandan beri yazlmakta.)
He
I
They

5 (Oynanmakta olabilir.)
(Yazlmakta olabilir.)
He
I
They
Srekli Uzak G. Z. Pasif F. C.

6 ( den nce oynanmaktayd.)
( den nce yazlmaktayd.)
He
I
They
being played.
being written.
being played.
being written.
He
I
They
is not
am not
are not
He
I
was not
They
were not
being played.
being written.
being played.
being written.
Is
Am
Are
he
I
they
Was
he
I
Were
they
Can
He
I
They
been being played.

been being written.
He
I
They
can
have been being played.

have been being written.
He
I
They
can not
have been being played.

have been being written.
Can
had
been being played.

been being written.
He
I
They
had not
been being played.

been being written.
Had
can
has
have
can not
has not
have not
be being played.
be being written.
been being played.
been being written.
(oynanmaktayd)
Soru Cmlesi
be being played.
be being written.
Many slums are being demolished to make way for new buildings.
had been being played
Has
Have
being played
being written
being played
being written
He
I
they
be being played
be being written
he
I
they
been being played

been being written
He
I
they
he
I
they
have been being played

have been being written
been being played
been being written
(Yeni binalara yol amak iin birok gece kondu yklyor.)
Sayfa 18 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!

to be to be played
(oynanacak olmak)
to be to being played (oynanyor olacak olmak)
F
Zamanlar
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynanacak.)
1
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynanyor olacak)
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynanacakt.)
2
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynanyor olacakt.)
(Oynanm olacak)
3
Gelecekte S. Y. G. Z
(Oynanmakta olacak.)
Gelecek Zaman C.
(Oynanm olacakt.)
4
Srekli Gel.Z. C.
(Oynanmakta olacakt.)

to be have been played
(oynanm olacak olmak)
(oynanmakta olacak olmak)
Olumlu Cmle
He
I
They
He,I
They
He
I
is
am
are
was
were
He
I
They
He,I
They
is
am
are
They
He,I
They
be played.
be being played.
will
They
He,I
They
He
I
to
going to
to
going to
be played.
be being played.
will
was
were
to
going to
would
PASF Fiil CMLELER 3

Olumsuz Cmle
He
I
They
He,I
They
He
I
is not
am not
are not
was not
were not
have been being

played.
He
I
They
He,I
They
is not
am not
are not
have been
played.
He
I
have been being

played.
They
He,I
They
have been
played.
to
going to
will not
They
He,I
They
would
to
going to
YDS Grammar
to
going to
would not
to
going to
will not
was not
were not
to
going to
would not
Sayfa 19 / 36
Soru Cmlesi
be played.
be being
played.
be played.
be being
played.
have been
played.
have been
being played.
have been
played.
have been
being played.
Is
Am
Are
Will
Was
Were
Would
Is
Am
Are
Will
Was
Were
Would
he
I
they
He,I
They
he
I
they
He,I
They
he
I
they
He,I
They
he
I
they
He,I
They
to
going to
to
going to
to
going to
be played
be being played
be played
be being played
have been
played
have been being
played
to
going to
have been
played
have been being
played
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
FLLERN YALIN,2. VE 3. HALLER
DZENL FLLER
2. Hali
Yaln Hali
play: oyna
played
to be
(birey olmak)
to play
(oynamak)
to be playing
to be
to be
played
Yaln Hali
to write: yazmak
3. Hali
written
to be
was/were
been

to have been
(birey olmu olmak)
(oynuyor olmak)
to play
to be playing
3. Hali
DZENSZ FLLER
2. Hali
wrote
(oynayacak olmak)
(oynuyor olacak olmak)
(oynanmak)
to be being played
(oynanyor olmak)
to be to be played
(oynanacak olmak)
to be to being played (oynanyor olacak olmak)
(birey olmutu)
to have played
(oynam olmak)
had played
(oynamt)
to have been playing
(oynamakta olmak)
had been playing
(oynamaktayd)
to be to have played
to be to have been playing
(oynam olacak olmak)

(oynamakta olacak olmak)
had been played
(oynanmt)
had been being played
(oynanmaktayd)

to have been played
(oynanm olmak)
to be played
had been
(oynanmakta olmak)
to be have been played

(oynanm olacak olmak)

(oynanmakta olacak olmak)
CAUSATIVES (ETTRGEN CMLELER)

have
a
get
+ ten Etkilenen + V3
I have/get my clothes ironed every Sunday.

She got her tooth pulled yestrday.
Well have his hair cut tomorrow.
(Hez Pazar elbiselerimi tletirim.)

(Dn diini ektirdi.)
(Yarn diini ektireceiz.)
I have my mother iron my clothes every Sunday.

She made me carry the boxes.
Her parents dont let her go out.
(Her Pazar anneme elbiselerimi tletirim.)

(Bana kutular tatt)
(Anne babas onun dar kmasna izin vermezler.)
have
let
make
get
force
want + ii yapan + to V0
ask
tell
I will get my secretary to file these documents.

She forced tle little boy to leave the room.
They want me to prepare the cake for them.
help + ii yapan + (to) V0
I helped Allison to do /do his homework.
+ ii yapan + V0
Sayfa 20 / 36
(Bu belgeleri sekreterime dosyalatacam.)

(Kk ocuu odadan kmaya zorlad.)
(Benim onlar iin kek yapmam istiyorlar.)
(Allisonun devini yapmasna yardm ettim.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
GERUNDS (SM FLLER: FL + ING)

Listening to music when you are alone makes you feel relaxed.
(Yalnzken mzik dinlemek seni rahat hissettirir.)
Reading and listening are two key elements of learning a language. (Okuma ve dinleme dil renmenin iki kilit unsurudur.)
zne Olarak (Subject)
Nesne Olarak(Object)
I enjoy travelling by bus.

He admits stealing the money.
The doctor suggested taking the pills twice a day.
(Otobsle seyahat etmeyi ok severim.) Deimeyen durum

(Paray aln kabul ediyor.)Gemiteki durum
(Doktor ilalar gnde iki kez almay nerdi.) Tavsiye
Edat + Gerund
They are good at playing tennis.

By selling the valuables,he saved the necessary money.
(Masa tenisi oynamada iyiler.)at + gerund

(Deerli eyalar satarak, gerekli paray toplad.) by + gerund
zne tamamlaycs
His leisure time activity is reading detective stories.
go + gerund
We went climbing in the Alps last month.
aitlik sfat + gerund
I am happy about my sisters getting married.
(Kz kardeimin evlenmesinden mutluyum.)
Dierinden nce gerekleen

eylemlerde
They denied having taken part in the illegal activities.

She concelead having been arrested for fraud.
(Yasa d eylemlerde yer aldklarn inkar ettiler.) aktif

(Dolandrclktan tutuklanm olduunu gizledi.)
(Bo vakit aktvitesi detektif hikayesi okumadr.)

(Geen ay Alplerde trmanmaya gittik.)
INFINITIVES (MASTARLAR: TO + FL)

a
zne Olarak
To be a student is really a difficult job.
Nesne Olarak
They are planning to go abroad as soon as possible.
(Mmkn oldunca ksa srede yurt dna gitmeyi planlyorlar.)
zne Tamamlaycs
My only aim is to get a high score.
(Tek amacm yksek bir not almak.)
Belirli Sfatlardan Sonra
It is important to take the necessary precautions.
(Gerekli nlemleri almak nemli.)
for + isim ifadesi + mastar
It is essential for you to study hard.
(ok alman gerekli.)
sfat + of + ifade + mastar
It is rude of him to shout at you.
(Sana barmas onun kabal.)
isim + mastar
His ability to play basketball is great.
(Onun basketbol oynama yetenei harikadr.)
too + mastar
She is too young to get married.
(Evlenmek iin ok kk.)
too + mastar
He is experienced enough to run this shop.
(Bu maazay iletecek kadar deneyimli.)
Ama Belirtmek
She went to the bookstore to buy a book.
(Bir kitap almak iin kitapya gitti.)
to have + v3 (m olmak)
He is believed to have killed his father.
(Babasn ldrdne inanlyor.)
to be + v3 (yaplmak)
Banana is known to be eaten by monkeys.
(Muzun maymunlar tarafndan yenildii bilinir.)
to have been + v3
Nutuk is known to have been written by Atatrk.
Sayfa 21 / 36
(renci olmak gerekten zor.)
(Nutukun Atatrk tarafndan yazlm olunduu bilinir.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
GERUND OR INFINITIVE? (SM FL M YOKSA MASTAR MI?

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
mean + Ving: anlamna gelmek

mean + to: kastetmek
try + Ving: denemek
try + to: abalamak
stop + Ving: bireyi brakmak
stop + to: birey iin durmak
forget + Ving: yaptn unutmak
forget + to: yapacan unutmak
remember + Ving: yaptn hatrlamak
remember + to: yapacan hatrlamak
regret + Ving: -den pimanlk duymak
regret + to: zlmek
go on + Ving: deiiklikle devam etmek
go on + to: deiikliksiz devam etmek
come + Ving: nasl geldiini belirtmek
come + to: -e balamak
ALGI FLLER + (SM FL + MASTAR)

a
b
Alg fiili +mastar

Batan sona tank olmak
Alg fiili + isim fiil
Bir ksmna tank olmak
Being a father means having lots of responsibilities.

I didnt mean to hurt you.
(Baba olma, bir ok sorumluluk sahibi olma anlamna gelir.)

(Seni incitmek istemedim. ncitmeyi kastetmedim.)
I tried playing football.

You must try to learn English.
(Futbol oynamay denedim.)

(ngilizce renmek iin abalamalsn.)
Stop shouting.
We stopped to buy something to eat.
(Barmay kes/brak.)
(Yiyecek birey almak iin durduk.)
She never forgot seeing Himalayas for the first time.

She forgot to lock the door.
(Himalayalar ilk grn asla unutmad.)

(Kapy kilitlemeyi unuttu.)
I dont remember signing such a contract.

I remembered to bu some bread.
(Byle bir kontrat imzaladm hatrlamyorum.)

(Ekmek alacam hatrladm.)
I regret telling to you.

I regret to tell you that you are fired.
(Sana yalan sylediime pimanm.)

(Sylediime zgnm ama iten karldn.)
We went on talking about the problems.

We went on to talk about the problems.
(Sorunlar konuarak devam ettik.) Baladk.

(Sorunlar konumaya devam ettik.) Devam ettik.
She came running.

She came to understand us.
(Koarak geldi.)
(Bizi anlamaya balad.)
see(gr), hear(iit), watch(izle), feel(hisset), listen(dinle)

He watched the barman prepare the drink.
(Barmenin iecei hazrlamasn seyretti.) Batan sona kadra
I saw him going home two hours ago.
(ki saat nce onu eve giderken grdm.) Bir ksmn
Sayfa 22 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
ADJECTIVES (SIFATLAR)
Sfatlar bir ismi niteleyip niteledikleri ismin rengi, boyu, bykl, durumu, ya vb. hakknda bilgi veren kelimelerdir.
SMDEN SIFAT YAPAN BAZI EKLER
(-ic,-(i)al,-able,-ful,-ent,-ive,-ous,-less)
historyhistoric (tarihtarihi)
politicspolitical (siyaset-siyasi)
beautybeautiful (gzellikgzel)
dependdependent (ballkbal)
effecteffective (etkietkili)
dangerdangerous (tehliketehlikeli)
hopehopeless (umutumutsuz)
fashionfashionable (modamodaya uygun)
FLDEN SIFAT YAPAN BAZI EKLER

(-ing,-ed, V3)
to interestinteresting (ilgilendirmekilgin)ing
to interestinterested (ilgilendirmekilgili)-ed
to breakbroken (krmakkrk) (V3)
SIFATLAR NASIL KULLANILIR?

a
sfat + to + fiil
It is not difficult to learn English.
(ngilizce renmek zor deil.)
sfat + that + cmle
She is worried that she cannot answer the questions in two hours.
(ki saatte sorular yantlamayacandan endieli.)
sfat + wh- soru kelimeleri
She wasnt sure which direction she would choose.
(Hangi yn seeceinden emin deildi.)
sfat + isim
A serious assault was hardly avoided owing to his help.
(Yardm sayesinde bir saldr nlendi.)
bant fiil + sfat

bant fiil + like + isim
I feel a bit exhuasted.

My pillow feels like a stone.
(Biraz yorgun hissediyorum.)

(Yastm ta gibi)
fiil + ing= sfat (etkileyen)

fiil + ed=sfat (V3) (etkilenen)
The movie was very fascinating

We were all very excited.
(Film ok byleyiciydi.)
(ok heyecanlydk.)
fiil + ing= sfat (tamamlanmam)

fiil + ing= sfat (tamamlanmam)
The admission of application is a continuing process.

The USA is a fully developed country.
bant fiil + sfat
The noise is annoying. (Grlt sinir bozucu. Sfat) The noise is annoying me. (Grlt beni kzdryor. imdiki Zaman Fiil)
simsel Sfatlar
The blind (kr olan tm insanlar) The poor (tm yoksullar) The sick (tm hastalar)
-an ile bitmeyen ulus isimleri
The French are (Franszlar) The British are (ngilizler)
Soyut olan isimsel sfatlar
The unexpected is... The supernatural has been.... (Tekil)
Sfatlarn Sralamas
(Bavurunun kabul devam eden bir sretir.)

(ABD tamamen gelimi bir lkedir.)
The Germans (Almanlar)
The Russians (Ruslar)
Belirte
Kan
Boyut
Ya
ekil
Renk
Kken
V3 Sfat
Malzeme
Ama
sim
a, an,
the, this,
his, her,
my, Ali's
easy
silly
horrible
difficult
small
big
tiny
huge
new
young
old
ancient
fat
slim
round
square
blue
black
white
violet
Greek
Turkish
eastern
western
made
cooked
fried
known
wooden
paper
cotton
silk
touring
hunting
school
hat
car
gun
bag
shop
I hate this silly enormous old round red Indian handmade cotton school bag.
k
good X well
The baby smells so good. (Bebek olduka iyi kokar.) Kim:Ba fiil, He swims well.(O iyi yzer.)Nasl: Zarf
bad X badly
I feel bad. (Kt hissediyorum.) Kim:Ba fiil, Rob did badly in the exam.(Rob snavda kt yapt.)Nasl: Zarf
Sayfa 23 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
Zarflar bir cmlede

The
zarf + sfat
She
zarf + zarf
The
fiil + zarf
YDS Grammar
ADVERBS (ZARFLAR)
ya bir sfat, ya da baka bir zarf niteleyerek derecelerini artrr ya da dorudan fiili nitelerler.
new improvements in the condition of the country are awfully great.
(lkenin durumundaki yeni dzelmeler olduka iyidir.)
behaved unexpectedly cowardly and didnt want to face with him.
(Beklenmedik ekilde korkaka davrand ve onunla yzlemek istemedi.)
space crafts are still going on being upgraded continuously.
(Uzay aralar halen srekli olarak gelitirilmeye devam ediyor.)
DZENL ZARFLAR (SIFAT + LY)

frank-ly (ak-a), obvious-ly (ak-a)
DZENSZ ZARFLAR
fastfast (hzlhzlca), goodwell(iyiiyi bir ekilde)
ADVERBS OF DEGREE (DERECE ZARFLARI)
a
b
(badly/awfully/terribly) + zarf :
ok fazla, olduka (tek olarak: kt ekilde)
(rather/far/a little /a bit/much) + too:
negatif anlamda gereinden ok
barely, hardly, scarcely, little:

c neredeyse hi, g bela , zar zor
(olumlu cmle yaps olumsuz anlam)
d
almost, nearly, practically: az kalsn

virtually: gerekten
fairly, rather: olduka
quite: tamamen manasnda olduka
a fairly/rather + sfat + isim

f quite a sfat + isim
a rather /rather a + sfat + isim
g
h
Cmle Zarflar
frankly(akcas), maybe(belki),
Vurgu Zarflar
even(hatta) only(sadece), mostly(ounlukla)
ki taraf arasnda kyaslama
We are terribly/badly/awfully dissappointed with the result he got. (Ald sonutan ok fazla hayal krklna urad.)
He swims terribly.
(Kt ekilde yzer.)
He is rather too thrilled.
This boy is a little too shy.
(Olduka ok fazla heyecanl.)

(Bu ocuk biraz ar ekingen.)
They hardly know about me.

We could hardly/barely/scarcely answer the questions.
The proffessor little knew about his new assistant.
(Onlar beni zar zor tanyorlar.)

(Sorular glkle cevaplayabildik.)
(Profesr yeni asistann zar zor tanyordu.)
We almost/nearly/practically overcame the unforeseen troubles. (Beklenmedik skntlarn az kalsn stesinden geliyorduk.)
We virtually overcame the unforeseen troubles.
(Beklenmedik skntlarn gerekten stesinden geldik.)
We hardly/barely/scarcely overcame the unforeseen troubles.
(Beklenmedik skntlarn zar zor stesinden geldik.)
I havent quite completed the whole design yet.
He felt rather tired.
(Daha btn tasarm tamamen bitirmedim.)

(Olduka yorgun hissetti.)
a fairly well-known teacher: olduka iyi bilinen bir retmen

quite a boring program:olduka skc bir program
a rather good boy/rather a good boy: olduka iyi bir ocuk
Frankly, I think that the suggestion is ridiculous.
Maybe I visit you.
(Akcas, nerinin komik olduunu sanyorum.)

(Belki seni ziyaret ederim.)
I speak only English.

Even Ali passed the class.
(Sadece ngilizce konuurum.)

(Ali bile snf geti.)
short-shorter, interesting-more interesting
short-er(daha ksa),taller(daha uzun),richer(daha zengin) etc. (Tek heceliler)

more interesting(daha ilgin), more exhaustive (daha yorgun) (ok heceli sfatlar)
more + zarf + ly (early hari
earlyearlier(daha erken), more carefully(daha dikkatli), more hastily(daha acele), more frankly(daha ak)
j Karlatrma Zarf + than
She works harder than I/me/I do/do I.
k Dzensiz Karlatrma Sfatlar/Zarflar
goodbetter (sfat), wellbetter(zarf)

badworse
much/manymore
littleless
She is much more beautiful (O ok daha gzel.) (Ali is rather taller. (Ali ok daha uzun.)
Derece Zarflar + Karlatrma Zarf
Sayfa 24 / 36
(altmdan daha sk alr.)

(iyidaha iyi)
(ktdaha kt)
(fazladaha fazla)
(azdaha az)
farfarther(daha uzak), further(daha fazla)

old older (daha eski), elder(daha yal)
latelater (daha sonra), latter(ikincisi)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
m The more, the more: ne kadaro kadar
The more money you have, the better you live.(Ne kadar ok paran varsa, o kadar iyi yaarsn.)l
asas: kadar (Genellikle Olumlu Cmlede)

n soas: kadar (Genellikle Olumsuz Cmlede)
so/as + sfat + isim + as
You should drive as carefully as you can.

(Yapabildiin kadar dikkatli araba kullanmalsn.)
Living in the village doesnt cost so much as living in big cities.(Kyde yaama byk ehirlerdeki kadar pahali deildir.)
We havent met as/so studious a boy as him so far.
(Bugne kadar onun kadar alkan bir ocukla karlamadk.)
o such + sfat + isim + as
It isnt easy job to find such useful medhods as these.
as/so + sfat/zarf + as to: yapacak kadar

such + sfat + isim + as to: yapacak kadar
(Bunlar kadar faydal metotlar bulmak kolay bir i deildir.)
He isnt so qualified as to get the post.

(e girecek kadar nitelikli deil.)
She isnt such a qualified candidate as to deal with the trouble.(Skntyla mcadele edecek kadar nitelikli bir aday deil.)
r half/twice/three as as: kadar kat
The second exam was twice as difficult as the previous one.
(kinci snav birincisinin iki kat kadar zordu.)
s the same as: ile ayn
Tony is the same weight as me.
(Tony benimle ayn arlkta.)
so + sfat/zarf + that: o kadarki

so + sfat + isim + that
The exam was so difficult that few people were able to pass. (Snav o kadar zordu ki ok az kii geebildi.)
She was so efficient a secretary that the boss promoted her. (O kadar alkan bir sekreterdi ki, patron onu terfi etti.)
k so that (Devrik Cmle olabilir.)
The exam was so difficult that few people were able to pass it.
So difficult was the exam that few people were able to pass it.
(Snav o kadar zordu ki ok az kii geebildi.)

(Snav o kadar zordu ki ok az kii geebildi.)
such + sfat + isim + that:o kadar ki
It was such a difficult exam that few people were able to pass it.
Such a difficult exam was it that few people were able to pass it.
(yle zor bir snavd ki ok az kii geebildi.)

(yle zor bir snavd ki ok az kii geebildi.)
too + sfat/zarf + to +fiil:-emeyecek kadar

too + sfat + isim + to + fiil
The coffee is too hot to drink.

There is too complicated a question to answer.
(Kahve ielemeyecek kadar scak.)

(zlemeyecek kadar kark bir soruydu.)
sfat/zarf +enough+ to + fiil:kadar yeterli

enough + isim + to + fiil
She is not old enough to enter the disco.

I dont have enough experience to get the post.
En az kii arasnda kyaslama

shortthe shortest, the most beautiful
the shortest(en ksa), the longest (en uzun) Tek heceliler

the most beautiful(en gzel), the most expensive(en pahal)ok heceliler
r Dzensiz En Stnlk Sfatlar/Zarflar
good/wellbetterthe best
bad/badlyworse the worst
much/manymorethe most
littlelessthe least
s by far , quite + en stnlk zarf
She is by far the best worker in our factory.
more,most, least, better, best fiili

nitelerse the almazlar.
(Diskoya girmek iin yeterince yal deil.)

(e girmek iin yeterince deneyime sahip deilim.)
(iyidaha iyien iyi)

(ktdaha kten kt)
(fazladaha fazlaen fazla)
(azdaha azen az)
farthe farthest(en uzak), the furthest (en fazla)

old the oldest(en eski), the eldest(en yal)
latethe latest (en son), the last (sonuncu)
(O, fabrikamzdaki dierlerinden kat kat en iyi olan iidir.)
I like this red dress best.

Of these two dresses, I want to buy this blue one better.
(En ok bu krmz elbiseyi seviyorum.)

(Bu iki elbiseden,bu mavi birini daha ok almak istiyorum.)
u most + sfat/zarf: very(ok) (the olmadan)
It was a most beautiful morning. (very beautiful)
(ok gzel bir sabaht.)
v like/such as + isim : gibi

w such + isim + as: gibi
Work hard like/such as your father.

Such people as Derek and his mother
(Baban gibi sk al.)

(Derek ve annesi gibi insanlar.)
x as + cmle: -d gibi
Work hard as your father does.
(Babann yapt gibi sk al.)
v as + isim: olarak
She works as a secretary. She works like a secretary.
(Sekreter olarak alr. Sekreter gibi alr.)
Sayfa 25 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!

smi Aklayan Sfat Cmleleri
1
who:insan, which:nesne, that:her ikisi
2
Ekstra Bilgi Veren Sfat Cmleleri

(Who ve which kullanlp, that kullanlmaz.)
a zne Konumunda Olan Sfat Cmleleri

b
Nesne Konumunuda Olan Sfat Cmleleri
c edat + whom/which/whose
YDS Grammar
ADJECTIVAL/RELATIVE CLAUSES (SIFAT CMLELER)

One who/that dares to teach must never cease to learn. (retmeye cesaret eden birisi asla renmeyi brakmamaldr.)
The things which/that are to be talked in this meeting (Bu toplantda konuulacak eyler)
The sun, which shines to the earth all the time, also
My parents, who live in the village, are very old.
(Srekli dnyay aydnlatan gne ayn zamanda)

(Kyde yaayan anne-babam ok yallar.)
CMLEDEK GREVNE GRE SIFAT CMLELER

This is the salesman who/that stealed the money..
(Bu, paray alan tezgahtar.)
Where did you put the scissors which/that/X I bought?

(Satn aldm makas nereye koydun).
Where did you put the scissors, which I bought.
(That kullanlmaz, which de atlamaz.)
The men who(m)/that/X I saw on the street, were strangers.
(Yolda grdm adamlar yabancyd.)
The men, who(m) I saw on the street, were strangers.
(That kullanlmaz, who(m) da atlamaz.)
The child who(m)/that/X you were talking to was seven.
The child to whom you were talking was seven.
(Konutuun ocuk 7 yandayd.)

(Edat sadece whom/which/whose da baa gelebilir.)
Aitlik: whose + isim

(nsanlar ve Dier Varlklar in)
The book whose cover is yellow.

The man whose brother is a doctor
(Kab yeil olan kitap) nsan D Varlk

(Kardei doktor olan adam) nsan
Aitlik: sim + of which

(Sadece nsan Dndaki Varlklar)
The book the cover of which is yellow

The man brother of which is a doctor
(Kab yeil olan kitap) nsan D Varlk
edat + whose + isim

edat + isim + of which
The mountain on whose top you see snow

The mountain on top of which you see snow
(Tepesinde kar grdnz da)

(Tepesinde kar grdnz da)
Yer(Nerede, Nereye): Where

(Dolayl Tmle Konumunda)
This is the town which/that/X I grew up in.

This is the town where I grew up.
This is the town in which I grew up. (Bu bydm kasabadr.)
Van which is a big city (Byk bir ehir olan Van)

Van where is a big city (zne konumunda)
h why (for + which): -nn nedeni
The reason for which/that/X he came here is a secret. (Buraya gelmesinin nedeni bir srdr.)
The reason
why
he came here is a secret.
when (Olayn ne zaman gerekletii.)
The day which/that/X I saw you

The day when I saw you
The day on which I saw you
Tm Bir Cmleyi Niteyen Sfat Cmleleri
She didnt visit me this year, which surprised me a lot. (Beni ziyaret etmedi ki bu beni ok artt.) , which kullanlr.
j Miktar Yaps + of + who/which/whose
I have two real friends, both of whom are in Ankara.

Ali read an article, most of which is about economy.
Mehmet, two of whose brothers are doctors, visited us.
Sayfa 26 / 36
(Seni grdm gn)
(kisi de Ankara da yaayan iki gerek arkadam var.)

(Ali, ou Trkiye hakknda olan bir makale okudu.)
(Kardelerinin ikisi doktor olan Mehmet bizi ziyaret etti.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES ( SIFAT CMLELERNN KISALTILMASI)

Ksaltma yapabilmek iin sfat cmlesinin zne konumunda olmas arttr.
a Etken (Aktif) Cmle:
1 Aklayc Sfat Cmlecikleri
2 Ekstra Bilgi Veren Sfat Cmlecikleri
Fiili etken atl olan cmlenin zaman ne olursa olsun fiil + ing olarak ksaltlr.
The men who worked in the bank were from Italy.
The men working in the bank were from Italy.
(Bankada alan adamlar talyadand.)
alan adamlar talyadand.)
The men working in the bank from Italy.
The men, who worked in the bank from Italy.
Working in a bank, the men were from Italy.
(Bankada
Geni zaman
Bitmi Gemi Zaman
1
Yakn Gemi Zaman
Uzak Gemi Zaman
imdiki Zaman
Srekli Gemi Zaman
2
Srekli Yakn Gemi Zaman
Srekli Uzak Gemi Zaman
Geni,Bitmi, Yakn Gemi ve Uzak Gemi Zamanda V3; imdiki, Srekli Gemi /Yakn Gemi/Uzak Gemi yaplarda ise
being V3 getirilir.
The money which is stolen from the bank.
The money which was stolen from the bank..
The money stolen from the bank
The money which have been stolen from the bank
(Bankadan alnan para)
The money which had been stolen from the bank
The patient who is being examined .
The patient who was being examined .
The patient being examined
The patient who have been being examined .
(Muyane edilen hasta)
The patient who had been being examined .
c to be + sfat bei (to be atlr.)
The man who is responsible for the bank
The man responsible for the bank (Banka iin sorumlu adam.)
d to be + edat bei (to be atlr.)
The man who is at the door says .
The man at the door says
The first man who landed on the moon .
The man person to land on the moon (Aya adm atan ilk adam)
The only woman who won the Nobel .

The oldest man who lives here
The
The
The
The
b Edilgen (Pasif) Cmle:
e to + fiil eklindeki ksaltmalar

the first/second/the last/the next
1
(Sra say sfatlar)
2 the only (Teklif Bildiren Sfat)
3 en stnlk dereceli sfatlar
Edilgen yapda iseler to be v3/v3 olurlar.
The first man who was chosen
f Etken Kiplerde to + fiil kullanlr.

1 Edilgen Kiplerde to be + v3 kullanlr.
The man who will visit us

The thing that must be done
(Kapdaki adam syler)
only woman to win the Nobel (Nobeli kazanan ilk kadn)

oldest man to live here(Burada yaayan en yal adam...)
first man to be chosen as ( Olarak seilen ilk adam)
first man chosen as
The man to visit us .

The thing to be done
(Bizi ziyaret edecek adam)

(Yaplmas gereken ey)
CLEFT SENTENCES (HER HANG BR EY VURGULAMA CMLELER)

Bir cmlenin fiil hari herhangi bir esini vurgulamak iin o eyi iinde bulunduu cmleden kartp It ile balayan bir yapnn ardndan getirilmesidir.
It was Ali who answered the question easily because he had studied hard enough.
(Yeterince ok alt iin soruya kolaylkla cevap veren Ali idi.)
Ali answeredthe question easily because he had studied hard enough.
It was the question that Ali answered easily because he had studied hard enough.
(Ali yeterince ok alt iin soruya kolaylkla cevap verdi.)
(Yeterince ok alt iin Alinin kolaylkla cevap verdii ey soruydu.)
It was because he had studied hard enough that Ali answered the question easily.
(Alinin soruyu kolaylkla cevaplamas yeterince ok alt iindi.
Sayfa 27 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
Belirli ve Net Durumlar:

1 a) that: -d
b) the fact that: -d gerei
a edat + the fact that (that tek kullanlmaz.)
YDS Grammar
NOUN CLAUSES (SM CMLELER)

I know it. She knows the truth.
(Biliyorum. O doruyu biliyor.)
He will recover from the illness. This is certain.
(Hastalktan iyileecek. Bu kesin.)
The judge drew attention to it. Ali was to defend himself.
(Hakim ona dikkat ekti. Ali kendini savunacakt.)
I know (that) she knows the truth.

(Onun doruyu bildiini biliyorum.)That atlabilir.
That he will recover from the ilness is certain.
(Hastalktan iyileecei kesin.) Bataki that atlamaz.
The judge drew attention to the fact that Ali was to
Hakim Alinin kendini savunaca gereine dikkat ekti.)
b sfat + that cmlesi
Im glad that you got the Visa. (Vize aldna memnunum.)
c soyut isimler + that kullanm yaygndr.
It is a miracle that we were able to get there on time. (Oraya vaktinde varabilmi olmamz bir mucize.)
Belirli ve Net Olmayan Durumlar:

2 a) Wh- soru kelimeleri, How
b) Whether / If :..-ip.. -mediini
I want to know. What will the President tell about this crisis? (Bilmek istiyorum. Bakan bu kriz hakknda ne syleyecek.)
I want to know what the President will tell about this crisis. (Bakann bu konu hakknda ne syleceini bilmek istiyorum.)
a edat kullanm
Whether/if: -ip-mediini
zne konumunda sadece if kullanlmaz.
1 Cmlenin znesi Olarak

a Bo zne olarak kullanm yaygndr.
Will you tell me? Who will you live with?

(Syleyecek misin? Kiminle yaayacaksn.)
Will you tell me who/whom you live with?
(Kiminle yaayacan syleyecek misin?)
Will you tell me with whom you live?
Edat kullanldnda, who kullanlmaz.
I wonder whether/if they have applied for the post. ( iin bavurup vurmadklarn merak ediyorum.)
I wonder whether or not have applied for the post. Whetherden sonra or not kullanlabilir.
I wonder whether have applied for the post or not. Whether ile kurulan cmlede or not sonda kullanlabilir.
I wonder if they hav applied for the post or not. If ile or not kullanlacaksa mutlaka sonda kullanlr.
Whether they have applied for the post or not is not known. (e bavurup vurmadklar bilinmiyor.) If kullanlmaz.
SM CMLECKLERN KULLANIM YERLER
That he committed the crime is obvious.
(Suu onun iledii ak.)that /the fact that mutlaka kullanlp atlmazlar.)
It is obvious that he committed the crime.
Where she leaves her purse is very secret.
Whether(If) he will come is unknown.
(Czdann nereye brakt ok gizli.)

(Gelip gelmeyecei bilinmiyor.)
2 Cmlenin znesi Olarak (Snrlama Yok)

a edat + isim cmlecei (that, if kullanlmaz.)
The professor has asked me when I will hand the project.

Im very happy about the fact that Ali will come.
(Profesr bana projeyi ne zaman teslim edeceimi sordu.)

(Alinin gelecek olmasndan ok mutluyum.)
3 Bant fiilleri (if kullanlmaz.)
The problem is whether(if) he will atend the meeting.
4 -ever kelimeleri (her
Wherever I went is a secret.
Wh- soru kelimeleri, how, whether

That, the fact that kullanlp if kullanlmaz.
(Sorun, onun toplantya katlp katlmayacadr.)

(Her nereye gittiim bir srdr.)
REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES ( SM CMLELERNN KISALTILMASI)

Ksaltma yapabilmenin temel art ana cmlenin znesi ile isim cmlesinin znesinin ayn olmasr.
1 to V0
She is happy that she is here. She is happy to be here.

I am glad that I have seen her. I am glad to have seen her.
I dont know how I ll do this. I dont know how to do this.
(O burada olmaktan mutlu.)

(Onu grmekten mutluyum.)
(Bunu nasl yapacam bilmiyorum.)
Bo znelerin Ksaltlmas
for + nesne + to V0
Its necessary that you pass the exam. Its necessary for you to pass the exam. (Snav gemen gereklidir.)
Gereklilik, Zorunluluk, neri Belirten Dilek

Kipleri (should gizlidir.)
I recommend that Ali (should) take this pill twice a day.

(Alinin bu ilac gnde iki kez alman tavsiye ederim.)
Its essential that the contract (should) be signed before Monday. (Kontratn Pazartesinden nce imzalanmas gereklidir.)
Sayfa 28 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
ANA CMLEDEK ZAMANA BALI OLARAK SM CMLESNDE MEYDANA GELEBLECEK DEKLKLER

She passed the exam last week.
(Snav geen hafta geti.)
Ana cmle yakn gemi, geni ve imdiki
1
I have heard that she passed the exam last week.
(Snav geen hafta getiini duydum.)
zamansa isim cmlesinde deiiklik olmaz
Ana cmle bitmi gemi zamansa isim
2 cmlesi gerek zaman deil, bir derece
gemi hali kullanlr.
a
Genel geerlilii olan durumlarda bu kural

istisnadr.
Ana Cmlesi Bitmi Gemi Zaman Olup

b Genel Geerlilii Olmayan sim Cmleleri
Zaman Deiiklikleri
She passed the exam last week.

(Snav geen hafta geti.)
I heard that she had passed the exam last week.
(Snav geen hafta getiini duydum.)
She will certainly pass the exam.
(Snav kesinlikle geecek.)
The assured me that she would certainly pass the exam.
(Onun snav kesinlikle geeceine dair beni temin ettiler.)
Sars is a respiratory disease.
(Sars bir solunum yolu rahatszldr.)
Scientists agreed that Sars is a respiratory disease.(Bilim adamlar sarsn bir solunum yolu hastal olduunda uzlatlar.)
do,does
have,has,did,had
am,is/are
was,were
shall,should
can,could
did
had
was/were
was,were/had been should
could
will,would
may,might
Must
ought t
used to
would
might
must/had to
oought to
used to
YARDIMCI FLLERN ETL KULLANIMLARI
1 either: de, da (Olumsuz Cmlede)

neither: de yapmaz (en az iki kii)
a nor: de yapmaz (tek kii)
(Olumlu , Devrik Cmle, Olumsuz Anlam)
2 ,too: de, da (Olumlu Cmle)
a so: de (Olumlu, Devrik Cmle)
b also:de, da (yardmc fiilden sonra)
c as well: de, da (genelde cmle sonunda)
There were no zebras at the zoo. There were no giraffes,either.(Hayvanat bahesinde hi zebra yoktu.Zrafa da yoktu.)
Tom doesnt want to stay at home tonight. I dont want to stay at home tonight. Sadece zneleri farkl.
Tom doesnt want to stay at home tonight. I dont either. (Tom bu gece evde kalmak istemiyor. Ben de.)
I dont watch TV. Neither do Ali and Veli.(Ali and Veli dont, either.)
I dont watch TV. Ali and Veli dont watch TV.
(Ben TV izlemem. Ali ve Veli de.)
I dont eat meat. Nor does Can.(Tom doesnt, either.)
I dont eat meat. Can doesnt eat meat.
(Ben et yemem. Can da.)
There were lions at the zoo. There were elephants,too. (Hayvanat bahesinde aslanlar vard. Filler de vard.)
I will come to the party. Ali will come to the party. Sadece zneler farkl.
I will come to the party. Ali will,too.
(Ben partiye geleceim. Ali de.)
Aye came home late. Ali came home late. Sadece zneler farkl.
Aye came home late. So did Ali. (Ali did,too).
(Aye eve ge geldi. Ali de.)
Ali speaks French. He can also speak Russian.
(Ali Franszca konuur. Rusa da konuabilir.)
Ali speaks French. He can speak Russian as well.
(Ali Franszca konuur. Rusa da konuabilir.)
3 but: ama (ters ynde anlam)
Ali was happy, but I wasnt.

Ali didnt study, but I did.
4 to do so: yle yapmak
He wanted me to come early and I will do so.
(Benden erken gelmemi istedi yle yapacam.)
5 so + zne + yardmc fiil: evet, yle.
A: I am very beautiful. B: So you are.
(A: ok gzelim. B: Evet ylesin.)
6 so:yle, not: olmaz
A: I hope she will not fail in the exam. B: I hope not.

A: Ali is very ugly. B: I dont think so.
(Umarm snavda baarsz olmayacak. B: Umarm olmaz.)

(A: Ali ok irkin. B: yle dnmyorum.)
Sayfa 29 / 36
(Ali mutluydu ama ben deil.)

(Ali ders almad ama ben altm.)
Enjoy your lesson!
1 I, you, he, she, it, we, they

a there
someone(somebody), anyone(anybody)
b
everyone(everybody), no one (nobody)
c something, anything, everything, nothing
no,never,neither,none,nothing,no one,
d nobody, hardly, barely, scarcely, rarerly,
seldom, few, little
e Emir Cmleleri, will you?
f Lets, shall we?
g Ana cmle olumlu ve I znesi varsa
h Ana cmle olumsuz ve I znesi varsa
h Ana cmlede I yoksa ana cmleye baklr.
YDS Grammar
QUESTION TAGS (DEL M SORULARI)

Ali passed the exam, didnt he?
Ali doesnt study very much, does he?
There is a car in the garden, isnt there?
(Ali snav geti, deil mi?)

(Ali ok ders almaz, deil mi?)
(Bahede bir araba var,deil mi?)
Everybody can answer this, cant they?
(Bu soruya herkes cevap verebilir, deil mi?)
Anything can be happen, cant it?

She never listens to me, does she?
He could answer hardly any question, could he?
Few students passed the exam, did they?
Dont make noise, will you? Study lesson, will you?
Lets make tea, shall we?
I think that she is the murderer, isnt she?
I dont think she can pass the class, can she?
She thinks that his father will forgive her, doesnt she?
(Herhangi birey olabilir, deil mi?)

(Beni asla dinlemez, yle deil mi?)
(Neredeyse hi soru cevaplayamad, deil mi?)
(ok az renci snav geti, deil mi?)
(Grlt yapma, tamam m?, Ders al,tamam m?)
(Hadi ay yapalm, tamam m?/olur mu?)
(Onun katil olduunu sanyorum, katil deil mi?)
(Snf geeceini sanmyorum, geebilir mi?)
(Babasnn onu affedeceini sanyor, deil mi?)
Sayfa 30 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!

Type 0: If + Geni Zaman, Geni Zaman
a
Neden-sonu, evrensel gerek, genel geer
Type 1: Durumlarn gereklemesi olasdr.
If + Geni Zaman
will /shall
imdiki Zaman
can
Yakn Gemi Zaman
could
can,
must,have
to
may
b
should(olaslk az)
might
ought to
must, have to
will,shall,may,might, Emir Cmleleri
YDS Grammar
CONDITIONALS (ARTLI CMLELER)

If the earth doesnt turn around itself,day and night dont occur.(Dnya kendi etrafnda dnmezse gece gndz olumaz.)
Ice melts if you heat it.
(Istrsan buz erir.)
If you sleep, you will feel better.
(Eer uyursan daha iyi hissedeceksin.)
He may leave the office if he has finished the task.
(Eer ii bitirdiyse ofisten ayrlabilir.)
If we should miss the 10 oclock train,we cant get there on time.(Saat 10 trenini karrsak oraya zamannda varamayz.)
If he is studying, dont disturb him.
(Eer ders alyorsa, onu rahatsz etme.)
If he gets my letter in time, he will be able to change his plan. (Mektubumu vaktinde alrsa, plann deitirebilecektir.)
If you should meet him, let him know his exam result.
(Olurda onu grrsen, onu onun snav sonucunu bildir.)
(should dk olaslk bildirir, will, shall, may, might, could kullanlmaz.)
could
Type 2: uanki / gelecekteki durumun aksi
If + Bitmi Gemi
would (be Ving)
c
Srekli Gemi
might (be Ving)
could ,had to,should
could (be Ving)
If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do.

I would be sleeping if I werent here now.
If I should see her tomorrow, I would give him money.
If you could speak English, you might get the job.
Type 3: Gemiteki durumun aksi

If + Uzak Gemi
would have
d
Srekli Uzak Gemi
might have
could have
could have
If you had explained your problem, I would have helped.

(Problemini aklam olsaydn, yardm etmi olurdum.)
He could have passed the class if he could have studied hard.(Sk alm olabilseydi,snf gemi olabilirdi.)
If he had given his number, I would have telephoned.
(Onun numarasn vermi olsaydn, telefon etmi olurdum.)
Kark Tip 1:Gemi durumun imdiye etkisi

If + Type 3
Type 2
If we hadnt sold our car, we wouldnt be waiting at the bus stop now.
(Arabamz satmam olsaydk, imdi otobs duranda bekliyor olmazdk.)
now, today, at the moment
We couldnt be skating todayif there hadnt been a very sharp frost last night.
(Eer geen gece ok iddetli bir don olmasayd, bugn kayyor olamazdk.
Kark Tip:Olmayan durumun gemie etkisi

If + Type 2
Type 3
If I were a rich man, I could have bought that car yesterday.

(Zengin bir adam olsaydm, dn o arabay satn alm olabilirdim.)
a Type 1: should + yan cmle, ana cmle

Type 2: were + fiilsiz cmle, ana cmle
b
(Nasl altn bilsem, sana ne yapman gerektiini sylerdim.)

(imdi burda olmasam uyuyor olurdum.)
(Onu yarn grecek olsam, ona para verirdim.)
(ngilizce konuabilseydin, ie girebilirdin.)
Were + zne+ to + fiil, ana cmle
c Type 3: had + yan cmle, ana cmle
ARTCMLELERNN DEVRK HALE GETRLMES

If
you need my help again, just give me a ring.
(Eer yardmma ihtiyacn olursa, sadece bana telefon et.)
Should you need my help again, just give me a ring.
If I were you, I would call the police. Were I you, I would call the police. (Senin yerinde olsam, polisi arardm.)
If I had lots of money, I would help the poor.
(ok param olsa fakirlere yardm ederdim.)
Were I to have lots of money, I would help the poor.
If you had come to the party, you could have met her.
Had you come to the party, you could have met her.
Sayfa 31 / 36
(Partiye gelmi olsan onunla tanm olabilirdin.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
a provided/providing (that): kouluyla
ART ANLAMI VEREN ETL YAPILAR

Provided(that) you study hard, you can pass the exam.
as long as: -d srece

b
so long as: -d srece(Olumsuz Cmlede)
You can work here as long as you obey the rules

(Kurallara uyduun srece burada alabilirsin.)
So long as you dont break the rules, you will not be penalized. (Kurallar inemediin srece, cezalandrlmayacaksn.)
c only if: ancak-sa
You can be successful only if you study hard.
(Sk alman kouluyla, snav geebilirsin.)
(Ancak ok alrsan baarl olabilirsin.)
heee
d even if: -se bile, -e ramen
Even if he invites me to his wedding, I will not go there.
(Beni dnne davet etse bile oraya gitmeyeceim.
e unless: -mezse, -medike
She will not forgive him unlesss he apologizes.
(zr dilemedike onu affetmeyecek.)
f suppose/supposing that: varsayalm ki
Suppose that you are the winner of this weeks lottery, what would you do?
(Varsayalm ki bu haftann piyango talihlisi sendin, ne yapardn?)
g what if? ya-sa/-sayd
What if she doesnt keep your secret?
(Ya senin srrn saklamazsa ne olacak?)
h on condition that: artyla/kouluyla
On condition that you work hard, you can earn much money.
(Sk alman artyla, ok para kazanabilirsin.)
(Just) in case + cmle:-e ihtimaline karlk

In case of + isim:durumunda
In case it rains, take your umbrella.

In case of an accident, call the police.
(Yamur yama ihtimaline kar, emsiyeni al.)

(Bir kaza durumunda polisi ara.)
If it werent for: olmasa
If it werent for your great contributions, I would have trouble doing my homework.
(Senin nemli katkn olmasa devimi yapmakta sknt ekerdim.)
j If it hadnt been for:olmasayd
If it hadnt been for your help, I couldnt have passed the exam.(Senin yardmn olmasayd, snav gemi olamazdm.)
k but for: olmasa, olmasayd
But for her support, Jim cant do anything.
I would have visited you yesterday, but I didnt have any time. (Seni dn ziyaret etmi olacaktm ama zamanm yoktu.)
but: ama
(Onun yardm olmasa, Jim hibirey yapamaz.)
m otherwise /or else: yoksa, aksi takdirde
You must study hard, otherwise/or else you cant pass the exam. (Sk almalsn, yoksa snav geemezsin.)
n Without:-siz,-meden
Without any help, you cant walk.
o then: o zaman
If only we had a car. Then, we could get there on time.
1 I wish/ if only: keke (imdiki Zaman)

2 Gelecek Zaman (zneler Farkl ise): would
a zneler Ayn ise: could / bitmi gemi z.
3 Gemi Durumlar in Pimanlk (had V3)
(Hi yardm olmakszn, yryemezsin.)

(Keke arabamz olsayd. O zaman oraya vaktinde varabilirdik.)
WISH CLAUSES (KEKEli DLEK CMLELER)

I wish /if only she were with me now.
(Keke imdi benimle olsayd.)
I wish/if only I could speak Russian.
(Keke Rusa konuabilseydim.)
I wish/if only you would pass your exam.
I wish/if only I could attend the party tomorrow.
I wish/if only I didnt have to get up earl tomorrow.
(Keke gelecek haftaki snavn gesen.)

(Keke yarnki partiye katlabilsem.)
(Keke yarn sabah erken kalkmak zorunda olmasam.)
I wish we hadnt gone to the cinema.
(Keke sinamaya gitmemi olsaydk.)
Sayfa 32 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!

for: nk, and: ve, nor: ne de
1 then:daha sonra, so: bu yzden
but: ama, or: veya, yet:yine de, ama
not only but also:

sadecedeil,ayn zamanda
YDS Grammar
COMPOUND SENTENCES (BLEK CMLELER)

I told her that I would leave, for I was very tired.
(Ona gideceimi syledim, nk ok yorgundum.)
I havent been asked to resign,nor do I intend to do so. (Benden istifa etmem istenilmedi,ne de yle yapmaya niyetim yok.)
There werent enough beds, so I had to sleep on the floor.(Yeterince yatak yoktu, bu yzden yerde uyumak zorunda kaldm.)
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (BALAYICI BALALAR)
She is not only honest but also hardworking.
(Sadece drst deil, ayn zamanda alkan da.)
Not only can he run, but he can (also) swim.
(O sadece komayp ayn zamanda yzebilir de.)
Not only can he run, but he can swim (also/as well.)
2 bothand: hemhem de
I both cleaned the house and tidied my room.
eitheror: yaya da
3
eitheror:ne ne de (olumsuz cmlede)
Either he forgot about the meeting or he deliberately stayed away. (O ya toplanty unuttu ya da bilerek gelmedi.)
The baby cannot either speak or walk.
(Bebek ne konuabilir ne de yryebilir.)
(Hem evi temizledim hem de odam topladm.)
4 neithernor: nene de (olumlu cmle)
They can neither speak German nor understand it.
(Bebek ne almaca konuabilir ne de anlayabilir.)
ZITLIK BLDREN ZARF CMLECKLER

1
2
(al)tough,even though, much as, even if

-e ramen, -d halde, -se de + cmle
,though/however/neverthless/nonetheles,
buna ramen (cmle iinde veya sonunda)
3 while,whilst:-iken, -e ramen, -se de

4
despite/ in spite of + isim: -e ramen

despite/inspite of the fact that + cmle
Much as he wasnt a member of the club,he was allowed to go in. (Kulp yesi olmamasna ramen ieri girmesine izin verildi.)
They spent a lot of money. Their house, though, is still shabby. (ok para harcadlar ama evleri halen biimsiz.)
They spent a lot of money. Their house is still shabby, though.
While/Whilst it has proved to be useful,this method is not without pitfalls.
(Kullanl olduunu kantlamasna ramen, bu metod kusursuz deil.)
In spite of his poverty, he was very generous.
(Fakirliine karn, ok cmertti.)
Despite the fact that he is rich, he doesnt have a luxurious life. (Zengin olmas gereine ramen, lks bir hayat yok.)
5 however+sfat / zarf:ne kadar-se de
However hungry I am, I cant finish a whole pizza.
(Ne kadar a olsam da bir tam pizzay bitiremem.)
6 no matter how: ne kadar-se de
No matter how hungry I am, I cant finish a whole pizza.
(Ne kadar a olsam da bir tam pizzay bitiremem.)
7 zarf/sfat + as:-se de, -e ramen
Difficult as the exam was, I was able to pass it.
(Snav zor olsa da geebildim.)
8 zarf/sfat + though:-se de, -e ramen
Difficult though the exam was, I was able to pass it.
(Snav zor olsa da geebildim.)
Try as he may/might, he couldnt pass the class.
(ok uramasna remen snf geemedi.)
He is at around sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.
(O 60 ya civarnda, oysa ei yaklak otuz grnyor.)
9
10
try as he may/might:
ok uramasna ramen
whereas:halbuki, oysa
1 so that: o kadarki
SONU BLDREN ZARF CMLECKLER

She drives so carefully that she never has an accident.
(O kadar dikkatli srer ki, asla kaza yapmaz.)
2 so (that): bu yzden
She felt very tired, so (that) she went to bed early.
(ok yorgun hissetti, bu yzden erken uyudu.)
3 otherwise,or else,else: yoksa, aksi takdirde
She has to have the operation, or (else) she will die soon.
(Amaliyat olmak zorunda, yoksa yaknda lecek.)
1 so that/in order that:-sn diye
AMA BLDREN ZARF CMLECKLER

He studied very hard so that he can pass the classs.
2 for fear that /lest: korkusuyla mez diye
He bought two breads for fear that he cant find bread there. (Orada ekmek bulamaz diye iki ekmek ald.)
Sayfa 33 / 36
(Snav geebilsin diye ok sk alt.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
1 as,because, since: -d iin, -den dolay
NEDEN BLDREN ZARF CMLECKLER

Because she studied very hard, she passed the class.
2 seeing that/as: -dna gre,-d iin
Seeing that/as he is a doctor, he could give you some advice. (Doktor olduuna gre sana biraz tavsiye verebilir.)
3 inasmuch as: -dna gre, -d iin
I felt sorry for you inasmuch as you couldnt pass the class. (Snf geemediin iin zgnm.)
4 now(that): -dna gre, madem ki
Now (that) Ali is here, we can begin the breakfast.
(Ali burda olduuna gre, kahvaltya balayabiliriz.)
5 (just) in case: ihtimaline karlk,-r diye
I should take the umbrella (just) in case it rains.
(Yamur yama ihtimaline karlk, emsiyeyi alsam iyi olur.)
in so far as/in as far as

-mesi bakmndan, -d lde, kadaryla
because of, due to, owing to, thanks to

7 on account of, in view of
-den dolay, -d iin, -nn sayesinde
a in view of: fikrinde, dnldnde
(ok sk alt iin snf geti.)
She cities other academicianswork only in so far as it supports her own theories.
(Dier akademisyenlerin eserlerinden sadece kendi teorilerini destekledii lde alnt yapar.)
They didnt go out for a walk an account of bad weather.
She is experienced. Thanks to this, she knows people well.
(Kt havadan dolay yrye kmadlar.)

(Deneyimlidir. Bunun sayesinde, insanlar iyi bilir.)
She is in view of buying a new house.
(Yeni bir ev alma fikrinde.)
8 on the grounds that:-mesi gerekesiyle
They oppose the bill on the grounds that it is very restrictive.(ok kstlayc olduu gerekesiyle, kanuna kar kyorlar.)
9 in that: -mesi bakmndan, -den dolay
In that it is very hot, we cant go out.
a after: sonra
OLAYLARIN GEREKLEME ZAMANINI FADE EDEN YAPILAR

After you had left, I got a phone call.
(Sen ayrldktan, bir telefon aldm.)
b before: -meden nce
Clean up that mess before your father sees it.
(Baban grmeden nce bu dankl topla.)
c as soon as: -r-mez
As soon as I get home from work, I will call you.
(ten eve gelir gelmez seni arayacam.)
d when:-dnda, -d zaman
When he saw me, he waved.
(Beni grdnde el sallad.)
e while:-iken
She sprained her ankle while she was playing tennis.
(Tenis oynarken ayak bileini burktu.)
f once:bir-sen, -r-mez
It gets easier to play once you learn the basic rules.
(Temel kurallar bir rensen oynamas kolaylar.)
g the moment (that)=as soon as:-r-mez
I will send the ticket the moment (that) I get the money.
(Paray alr almaz bileti gndereceim.)
h immediately = as soon as:-r-mez
I recognized her immediately I saw her.
until/till: -e kadar, -e dein
Until I learn German, I will take course.
(Almanca renene kadar kurs alacam.)
by the time: -e kadar
By the time police arrived, the thief had alreadly left.
(Polis vardnda hrsz oktan ayrlmt.)
j (Just) as: -ken,-dka, -dnda,-d gibi
He is taking life more serously as he gets older.
(Yalandka hayat daha ciddiye alyor.)
k (The) last time: son-dnda
The last time we went to the cinema, we saw a horror movie.
(ok scak olmasndan dolay dar kamayz.)
(Onu grr grmez tandm.)
(Sinemaya son gittiimizde bir korku filmi izledik.)
The next time you visit me, we can go to a picnic.
(Gelecek sefer beni ziyaret ettiinde, piknie gideriz.)
m no soonerthan: tam-mtki
No sooner had he put the phone down than it rang again.
(Tam telefonu kapatmt ki, tekrar ald.)
n whenever/every time: her-dnda
Whenever you get into a trouble, you are always calling me.
(Ne zaman skntya dsen srekli beni aryorsun.)
1 as if/ as though: sanki-m gibi
OLAYIN NASIL MEYDANA GELDN BELRTEN ZARF CMLECKLER

Take an umbrella. It looks as if it is going to rain.
(emsiyeni al. Sanki yamur yaacakm gibi grnyor.)
(the) next time: gelecek sefer-dnda
Sayfa 34 / 36
Enjoy your lesson!
(Bala)+ Etken Fiil (Ving)

1
(Bala)+ having V3
(eylemin nce olmasn vurgulamak)
(Bala)+ Edilgen Fiil (V3)
(Bala)+ having been V3

(eylemin nce olmasn vurgulamak)
1 to be nin atlmas
Cmle banda etken zne + Ving

zne+having V3(zaman nceliini vurgulamak)
Cmle banda edilgen zne + V3

zne+having been V3(zaman ncelii)
2 Cmle sonundawith + zne
1 Aktifand atlr: Ving kullanlr.

2 Pasifand atlr: V3 kullanlr.
YDS Grammar
ZNELER AYNI OLAN ZARF CMLECKLERNN KISALTILMASI

If it gets too hot, an engine starts to smoke.
(Eer ok snrsa bir motor duman karr.)
(If) getting too hot, an engine starts to smoke.
After he had finished his homework, he watched TV.
(Ev devini bitirdikten sonra, TV izledi.)
(After) having finished his homework, he watched TV.
When he was admitted to the hospital, he had high blood pressure. (Hastanaye yatrldnda yksek tansiyonu vard.)
(When) admitted to the hospital, he had high blood pressure.
After the cake had been cooked, it was served.
(Kek piirildikten sonra, servis yapld.)
(After) having been cooked, it was served.
SM CMLELERNDE TO BENN KISALTILMASI
While she was in the U.S., she was very happy.
While in the US, she was very happy.
(Amerikadayken ok mutluydu.)
ZNELER FARKLI OLAN ZARF CMLECKLERNN KISALTILMASI

As the teacher came late, the lesson was cancelled.
(retmen ge geldii iin ders iptal edildi.)
The teacher coming late, the lesson was cancelled.
After the students had come, the lesson started.
(renciler geldikten sonra ders balad.)
The students having come, the lesson started.
When Ali was admitted to the hospital, the doctor came.
Ali admitted to the hospital, the doctor came.
After the cake had been cooked, Ali served it.
The caek having been cooked, Ali served it.
The students left the school since the lesson was cancelled.
The students left the school with the lesson cancelled.
AND BALACININ ATILMASI
Ali was doing his homework and watching Tv.
Ali was doing his homework, watching TV.
The invitation cards were written and sent to the guests.
Written,the invitations cards were sent to the guests.
(Ali hastaneye yatrlnca doktor geldi.)

(Ke piirildikten sonra Ali servis yapt.)
(Ders iptal edildii iin renciler okuldan ayrld.)
(Ali ev devini yapyor ve TV izliyordu.)

(Davetiye kartlar yazld ve misafirlere yolland.)
INVERSIONS (DEVRM CMLELER)

A Olumsuz anlam katan yaplar + zne
B Olumlu Devrim Cmleler
She didnt say a single word.
Not a single word dis she say.
(Tek bir kelime sylemedi.)
She little knows about me.
Little does she know about me.
(Hakkmda ok az biliyor.)
The room is so hot that we cant sit. So hot is the room that we cant sit.
Sayfa 35 / 36
(Oda o kadar scak ki oturamyoruz.)
Enjoy your lesson!
YDS Grammar
DETERMINERS (BELRTELER)
Plent of people were killed in the riots.
Lot of patience is needed for learning.
(syanlarda birok insan ld.)

(renmek iin ok sabra ihtiya duyulur.)
a number of, a good many, quite a few,

a good few, a great many, a large number
b
of, scores of, large numbers of:birok
(Sadece oul isimlerle kullanlrlar.)
Scores of people fainted in the heat.

The book has got a good few pages.
We have a large number of problems.
(Scakta birok insan bayld.)

(Kitap birok sayfaya sahip.)
(Birok sorunumuz var.)
a good deal of, a great deal of, a vast

amount of, a large amount of, a great
c
quantity of: ok
(Sadece saylamayan isimlerle kullanlrlar.)
I had a large amount of money.

A large amount of milk is needed.
(ok param vard.)

(ok ste ihtiya var.)
d many: birok, many of: -nn birou
Many children suffer from loneliness.
(Birok ocuk yalnzlktan sknt eker.)
e several: birka several of: -nn birka
Several questions remained unanswered.
(Birok soru yantsz kald.)
f a few:birka, few: ok az sayda(yetersiz)
A few friends visited me.
(Birka arkada beni ziyaret etti.)
g much:ok (saylamayan isimlerle)
I dont have much time.
(Zamanm yok.)
h a little:biraz, little: ok az (saylamayan)
We have got a little milk.
(Biraz stmz var.)
a lot of/lots of/plenty of: ok, birok

a
(oul ve saylamayan isimlerle kullanlr.)
oul veya saylamayan isimlerle

most: ou,pekok
any:herhangi(olumlu cmle),hi(olumsuz c.)
some:birka(saylan), biraz(saylamayan)
no:hi (olumlu cmle yaps olumsuz anlam)
Most people like football.

Any person can do this.
I have no time.
There is some milk in the bottle.
There isnt any milk in the bottle.
(Birok insan futbolu sever.)

(Herhangi birisi bunu yapabilir.)
(Hi zamanm yok.)
(iede biraz st var.)
(iede hi st yok.)
both:her ikisi de, either: ikisinden biri

neither: ikisinden hibiri
Neither plays football very well.

Both students are 10 years old.
(kisinden hibiri futbolu ok iyi oynamaz.)

(Her iki renci de 10 yanda.)
each:bir gruptan her biri

every: bir grubun btn olarak her
Each child finished the cake.

Every student wants to pass the class.
(Her bir ocuk keki bitirdi.)

(Her renci snf gemek ister.)
all:hepsi, btn (oul veya saylamayan)

whole:tamam (tekil veya saylamayan)
All bread gets stale quickly.
(Btn ekmek abucak bayatlar.)
no + isim: hi(olumlu yap, olumsuz anlam)

none: hibiri (olumlu yap, olumsuz anlam)
I have got no plans.

None of this cheese is any good.
(Hi planm yok.)

(Bu peynirin hibiri iyi deil.)
m half (of):yars
Half (of)the answers are wrong.
n many a/an: birok (tekil isim, tekil yap)
Many a man has gathered to protest the government.
o other + oul isim: baka, dier
We should find other ways of cooking this meal.
(Bu yemei piirmenin dier yollarn bulsak iyi olur.)
p Others: dierleri
Some students passed the class, others failed.
(Birka renci snf geti, dierleri kald.)
r another: dier bir (tekil)
Can you come another day?
(Dier birgn gelebilir misin?)
Sayfa 36 / 36
(Cevaplarn yars yanl.)

(Hkmeti protesto etmek iin birok kii topland.)
Enjoy your lesson!

Bi̇tmi̇ş Gramer Ozeti̇

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Feke Anatolian Teachers Training High School

1 Actions verbs (Hareket Bildiren Fiiller)

a Activity verbs (Hareket Fiilleri)

He is watching TV. (TV izliyor-sreklilik-eylem sryor)

2 State Verbs (Durum Bildiren Fiiller)

Olmak, (am, is are): Im happy. He is married. We are at school.

f Other States (Dier Durumlar)

3 Transitive Verbs (Geili Fiiller):

Bu fiiller kendilerinden sonra mutlaka bir nesne alrlar.

Hes opening the door. (Kapy ayor.)

a (Fiil + Nesne + Fiil)

b (Fiil + Edat + Nesne)

I often listen to music.

(Sk sk mzik dinlerim.)

c (Fiil + Nesne + Edat)

She accused her friend of stealing her money.

(Arkadan para almakla sulad.)

d (Fiil + Nesne + Sfat)

(Duvar yeile boyadlar. Ali retmendi kzdrd.)

4 Ditransitive Verbs (kili Geili Filler)

Bu fiiller hem nesne hem de dolayl tmle alrlar.

She gave the money to the child. (Paray ocua verdi.)

a (Fiil + Nesne + Edat + Dolayl Tmle)

I gave all my money to him. (Ona btn param verdim.)

b (Fiil + Dolayl Tmle + Nesne)

I gave him all my money.

(Btn param ona verdim.)

My sister made me cake.

5 Intransitive Verbs (Nesnesiz Fiiller)

(John uyuyor.) ("Neyi uyuyor?" eklinde sormak mmkn deildir.)

The sun melted the ice.

Shes playing football.

8 Linking verbs (Bant Fiilleri)

zneyi tanmlaycsna balarlar.

He became the president. (Hes reading the book.) (Bakan oldu.)

She looks intelligent. (Zeki grnyor.)Kendisi

She spoke English fluently.(ngilizceyi akc konutu)ngilizceyi

He became the president. (Bakan oldu.)Kendisi

Hes reading the book. (Kitab okuyor.) Kitab

Mountains usually appear in the shape of triangle.

Hasan Eiyok (English Teacher)

(Gne buzu eritti.)

(Karemi bana kek yapt.)

The ice melted. (Buz eridi.)

Enjoy your lesson!

Feke Anatolian Teachers Training High School

Hasan Eiyok (English Teacher)

Enjoy your lesson!

Feke Anatolian Teachers Training High School

FLLERN AKTF SM CMLELER LE ZAMANLARA GRE EKLMES

Geni ve imdiki Z. sim Cmlesi

Bitmi Gemi Z. sim Cmlesi

UZAK GEM ZAMAN

Yakn Gemi Z. sim Cmlesi

Uzak Gemi Z. sim Cmlesi

am not=m not, is not=isnt, are not=arent

was not=wasnt, were not=werent

Hasan Eiyok (English Teacher)

Have not=havent, has not=hasnt

Enjoy your lesson!

Feke Anatolian Teachers Training High School

FLLERN AKTF CMLELERLE ZAMANLARA GRE EKLMES

MDK, GEN, GEM ZAMAN