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25,227-238 (1990)
Comparison of the twenty most frequently used petrogenetic classifications of granitoids is summarized using petrography, nature and abundance of enclaves, mineralogy, major and trace element, and isotope geochemistry. This
comparison indicates considerable agreement between most authors concerning the main divisions. Differences result
either from different genetic models or from the weighting of the criteria used, such as nature of the source, relative
proportions of crustal and mantle contributions, magmatic processes, and types of emplacement. In the classification
proposed here, three main groups of granitoids correspond respectively to a crustal, a mantle, o r a mixed (crustal
and mantle) origin of the magmas. Each of these main groups is subdivided into two o r three types. Distinct petrographic,
mineralogical, and chemical characteristics result from differences in the origin and tectonic setting of the granitoid
magmas. Consequently, granitoids with well-defined petrographic, mineralogical, chemical features and ages may
provide information on the changes of tectonic settings with space, time, or both, i.e. they may be used as geotectonic
tracers.
KEY WORDS Granitoids Classifications Petrogenesis Origins Sources Tectonic settings
1. INTRODUCTION
Since Read (1956) has pointed out that there are granites and granites, many geologists have tried to
distinguish and classify the various types of granitoids. The first classifications of granitoids were bimodal
(e.g. intrusive vs autochthonous granitoids: Raguin 1957; orogenic vs anorogenic: Martin and Piwinskii
1972; leucogranites vs monzogranites-granodiorites: Didier and Lameyre 1969; I-type vs S-type: Chappell
and White 1974; ilmenite-series vs magnetite-series: Ishihara 1977) and did not reflect the complexity of
granites. This complexity is indicated by the diversity of their origins, sources, subsequent processes (melting,
mixing or mingling, differentiation, contamination, assimilation, . . .), and intrusive or autochthonous nature
in various tectonic settings.
The majority of classifications are based on the petrogenesis of granitoids which still remains a subject
of controversy. The multiplicity and diversity of these classifications arise from the different petrogenetic
models used and the discrimination criteria selected. Furthermore, most classifications were erected on
a parochial basis so that undue emphasis is likely and the classification may be of limited general value.
At first sight there appears to be no clear correlation between the many petrogenetic classifications of
granitoids.
On the other hand, there is a general consensus in using the purely descriptive nomenclature of granitoid
rocks suggested by Streckeisen (1967, 1976) and which led to designating the same name to granitoids
with similar relative proportions of felsic minerals (quartz, plagioclase, and alkaline feldspar) irrespective
of any genetic implication.
The aim of this report is to compare the twenty most frequently used petrogenetic classifications of
granitoids, and to point out the petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of each. The
strong relationship between the types of:granitoids, their origin and tectonic setting is also discussed.
0072-1 050/90/040227-12$06.00
0 1990 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
228
B . BARBARIN
229
Tdhic I . Comparison of the niiiin pctrogenetic classilications of granitoids. Leading criteria uscd hy the authors arc prcciscd. This table permits correlations hetween the divisions proposed in the dif'ferent classification\. ( M . A . o r A.M.: magmatic ataociauons).
MM-IYPI
(K-ILPI
MS-TYI'I
MDTYPI
230
B. BARBARIN
derived granitoids are alkaline or peralkaline (Tables 1 and 2). The scarce tholeiitic granitoids belong
to the mantle-derived group (Table 2).
The differences between the three types of peraluminous crustal granitoids (C-type) listed in Table 2
are due to the nature of the source, the degree of partial melting, the possible addition of small amounts
of mantle-derived component, and the intrusive character. Two C-types are intrusive granitoids, the
third type consists of cordierite-bearing and locally muscovite-bearing granitoids that are (sub)autochthonous and may be genetically associated with migmatites (e.g. Cooma granodioritic pluton in the Lachlan
Fold Belt of Southeastern Australia (Joplin 1942; Flood and Vernon 1978); granitoids of the Velay Anatectic
Dome in the Variscan Mobile Belt of Western Europe (Didier 1964; Dupraz and Didier 1988). The cordieritebearing granitoids (or S-type: Chappell and White 1974) are contrasted with the two-mica leucogranites
(Lameyre rt al. 1989) as indicated by the controversy over whether the two-mica granites from the Peninsular
Range Batholith are S-type granitoids or not (e.g. Todd and Shaw 1985; White et al. 1986).
The two types of hybrid calc-alkaline granitoids of mixed-origin (H-type) show different trends in the
(K,O+Na,O) vs SiOz diagram (Orsini 1976; Barrikre 1977; Lameyre et al. 1982) and the difference in
their relative K,O and CaO contents confirms the distinction between them. The potassium-richkalciumpoor hybrid granitoids consist mainly of magnetite-free monzogranites with dominant crustal component
whereas the potassium-poorkalcium-rich ones consist mainly of magnetite-bearing granodiorites and tonalites with dominant mantle-derived component.
The mantle-derived granitoids are tholeiitic and alkaline and are readily distinguished in most chemical
diagrams and in the various petrogenetic classifications (Table 1). Tholeiitic granitoids (T-type) are scarce
(from 1 to 2 per cent of granitoid rocks) whereas alkaline granitoids (A-type) are common.
Strong correlations between the types of granitoids and tectonic settings have been pointed out by
Streckeisen (1970), Martin and Piwinski (1972), Pearce et al. (1984), Pitcher (1983, 1987), Lameyre (1988),
and Pupin (1988). The tectonic setting of the different granitoid types are shown in Table 2.
Most crustal granitoids occur where there is a continent+ontinent collision. Two-mica intrusivegranitoids
are generated and emplaced along major shear and thrust zones active during the culmination of collision
events. The shortening and tectonic thickening of the continental crust induce the melting of crustal material
and production of monzonitic and granodioritic peraluminous magmas. Locally, addition of small amounts
of a mantle-derived component may provide enough energy to make these peraluminous magmas mobile
and allow them to intrude high levels of the crust. Chemical differences between the two types of calc-alkaline
metaluminous granitoids of mixed-origin also reflect their intrusion into two different tectonic settings.
Potassium-rich hybrids are produced by injection of mantle-derived magmas into thick continental crust
during the period of relaxation and uplift that follows a collision event. They often indicate the change
from a compressional to an extensional regime. On the other hand, potassium-poor hybrid granitoids
are generated and emplaced above subduction zones where the continental crust is relatively thin. Close
to the trench, island arc tholeiitic granitoids of mantle origin are present. Scarce tholeiitic granitoids
are associated with basalts exclusively in the mid-ocean ridges, while alkaline granitoids form plutonic
complexes in both oceanic and continental rift and up-doming zones. Alkaline granitoids are commonly
emplaced in subsiding cauldrons, often forming the roots of huge within-plate alkaline volcanoes (Bonin
1986).
The classification in Table 2 underlines the close relationship between the origin of granitoids and
tectonic setting:
CST(Crustal Shearing and Thrusting) groups: intrusive two-mica leucogranites associated with major
crustal movement occurring during a collisional event.
CCAand CcI (Crustal Collisional Autochthonous or Intrusive) group: peraluminous, either autochthonous or intrusive, biotite-rich and alumina-silicate-bearing granitoids formed during a collisional event.
HLO(Hybrid Late Orogenic) groups: calc-alkaline, potassic and often K-feldspar-porphyritic monzogranites emplaced during post-collisional uplift.
HcA (Hybrid Continental Arc) groups: hornblende-rich, calc-alkaline granodiorites and tonalites
emplaced in a continental margin above an active subduction zone.
GRANITOID TYPES
MIXED ORIGIN
(Crust + Mantle)
THOLEIITIC, ALKALINE
OR PERALKALINE ROCKS
MANTLE ORIGIN
Calc-Alkaline Granitoids
(Low K-High Ca)
METALUMINOUS
OR CALC-ALKALINE ROCKS
PERALUMINOUS ROCKS
CRUSTAL ORIGIN
- ORIGIN -
IAl
HCA
ZONES
RIFTING OR DOMING
ZONES
SUBDUCTION
ZONES
POST-COLLISION
OR
COLLISION
- TECTONIC SETTING -
Table 2. Proposed classification obtained from the comparison of the main petrogenetic classification of granitoids. Relationships between
petrogenetic types of granitoids, origins of the magmas, and tectonic settings. (See text for signification of the initials used to designate
the petrogenetic types).
232
B . BARBARIN
Table 3. Some representative examples of the petrogenetic types of the proposed classification
High Himalaya Leucogranitic Plutons
Le Fort (1975. 1981 i
Limousine two-mica leucogranitic plutons, Massif Central, France
Lmneyre (1966, 1988)
South Armoricaii Leucogranitic Plutons, Brittany, France
Strong und H r m n w (1981); Bernard-Grifiths et cd. (1985)
Koetong Suite Peraluminous Granites, Northeastern Victoria, Australia
Pricc ( 1983)
Granitoids of the Velay Anatectic Dome, Massif Central, France
Didier (1964j ;Dupraz and Didier ( 1 988)
Cooma granodioritic pluton. New South Wales, Australia
Joplin ( 1942):Flood and Vernon (1978)
Granitoids of the Cornubian Batholith, Southwestern England
Exley it ul. ( 1983)
Margeride granodioritic pluton, Massif Central, France
Couturih ( I 977)
Gueret composite pluton. Massif Central, France
Y m d i d k und L ~ i n q w(1983); Vuuclirllc~( 1988)
Bundarra Plutonic Suite, New England Batholith, Australia
Flood und Slrcoc~( 1975, 1977)
Most Caledonian Granitoid plutons of Grampians. Scotland, and Donegal,
Northern Ireland
Htrllidq et NI. (1979);Brown et 01. (1981);
I-itc,licrund Bo;ycr ( 1972)
North Arniorican Red Granitoid Plutons, Brittany, France
BmriPre ( I 977)
Monzonitic granitoids of the Montagne-Bourbonnaise Batholith,
Massif Central, France
Brrrhmrin (1983);Burhcrriri crnd Pin (1988)
Balagne-type granitoid plutons of the Corsica-Sardinia Batholith
Orsitii ( I 980) ;I q o r t E ( 1987)
Granitoids of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California
Bateriiun (1983, 1989); Hill c f (11. ( 1988)
Granitoids ofthe Andean Batholiths
Pitcher et crl. (1985)
Limousine Tonalite Belt, Massif Central, France
BPriicrrrl-Gr~~~itli~s
P I ul. (1985): PcvjjfiJr(1986 j
Finger Bay pluton, Aleutian Arc, Alaska
KUJ,c>t id. ( 1983)
Uasilau-Yau Yau Intrusive Complex, New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Wlirrlen (1985)
Plagiogranites of thc Indian Ocean Ridge System, Western Indian Ocean
Eiigrl crnd Fisher (1975); H d g c tt ul. (1979)
Granitoids of the Niger-Nigeria Alkaline Province, Africa
Bowden und Turnrr (1974)
Granitoids of the Corsican Alkaline Province, France
Bonin ( 1986)
TI,,and TOR
(Tholeiitic Island Arc and Tholeiitic Oceanic Ridge) group: tholeiitic granitoids associated
with island arc or oceanic ridge volcanics.
A (Alkaline) group: anorogenic, alkaline (and exceptionally peralkaline), perthite-rich and frequently
alkaline amphibole- and pyroxene-bearing granitoids associated with encratonic up-doming or rifting.
The classification explicitly relates the origin and tectonic setting of the various types of granitoids
and differs from those based on petrographic types (e.g. Didier and Lameyre 1969), chemical features
(e.g. Debon and Le Fort 1983, 1988), origins (c.g. Capdevila e t a / . 1973), or orogens (Pitcher 1983).
233
5. DISCUSSION
Although the divisions of the classification suggested here may be helpful, they are artificial and some
granitoids will have features of more than one type. Mixed source and diversity of processes may produce
large variations within each type. Thus, French geologists define a particular type of Hybrid Late Orogenic
granitoids that they called subalkaline type (Barriere 1977; Orsini 1979; Page1 and Leterrier 1980; Pupin
1981). They use subalkaline not as nonalkaline but as almost alkaline. The Ploumanach plutonic
complex in northern Brittany is an excellent example of this type: this plutonic complex is made up of
calc-alkaline potassic granitoids of normal HLOtype but it shares some features, such as the type of
emplacement, with the alkaline type (Barriere 1977). The subalkaline type is intermediate between the
H I ~ otype and the A type, and is related to a transition from a late orogenic compressional to an extensional
tectonic regime. Furthermore, extreme differentiation leads to the convergence of the magmatic suites
from different types towards granitic compositions (Lameyre et al. 1982) often with strongly peraluminous
chemical character (Miller 1985).
Several types of granitoids may be associated in the same area, e.g. most orogenic types are present
in the French Massif Central (Table 3 ) . The association and succession of the various types may be spatial,
chronological, or both (Lameyre 1988). In the Andes, there is a spacial transition from a TIA type, through
a H C A type, to a HLO type, to A type from the trench towards the continent (Pitcher et al. 1985). In
the French Massif Central, there is a time-based transition from H C A type, through Crustal types, to
a HLo type (Lameyre 1988). In Sonora, the succession from H C A type, through CSTtype, to HLo type,
to A type, is related in space and time (Richard et al. 1989). Successions of types are indicative of an
evolving geotectonic environment such as the transition from mobile belts to cratons, and the fragmentation
of cratons to form mobile belts.
Well-defined granitoid types may be used as geotectonic tracers to reconstruct past geodynamic conditions,
albeit with caution because some granitoids may result from local conditions in a general scheme of geodynamic setting (Lameyre 1988).
(0:
Metasedimentary xenoliths
Qz f Sill f Cord k Gt
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
Andesites
8~Dacites
Gabbros
(in large
amounts)
Acid lavas
(Tuffs)
Qz diorites
Gabbros
(Appinites)
xxxx
(No restites)
0
X
xx
xxx
X
Gabbros
(in large
amounts)
Alkaline lavas
Alk. gr.
Alk. syen.
Syenites
Granites
(Gabbros)
(Anorth.)
Olivine-bearing
Tholeites
Gabbros
(in large
amounts)
Plagiogr.
Trondjhem.
Tonalites
Gabbros
(Granites)
Granodior.
Tonalites
Gabbros
TOR
HCA
xxx
QZ diorites
(Vaugnerites)
(Leucogr .)
Granites
Granodior.
Qz diorites
HLO
Migmatites
Anatexites
(Leucogr.)
Granites
Granodior.
(Qz diorites)
cc,
xx
Mafic M. E.
Restites of
Enclaves
Xenoliths
Restites
Felsic M. E.
Mafic
Magma mixing
Volcanic
Leucogr.
Granites
Granodior.
Leucogr.
(Granites)
Petrographic
types
Assoc. rocks
Metamorphic
CCA
cST
Petrography
>
?
m
>
s
h,
235
cCA
CCI
HL0
HCA
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
alk. amph.
alk. pyr.
xxx
xxx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
xxx
xx
0
0
X
xxx
0
0
Apatite
Zircon
Monazite
Garnet
Tourmaline
AIIanite
Sphene
X
X
xx
xxx
Ilmenite
Magnetite
Plag.-An ' A
(0:
absent; x:
cST
xx
xx
xx
xxx
A
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
0-20
15-40
15-40
15-30
20-50
20-50
0-10
Table 6. Main major elements and isotopes features of the petrogenetic types of the classification
Chemistry
A > CNK
Alumina Index
AI'KCN (molar)
A1201
CaO
Na,O
KlO
FeO' MgO MnO
Fe?+/Fe3++Fe?f
FeO'iFeO'
+ MgO
X7Sr/x6Sr
CCI
CCA
cST
> 1.1
xxx
xxx
xx
X
xx
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
< 0.8
< 0.8
> 0.7 15
< 0.8
> 0.708
0.706 to
0.760
-4t0-17
t lOto
-8t0-9
+ 14
-
HCA
TOR
CNK
= 1.1
xxx
XX
HLO
xx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xxx
xx
xx
xxx
-6to-5)
+ 10 to + 13
12 to + 2
xx
xx
xxx
X
xx
X
X
xxx
xxx
xx
xxx
xxx
xx
> 0.8
> 0.8
0.706 to
0.708
< 0.704
0.704 to
0.712
1.0
0.706 to
0.712
A<NK
alkaline
< 0.8
xx
0.8
-410 - 9
+ S t o f 10
+ 5 to + 20
6. CONCLUSIONS
Granitoids may be divided into three main groups corresponding to three distinct origins: crustal, mantlederived, and mixed (both crustal and mantle). These groups are further subdivided into two o r three
types. In the proposed classification, petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical features are used as criteria
to type granitoids. The difrerent types in the classification also correspond to distinct tectonic settings.
Because of the strong link between petrogenetic types of granitoids, origin of the magmas, and tectonic
settings, granitoids correctly typed and with well-defined ages may constrain the evolution and development
of the continental crust through geological times.
236
8 . BARBARIN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to Michael Atherton for his invitation to the Symposium celebrating Wally Pitcher's 70th
Birthday, which incited me to write this paper. My interest in petrogenetic classifications of granitoids
was stimulated by Wallace Pitcher when I was a visiting scientist at Liverpool University. This paper
benefitted from many discussions with him, Jean Didier, Paul Bateman, Bernard Bonin, Jean BCbien,
and many other colleagues. Helpful comments and suggestions were received from Jean Didier. Careful
reviews by Wallace Pitcher and Michael Atherton largely improved the earlier version of the manuscript.
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