Anaerobic Sewage Treatment PDF

CIE4485
Wastewater Treatment
Prof.dr.ir. Jules van Lier
12. Anaerobic Sewage Treatment
CT4485 Wastewater Treatment

Lecture 5b: Anaerobic sewage treatment
Prof.dr.ir. Jules van Lier
13 December 2012
Delft
University of
Technology
Challenge the future
Learning objectives
Understand potentials of direct sewage treatment by anaerobic
reactor systems
Understand advantages and constraints of anaerobic sewage
treatment
IWA: Chapter 16
Metcalf & Eddy: Chapt.10
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment
UASB REACTOR DESIGN

Relationship between pollution strength and reactor volume.
2000
Vr (m3)
Assumptions:
min = 4 h
Q = 250 m3 h-1
rv= 15 kg COD m-3 d-1
1500
hydraulic load = 6 m3 m-3 d-1

1000
500
Vr = Q
(hydraulic load = 6
m3 m-3 d-1
Vr = (c Q) rv-1
Vreactor = 1000 m3)

0
0
4
5
c (kg COD m-3)
Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewaters using

UASB reactors systems
Temperature.:
COD infl.:
SS-influent:
> 20 C
< 1000 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
Assessment of the size of a UASB Reactor

Relationship between pollution strength and reactor volume
Vr (m3)
2000
Normal COD-range
for domestic sewage
1500
Assumptions:
min = 4 h
Q = 250 m3 h-1
rv= 15 kg COD m-3 d-1
1000
hydraulic load = 6 m3 m-3 d-1
Vr = Q
500
0
0
Vr = (c Q) rv-1
Conventionally designed
UASB reactors for domestic
sewage (COD < 1000 mg/l)
are hydraulically limited !!
4
5
c (kg COD m-3)
Anaerobic Sewage Treatment

Objectives:
Removal of biodegradable organic compounds by converting

them into methane.
Removal of settle-able non-biodegradable compounds
Stabilisation of retained sludge.
Improving de-watering characteristics of the sludge
UASB mostly applied and comprehends 4 units:

1)
2)
3)
4)
primary clarifier,
biological reactor,
secondary clarifier and
sludge digester
Basic setup of conventional aerobic sewage treatment
screens
grit
chamber
activated secondary
primary
sedimentation sludge sedimentation
tank
tank
tank
Raw sewage
Treated effluent
Sludge
sludge
sludge
digestion dewatering
Basic setup of anaerobic sewage treatment

CAPEX reduction ?!
screens
grit
chamber
Raw sewage
high-rate
anaerobic
treatment
Effluent
polishing by e.g.
pond
Treated effluent
Coarse: 20 mm ?
+ Fine: 4-6 mm!
Sludge
To be combined with
fat/grease removal!
sludge
drying
beds
Attainable UASB results for domestic sewage

COD Removal: ..
BOD Removal: ..
SS Removal: .
Pathogen Removal:
- Coliforms:
V: up to 50.000 m3
- Helminth eggs:
Hydraulic load restrictive: HRT 6-8 hrs
Results from Latin
America and India:
(COD < 500/600 mg/l)
<best performances!>
14.000 m3/d, Mirzapur, India
70 - 80%
75 - 85%
70 - 80%
70 - 90%
up to 100%?
12.000 m3/d, Bucaramanga, Colombia
COD concentration: influent effluent, Kanpur, India
Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 10
BOD concentration: influent effluent, Kanpur, India
TSS concentration: influent effluent, Kanpur, India
UASB: options for decentralised sewage treatment

- compact systems
- reduction land demand
- reduction sewerage costs
Campina Grande, Brasil
Odemira, Portugal
Masterplan of Recife metropolitan area: decentralised approach

(Florencio et al., 2001)
Conditions for decentralised / residential

- Odor prevention!!
applications
- Full treatment until restrictions
Vivero, Cali, Colombia: in direct vicinity of residential area !!

General lay-out of an anaerobic WWT

plant
biogas use
Post treatment
influent
effluent
UASB
- polishing pond
- Trickling filter
- RBC
- etc.
screening grit chamber
reuse
water
sludge
biogas
sludge drying bed
The UASB Reactor

Distribution box
gas
collector
biogas
wastewater
treated
water
effluent
gutter
biogas
aperture
settling zone
baffle
sludge blanket
sludge bed
feed
inlet
deflector
beam
sludge
withdrawal
Design Criteria for the UASB Reactor

Distribution box
number
biogas
wastewater
upflow velocity
Treated water
effluent
gutter
detention time
settling zone
biogas
gas
collector
angle
loading rate
aperture
velocity
baffle
sludge blanket
concentration
sludge bed
concentration
feed
inlet
density
minimum SRT
deflector
beam
sludge
withdrawal
angle
Internal view 1200 m3 UASB, Cali, Colombia
Full-scale anaerobic sewage treatment plant,

Bucaramanga, Colombia
Ro Fro WWTP (0,74

m3/s)
Polyester Circular Distribution Box
Clogged inlet pipe

Maintenance (declogging)
10
BUCARAMANGA, Colombia Pre-Treatment
Odour combatement,
closed reactor
system
Scum removal
11
Stainless steel, rectangular influent distribution
Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage, India
36.000 m3/d UASB, Kanpur, India
12
Full-Scale Experience in Brazil

48,000 m3 UASB Curitiba (Atuba Sul)
24 modules of 2000 m3 each

CURITIBA, Brasil - Atuba Sul WTW
13
Engineering details,
UASB Brasil
UASB as Pre-Treatment
in Sao Paulo, Brasil
Piracicaba WWTW
Rio Claro WWTW
14
Conventional Activated Sludge vs Integrated

Anaerobic & Aerobic Treatment
Biogas
Influent
Preliminary
Treatment
Disintegration of
Sewage Sludge
Primary
Anaerobic
Sedimentation
Process
Tank
Waste sludge
Aerobic
Activated
Polishing
Sludge
Effluent
Effluent
Thickener
Biogas
Dewatering
Digester
Sludge
Disposal
Integrated anaerobic treatment post treatment, Brasil
UASB
Trickling
filter
Tilted plate settling

device
15
Treatment of concentrated sewage: Middle East / Amman

Flow:
180.000
BOD:
500-700
COD:
1.500
TSS:
600-700
70-130
NH4+-N:
N-Kj:
90-200
P-tot:
10-40
Temp.: 16 (W.) 28 (S.)
m3.day
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
C
Scum.
Results two-stage
pilot trials Middle
East (Jordan):
(COD 1500 mg/l)
(with post clarification)
COD Removal:
up to 80%
BOD Removal:
up to 85%
SS Removal:
up to 80%
Pathogen Removal:
insufficient
Potential CH4 production in Amman
(at 200.000 m3 sewage/day):
30,000 m3/day !
5 6 MWe
0.15 Nm3 CH4/ kg CODrem.
Concentrated sewage: SRT prime design criterion!

SRT is directly linked to the amount of viable, active biomass in the
system:
SRT (d) = Xreactor V / (Qeffl Xeffl. + Qexcess-sludge Xexcess-sludge),
with X = concentration of viable biomass in kg/m3 (e.g.methanogens).
V = reactor volume (m3)
Q = flow m3/d
SRT is determined by:

- incoming suspended solids
- solids digestion in the reactor
- filtering capacity sludge bed (upflow velocities + sludge characteristics)
- growth and decay of new sludge
- sludge retention in the settler (upflow velocities)
- withdrawal of excess sludge
SRTmin. 3 * Td (doubling time) of critical biomass
(e.g. methanogens)
16
Required SRT for Hydrolysis in Reactor
SRT for stabilized sludge [days]
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Temperature [C]
Role of anaerobic technology in the water chain

Jordan
Yemen
Egypt
Scavenger of solids
Mineralisation of organic matter
Removal of heavy metals
Filtration of Helminth eggs ??
Provider of essential nutrients (NH4+,PO43-)
Production of stabilised soil conditioner
Energy producer (for local use)
17
Cost-effective adjustment
effluent N for re-use
PhD research Ghada

Kassab (2009)
- Necessity depends on growth stage and cropping season

- UASB used for N solubilisation and denitrification
- N is oxidised in post treatment and recycled to UASB
UASB
Post treatment
- System stability
- Long-term reliability
- On-off switch possible
OPEX / CAPEX reduction as driver

Full scale UASB application:
Sanhour, Fayoum, Egypt
(June 2006)
Existing plant:
Overloaded trickling filters
18
Proposed Treatment Processes Options
Option (1): UASB + Trickling Filters

Option (2): UASB + Trickling Filters + Activated Sludge
Option (3): Activated Sludge Process
Option (4): Lagoons (no land available)
Comparison of options
Description
UASB+TF
UASB+TF+AS
AS
CODeffl (80 mg/l)
80
80
80
BODeffl. (60 mg/l)
30
15
15
TSSeffl. (50 mg/l)
20
20
20
0.93
1.07
1.47
14,795
27,345
110,964
Investments
(MEuro)
O&M (euro/year)
Remarks
Complicated
Operation
High Energy +
Complex Sludge
treatment
UASB = upflow anaerobic sludge bed

TF = trickling filter
AS = activated sludge
19
Full scale UASB,

Sanhour, Egypt
First feasibility studies: mid
eighties..
Post-commissioning: GLSS gas leakages
Gas Pipe Cap
20
GLSS Sanhour
GLSS gas leakages
21
UASB Effluent
Law 48 (80 mg/l)
Final Effluent
23-Nov-2008
24-Oct-2008
24-Sep-2008
25-Aug-2008
26-Jul-2008
26-Jun-2008
27-May-2008
27-Apr-2008
28-Mar-2008
27-Feb-2008
28-Jan-2008
29-Dec-2007
29-Nov-2007
30-Oct-2007
30-Sep-2007
31-Aug-2007
1-Aug-2007
COD (mg/l)
GLSS gas leakages
Sanhour WWTP COD Removal
10000
1000
100
10
Date of Sample
UASB Influent
22
UASB Effluent
Law 48 (50 mg/l)
Final Effluent
20/10/2008
06/10/2008
22/09/2008
10
08/09/2008
23-Nov-08
24-Oct-08
24-Sep-08
25-Aug-08
26-Jul-08
26-Jun-08
27-May-08
27-Apr-08
28-Mar-08
27-Feb-08
28-Jan-08
29-Dec-07
29-Nov-07
30-Oct-07
30-Sep-07
31-Aug-07
1-Aug-07
10
25/08/2008
Final Effluent
11/08/2008
28/07/2008
14/07/2008
30/06/2008
16/06/2008
02/06/2008
19/05/2008
Law 48 (60 mg/l)
05/05/2008
21/04/2008
07/04/2008
24/03/2008
10/03/2008
25/02/2008
11/02/2008
28/01/2008
14/01/2008
UASB Effluent
31/12/2007
17/12/2007
03/12/2007
19/11/2007
05/11/2007
22/10/2007
08/10/2007
24/09/2007
10/09/2007
27/08/2007
13/08/2007
TSS (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
Sanhour WWTP BOD Removal

1000
100
Date of Sample
UASB Influent
Sanhour WWTP TSS Removal
1000
100
Date of Sample
Influent TSS
23
Accra, Ghana: 6500 m3 UASB for Municipal Sewage

under construction
Korle Lagoon
Accra, Ghana: 6500 m3 UASB for Municipal Sewage

RESULTS START-UP phase (in mg/l):
Influent
Influent
Effluent
peakvalues
UASB
Trickling
filter
Clarifier
COD
1,610 625
16,000
520 300
140 30
126 35
BOD
1,050 430
3,100
185 115 170 125
25 12
TSS
860 375
22,000
235 220 230 195
30 10
VSS
735 340
20,500
185 135 175 145
n.a.
pH: 5 12 !!
COD efficiency (entire plant): 92%

BOD / TSS efficiency: 98%
HRT: 20-24 h
OLR: 1.6 (0.3 6.1) kg/m3Anaerobic
/d
Wastewater Treatment
48
24
Treatment results UASB + TF, Accra, Ghana.
COD (mg/l)
COD concentrations through the plant

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Influent
BOD
COD
TSS
UASB effluent
TF effluent
Final effluent
Trickling filters (in operation), Accra, Ghana
UASB
Trickling filters
25
Final clarifiers in operation, Accra, Ghana
Final effluent
UASB - Post treatment Options, 1-2 (after Chernicharo, 2005)
26
27
Innovative, compact & cost-effective approach:

(Harada et al., Japan)
28
Prof. Harada, Nagaoka University, Japan
29
BIOPAQ UBOX
Integrated anaerobicaerobic treatment system
GAS OUT
EFFLUENT
AEROBIC
......
......
...
...
......
......
......
......
AIR IN
...
...
...
ANAEROBIC
INFLUENT
BIOPAQ UBOX Sewage Treatment Plant

Poos de Caldas, Brazil - 10.000 inhabitants
30

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CIE4485

12. Anaerobic Sewage Treatment

CT4485 Wastewater Treatment

Challenge the future

UASB REACTOR DESIGN

hydraulic load = 6 m3 m-3 d-1

Vreactor = 1000 m3)

Anaerobic treatment of municipal wastewaters using

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

Assessment of the size of a UASB Reactor

hydraulic load = 6 m3 m-3 d-1

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

Anaerobic Sewage Treatment

Removal of biodegradable organic compounds by converting

Removal of settle-able non-biodegradable compounds

Stabilisation of retained sludge.

Improving de-watering characteristics of the sludge

UASB mostly applied and comprehends 4 units:

Basic setup of conventional aerobic sewage treatment

Basic setup of anaerobic sewage treatment

Attainable UASB results for domestic sewage

14.000 m3/d, Mirzapur, India

12.000 m3/d, Bucaramanga, Colombia

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

COD concentration: influent effluent, Kanpur, India

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 10

BOD concentration: influent effluent, Kanpur, India

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 11

TSS concentration: influent effluent, Kanpur, India

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 12

UASB: options for decentralised sewage treatment

Campina Grande, Brasil

Masterplan of Recife metropolitan area: decentralised approach

Conditions for decentralised / residential

- Full treatment until restrictions

Vivero, Cali, Colombia: in direct vicinity of residential area !!

General lay-out of an anaerobic WWT

screening grit chamber

sludge drying bed

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 15

The UASB Reactor

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 16

Design Criteria for the UASB Reactor

Internal view 1200 m3 UASB, Cali, Colombia

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 18

Full-scale anaerobic sewage treatment plant,

Ro Fro WWTP (0,74

Polyester Circular Distribution Box

Clogged inlet pipe

BUCARAMANGA, Colombia Pre-Treatment

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 21

Stainless steel, rectangular influent distribution

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 23

Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage, India

36.000 m3/d UASB, Kanpur, India

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 24

Full-Scale Experience in Brazil

24 modules of 2000 m3 each

CURITIBA, Brasil - Atuba Sul WTW

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 26

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 27

Rio Claro WWTW

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 28