Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations

Basic definitions

Average normal stress in an axial member

F

avg
A

Average direct shear stress


V
avg

AV

Average bearing stress

F
b

Ab
Average normal strain in an axial member


avg
=

= 90

Six rules for constructing shear-force

and bending-moment diagrams
Rule 1:

V P0

Rule 2:

V V2 V1

x2

w( x ) dx

Rule 3:
Rule 4:

dV
w( x )
dx
M M 2 M1

x2

V dx

Rule 5:
Rule 6:

dM
V
dx
M M 0

Flexure

Average normal strain caused by temperature change

T  T
Hookes Law (one-dimensional)
 E and  G 
Poissons ratio
lat

long

Flexure formula
My
Mc
M
x
or max
where

I
I
S
Unsymmetric bending of arbitrary cross sections

Relationship between E, G, and

E
G
2(1  )
Definition of allowable stress


allow failure or  allow failure
FS
FS
Factor of safety

Unsymmetric bending of symmetric cross sections

M y z Mz y
My I z
tan 
x

Iy
Iz
Mz I y


FS failure
actual

or


FS  failure
actual

Axial deformation
Deformation in axial members
FL
FL

or  i i
AE
i Ai Ei
Force-temperature-deformation relationship


FL
TL
AE

Torsion
Maximum torsion shear stress in a circular shaft
Tc
 max
J
where the polar moment of inertia J is defined as


J [ R4 r 4 ] [ D 4 d 4 ]
2
32

Angle of twist in a circular shaft

2 1 = 1 2
TL
TL
1 1 = 2 2

or i i
JG
i Ji Gi
Power transmission in a shaft
= /
P T

= 6600 /

I z z I yz y
I y I yz z
My y
M
x
2
I y I z I yz
I y I z I y2z z

Horizontal shear stress associated with bending

I
c

VQ
=
It
Shear flow formula
VQ
q
I
Shear flow, fastener spacing, and fastener shear relationship

qs n f Vf n f  f A f
=
=
or

For circular cross sections,

1 3
Q
d (solid sections)
12
2
1
Q [ R3 r 3 ] [ D 3 d 3 ] (hollow sections)
3
12
H

Beam deflections
Elastic curve relations between w, V, M, , and v for
constant EI
Deflection v
dv
Slope

dx
d 2v
Moment M EI 2
dx
dM
d 3v
Shear V
EI 3
dx
dx
dV
d4v
Load w
EI 4
dx
dx

Fundamental Mechanics of Materials Equations

Plane stress transformations

Generalized Hookes Law

Normal and shear stresses on an arbitrary plane

Normal stress/normal strain relationships

1
x [ x (y z )]
E
1
y [ y (x z )]
E
1
z [ z (x y )]
E
Shear stress/shear strain relationships
1
1
1
xy xy
yz yz
zx zx
G
G
G
where

n x

cos 2

sin 2

2 xy sin cos

nt ( x y )sin cos xy ( cos 2 sin 2 )

or
+
+
cos 2 + sin 2
2
2
+
=

cos 2 sin 2
2
2

sin 2 + cos 2
=
2
Principal stress magnitudes
=

2
x y
x y
2
xy

2
2
Orientation of principal planes
xy
tan 2p
(x y ) 2
Maximum in-plane shear stress magnitude

p1, p 2

2
x y
2
max
xy

avg

or

max

p1 p 2
2

x y

Pressure vessels
Axial stress in spherical pressure vessel
pr
pd
a

2t
4t
Longitudinal and hoop stresses in cylindrical
pressure vessels
pr
pd
pr
pd
long
hoop

2t
4t
t
2t

Plane strain transformations

Normal and shear strain in arbitrary directions
n x cos 2 y sin 2 xy sin cos
nt 2( x y )sin cos xy (cos 2 sin 2 )

x y
x y 2 xy 2

2
2
2

+
+
cos 2 + sin 2
2
2
+
=

cos 2 sin 2
2
2

=
sin 2 +
cos 2
2
2
2
Principal strain magnitudes
=

( + )
1

or

Orientation of principal strains

xy
tan 2p
x y
x y 2 xy 2

2 2
y

2
Normal strain invariance
x y n t p1 p 2

Mises equivalent stress for plane stress

1/ 2

M [ 2p1 p1 p 2 2p 2 ]

Column buckling
Euler buckling load
Pcr

cr
or

max p1 p 2

= 0
=

Failure theories

2 EI
( KL )2

Euler buckling stress

Maximum in-plane shear strain

max

2
x
avg

Normal stress/normal strain relationships for plane stress

1
x ( x y )
E
E
x
(x y )
1 2
1
y ( y x )
or
E
E
y
(y x )
1

z (x y )
E
Shear stress/shear strain relationships for plane stress
1
or
xy
xy
xy G xy
G

2
Absolute maximum shear stress magnitude
min
abs max max
2
Normal, stress invariance
x y n t p1 p 2

p1, p 2

E
2(1 )

2 E
( KL r )2

Radius of gyration
r2

I
A

2 ]
[ x2 x y y2 3 xy

1/2
2

x =

xi Ai
Ai

yi Ai
Ai

y =

I = ( I c + d 2 A)
Table A.1 Properties of Plane Figures
1. Rectangle
y

6. Circle
y

A = bh
bh3
12
hb3
Iy =
12
hb3
I y =
3

h
2
b
x =
2
bh3
Ix =
3
y =

x
b

Ix =

d 2
4
r 4
d 4
Ix = Iy =
=
4
64

A = r 2 =

2. Right Triangle

7. Hollow Circle
y

bh
2
h
y =
3
b
x =
3
bh3
Ix =
12
A=

x
x

bh3
36
hb3
Iy =
36
hb3
I y =
12
Ix =

2
(D d 2 )
4

I x = I y = ( R4 r 4 )
4

(D4 d 4 )
=
64

A = ( R2 r 2 ) =

3. Triangle

8. Parabola

bh
2
h
y =
3
(a + b)
x =
3
bh3
Ix =
12

A=

x
x

bh3
36
bh 2
(a ab + b 2 )
Iy =
36

h 2
x
b2
2bh
A=
3
3b
x =
8
y =

Ix =

y
x

y =

3h
5

y =

3h
10

Zero slope

4. Trapezoid

9. Parabolic Spandrel
a

h
x

(a + b)h
A=
2
1 2a + b
y =
h
3 a+b
h3
(a 2 + 4 ab + b 2 )
Ix =
36 (a + b)

h 2
x
b2
bh
A=
3
3b
x =
4

y =

Zero
slope

C
b

x
x

5. Semicircle

10. General Spandrel

A=

y, y

x
x

696

r 2

2
4r
y =
3

I x = I y =

Ix =
r 4
8

( 8 98 )r

h n
x
bn
bh
h
A=
x
n
+1

y
x
n +1
x =
b
n+2
y =

Zero
slope

C
b

y =

n +1
h
4n + 2

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

Beam

Slope

Deflection
3

1 = 2 =

PL
16 EI

Pb( L2 b 2 )
1 =
6 LEI

vmax =
5

ML
1 =
3EI
ML
2 = +
6 EI

PL
48 EI

Pa 2b 2
v=
3LEI

Pa ( L2 a 2 )
2 = +
6 LEI
7

vmax =

ML2
9 3 EI

3
at x = L 1

11

wL3
1 = 2 =
24 EI
13

wa 2
1 =
(2 L a ) 2
24 LEI

2 = +
16

wa 2
24 LEI

Px
(3L2 4 x 2 )
48 EI
for 0 x L

v=

Pbx 2 2
(L b x2 )
6 LEI
for 0 x a

v=

Mx
(2 L2 3Lx + x 2 )
6 LEI

12

vmax

5wL4
=
384 EI

14

v=

v=

wx
( L3 2 Lx 2 + x3 )
24 EI

wx
( Lx3 4aLx 2 + 2a 2 x 2 + 4a 2 L2
24 LEI

wa 3
v=
(4 L2 7 aL + 3a 2 )
4a 3 L + a 4 ) for 0 x a
24 LEI
wa 2
2
2
(2 x3 6 Lx 2 + a 2 x + 4 L2 x a 2 L)
v
=

at
x
=
a
(2 L a )
24 LEI
3

7 w0 L
360 EI
w0 L3
2 = +
45 EI

1 =

v=

at x = a
8

10

Elastic Curve

17

w0 L4
vmax = 0.00652
EI
at x = 0.5193L

15
18

v=

for a x L

w0 x
(7 L4 10 L2 x 2 + 3 x 4 )
360 LEI

CANTILEVER BEAMS
Beam

Slope

Deflection

Elastic Curve

20

19

max

PL2
=
2 EI

22

21

vmax

PL3
=
3EI

23

max =

PL
8 EI

24

vmax =

5 PL
48 EI

26

25

max =

ML
EI

28

ML2
=
2 EI

29

max

31

max

for 0 x L

for L x L
2

Mx 2
v=
2 EI
30

vmax

wL4
=
8 EI

32

w0 L3
=
24 EI

Px 2
v=
(3L 2 x )
12 EI
PL2
(6 x L )
v=
48 EI

27

vmax

wL3
=
6 EI

Px 2
v=
(3L x )
6 EI

vmax

wx 2
(6 L2 4 Lx + x 2 )
v=
24 EI
33

w0 L4
=
30 EI

w0 x 2
v=
(10 L3 10 L2 x + 5 Lx 2 x 3 )
120 LEI