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KE
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E10-1FKE10-1F

- -

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EF

K
KW

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K
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E 0F210FF
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K{120}

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KE

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KE

WE4
KE

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KE
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- -

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KE

KE
KE

W( 6

KE
KE

KE

KE

WE7

KE
KE

KE
KE
WE8
KE
KE

KE
KE

- -

WE9
KE

KE

KE
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WE10

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WK
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ETime-Temperature-Transformation diagramF
TTTE1-4FTTT

TTTE1-4F

FE
E

E
K
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EPFE
K EBFEBainiteF

EPFEnoseFFE
KEBF

KMEMartensiteF

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EBFEPFE2-4F
WKEMF

KE

E
K

- -

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1abcdefgE3-4F

K1bE
K0.50.5cE

WK dE

Ke
Ke
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0.25E0.5FfE
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0.5KKgE
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- -

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540
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3-4

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F
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KK
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6-4

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K

7-4

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K
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8-4
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K -
KEF -

KA1
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K413-343

- -

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K
K
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- -

WE1

KE

KE
KE

KE

WE2
KE
KE

KE
KE
WE3
KE
KE

KE

KE
WTTTE4
KE

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KE

KE

- -

WE5
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KE

KE

KE

E6
W
KE

KHHE

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KH E
WE7

KE

KE

KE
KE
WE8
KE

KE

KE

KE

- -

WE9
KE

KE

KE

KE
WE10

KE

KE

KE

KE
WE11
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KE
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WE12
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K
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KE

KE
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E
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- -

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KZt
KZ

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- -

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- -

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- -

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WE1

KE
KE
KE
KE

W(2
KE
KE
KE

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W(3
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KE
K E
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6.023x1023 E

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KE

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KE
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WE7
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WE8

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KE
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- -

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KE

KE
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WE10

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KE

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LEITZ METALLUX2
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5
10
20
50
100

6.3

10

12.5

16

25

32 40
50
63
80
125
63 80 100 125 160 250
125 160 200 250 320 500
320 400 500 630 800 1250
630 800 1000 1250 1600 2500

KEFJ
KEFJ
KJ

KJ

KJ
KJ

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K
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LECI PR-10 MOUNTING PRESS

MOUNTING
MATERIAL

BAKE
LITE

THER
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Y
TING

THER
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TEMPER PRES
TIME ( MINUTES)
ATURE
SUR 1.00 MOLD 1.25 MOLD
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PO PRE
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30 (AIR COOL )
20 ( WATER COOL )

- -

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K4 min J

K 2030J
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Lead

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Zinc

Aluminum

Copper

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Nickel

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- -

KEF
W

KEKKKJ F J
K J
K J

EJ F
KEF

- -

EJ F

EJ F

- -

aE J F
K

T2KT1
dcK

cK b K
K

E J F

J WEJ F

EJ F

- -

a
(bF

cb
Kc

E J F K
K

()

( )

E J F

- -

KPure Lead J

K PureTin J
K J

KThermocouple thermometer J
K Stopwatch J

K J
K J

J
W

100 %

70 %

30 %

38 %

62 %

15 %

85 %

100 %

K 2 J
377 J
K

- -

377 J
K

K J
360 J
KEF

K 100 J
K J

K 34 J

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

KEF

WCarbon steelEF

K J
F J
KE

- -

C
% C

EJ F

- -

K{{

K{

% c

EJ F

Low Carbon steel J

E{{F

KE{{F

KE{{F J

J W

KE

Medium Carbon steelJ

KE{{F
- -

J W
KEJ F

High Carbon steelJ

KE{{F

KW
Carbon Tool steelJ
KE{{F

J W
K

KstripsW

KrivetsK

{J {

Kboilers
KKsections

{{

K
K

K crankshaftsKaxesKconnecting rods

leafs

Medium
Carbon
steel
K

{J {

{J {

Kband sawKwire ropesKsprings

Kforging dies

K
KEFW {J {
- -

High
Carbon
steel

steel

{J {

KpunchEFKshear blades
KKfilesW{J {

Tool
Carbon

KW{J {

EF
EF

KEF
%( 0.77 F

- -

J WEJ F

J 99.98 %

J 0.09 % C

250: 1

EHF

250 : 1

J 0.13 % C

250: 1 EHF

J 0.36 % C
EHF

- -

200 : 1

( )

EF

J 0.45 % C

J 1.13 % C

EHF

EHF

100: 1

500 : 1

- -

DINJ

HB

150 - 90

%
30 - 15

R
N/mm

DIN

550 - 280

0.05 %

St 0 0

135 - 100

25

450 - 370 0.2 - 0.1

St 37

22

600 - 500

160 - 140

0.35

St 50

EF 230 - 160

17

850 - 600

0.45

0.6

St 60

F 250 - 180
450 C

12

900 - 700

250 - 220

10

900 - 800

J 0.8
0.6

800 - 250

7-5

1100 900

400 - 300

5-4

1100 900

J 0.6
0.8
1.2 - 1

- -

C
W

0.18 - 0.22
0.32 - 0.39
0.42 - 0.50
0.42 - 0.60
0.57 - 0.65
1

C22
C35
C45
C55
C60
C100

EAISIF , American Iron and Steel InstituteJ

KESAEF Society of Automotive Engineers

- -

AISI

SAE

1010

0.05

0.04

0.6 0.3

0.13 0.08

C1010

1015

0.05

0.04

0.6 0.3

0.18 0.13

C1015

1020

0.05

0.04

0.6 0.3

0.23 0.18

C1020

1025

0.05

0.04

0.6 0.3

0.28 0.22

C1025

1030

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.34 0.28

C1030

1035

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.38 0.32

C1035

1040

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.44 0.37

C1040

1045

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.50 0.34

C1045

1050

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.55 0.48

C1050

1055

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.60 0.50

C1055

1060

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.65 0.55

C1060

1065

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.70 0.60

C1065

1070

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.75 0.65

C1070

1075

0.05

0.04

0.8 0.5

0.80 0.70

C1075

1080

0.05

0.04

0.9 0.6

0.88 0.75

C1080

1085

0.05

0.04

1.0 0.7

0.93 0.80

C1085

1090

0.05

0.04

0.5 0.3

0.98 0.85

C1090

1095

0.05

0.04

1.0 0.7

1.03 0.90

C1095

- -

WAISI

3
4
5

J

J J

6
7
8

EAISI 1020F0.01%

EAISI 2340F. 0.20%

0.4 % 0.30%

K(A)
K(B)

K(C)
K(D)
K(E)

- -

K St 37C15 J
KC35 J
KC45 J

K J

KEF J
K J
KEF J

K J

KEF J

J
KEF

- -

K

W
K J

K J

K J
K J

J
EJ F

KEF
Temperature ( C )

J WEF

Acm

A3

A1

% C
EF

- -

KEF J
K J

J
K

K J
K J

EJ F

K EJ FK

- -

TemperingHardening

J
KEF

KEF J

KHardening EF

A3 (30 50 )

C EF0.77 %C
J A1(30 50 )EF0.77 %
J EF

Quenching

W
KEF J

K J

K J

- -

MartensiteQuenching
EJ FK

KEF

EJ F
F

1220 :1E

TemperingEF

EA1 F

KEF

- -

Hardening

K J

KThermocouple thermometer J
KC 45 J

K J
K J

K J
K J

K J

K J

KJ

KJ

W
K

%0.35 C %0.35 C

EA3F(30 50C )

K
J
K

CEFJ
K HRC

J
KThermocouple thermometer

- -

KJ

W25 mm20

K 0.8 EF Z 20 EFZEF
25

EFJ

WQuenching

J I
K

J II

KJ
KHRCCJ

- -

HRC

HRC

- -

TemperingJ

F J
KE

KThermocouple thermometer J
KEFC 45 J

K J
K J
KEF J

KJ

( 500 650 C)J
K

CEFJ
K HRC
J
KThermocouple thermometer

KJ

FJ
KE

KJ

KHRCCJ

- -

NormalizingAnnealing EF

KEF J
J
KEF

K
Full EF K

Annealing

F0.77 %C A3(30 50) C

F0.77 %C E

J A1(30 50 ) C
E

K
EF
K

- -

(30 50 CF

A3

EF

Full Annealing

0.77 C

F%

F0.77 %C
E
A1(30 50 ) C

Process Annealing

A1

K(550 700) C

F
E

430 C A1

J W

J

650

K 495 C

J
650

K 495 C
- -

Stress-relief
Annealing

AnnealingJ

K J

KThermocouple thermometer J
KEFC 45 J
K J
K J

K J

J
EA3F (30 50 C )
K

J
K

CEFJ
K HRC

KThermocouple thermometer
KJ
KJ

EFJ
K

KJ
HRC C J
K

- -

NormalizingJ

(30 50 )
(30 50)A1A3

K J
KThermocouple thermometer J
KSt 37 J

K J
K J

K J

K (30 50 )

J
K

CEF J
K HRC

J
KThermocouple thermometer

KJ
- -

KJ
EFJ

KJ
CJ
K HRC

- -

Hardenability

K Hardness

Hardenability
K

K Hardness
W

Hardness0.9%

3% H 0.3%

3% H0.3% Hardenability

- -

HRC

( 1)

( 2)

EF

- -

W Jominy End-Quenching Test
ESAEFEASTMF

KEAISIF
FE 4 = 101.6mmF(1 = 25.4mmF

20KE

EFK
K

101,6 mm

25.4

mm

24 C
12,7 mm
12,7 mm

EF

- -

K1025J
K1045J
K4340J

KJ

KJ
KJ
KJ

K Thermocouple thermometer J
KHJ

K(HRC )CJ

(30 50 ) C J
K
K J

J
KThermocouple thermometer

K J

J
K

K J
J
K0.4 mm

50 mm J
W

- -

13 mmJ
K1.6 mm

K37 mm3.2 mm13 mmJ

C J
KEHRCF

KEHRCF J
W
W

HRC HRC HRC

1
2

1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8
9.6
11.2
12.8
16
19.2
22.4
25.6
28.8
32
35.2
38.4
41.6
44.8
48
51.2

HRC

HRC
2

HRC
1

- -

1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8
9.6
11.2
12.8
16
19.2
22.4
25.6
28.8
32
35.2
38.4
41.6
44.8
48
51.2

HRC

HRC
2

HRC
1

1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8
9.6
11.2
12.8
16
19.2
22.4
25.6
28.8
32
35.2
38.4
41.6
44.8
48
51.2

Corrosion

K
KEF
KK

EF

K
K

KEF

EF
E-FKEF
W

- -

( -)

K
K EFEF

EFEF

( 6-26 )

EF

W
- -

R=K

W
ATD

KEF R
KT

KW

K A
K{ZK

KD

st37 J
K x 8 mm
x 8 mm

x 8 mm

x 8 mm

x 8 mm

K ml J
K {gm J

KEJ J F J

K J

KEFH J

KSt 37 J
K J

K J
W J

K H5
- -

K St 37 J
KJ

J
K

EFJ
K
J
K

KJ

KJ

- -

st37

st37

st37

st37

mg

mg

st37

mg
W1

W2

W= W1- W2

A1
A2

- -

A1
Z
A2

Kmm = A1

Kmm = A2
( D- d) /4 + D L

= A1

d /4 + d l

= A2

= D

= d

L
l

W
K

- -

KE1
EF( 2
K

E3
KK

KK

K
K

K
K

- -

1


(1

(2
(3
(4
(5

(6
(7

(8
(9
(10

(11

(12
(13
(14

(15

(1

(2
(3
(4

(5
(6

(7
(8
- -

(1

(2
(3

(4
(5
(6
(7

(8
(9
(10
(11

(1
(2

(3

(4
(5
(6

(7
(8
(9

(10
(11

(12

- -

(1

(2

(3
(4
(5

(6

(7
(8
(9
(10
(11

- -

(2)

Thermal equilibrium

Internal stresses

Miller indices

Jominy test

Reduction

Mounting

Oxidation

Electron

Valence electrons

aluminum

Dislocation

Edge dislocation

Planes slipping

Melting

Anode

Anion

Quenching media

Austenite

ion

Pearlite

Proton

Pretectoid

pretectic

Electric battery

- -

Crystals

Bainite

Steel microstructure

Crystalline structure

Lattice structure

Microstructure

Polymers

Corrosion

Electro-chemical corrosion

Solidification

Phase transformation

Annealing

EF

Stress relief annealing

Full annealing

Gear

Thermocouple thermometer

Deformation

Cold working

Hot working

Hardening

Case hardening

Tempering

EF

Quenching

EF

Magnification

Twinning

Molecule

Polar potential

- -

Grain

Grain size

Grain boundaries

Iron

Cast iron

Dislocation motion

Cathodic protection

Ceramics

Galvanic cells

Unit cell

Mixture

Recrystallization temperature

Substitutional atoms

Foreign atoms

Interstitial atoms

Atom

Solubility

Ionic bond

Covalent bond

Metallic bond

Lead

Atomic bonds

Secondary bonds

Zinc

EF

Stop watch

Ferrous alloys

Nonferrous alloys

- -

Alloy

Ternary alloy

Binary alloy

Impurities

Hardness

Steel

Hypo eutectoid steel

Hyper eutectoid steel

Photo-micrograph

EF

paint

Organic paint

electroplating

Nonmetallic non-organic paint

Phase

Diffusion phenomena

Family of directions

Family of planes

Coordination number

Atomic number

Actual number of atoms

Objective lens

Eyepiece

Machining processes

Forming processes

Crystallization process

Line defects

Surface defects

- -

Point defects

Microscopic inspection

Vacancy

Metals

Tool steel

Mild steel

High carbon steel

Carbon steel

Medium carbon steel

Low carbon steel

hardenability

Brittleness

Hot shortness

Tin

Brittle

Tension force

Electromotive force

Standard electromotive force

Cation

Cathode

Atomic density

Atomic density for directions

Atomic density for planes

Solid spheres

Gas carburizing

plasticity

Sacrificial material

- -

Martensite

Toughness

Crystalline directions

Microscope

Etching solution

Electrolyte

Diagram

Phase diagram

orbital

Crystalline planes

Ductile

Normalizing

Heat treatment

Atomic packing factor

Corrosion rate

Cooling rate

Cooling curves

Engineering materials

Mole

Red copper

Brass

Atomic radius

Crystalline system

Isotope

Melting point

Freezing point

Pure

- -

Nucleus

Nickel

Atomic mass unit

Atomic weight

Eutectoid

Eutectic

- -

(3)

E
W

E
K

TTT E
TTT
K
K
E
K

E
K

- -

E
K

- -

KWKK
. ,
KWKK
. ,
KWKK
. ,
KK
K

-
-
-
J

KJ K
KKEFKK J

KK J
K

KWK J
K

- -

1) Al-Khtib, Ahmad Sh., Scientific & Technical terms-English/Arabic,
libraire du Liban, 1993.
2) Althouse, Andrew D., Turnquist, Carl H., Bowditch, William A. and
Bowditch, Kevin E., Modern Welding, The Good Heart-willcox
company,1997.
3) Callister, William D., Materials Science and Engineering an introduction,
John Wiley& sons, 2000.
4) Keyser, Carl A., Materials Science in Engineering, Charles E. Merrill
Publishing Co., 1986.
5) Smith, William F., Materials Science and Engineering, Mc Graw-Hill,
1993.
6) Thornton, Peter A., Colangelo, Vito J., Fundamentals of Engineering
Materials, Prentice-Hall, 1995.

- -

1-1

1-1-1

2-1-1

3-1-1

4-1-1

5-1-1

7-1-1

6-1-1

2-1

2-2-1

EF3-2-1

4-2-1

1-3-1

1-2-1

1-2-2-1

3-1

2-3-1

3-3-1

4-1

BCC1-4-1

1-1-4-1

2-1-4-1

3-1-4-1

EAPFF4-1-4-1

FCC2-4-1

HCP3-4-1

5-1

1-5-1

1-1-5-1

2-5-1

2-2-5-1

2-1-5-1

1-2-5-1

6-1

2-6-1

1-6-1

7-1

1-7-1

2-7-1

1-2

2-2

1-2-2

3-2

1-3-2

4-2

1-4-2

2-4-2

1-2-4-2

2-2-4-2

3-2-4-2

4-2-4-2

5-2

3-1-2

2-1-2

1-1-2

1-3
2-3

3-3

1-3-3
2-3-3

3-3-3

4-3
5-3
6-3

1-6-3
2-6-3
3-6-3

1-4
2-4
3-4

4-4
5-4
1-5-4
2-5-4
6-4

7-4

8-4

9-4
1-9-4

1-1-9-4
2-9-4

2-9-1-4

1-5
2-5

3-5
4-5

5-5
6-5
7-5

8-5
1-8-5

1-1-8-5
2-1-8-5
3 -1-8-5
2-8-5

EF

(1)
(2)
(3)

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS