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ThermalExpansion Document PDF
ThermalExpansion Document PDF
Thermal Expansion
THE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR thermal
expansion (CTE, , or 1) is a material property
that is indicative of the extent to which a material expands upon heating. Different substances
expand by different amounts. Over small temperature ranges, the thermal expansion of uniform linear objects is proportional to temperature change. Thermal expansion finds useful
application in bimetallic strips for the construction of thermometers but can generate detrimental internal stress when a structural part is heated
and kept at constant length.
For a more detailed discussion of thermal
expansion including theory and the effect of
crystal symmetry, the reader is referred to the
CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties,
Volumes 1 to 4, Thermal Expansion of Solids
(Ref 1).
Definitions
Most solid materials expand upon heating and
contract when cooled. The change in length with
temperature for a solid material can be expressed as:
(lf l0)/l0 = 1 (Tf T0) l/l0 = 1T
1 = 1/l(dl/dT)
where l0 and lf represent, respectively, the original and final lengths with the temperature
change from T0 to Tf. The parameter 1 CTE and
has units of reciprocal temperature (K1) such as
m/m K or 106/K. Conversion factors are:
To convert
To
Multiply by
106/K
106/F
ppm/C
106/C
(m/m)/F
(m/m)/C
106/R
106/F
106/K
106/K
106/K
106/K
106/K
106/K
0.55556
1.8
1
1
1.8
1
1.8
Measurement
To determine the thermal expansion coefficient, two physical quantities (displacement and
temperature) must be measured on a sample that
is undergoing a thermal cycle. Three of the main
techniques used for CTE measurement are
dilatometry, interferometry, and thermomechanical analysis. Optical imaging can also be used at
extreme temperatures. X-ray diffraction can be
used to study changes in the lattice parameter but
may not correspond to bulk thermal expansion.
Dilatometry. Mechanical dilatometry techniques are widely used. With this technique, a
specimen is heated in a furnace and displacement of the ends of the specimen are transmitted
Application Considerations
With respect to temperature, the magnitude of
the CTE increases with rising temperature.
Thermal expansion of pure metals has been well
characterized up to their melting points, but data
for engineering alloys at very high temperatures
may be limited. In general, CTE values for metals fall between those of ceramics (lower values)
and polymers (higher values). Common values
for metals and alloys are in the range of 10 to
30 106/K (5.5 to 16.5 106/F). The lowest
expansion is found in the iron-nickel alloys such
as Invar. Increasing expansion occurs with silicon, tungsten, titanium, silver, iron, nickel, steel,
gold, copper, tin, magnesium, aluminum, zinc,
lead, potassium, sodium, and lithium.
Low-expansion alloys are materials with dimensions that do not change appreciably with
temperature. Alloys included in this category are
various binary iron-nickel alloys and several ternary alloys of iron combined with nickelchromium, nickel-cobalt, or cobalt-chromium
alloying. Low-expansion alloys are used in applications such as rods and tapes for geodetic
surveying, compensating pendulums and balance wheels for clocks and watches, moving
parts that require control of expansion (such as
pistons for some internal-combustion engines),
bimetal strip, glass-to-metal seals, thermostatic
strip, vessels and piping for storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas, superconducting systems in power transmissions, integratedcircuit lead frames, components for radios and
other electronic devices, and structural components in optical and laser measuring systems.
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. The dimensional change of aluminum and its alloys
with a change of temperature is roughly twice
that of the ferrous metals. The average CTE for
commercially pure metal is 24 106/K (13
Data Tables
Table 2.1 lists ferrous and nonferrous metal
and alloy groups in increasing order of CTE along
with the range of CTE values from approximately
room temperature to 100 C (212 F). Table 2.2
list CTE values for specific metals and alloys
along with temperature, density, reference, and
qualifying information where available. Table
2.2 is ordered according to material hierarchy.
Refer to Appendix A.1 for a complete hierarchy.
REFERENCES
1. R.E. Taylor, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Thermal Expansion of Solids,
Vol 14, ASM International, 1998
2. Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal
Expansion of Solid Materials with a Vitreous
Silica Dilatometer, E 228-95, Annual Book
of ASTM Standards, ASTM, 1995
3. Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal
Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry, E 289-99, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, 1999
4. Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal
Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis, E 831, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, ASTM, 2000
SELECTED REFERENCES
J.E. Eltherington & Son (Aluminium) Ltd,
http://www.eltherington.co.uk/, 2002
Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Computer Aided Materials Engineering, Materials
Engineering Department, University of Wales,
Swansea, U.K., http://irc.swansea.ac.uk/, 1998;
revised 2001
Metals Handbook Desk Edition, 2nd ed., ASM
International, 1998
R. Nave, Hyperphysics, Georgia State University, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2002
Welding, Brazing, and Soldering, Vol 6, ASM
Handbook, ASM International, 1993
Thermal Expansion / 11
Table 2.1 Summary of Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CTE), Approximate Ranges at Room Temperature to 100 C (212 F), from Lowest to Highest CTE Value
10-6/K
CTE
10-6/F
2.63.3
2.26.1
4.54.6
0.68.7
4.85.1
5.6
6.0
6.1
5.77.0
6.36.6
6.26.7
6.5
4.98.2
6.8
2.012
7.1
7.27.3
5.19.6
4.511
7.19.7
8.38.5
8.38.4
5.511
8.48.6
8.68.7
7.69.9
7.710
4.014
8.89.1
7.611
9.39.6
9.39.9
9.110
8.411
8.611
9.9
9.810
1011
6.814
9.312
7.614
11
8.912
9.512
9.912
11
1012
1012
9.312
9.813
1012
1.41.8
1.23.4
2.52.6
0.34.8
2.72.8
3.1
3.3
3.4
3.23.9
3.53.7
3.43.7
3.6
2.74.6
3.8
1.16.7
3.9
4.04.1
2.85.3
2.56.2
3.95.4
4.64.7
4.64.7
3.16.3
4.74.8
4.84.8
4.25.5
4.35.7
2.27.8
4.95.1
4.25.9
5.25.3
5.25.5
5.15.6
4.76.3
4.86.3
5.5
5.45.8
5.65.9
3.87.8
5.26.5
4.27.5
5.9
4.96.9
5.36.6
5.56.5
6.1
5.66.6
5.66.5
5.26.9
5.46.9
5.86.7
11
8.514
11
7.116
9.313
1112
11
11
1013
7.615
1112
6.317
1013
1112
6.2
4.77.8
6.3
3.98.7
5.27.2
6.16.6
6.3
6.4
5.77.0
4.28.5
6.16.8
3.59.4
5.77.3
6.16.9
Material
10-6/K
CTE
10-6/F
12
1113
6.5
5.97.1
1113
1014
12
8.815
1114
9.415
1213
6.27.0
5.67.6
6.6
4.98.4
5.97.5
5.28.2
6.57.0
12
1114
1114
7.617
6.8
5.97.6
6.07.5
4.29.4
1114
1213
4.820
1015
9.913
9.016
1213
1114
1015
6.020
1115
9.017
13
7.020
1116
13
14
1214
1017
1315
8.119
14
7.020
14
1019
7.921
1316
14
1415
1218
1020
9.719
15
1219
8.822
1418
1319
4.527
1618
17
1519
1718
1618
17
9.825
1619
1619
18
18
18
1820
6.27.5
6.47.4
2.711
5.68.3
5.57.3
5.08.9
6.57.4
5.98.0
5.68.6
3.311
6.08.5
5.09.6
7.4
3.911
6.18.6
7.4
7.5
6.87.7
5.69.6
7.08.2
4.511
7.8
3.911
7.8
5.311
4.412
7.09.0
7.8
7.78.4
6.710
5.611
5.411
8.5
6.710
4.912
7.59.8
7.010
2.515
8.810
9.4
8.311
9.29.8
9.110
9.6
5.414
8.911
8.911
10
10
10
9.911
Material
Structural steel
Air-hardening medium-alloy cold work tool
steel
High-manganese carbon steel
Malleable cast iron
Mold tool steel
Nonresulfurized carbon steel
Chromium molybdenum alloy steel
Chromium alloy steel
Molybdenum/molybdenum sulfide alloy
steel
Chromium vanadium alloy steel
Cold work tool steel
Ductile medium-silicon cast iron
Nickel with chromium and/or iron,
molybdenum
Resulfurized carbon steel
High strength low-alloy steel (HSLA)
Pure Lutetium (Lu)
Duplex stainless steel
High strength structural steel
Pure Promethium (Pm)
Pure Iron (Fe)
Metal matrix composite aluminum
Cobalt alloys (including Stellite)
Pure Yttrium (Y)
Gray cast iron
Precipitation hardening stainless steel
Pure Bismuth (Bi)
Pure Holmium (Ho)
Nickel copper
Pure Nickel (Ni)
Palladium alloys
Pure Cobalt (Co)
Cast austenitic stainless steel
Gold alloys
High-nickel gray cast iron
Bismuth tin alloys
Pure Uranium (U)
Pure Gold (Au)
Pure Samarium (Sm)
Pure Erbium (Er)
Nickel chromium silicon gray cast iron
Tungsten alloys
Beryllium alloys
Manganese alloy steel
Iron alloys
Proprietary alloy steel
White cast iron
Austenitic cast iron with graphite
Pure Thulium (Tm)
Wrought copper nickel
Ductile high-nickel cast iron
Pure Lanthanum (La)
Wrought high copper alloys
Cast high copper alloys
Wrought bronze
Cast copper
Wrought copper
Cast copper nickel silver
Austenitic stainless steel
Cast bronze
Wrought copper nickel silver
Pure Barium (Ba)
Cast copper nickel
Pure Tellurium (Te)
Silver alloys
CTE
10-6/F
19
1721
1623
11
9.412
8.913
1624
1624
1624
8.913
8.913
9.113
20
2021
1824
2022
1923
1232
22
1222
22
2124
2224
23
23
2225
11
1112
1013
1112
1113
6.418
12
6.912
12
1213
1213
13
13
1214
2325
2425
2129
2228
2327
2526
2526
1314
1314
1216
1215
1315
1415
1415
CTE
Material
10-6/K
10-6/F
Material
2526
2526
26
1736
2527
26
2033
2528
2729
28
2334
1415
1415
15
9.220
1415
15
1118
1416
1516
16
1319
29
2830
2632
2040
2240
3032
3335
35
3749
56
64
6971
83
90
14203
125
97291
16
1617
1418
1122
1222
1718
1819
19
2127
31
36
3839
46
50
7.8113
70
54162
Thermal Expansion / 13
Table 2.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CTE) of Metals and Alloys
Temperature
oF
oC
Density
kg/m 3
lb/in. 3
CTE
10 -6 /K
10 -6 / oF
Notes
Reference
5.2 u
6.5 u
2.9 d
3.6 d
Medium grain
Medium grain
Medium grain
16
16
16
RT
12600 u
0.455 d
RT
390
200
1000
1830
75WC-25Co, Cobalt-bonded cemented carbide
5.8 u
6.8 u
3.2 d
3.8 d
Medium grain
Medium grain
Medium grain
16
16
16
RT
13000 u
0.470 d
RT
200
390
84WC-16Co, Cobalt-bonded cemented carbide
6.3 u
3.5 d
Medium grain
Medium grain
16
16
RT
RT
13900 u
0.502 d
200
390
1830
1000
90WC-10Co, Cobalt-bonded cemented carbide
5.8 u
7.0 u
3.2 d
3.9 d
16
16
16
5.2 u
2.9 d
Coarse grain
Fine grain
Coarse grain
16
16
16
4.3
5.6
5.9
5.4
u
u
u
u
2.4 d
3.1 d
3.3 d
3.0 d
16
16
16
16
16
4.0 u
2.2 d
Medium grain
Medium grain
16
16
RT
14500 u
0.524 d
RT
RT
RT
14600 u
0.527 d
390
200
94WC-6Co, Cobalt-bonded cemented carbide
RT
15000 u
0.54 d
RT
200
390
1000
1830
1000
1830
1000
1830
97WC-3Co, Cobalt-bonded cemented carbide
RT
200
Cr3C2
RT
390
15300 u
0.553 d
RT
HfC
RT
6660 th
0.241 d
10.3 u
5.7 d
16
RT
Mo2C
RT
12760 th
0.461 d
6.6 u
3.7 d
16
RT
NbC
RT
9180 th
0.332 d
7.8 u
4.3 d
16
RT
TaC
RT
7800 th
0.28 d
6.7 u
3.7 d
16
RT
TiC
RT
14500 th
0.524 d
6.3 u
3.5 d
16
RT
VC
RT
4940 th
0.178 d
7.7 u
4.3 d
16
RT
ZrC
RT
5710 th
0.206 d
7.2 u
4.0 d
16
RT
RT
6560 th
0.237 d
6.7 u
3.7 d
16
8.64 mean
8.93 mean
10.35 mean
4.80 mean
4.96 mean
5.75 mean
16
16
16
16
9.90 mean
5.50 mean
16
16
Cermet
Cr-Al2O3, 77%Cr 23%Al2O3, Aluminum oxide cermet
RT
5900 u
RT
25-800
77-1470
25-1000
75-1830
25-1315
77-2400
CrB-Cr-Mo, Boride-base cermet
RT
20-980
RT
68-1800
6770-7270 u
0.21 u
0.245-0.263 u
RT, room temperature assumed if no temperature given; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for abbreviations and references.
oC
Density
kg/m 3
lb/in. 3
CTE
10 -6 /K
10 -6 / oF
Notes
Reference
Cermet
CrB-Ni, Boride-base cermet
RT
RT
20-980
68-1800
TiB2, Boride-base cermet
6160-6270 u
0.223-0.225 u
9.81 mean
5.45 mean
16
16
6.39 mean
3.55 mean
16
16
RT
4500 u
RT
20-760
68-1400
Type A, Chromium carbide cermet
0.163 u
RT
7000 u
RT
Type B, Chromium carbide cermet
0.253 u
10.71 mean
5.95 mean
16
RT
RT
ZrB2, Boride-base cermet
6900 u
0.250 u
11.10 mean
6.17 mean
16
RT
6100 u
RT
20-760
68-1400
ZrB2-B, Boride-base cermet
0.221 u
7.5 mean
4.17 mean
16
16
5.76 u
3.20 u
16
16
RT
20-1205
RT
68-2200
4970-5270 u
0.180-0.191 u
7300 u
0.264 d
18.7 u
10.4 d
72
RT
RT
BS 3468-F3, Flake graphite
7300 u
0.264 d
18.7 u
10.4 d
72
RT
7300 u
RT
BS 3468-S2, Spheroidal graphite
0.264 d
12.4 u
6.9 d
72
RT
7400 u
RT
BS 3468-S2B, Spheroidal graphite
0.267 d
18.7 u
10.4 d
72
RT
7400 u
RT
BS 3468-S2C, Spheroidal graphite
0.267 d
18.7 u
10.4 d
72
RT
7400 u
RT
BS 3468-S2M, Spheroidal graphite
0.267 d
18.4 u
10.2 d
72
RT
7400 u
RT
BS 3468-S2W, Spheroidal graphite
0.267 d
14.7 u
8.2 d
72
RT
7400 u
RT
BS 3468-S3, Spheroidal graphite
0.267 d
18.7 u
10.4 d
72
RT
7400 u
RT
BS 3468-S5S, Spheroidal graphite
0.267 d
12.6 u
7.0 d
72
RT
RT
7600 u
BS 3468-S6, Spheroidal graphite
0.275 d
12.1 u
6.7 d
72
7300 u
0.264 d
18.2 u
10.1 d
72
0.257 u
10.8 d
6.0 u
67
67
11.7 d
6.5 u
67
67
4.0-18.9 d
2.2-10.5 u
11.9 d
6.6 u
RT
RT
RT
68-390
7110 d
RT
20-200
20-26% Ni
RT
68-390
7110 d
20-200
60-40-18
68-390
RT
20-200
RT
68-390
7110 d
0.257 u
0.257 u
Austenitic
67
67
67
RT, room temperature assumed if no temperature given; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for abbreviations and references.
Thermal Expansion / 15
Table 2.2 Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (CTE) of Metals and Alloys
Temperature
oF
oC
Density
kg/m 3
lb/in. 3
CTE
10 -6 /K
10 -6 / oF
Notes
Reference
68-212
68-390
68-1112
11.5 d
11.7-11.9 d
13.5 d
6.4 u
6.5-6.6 u
7.5 u
RT
20-200
80-60-03
RT
68-390
11.0 d
6.1 u
68-212
20-100
20-200
68-390
20-300
68-570
68-750
20-400
68-930
20-500
20-600
68-1112
20-700
68-1292
Ferritic ductile iron
11.5 d
11.9-12.6 d
12.6 d
13.1 d
13.3 d
13.5 d
13.9 d
6.4 u
6.6-7.0 u
7.0 u
7.3 u
7.4 u
7.5 u
7.7 u
68-212
20-100
68-390
20-200
68-570
20-300
20-400
68-750
20-500
68-930
20-600
68-1110
20-700
68-1290
20-760
68-1400
20-870
68-1600
High-chromium cast iron (ferritic), Heat resistant
11.2
12.2
12.8
13.2
13.5
13.7
13.8
14.8
15.3
6.23 u
6.78 u
7.12 u
7.34 u
7.51 u
7.62 u
7.67 u
8.23 u
8.51 u
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
7110 d
Ferritic
Ferritic
Ferritic
0.257 u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
67
67
67
67
67
Pearlitic
Pearlitic
Pearlitic
Pearlitic
Pearlitic
Pearlitic
Pearlitic
67
67
67
67
67
67
67
RT
7300-7500 u 0.264-0.271 u
RT
21
70
High-nickel ductile (20% Ni) cast iron, Heat resistant
9.3-9.9 u
5.2-5.5 u
15, 58
15, 58
RT
7400 u
0.268 u
RT
21
70
High-nickel ductile (23% Ni) cast iron, Heat resistant
18.7 u
10.4 u
15, 58
15, 58
RT
7400 u
0.268 u
RT
70
21
High-nickel ductile (30% Ni) cast iron, Heat resistant
18.4 u
10.2 u
15, 58
15, 58
RT
7500 u
0.270 u
RT
20-205
68-400
High-nickel ductile (36% Ni) cast iron, Heat resistant
12.6-14.4 u
7.0-8.0 d
15
15
RT
7700 u
0.278 u
RT
20-205
68-400
High-nickel ductile cast iron, Corrosion-resistant
7.2 u
4.0 d
15
15
RT
RT
21
70
Medium silicon ductile iron
12.6-18.7 u
7.0-10.4 d
15, 58
15, 58
RT
7100 u
0.257 u
RT
21
70
Medium-silicon ductile cast iron, Heat resistant
10.8-13.5 u
6.0-7.5 u
58, 72
58, 72
RT
RT
21
70
Ni-resist type D-2
10.8-13.5 u
6.0-7.5 d
15
15
17.6 d
14.4 d
9.8 u
8.0 u
57, 67
67
67
RT
RT
21-204
RT
RT
70-400
7400 u
7100 u
7418 u
0.267 u
0.257 u
0.268 u
RT, room temperature assumed if no temperature given; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for abbreviations and references.
Density
kg/m 3
oC
lb/in. 3
CTE
10 -6 /K
10 -6 / oF
Notes
Reference
7474 u
RT
RT
20-200
68-390
Ni-resist type D-3
7418 u
RT
RT
21-204
70-400
Ni-resist type D-4
7474 u
RT
RT
21-204
70-400
Ni-resist type D-5
RT
RT
Pearlitic ductile iron
0.270 u
18.7 d
10.4 u
67
67
18.4 d
10.2 u
67
67
0.270 u
9.9 d
12.6 d
5.5 u
7.0 u
67
67
7474 u
0.270 u
13.1 d
18.7 d
7.3 u
10.4 u
67
67
7695 u
0.278 u
5.0 d
2.8 u
67
5.89 u
6.51 u
6.89 u
7.23 u
7.39 u
7.56 u
8.23 u
8.51 u
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
10.0-11.8 u
5.6-6.6 d
72
11.0 u
12.5 u
6.1 d
6.9 d
72
72
72
11.0 u
12.5 u
6.1 d
6.9 d
72
72
72
11.0 u
12.5 u
6.1 d
6.9 d
72
72
72
11.0 u
12.5 u
6.1 d
6.9 d
72
72
72
11.0 u
12.5 u
6.1 d
6.9 d
72
72
72
11.0 u
12.5 u
6.1 d
6.9 d
72
72
72
15.0 u
8.3 d
0.268 u
68-212
20-100
20-200
68-390
20-300
68-570
20-400
68-750
68-930
20-500
20-600
68-1110
20-760
68-1400
20-870
68-1600
Silicon-molybdenum ductile iron
6850 u
0.247 d
RT
RT
20-200
68-390
68-750
20-400
BS 1452 Grade 180
7050 u
0.255 d
RT
RT
68-390
20-200
20-400
68-750
BS 1452 Grade 220
7100 u
RT
RT
20-200
68-390
20-400
68-750
BS 1452 Grade 250
7150 u
RT
RT
68-390
20-200
20-400
68-750
BS 1452 Grade 300
7200 u
RT
RT
20-200
68-390
20-400
68-750
BS 1452 Grade 350
7250 u
RT
RT
68-390
20-200
20-400
68-750
BS 1452 Grade 400
7300 u
RT
68-390
7300 u
RT
RT
10.6
11.7
12.4
13.0
13.3
13.6
14.8
15.3
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
RT
20-200
0.257 d
0.258 d
0.260 d
0.262 d
0.264 d
0.264 d
Acicular iron
72
72
RT, room temperature assumed if no temperature given; t, typical; d, derived; u, unstated; min, minimum; max, maximum. See Appendix for abbreviations and references.
Product code
06702G
Email Cust-Srv@asminternational.org