Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume I Waves . Optics » Modern Physics Second Edition ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Director Abhay’s LA.T. Phy nysics Teaching Centre tna-6ISBN : 81-239-0486-X First Edition : 1996 Reprint: 1997 Second Edition : 1998 Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2004 Copyright © Author & Publisher Alll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording. or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain tor CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4506/1A. 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India Printed at : 1S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051In the memory of Late Shri Arvind Kumar (Ex-Director, The Premier Institute, Patna) The man who taught me how to teach.FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodgv’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. ‘As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit io younger siudenis in thei formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of relaied problems which exemplify dhe principic in quesiion and leads iv a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical Iaw. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of ‘“‘physic--principles and Insights” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science’’. L.E. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. BP. PAL Professor of Physics LLT., DelhiPreface to the Second Edition Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his ‘brainchild’ attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with ‘Solutions to I. E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics (Volume-Il) authored by me. Since inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its ‘peer-group’, so much so that it fell victim to Piracy-syndrome, The reported on rush of spurious copies of this volume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students. My heart felt thanks are due to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world. Paina June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPreface This is the second volume of my “Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” It contains solutions to the last three chapters of the problem book ‘“Problems in General Physics’’. As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard methods have been used to solve the problems, befitting the standard of the problems solved. Nothing succeeds like success, they say. From the way my earlier books have been received hy physics loving peaple all over the country, Tcan only hope that my present attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fraternity. My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. S. Shahab Ahmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay’s LI.T. Physics Teaching Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. | am also than‘:ful to all my well-wishers, friends and family members for their emotional support. Abhay Kumar Singh Paina July, 1996CONTENTS Prefacesnaaesaseanses aaccnrssiacecrsetacennsesicecces: vii 4.1 42 4.3 44 S.A 5.2 53 5.4 5.5 5.7 6.1 63 64 65 66 6.7 PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES. Mcchanical Oscillations . Flectric Oscillations . Lee Elastic Waves. Acoustics ..... « Electromagnetic Waves. Radiation . PART FIVE OPTICS Interference of Light Diffraction of Light . . . Polarization of Light . Dispersion and Absorption of Light Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light PART SIX ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation . . . Properties of Atoms. Spectra .. 5 : 310 Molecules and Crystals 337 Radioactivity . . 360 Nuclear Reactions see sae . Saati Elementary Particles41 () (b) 42 @) 1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS Given, x = aos (o+-4) : (2x) = af) So, v, =x = -a wsin ota and w= xX = - aw cos[orm a] qd) On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x(t), v(t) and w,(1) can be drawn as shown in the answersheet, (of the problem book ). From Eqn (1) ye ~ansin(ot-3) So, v2 = eat sin?( oF) Q) But from the law x = acos(wt-n/4). so.x° = a*cos”(wt-n/4) or, cos*(wt-1/4) = x7/a? or si? (1-n/4) = 1-8 @) Using (3) in (2), aeee(-3] or v= a (ax) 4) Again from Eqn (4),w, = - 40? cos (wt-1/4) = - "x From the motion law of the particle x = asin’ (wt—x/4) fale ax (200-3) 2 2 a_a x a. a. or, x-$0 Gas (200-F) « -Ssin2ar = snore) ; aia. ie. x-$ = Ssin(2or+z). (qy Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations : X = Asin (atta) Amplitude, A = Zand angular frequency, a = 20. ‘Thus the period of one full oscillation, T= re % o(b) Differentiating Eqn (1) wart. time Vv, =a cos (2@t4) oF via? wo? cos? Qa t+ m) = a? 0? [1 —sin? oe + x)] Q) 2 2 From Eqn (1) (=-5) = Goin? (2oe+n) 2 x axe : 4x()_x or, aut ~ 7] 7sin’ (2at+m) or ree =| 6) From Equs (2) and (3), vy (1 - 3 =40°x(a-x) Plot of v,(x) is as shown in the answersheet. 4.3. Let the general equation of S.H.M. be x = acos(wt+a) @ So, vy = -amsin (ott) Q) Let us assume that ats = 0 ,x=%) and vy = Vy, Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) for ¢ = 0, x9 = acosa, and v, = - awsina {v.,\ | = 35.35 cm Wheretore = tana = ~ Xo Under our assumption Eqns (1) and (2) give the sought x and v, if =240s,a-V S+(%/o) and @ = tan“! CS 0) XQ o 1 1 als Putting all the given numerical values, we get : x= - 29cm and v, =~ 8lem/s 44 From the Eqn, vz= @°(a"-2x") (see Eqn. 4 of 4.1) vi= w?(a?=x7) and v3 = w*(a?-x3) Solving thesc Eqns simultancously, we get @ = V i-vI)/ (3-4), ae V (d-vb8)/(9-¥) 45 (a) When a particle starts from an extreme position, it is useful to write the motion law as x = acoswt (1) (However x is the displacement from the equlibrium position) It f be the time to cover the distence a/2 then from (1) 1 a acest, or cost, = 5 = cost (as 4)< 7/4) ae 2 ny o 2. _..f snus 1°30" 3(2a/T) “6As X= acoswt, so, v, = -awsinwt Thus vel|y|=-v, = aosinot, forts t= 1/6 Hence sought mean velocity vd 78 =f a(2xDsinorat/ T/6 = 224 05 m/s : (b) In this case, it is easier to write the motion law in the form : x= asinot 2) If t be the time to cover the distance a/2, then from Eqn (2) a _ 2% iS a/2 = asin h or sinh = > = sing (ast) = fa cman { F008 Greds = SF = 1m/s 46 (a) Asx = asinot $0, Vv, = aacoot 3r 3 Sacos(2x/T)t dt Thus = asf dt= 2 2¥ 2.40 x (b) In accordance with the problem Wev,iy so, |] = ]] 2¥2aw|_ 2V¥2ao 3m 3x Hence, using part (a), || = | (©) We have got, v, = awcos wt So, v = |v,] = amcosmt, forts 7/4 = -awcoswt, for T/4sts ar™ ar J aocoswrdt+f -awcoswtdt ° Pn Hence, ans Using «» = 2x/T, 4.7 From the motion law, x = a cos wt,, it is obvious that the time taken to cover the distance t= nose, where f 0. The equilibrium position can in principle be a maximum but then U" (x9) <0 and the frequency of oscillations about this equilibrium position will be imaginary. The answer given in the book is incorrect both numerically and dimensionally. Let us locate and depict the forces acting on the ball at the position when it is at a distance x down from the undeformed position of the string. At this position, the unbalanced downward force on the ball = mg-2Fsin® By Newton's law, mi’ =mg-2F sin 8 4 = mg-2F0 (when Gis small) A 4F = mg-2F [= mg“ x 4F 4F(._m Thus “She = 55 4F putting x’ = x - mgt , we get xe 42 ml arbitraty angular position 0. (Fig.), relative to equilibrium position were Fg is the force of buoyancy. For the bi from the equation : Nz = Tz, (where we have taken the positive sense of Z axis in the direction of angular velocity i.e. 6 of the bali and passes through the point of suspension of the pendulum O ), we get : -mglsinO+Fylsind = m?O Using m = faro, Fy = far*p and sin @ = @ for small 6, in Eqn (1), we get:10 4.20 4.21 Thus the sought time period Hence Obviously for small B the ball exccute part of S.H.M. Due to the perfectly clastic collision the velocity of ball simply reversed. As the ball is in S.H.M. (|@| < a on the left)its motion law in differential from can be written as Ze 22 “ay 79 = - o6 Ww If we assume that the ball is released from the extreme position, 8 = B att = 0, the solution of differential equation would be taken in the form Y) ee Ife" be the time taken by the ball to go from the extreme position @ = B to the wall ic. 6 = — a, then Eqn. (2) can be rewritten as -2Vt (Fest , [because sin7!x + cosa = 0/2] s \2 B Let the downward acceleration of the elevator car has continued for time ¢’, then the sought time t= V 2h +t’, where obviously YW 2h is the time of upward acceleration of the elevator. One should slote that if the point of suspension of a mathematical pendulum moves with an acceJeration W , then the time period of the pendulum becomes 2nV (see 4.30) ! wl In this problem the time period of the pendulum while it is moving upward with acceleration w becomes4.22 re Qn Vv t and its time period while the elevator moves downward with the same gtw Qn V === magnitude of acceleration becomes g w af2h As ihe time uf upward acceleration equais Y “"* , the towai number of osciliations during this time equals 2h/w Qn 1/(g+w) Thus the indicated time = in -anVi/g = V2h/w V (g+w)/¢ Similarly the indicated time for the time interval t' ‘ = a Vg = t' Vg -we aV IM g-w) we demand that V2h/w V(gewy/9e te'V(g-w)/g = V2h/w +e! = Viivw V8tw. -Ve ve -Ve-w Hence the sought time 1V2E, pa V2 Veew-Ve-w ” Ve-Vg-w or, _V 24 Vie B-VI-B a VERNER If the hydromoter were in equlibrium or floating, its weight will be balanced by the buoyancy force acting on it by the fluid. During its small oscillation, let us locate the hydrometer when it is at a vertically downward distance x from its equilibrium position. Obviously the net unbalanced force on the hycrometer is the excess buoyancy force directed upward and equals arxpg. Hence for the hydrometer. ; Where B = w/g a ==7== mi =~ RP pge or, xa- Hence the sought time period — T=20V 3 mr’ pg =25s.12 4.23 4.24 At first Iet us calculate the stifiness xy and xz of both the parts of the spring. If we subject ngth J, (s2y), ing forces ing forces ing th ng F -F (say) to elongate the spring by the amount x, then Fows a Therefore the elongation per unit length of the spring is x/lp . Now let us subject one of the parts of the spring of natural length 1 /y under the same deforming forces F - F. Then the elongation of the spring will be 2 nl = nx 4 Thus F=«, (nx) (2) Hence from Eqns (1) and (2) K = nk, of Ky = K/q @) Similarly "Toa The position of the block m when both the parts of the spring are non-deformed, is its equilibrium position O. Let us displace the block m towards right or in positive x axis by the small distance x. Let us depict the forces acting on the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). From the second law of motion in projection form i.e. F, = mw, See + Kax Zi k; Kyze. ky 0— Thus -= x mn(m) Hence the sotight time period T= 2nVn(1-n)m/x = 0-138 Similar to the Soln of 4.23, the net unbalanced force on the block m when it is at a small horizontal distance x from the equilibrium position becomes (K, + Kz) x. From F, = mw, for the block : = (Kp 4K, )x = mx (X14 \ -|——}e (fa) Hence the sought time period T = 21 Ky + Ky Alternate : Let us set the block m in motion to perform small oscillation. Let us locate the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position. Thus As the spring force is restoring conservative force and deformation of both the springs are same, so from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the spring-block system :425 4.26 4.27 13 ri 121.3 (a) + Buta diegat = Constant Differentiating with respect to time 1 -1 ymrar +7 (Kit ka)2xx = 0 Corte). er) , Hence the sought time period T = 2 xV m Kt During the vertical oscillation let us locate the block at a vertical down distance x from its equilibrium position. At this moment if x, and x, are the additional or further elongation of the upper & lower springs relative to the equilibrium position, then the net unbalanced force on the block will be K2.x, directed in upward direction. Hence KX) = mx @ We also have kenty @ As the springs are massless and initially the net force on the spring is also zero so for the spring Kay = Km e Solving the Eqns (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously, we get Kk Thus tae Hence the sought time period T = 2x ‘The force F, acting on the weight deflected from the position of equilibrium is 2 Ty sin 0. Since the angle 0 is small, the net restoring force, F = 27)* o, Fv kx, where k= 222 <—_—_—__ 2f —____, 1 areca So, by using the formula, w= VE, w= V 22 bo mi If the mercury rises in the left arm by x it must fall by a slanting length equal to x in the other arm. Total pressure difference in the two arms will then be pextpgxcos® = pgx(1+cos0) This will give rise to a restoring force -pgsx(1+0c0s0) This must equal mass times acceleration which can be obtained from work energy principle.14 4.28 The KE. of the mercury in the tube is clearly : gm So mass times acceleration must be : mx Hence mx +pgS(1+cos0)x =.0 This is SH.M. with a time period — T=20V Te5(i+e080)" In the equilibrium position the C.M. of the rod lies nid way between the two rotating wheels. Let us displace the rod horizontally by some small distance and then release it. Let us depict the forces acting on the rod when its C.M. is at distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). Since there is no net vertical force acting on the rod, Newton’s second law gives : Ly—>e—If,— M C Vr. C 1 )EN, * +) Ki Oe eeu N,+Ny = mg q@) For the translational motion of the rod from the Eqn. : F, = m Wey KN,- EN) = mi? Q) As the rod experiences no net torque about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the Fig. through the C.M. of the rod. lex I-x MN ( a) ae 4) @) Solving Eqns. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously we get v2 ePEy Hence the sought time period15 429 (a) The only force acting on the ball is the gra tional force F, of magnitude y fe pmr, where y is the gravitational constant p, the density of the Earth and r is the distance of the body from the centre of the Earth. or, so the expression for F can be written as, F ~~ mgZ., here R is the radius of the Earth and the equation of motion in projection But, ¢ form has the form, or, mi + 7B x S (b) The equation, obtained above has the form of an equation of S.H.M. having the time Vk iod, Te2 , peri Ve Hence the body will reach the other end of the shaft in the time, te ten VE = 42 min. 8 2 (©) From the conditions of S.H.M., the speed of the body at the centre of the Earth will be maximum, having the magnitude, v = Roa = RVQR =VQgR = 7-9km/s 430 In the frame of point of suspension the mathematical pendulum of mass m (say) will oscillate. In this frame, the body m will experience the inertial force m (-w*) in addition to the real forces during its oscillations. Therefore in equilibrium position m is deviated by some angle say a. In equilibrium position Tycosa = mg+mwecos(x-B) and Tosina = mwsin(x-B) So, from these two Eqns cos tana = ELMS B wsin B nd con an W Mo? si? Bs (mg = mw cos) w mg —mwoos B16 431 4.32 Let us displace the bob m from its equilibrium position by some small angle and then release it, Now locate the ball at an angular position (c: + 8) from vertical as shown in the figure. From the Eqn. : No = IB, ~ mg [sin (a + 0) - mw cos (x - ) [sin (a + 0) + m w sin (x - B) [cos (a +6) =m 176 or, g (sin a cos 0 + cos «sin 0) ~ w cos (x - B) (sin cos 0 + cos a sin 6) + w sin B (cos «1 cas 8 = sin at sin 8) =160 But for small ©, sinO w 0 cosO m1 So, = g (sin «+ cos a6) - w cos (x ~ B) (sin a. + cos 01 0) + wsin B (cos a ~ sin a 6) =16 or, (tan c+ 0) (wens B-g)+wein B(1—tanad) = 6 Q) Solving Eqns (1) and (2) simultaneously we get ~(g?-2ZwecosB+w?)O= IV s+ w?-2wecosB O >=, Thus 6- - #1, . . 2n 1 Hence the sought time period T = =22V =a Oy lg-w] Obviously the sleeve performs small oscillations in the frame of rotating rod. In the rod’s frame let us depict the forces acting on the sleeve along the length of the rod while the sleeve is at a small distance x towards right from its equilibrium position. The free body diagram of block does not contain Coriolis force, because it is perpendicualr to the length of the rod. From F, = mw, for the sleeve in the frame of rod -Kxtmorx = mx ea o, x =-(*-o?|x @M ia m Thus the sought time period It is obvious from Eqn (1) that the sleeve will not perform small oscillations if @2z¥V — 10104/s. m When the bar is about to start sliding along the plank, it experiences the maximum restoring force which is being provided by the limiting friction, Thus kN = maga or, kmg = maga7 2 wpa ot, 4-8 & & 433 The natural angular frequency of a mathematical pendulum equals @) = V g/I (@) We have the solution of S.E.M. equation in angular form ; 8 = 8,,cos(wot+ a) If at the initial moment ic. att = 0, 0 = 0, than a = Thus the above equation takes the form 0 = 6, COS Wf - 2a 3 [98 o,cos /£ « sos V og! Thus @ = 3° cos 35 t (b) The S.H.M. equation in angular form : 0 = 0,,sin(wpt+a) if at the initial moment ¢ = U, 6 = U, then @ = U.Then the above equation takes the form © = 6,,sin wot Let ¥% be the velocity of the lower end of pendulam at 0 = 0, then from conserved of mechanical energy of oscillaton Eneon = Eearene °F Tnean ~ Uccrem on, Smv5 = mgl(1 —c0s 0,) ‘Yuus the sought equation becomes 0 = 0, sinwot = 45° sin35t Let 0g and vo be the angular deviation and linear vclocity at ¢ = 0. As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum is conservation © 1 nve4mgl(1 cos 0) = mg! (1-cos O,) 2 Yo or, J 7 BEC COS Op - COS On ) , -1 0 ( y 0 | oot fons ply} «5418 Then from © = 5.4” sin (3.5t + a), we see that sina = and cos a < 0 because 5. z the velovity is directed towards the centre. Thus a = z + 10 radians and we get the answer. 4.34 While the body A is at its upper extreme position, the spring is obviously elongated by the amount If we indicate y-axis in vertically downward direction, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form i.e. F, = mw, for body A gives : m m mare(e-Tie) = mote ox (e-MAE) « mua) @ (Because at any extreme position the magnitude of acceleration of an oscillating body equals 7a and is restoring in nature.) If N be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, while the body A is at its upper extreme position, from Newton's second law for body B ms vofe-5t) me mes 2 a or, N= mg-xja-— >| = mg-m,(w"a—g) ( using Eqn. 1) HenceN = (m,+m,)g-m, 07a When the body A is at its lower extreme position, the spring is compresed by the distance From Newton’s second law in projeciton forin ie. F, = mw, for body A at this state: HS m: m,g-«| a+ - = m,(- 7a) of K{ a+ = m(g+ora) @) In this case if N’' be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, From Newton’s sccond law m for body B we get: N’ = foe “E) ems = m,(g+0%a) +g (using Eqn. 3 ) Hence N’ = (m+ m)g+m,o7a From Newton’s third law the magnitude of sought forces arc N' and_N, respectively. 4.35 (a) For the block from Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, N-mg=my Q@) But from y = a(1-coswt)19 We get Q From Eqns (1) and (2) @) From Newtons’s third law the force by which the body m exerts on the block is directed 2 vertically downward and equis_N = mg ( 1 +S cos o ‘) © 4.36 (a) the pl normal reaction is the contact force). Thus from 2 me(1+8 temo) = 0 for some t. Hence Ogun = 8/0" Bem. We ubscive that the suviion takes place about ihe iean po: my = a. Ai ihe i instant y = 0. As shown in (b) the normal reaction vanishes at a height (g/w7) above the position of equilibrium and the body flies off as a free body. The speed of the body at a distance (g/w”) from the equilibrium position is wV a”-(g/w’)’, so that the condition of the problem gives Hence solving the resulting quadratic equation and taking the positive roof, V24E 200m. o Let y(t) = displacement of the body from the end of the unstreched position of the spring (not the equilibrium position). Then my = -Kyt+mg This equation has the solution of the form y = A+Beos (atta) if -mw' Bows (wita) = -n[ArBous(witu)jrmg Then w= and A= TE m Ld we have y= 0 and y=0 at r=0.S0 -wBsina = 0 Since B>0O and A> 0 we must have a = 0 BuAuw @E «20 4.37 and y= ME(1~ cos wt) (b) Tension in the spring is T= Ky = mg(1-cosdt) so Tmax * 2MR. Tin = O In accordance with the problem Fe-amr So, m(£TR SP) = - am(x7 yj) Thus ¥=-ax and y=-ay Hence the solution of the differential equation X = -ax becomes x = acos(wof+5), where ws = a So, E = — amgsin(imptta) From the initial conditions of the problem, v, = 0 and x = 7g at r= 0 So from Eqn. (2) a = 0, and Eqn takes the form X= 7yCOS Wot $0, COS Wy t = X/ro One of the solution of the other differential Ean j’ = - ay. becomes y = a’sin(@pr+6'), where wp = a From the initial condition, y = 0 at ¢= 0, so 8! = 0 and Eqn (4) becomes : y = a’ sin 9 45) Differentiating w.r.t. time we get Y = a’ Wo COS Wot But from the initial condition of the problem, 7 = vg at ¢ = 0, So, from Eqn (6) Vo = a'@ 0%! = Vo/t Using it in Eqn (5), we get ye <2 sin wt or sinanyt = “2% &% % Squaring and adding Eqns (3) and (7) we get : a? 2 oy 2 sin? woe + cos? ups = “BP 3 0 ry py 2 z = - on (7) +a(2) (28 4, = 43) (1) Q) @) 4 © ” 4.38 (a) As the elevator car is a translating non-inertial frame, therefore the body m will experience an inertial force mw directed downward in addition to the real forces in the elevator’s frame. From the Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, for the body in the frame of elevator car: -o( oy) emesme =my @0) 21 ( Because the initial elongation in the spring is mg/« ) 50, my = oxyemee oof ye) “ a cacyee ecg C Egn. (1) shows that the motion of the body m is S.H.M. and its solution becomes y-M «asin VE rea] @ Differentiating Eqn (2) wrt. time Using the mitial condition y(U) = U in Eqn (2), we get : A mw asina = -=™ and using the other initial condition (0) = 0 in Eqn (3) we get aV © cosa =0 m Thus a= -o/2 and a= 7™* Hence using these values in Eqn (2), we get mw Ve y4 n( tN ] Proceed up to Eqn.(1). The solution of this differential Eqn be of the form : ay asia(V x 140] y K m or, - Lv asin (VE v9) : » K/m m or, y~ Ew asin (wot +) ES w=V =| (4) 0 m From the initial condition that att= 0, y(0)= 0,s00-asin8 or 8-0 Thus Eqn.(4) takes the from :y- 4 = asin wot ©) Mp a Differentiating Eqn. (5) we get : @ Wg Cos wt (6)22 4.39 4.40 But from the other initial condition (0) = 0 at t = 0. So, from Eqn.(6) -S,= 0m of a= -a/0} @ Putting the value of a in Eqn. (5), we get the sought y(1). ie. ar ia. a , y- SF = -Ssinegt or y = %(apt-sinwor) 2 4 ©) There is an important difference between a rubber cord or steel coire and a spring. A spring can be pulled or compressed and in both cases, obey’s Hooke’s law. But a rubber cord becomes lodse when one tries to compress it and does not then obey Hooke’s law. Thus if we suspend a body by a rubber cord it stretches by a distance mg/x in reaching the equilibrium configuration. If we further strech it by a distance A A it will execute harmonic oscillations when released if AA s mg/x because only in this case will the cord remain taut and obey Hoake’s law. A Pgax = 8/6 1 2 A még? 26 (Alm Y = 9g As the pan is of negligible mass, there is no lass of kinetic energy even though the collision is inelastic. The mechanical eneigy of the body m in the Geld generated by the juint action of both the gravity force and the elastic force is conserved i.e. AE = 0. During the motion of the body m from the initial to the final (position of maximum compression of the spring) ition AT = 0, and therefore AU = AU,,+AU,, = 0 On solving the quadratic equation : a: 202 xe & * aa 2mgh = « As minus sign is not acceptable rome Ve, 2meh K ee K If the body m were at rest on the spring, the corresponding position of m will be its equilibrium position and at this position the resultant force on the body m will be zero. Therefore the equilibrium compression A.x (say) due to the body m will be given by KAx = mg or Ax = mg/K Therefore seperation between the cquilibrium position and one of the extreme position i.e. the sought amplitude23 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is conserved equals E = Usireme because at the extreme position kinetic energy becomes zero. Although the weight of body m is a conservative force , it is not restoring in this problem, hence Ugireme is only concerned with the spring force. Therefore a E = Vs = $k a? = mehe ee 44 Unlike the previous (4.40) problem the kinetic energy of body m decreases due tothe perfectly ¢ the pan with velocity vo = V2gh If v be the common velocity of the " body m+ pan " system due to the collision then from the conservation of linear momentum mvy = (M+m)v or va Mo mVo gh » (M+m)— (M+m) At the moment the body m strikes the pan, the spring is compressed due to the weigh! af the pan by the amount M g/k . If 7 be the further compression of the spring due to the \ercily acquired by the "pan — body m" system, then from the conservation of mechanical ene of the said system in the field generatad by the joint action of both the gravity and spring forces 3 z Zxghm m+ Thus As minus sigan is not acceptable p= MBL KK If the oscillating “pan + body m” system were at rest it correspond to their equilbrum position M a ie. the spring were compressed by Cfemig therefore the amplitude of oscillation4.42 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is only conserved with the restoring forces becomes E = Urirme = EK a? (Because spring force is the only restoring force not the 2 weight of the body) Altemnately E = Tyean = $(M +m) a? 0? ef « \ 1 thus be puteme( a Man Jeane We have F = a(jiz xj’) or, mE TET) = a(yir eT) So, mx = ay and my = -ax qa) From the initial condition,at t= 0, % = 0 and y = 0 So, integrating Eqnymx' = ay we get visay i= Sy (2) Using Eqn (2) in the Eqn mm: = -ayx, we get 2 2 eo a 7 a = == (2 3) my my uy (=) y @) one ot the solution of ditterential Eqn (3) is y =A sin(wgt+ca), where @y = a/m. As att = 0, y = 0, so the solution takes the form y = A sin @of On differentiating w.rt. time y = A to cos Wot From the initial condition of the problem, at ¢ =,0, ) = vo So, Vo = Aw or A = Vo/Wo Thus Y = (Vo/a@) sin ot (4) Thus from (2) x = Vo sin wot so integrating x= B= ~ cosomt (5) Wo a « « »_ YO On using ea0a 1205-0 Hence finally xs an (1 -c0s wy 1) © Hence from Eqns (4) and (6) we get [x= (vo/a9) P + ¥* = (v/a)? which is the equation of a circle of radius (vo/m9) with the centre at the point Xo = Vo/Wo, Yo =Uzo 4.43 If water has frozen, the system consisting of the light rod and the frozen water in the hollow sphere constitute a compound (physical) pendulum to a very good approximation because we can take the whole system to be rigid. For such systems the time period is given by lp t-2aVi Vie 5 where k? = 2R? is the radius of gyration of the spherc. g 5 The situation is different when water is unfrozen. When dissipative forces (viscosity) are neglected, we are dealing with ideal fluids. Such fluids instantaneously respond to (unbalanced) internal stresses. Suppose the sphere with liquid water actually executes small rigid oscillations. Then the portion of the fluid above the centre of the sphere will have a greater acceleration than the portion below the centre because the linear acceleration of any element is in this case, equal to angular acceleration of the clement multiplied by the distance of the clement from the centre of suspension (Recall that we are considering small oscillations). Then, as is obvious in a frame moving with the centre of mass, there will appear an unbalanced couple (not negated by any pseudoforces) which will cause the fluid to move rotationally so as to destroy differences in acceleration. Thus for this case of idcal {uids the pendulum must move in.such a way that the elements of the fluid all undergo the same acceleration. This implies that we have a simple (mathematical) pendulum with the time period : T= 22 t Thus T= 1) V1+2(8) e\ey (One expects that a liquid with very small viscosity will have a time period close Ty while one with high viscosity will have a time period closer to T;.) 444 Let us locate the rod at the position when it makes an angle @ from the vertical. In this problem both, the gravity and spring forces are restoring conservative forces, thus from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the oscillating system : amr (OP +mgh(1—cos8) + 3 14(10) = constant Differentiating w.rt. time, we get : 2 iat 200 + Elsi i 5 7e7200 = 0 Thus for very small 0 aoe ly 21 Hence, & =26 4.48 (a) Let us locate the system when the threads are deviated through an angle a! < cx, during oes ise is 2 G2 « 2( 8? 4.46 The XE. of the disc is 5/9 2 2 Je the oscillations of the system (Fig.). From the conservation of mechanical energy of the system : ImL? 3 1p Ot mBl(1-cosa’) = constant (1) Where L ip the length of the rod, 0 is the angular deviation of the rod from its equilibrium position i.e. 0=0. Differentiating Eqn. (1) wart. time imL* L? 212 ha 1 ! cl 7206+ mglsina’a’ = 0 L_ 12 But from the Fig. So, @ aie Thus the sought time period T. (b) The sought oscillation energy E = Ucn = mgi(1-cosa) = mgl2sin? > 2 2 a mgl2% = EIS” (pecause for small angle sin @ = @) . 1 , The torsional potential energy is zke. Thus the total energy is: By definition of the amplitude @,, @ = 0 when @ = @, Thus total energy is27 1 eet Zhen = GR G+ The 2 on Om = 9 V 142K ¥0 2k gh about its one end and perpendicular to its length 4.47 Moment of inertia of the rod equals 3 2). 2 Thus rotational kinetic energy of the rod = 3("-)# ame when the rod is displaced by an angle @ its C.G. goes up by a distance 2 0) = tor 7 (1-008 8) ZF for small 6. Thus the PE, becomes : mg if As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the rod is conserved. 2). ("3 )@+3("F 0? = Constant on differentiating wart. time and for the simplifies we get : = -380 for small 0. we see that the angular frequency « is = V3g/21 we write the general solution of the angular oscillation as : 0 = Acoswr+Bsinwt But Q=0 at t=0, sco A =O and 6 = 0) at t= 0,50 B = Op/o Thus 0 = Ogcos 01+ Yin ot Thus the KE. of the rod = [-oOsinm 1+, cos wtf . by 2 mi?» , ‘ - 75 (65 cos? w t+ 0 05 sin” wf ~ 209 Op Op sin orcos or] On averaging over onc time period the last’ term — vanishes and =< cos? o t> = 1/2. Thus = Fm P Bri mgs? o5 (where ©? = 3/21) 1226 4.48 4.49 Let | = distance between the C.G. (C) of the pendulum and its point of suspension O Originally the pendulum is in inverted position and its C.G. is above O. When it falls to th normal (stable) position of equilibrium its C.G. has fallen by a distance 2 J. In the equilibriun position the total energy is equal to KE. = jlo and we have from energy conservation : Amgl Lig gla = mg2l or T= 2B Anguiar frequency of osciliation for a physical pendulum is given by wg = mgi/I Thus rear V won V Ameo = mgl Let, moment of inertia of the pendulum, about the axis, concemed is J, then writing N, = [Bp for the pendulum, =mgxsina0=18 ot, 6~- BEX 9 (For small 6) which is the required equation for $.H.M. So, the frequency of oscillation, oe VME og, xe Va? ay i Mg Now, when the mass m is attached to the pendulum, at a distance / below the oscillating axis, -Megxsin0!-mglsinO! = (14m? ee 29 or, ~ eUMes ml) gy 28 (Foy gmat 0) : (i+m1r) dt?’ which is again the equation of S.H.M., So, the new frequency, fo = ¥ eUfeem) Q) (+m?) Soiving Eqns. (i) and (2), V sli/eot +m!) ay (+m?) or op = loitmel , T+mI or, 1(0}- 03) = mgl-modl? and hence, T= ml? (0-8/1) | (oj 3) = 0-8 g-m?450 When the two pendulums are joined rigidly and sct to oscillate, cach exert wryues on the other, these torques are equal and opposite. We write the Jaw of motion for the two pendulums as 10 = -0ih0+G 0 = -03h0-G where + G is the torque of mutual interactions. We have written the restoring forces on each pendulum in the absence of the other as - w; 1,0 and - w3/J, © respectively, Then 2 2 Aor thm, = -00 hth 2 Hea oe Visit bot +h 4.51 Let us locate the rod when it is at small angular position relative to its equilibrium position. If @ be the sought distance, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation mga(1~cos0)+ So: (6)? = constant Differentiating wets time we get : mgasin0O+ Flog 200 -0 2 But Too = + ma? and for small 0, sin = 0, we get a - -(84—|o Gee? Hence the time period of one full osscillation becomes i: 2. 4x7 (2? T=2n mre Tal ite ag , d(v For Tin » Obviously 7° | Gy, + @| = 0 2 So, ! a Hence30 4.52 453 Consider ihe moment of inertia of the triangular plate about AB. 1=ffeam = ffrpaxay . A B 2 EP th_x)dx Thus KE. 2 PE. = mgh (1-050) = Emgh& Here 0 is the angle that the instantaneous plane of the plate makes with the equilibrium position which is vertical. (The plate rotates as a rigid body) Thus g-ime e+ 3 meh 2 2 2g. mgh/ mi Hence ot = FE, mgh/ me So TearV A -nV 24. and Iyeducet = 4/2. Let us go to the rotating frame, in which the disc is stationary. In this frame the rod is subjected to coriolis > and centrifugal forces, Fyy and Fy, where & 7 mur Fae = f 2dm(v'x ab) and Fey = f dade, where F is the position of an elemental mass of the N rod (Fig,) with respect to point © (dise’s centre) and dv v-# As r= OP - OA+AP So, dr d(AP) Ly (as OA is constant) dt dt As the rod is vibrating transversely, so v' is directed perpendicular to the length of the rod. Hence Zn ( v’ x @) for each elemental mass of the rod is directed along PA. Therefore the net torque of coriolis about A becomes zero. The not torque of centrifulgal force about point aA: Now, Tray - f apx dmotr = APx (F)#s8(oa+ar) }31 «OA ~ f Fasahsasino(-k) ' = FujasinO(-k)f sds = moda sinO(-k) T 2 . a Tepe) * Eepyy k= ~magas sind According to the equation of rotational dynamics : tz) = [4 az or, or, Thus, for small 8, [p25 This implies that the frequency wp of oscillation is w = igt 454 The physical system consists with a pulley and the block. Choosing an intertial frame, let us direct the x-axis as shown in the figure. Initially the system 1s in equilibrium position. Now from the condition of translation equilibrium for the block To= mg () Similarly for the rotational equilibrium of the pulley KA/R= ToR or T= «Al 2)32 455 from Eqns. (1) and (2) Aln 78 ) Now let us disturb the equilibrium of the system no matter in which way to analyse its motion. At an arbitrary position shown in the figure, from Newton’s second law of motion for the block F,= mw, mg-T=mw= mx (4) Similarly for the pulley Ni= 18, TR-x(Al+x)R=10 (6) But we BR or, #= RO © from (5) and (6) TR-x(Al+)R= Li ro) Solving (4) and (7) using the initial condition of the problem wens (me gl or, ve -(\x [2 2 UR Hence the sought time period, T= ae nV mre Note : we may soive this probiem by using the conservation of mechanicai energy aiso At the equilbrium position, N,, = 0 (Net torque about 0) So, mgR-mgRsina = 0 or m, = msina a) From the equation of rotational dynamics of a solid body about the stationary axis (say z-axis) of rotation 1. trom NW, = 6, when the pulley is rotated by the small angular displacement @ in clockwise sense relative to the eg 7 MULL m,gR-mgRsin(a+0) MR? 2 Using Eqn. (1) mgssin a - mg (sin a.cos 0 + cos asin @) = [uae am (Jeanede |g + mR7+ mun? 2 Alt4.56 33 But for small 8, we may write cos @ «= 1 and sin@ « 6 Thus we have megsina—mg(sina+cosa6) = MR+2m Jt sine Rie 2mgcos a : ~ [MR+ 2m(14 sina)R] Hence the sought angular frequency > = WV WET ma) Let us locate solid cylinder when it is displaced from its oO stable equilibrium position by the small angle @ during its ( oscillations (Fig.). If v, be the instantaneous speed of the CM. (C) of the solid cylinder which is in pure rolling, then its angular velocity about its own centre C is @ = v/r (1) Since C moves in a circle of radius (R - r), the speed of C at the same moment can be written as Hence, 6 - ve = O(R-r) @ Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) o- R=) 8) As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, ie. E = T+U = constant so, tmvi+4,0?+mg(R-r) (1-cos 0) = constant 2 2 (Where m is the mass of solid cylinder and J, is the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about an axis passing through its C.M. (C) and perpendicular to the plane of Fig. of solid cylinder) 2 on Fmat PLT oo? +m g (R - 7) (1 ~ £08 0) = constant (using Eqn (1) and I= mr 2) - (Rar? 32g Roy +g(R-r)(1—cos 0) = constant, (using Eqn. 3) , Differentiating w.r.t. time 2(R-r)206 +esin06 = 0 6-28 in Om So, 8 3(R-7) 0, (because fer small 0, sinO = 0) Thus oy - V sak 3(34 457 4.58 Hence the sought time period Tu ee any 32RD) © 26 Let x, and xz be the spring constant of left and right sides springs. As the rolling of th solid cylinder is pure its lowest point becomes the instanteneous centre of rotation. If 6 be the small angular displacement of its upper most point relative to its equilibrium position, the deformation of each spring becomes (2 R @). Since the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, E = T+U = constant ie. $4 (8P +3 (2R 0)? +4 2(2R0)? = constant Differentianting w.tt. time $1,260 +3 (+42) 427206 =0 or, (@ +ma’)i +4R?x0 =0 mR? (Because Ip = [p+ mR? = at mR?) Hence 6 =~ -8%o 3m Thus @» = ge and sought time period 2 am am 7~= 2am aa In the CM. frame (which is rigidly attached with the centre of mass of the two cubes) the cubes oscillates. We know that the kinetic energy of two body system equals ie vg, where pi is the reduced mass and ¥,., is the modulus of velocity of any one body particle relative to other. From the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation : pated ater} = constant Here /p is the natural length of the spring. Differenting the above equation w.rt time, we get : dxaried pu2i’ «0 tecomes UG) » | = m Thusi’ = te (vie mn min) m; +m my my m, +m, Hence the natural frequency of oscillation : «> = / © where u =35 459 Suppose the balls 1 & 2 are displaced by x,, x, from their initial position. Then the energy is: E = km dt me + aad ays dmv Also total momentum.is : m3, + mji2 = m,V1 mM, X, + M, Xx; Define Xe SE ei my + my Then mo X+—% x, ye ¥-—7 m, + my m, +m, 1 mm, 25 Om + mE 4 Eo 3 Hence m1 m, +m, 2.2 1mm a ipa 2 it imivi it mm 2 So Imm? * zk 21-3 mem Dm (2) From the above equation We seco = YE - V4 = 68" nen w= AM 2 ig. (0) The energy of oscillation is 1 mime yp 12 ay 2 48 x 104 = 48 mI 2 m +m, 3 We have x = asin (wt + a) Initially x=O0mt=0s.a=0 Then x =a sin wt. Also x = v, at ¢ = 0. = So wa =v, and hence a =“! = 22 6 2 om, o” 6 4.60 Suppose the disc 1 rotates by angle 0, and the disc 2 by angle Q» in the opposite sense. Then total torsion of the rod = 6; + 02 . 1 2 and torsional PE. = 5 (81+ 6° @ The KE. of the system (neglecting the moment of inertia of the rod) is 1,m 1; phG+dng \ JH) So total energy of the rod Fete (A, +0.) B+ 5K (0, +82) ‘We can put the total angular momentum of the rod equal to zero since the frequency associated with the rigid rotation of the whole system must be zero (and is known).461 & _a+h fl 6, Thus 1,8; = 0, or Th," /, * 7+ 17, ; ho. : So a= ith 4 (8,46) and 8 = Fy, (H+ ba) and Bat AD 6 sete bk (0,48)) 2 A+e Tee) Th ‘The anguiar osciiiation, frequency corresponding to this is hh 2 it / o -*/7 aR and T= 20 In the first mode the carbon atom remains fixed and the oxygen atoms move in equal & opposite steps. Then total energy is ® 0 ¢ Q < —x 1,0 2.1 z2Mo e+ 72K ae where x is the displacement of one of the 0 atom (say left one). Thus ot = K/m. @) 0 c 0 —_— => — x ¥ x In this mode the oxygen atoms move in equal steps in the same direction but the carbon atom moves in such a way as to keep the centre of mass fixed. Thus 2mox+m.y = 0 ony = - 27 2m KEW b2mi? +h mM, fe Lamited 52mg * my 2m) 9 4 pen Le 1 4222 m2 tdi mo) 2 “Ase las z\ ) 2 {me} aN 2_ K(,, 2m 2m Thus of = leas ) and oy =o V+ V1.2 Vv i Hence, @ = 0, V 145 = 0, V > = 1910,37 4.62 Let, us displace the piston through small distance x, towards right, then from F, = mw, Bs 1 bs tex: or, (py -P,)S = mx () But, the process is adiabatic, so from PV" = const. PoVS 4 PoVg = et and py = Oe _, fA a (VgsSx Ji senses (Vga Sx) as the new volumes of the left and the right parts are now (Vo + S x) and (Vo - S x) respectively. So, the Eqn (1) becomes. PMS (1 1 | iy {easy (Vo+Sx) } PoVAS = oe mm | (veoS?x2)) L m (Ve-S?7x7)" PoVdS ™ or, 252 Neglecting the term we in the denominator, as it is very small, we get, a 2 gn 2 POSE mVy which is the equation for S.H.M. and hence the oscillating frequency. ty = SV 2Pot mVo 4.63 In the absence of the charge, the oscillation period of the ball T=2nVig when we impart the charge q to the ball, it will be influenced by the induced charges on the conducting plane. From the electric image method the electric force on the ball by the plane 2 equals ——4___, and is directed downward. Thus in this case the effective acceleration 489 (2h) ol the ball4.64 4.65 2 s'=gt— 4 _, eat and the corresponding time period rn2eV Ew agV 1 = reer From the conditon of the problem T= yT' ge oT 1 \ So, Tean?T® of den? eat 16 X€gmh Thus on solving q- 4hVxegmg(n2- 1) =2nc In a magnetic field of induction B the couple on the magnet is - MB sin @ = - MB 6 equating this to J we get 2, MB ~ ony or oo T or T=2n MBS Given = Tn ° vi ct ,i dt BY B, By B, We or Ben "1 The induction of the field increased 17 times. We have in the circuit at a certain instant of time (¢ ), from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction : di ad Lo 7 BIG ot Ldi= Bide . ._ Bl As at 650,450, so Lim Blx or i= Sxl) For the rod from the second law of motion F, = mw. -i1B = mi : es PB? 2 Using Eqn. (1), we get : Fm -| |e = er (2) where oy = 1B/ Vm The solution of the above differential equation is of the form4.67 39 x = asin(apt+ a) From the initial condition, at f= 0, x = 0, soa =0 Hence, X= asinagt @) Differentiating w.rt. time, X = a Wp Cos Wot But fom the initial condition of the problem at ¢ = 0, x = vo Thus Vo = ai OF a = Vo/ig (4) Putting the value of a from Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (3), we obtained IB Yo x = ~2 sincopt (where oy = Wo As the connector moves, an emf is set up in the circuit and a current flows, since the emf is = —BIi, we must have : -B1x+L 4! = 0 dt so, I= BIx/L provided x is measured from the initial position. We then have mx =- -B.1+mg Bix E for by Lenz’s law the induced current will oppose || lI downward sliding. Finally II Il eat ,, bie Free 8 ‘on putting Wo = AE Heals eg Asolution of this equation is x= -&+A cos (iot+a) 9 But x= 0 and x = 0 at ¢ = 0. This gives x = (1-cos wot). @ We are given x = aye7*" sinwt (@) The velocity of the point at ¢ = 0 is obtained from vo = (x),.9 = ay The term “oscillation amplitude at the moment ¢ = 0” is meaningless. Probably the im- 1 6 plication is the amplitude for ¢ <<. Then x » dg sin wf and amplitude is a. (b) & = (-Bagsinwt+ waycoswt)eF = 040 when the displacement is an extremum. Then ® tanot= > 8 or oem tan Benn, m= 051,20 4.68 Given @ = qe?! coswt we have @ = -Bp-aqoe*'sinwrt © =- POtBPagMe "'sinwt-w7 ge”! cos wt =P pt2Bage sinwr-w'p so (®) ()o = - Bao» (F')o = (B= 07) Go (b) @ = -qoe7*!(Pcos t+ sin wr) becomes maximum (or minimum) when @ = Go(B- we’ cosmt+2Boqoe *'sinwt = 0 or and t= + T tan-? to 4.69 We write x = age~*' cos(wr+a.). I @) x(0)=03a=+ pa =F ae sinwt 3(0) = (Z)pn0 = ¥ Wa Since ay is + ve, we must choose the upper sign if x(@) <0 and the lower sign if X(0)>0. Thus ag = ECOL and a = [+ if 3(0)<0 -F if x(0)>0 (b) we write x = Re A e7Pt##! 4 aw aye? Then dav, = Re (-B+iw)Ae ftir! From v, (0) = 0 we get Re (-B+iw)A = 0 This implies A = + i($+iw)B where B is real and positive. Also xy = ReA=F OB lo] o Thus SU with + signinA if xp <04.70 471 41 = signin A if xp >0 So Aw si EZ lola (F1+ 2B)! o 0 Finally a Vi4(8) Ixol tana - Bog - an () ° ° @ is in the 4 quadrant (-3<«<0} if.zg>0 and ais in the 2” quadrant (x oes] if ay <8. x = ape *'cos(mt+a) Then (4), 20 = ~Bagcosa-wapsina = 0 or tana = - & o a Also (2)r-0 = dgcosa = > seca = 7, wna =-V7-1 ‘Thus Be oVry-1 (We have taken the amplitude at f = U to be ap ). We write x = age~®! cos(wtta) = Re Ae BIO! 4 ow ayelt k= Re A(-Briw)ePttiot Velocity amplitude as a function of time is defined in the following manner. Put f= f) +7, then x = Re Ae Plott) giolgtt) m= Re Ae P84 ciMetioty Red e-Blogivt i B we can say that the displacement amplitude at time ¢ is ay e7'. Similarly for the velocity amplitude. Clearly (a) Velocity amplitude at time t = ay V 6? +a" e~** Since A(-B+io) = ae’ (-B+io) fort << =. This means that the displacement amplitude around the time fo is age~°" and42 = aV Pro et where y is anotner constant. (bo) x(0) = 0 => ReA=0 or A= + ity where dg is real and positive. Also v¥,(0) = x9 = Re * iag(-Btiw) =F way Thus ay = Lol and we take - (+) sign if xo is negative (positive). Finally the velocity amplitude is obtained as i lol Vproe™ 4.72 The first oscillation decays faster in time. But if one takes the natural time scale, the period T for cach oscillation, the second oscillation attenuates faster during that period. 4.73. By definition of the logarithemic decrement ( A=8 22) we get for the original decrement do and finally 4 = 2228 Vase e Ag/? Now . Q°——S V do 2 M20 so > x 1+(35) a Hence -- 2x Vv 7 1-(r?-1) For critical damping ) - 1B 18 do/2 Vv mu Vaquy or n= It ) 4.74 The Eqn of the dead weight is43 so Now =2xV a V (35) -V Sawer) = 0.10 sec. 4.75 The displacement amplitude decrease 1) times every n oscillations. Thus i 2278 inn of B= BD o o or : 2a wo an So O- sein” 4.76 From x = uy e7*' cos (wt+&), we get using (x),-0 = 1 = agcos.a 0 = (%),29 = -Bagcosa-wagsina l Vo +B 1V «+ B* oe ) \t o Then una = -£ or cosa = * cos or-tnt B and x = xa0 ace (naete an") @ 2 o Total distance travelled in the first 1a i ‘ To get the maximum displacement in tht second lap we note that x= [-eoe(or—tm-1B) sin (ort) VE aos @ =0 when wre x, 2n,3m,.. ec.44 4.77 Thus Xmax = — age" ™® cos, = - 1e7*8 for ¢ = x/o so, distance traversed in the 2" lap = 2/e7**/” Continuing total distance traversed = 1+21e7*)/ 4.2 Je72*0/@ 4 21e*ho 20 Sees ae ef et | lee? Boy eM? 4 =l e where 4 = anf is the logarithemic decrement. Substitution gives 2 metres. For an undamped oscillator the mechanical energy E = imi+hm 03x? Is conserved, For a damped oscillator. x= ae*'cos(wt+a), w = Vor-B* 12,1 op and E(t) zyme ty mage = 5m age™?¥* (6? cos? (wt + a) +28 w eos (wt+a)x sin(wt+a)+0°sin® (or + 0)] +m adage?! cos (wr+a) jm dagen?! +5 map pte”? cos (2w1+2a) +5 maBoe?'sin(201+2a) 2 If B <<«, then the average of the last two terms over many oscillations about the time ¢ will vanish and « Lmaaber?* and this is the relevant mechanical energy. In time + this decreases by a factor i so etal oe n p-Bn and 2B 2k te since «8 = &. BV poy age, Up) ot 7 ta Leek 7 g= ta V Set 130. 1 xX 2 Un45 4.78 The restoring couple is T =-mgRsing « -mgRq The moment of inertia is K 12 mR 2 Thus for undamped oscillations 2 ptmgRg=0 i) 2_2¢ A so, = OO" SR | Ting ‘Also n= 228, 228 _ 7 Hence —b_ 4+ Toe (4) Hence finally the period. T of small oscillation comes to 2 7 = 28 2e, Oo __ 9 gV 3R(, (A @ 00 Va p 2g Qn Vy ik 2) 7g (amen ) = 0.90 sec. 4.79 Let us calculate the moment G; of all the resistive forces on the disc. When the disc rotates an element (7 dd ) with coordinates (r , 6) has a velocity r @, where @ is the instantaneous angle of rotation from the equilibrium position and r is measured from the centre. Then 2x kK Gy =fd0f drr-(Fyxr) of R ‘ = fnrerdyx2x = ask 5 0 Also moment of inertia = mee - mR?.. ann’; 5 Thus at pray sd on oo2mak’ 2 Sie = 0 > 2a ay? Hence = aa and B Pn480 421 and angular frequency Note :- normally by frequency we mean an : From the law of viscosity, force per unit area = 7 # so when the disc executes torsional oscillations the resistive couple on it is R = fn tw Borde 2 1a, 0 (factor 2 for the two sides of the disc; see the figure-in the book) where 9 is torsion. The equation of motion is 4 19 24k seq -0 Comparing with G+ 2BH+ asm = 0 we get B= nnR*/2hI Now the logarithmic decrement ) is given by X = BT, T = time period Thus N= 2AAI/nR‘T If p = angle of deviation of the frame from its normal position, then an e.m-f. e=Bagp a. is induced in the frame in the displaced position and a current R - oe flows in it. A couple Bag Bat. R Beaa= Rr? then acts on the frame in addition to any elastic restoring couple cp. We write the equation of the frame as 2 4 19 Fore =0 Th Bat A . us B = S 7g where B is defined in the book. Amplitude of oscillation die out according to e~*! so time required for the oscillations to 1 decrease to — of its value is j i as47 482 We shall denote the stiffness constant by x. Suppose the spring is stretched by xp . The bar in then subject to two horizontal forces (1) restoring force - x x and (2) friction kmg opposing motion. If ry> ERE = the bar will come back. r>, (lf xs A, the bar will stay put.) The equation of the bar when it is t moving to the left is mx = -Kxt+kmg x= A+(x-A) cosy = where we have used x = X,X = 0 at ¢ = 0. This solution is only valid till the bar comes to rest. This happens at to the right .(if A kmg ie, > 3.4 In this case the solution is x= -A+(%-3A) cos Since re2A-mandi-Oarenaa/Ve. The rod will next come to rest at te gean/ YE and at that instant x = x5 = x9-4 A. However the rod will stay put unless xp >5 A. ‘Thus (@) time period of one full oscillation = 2/7 z. (b) There is no oscillation if 00 subject to x(0) = (0) = 0 where F is constant. The solution of this equation will be sought in the form xe F A.cos(opt+a), Ostet xX = Boos (wo (t-1)+B), f>t A and @ will be determined from the boundary condition at ¢ = 0. 0 - =v Acosa k 0 = -apAsina Thus a= Oand A ~ -% and x= E(1- cos eye) Os ect. B and B will be determined by the continuity of x and Fat = t. Thus G1 ~c0s at) = Boos B and bo F sino = - bo Bsin Ba9 2 FY Thus le 2 eae) F | ci, 20% or | B= 27 | sin | xt) ey I 1 1 /\ t 485 Fo. she spring mg = «x Al where kK is its stifness coefficient. Thus 222 o eS 0 in ~ BT The equation of motion of the ball is - - 2. Fo #4 2Pe+ujx = Pooswe Here 4 2B BL ve Voi-p? Vit (A207 To find the solution of the above equation we lovk for the solution of the auxiliary equation ior . : F F+2Ps+opze > Clearly we can take Rez = x . Now we look for a particular integral for 2 of the form z=Aei*! Thus, substitution gives A and we get (Fo/m yer?! Oo +2ipo so taking the real part (Fo/m)[ (05 - 0?) cos. w #42 Besin or] a2 (ajo y+4pu Fo cos(wt -@) Soo 280 = wo -a* V (03-07)? +4 po? ° The amplitude of this oscillation is maximum when the denominator is minimum. Tihis happens when50 4.86 4.87 w*-205 0 +4 Bw +09 = (w?-09+287)+4B203-46* is minimum. ie for o? = of -2 6? ‘Thus and Since a = —= —— V (w"- 05 + 2B")? +4 B°( 05 - B*) we must have ~ 2-03 +2B? = - (03-03 +27) 2 ao? @) + W: or 3-28" = “5 2 = wi, . Fy (wg- 0") coswt+2Bosinat m V (0? 08)? + 4p 0? Then ,_ Foo 2Bwcoswt+(@*- 2) sinwt (03 - wo)? + 4B? wo” Thus the velocity amplitude is Foo mV (0p - 0? +4 Pw? Fo = re ®o 12 Ona] a4 nV (So) 248 This is maximum when wo = of = 0, Y= and then Voge2 . @ 2 Now at half maximum ro] = 128 or wt 2V3 Bw-p = 0 =F BVS +Vag 3B where we have rejected a solution with ~ ve sign before there dical. Writing @, = Voa+3 Bp +BV3 , w = Vor+3 6° -BV3 we get (4) W,<, = @p = Vw, 2 ( Velocity resonance frequency) Jo; =o | ®) Ba and damped oscillation frequency (@, - a) BF = V oye, eed 488 In general for displacement amplitude tm pee 0 0} us nee .- — 2 fine VAR (op-B) 2BV wp -B ae 8 Man bu a a oO Vis(n2ny 2% Vor-p? 2 Hence ne A " oS a Fy a(- cos wtsin wt cos @ + cos? wt sin p) dt 1 RIPeSs Fowud sing = naFosing52 4.90 4.91 In the formula x = acos(wt-@) (Se we have a= MV (wp- 0 P+ 4B wo 28 tang = 0 - (og - @”) tan p Thus be oT Hence = VK7m = 20s. and (a) the quality factor a) for 2 27 Q= (0) - @? ? tan? @ (b) work done is A = a Fysinp = ama V (0; yea = ama’ (m-m*)tang = 6mi. sing = xma*x2po 2po 3 a - © Here as usual tan @ 'y where @p is the phase lag of the displacement Fo 1 ™ V(ap- 0)? +4 Bo (@) Mean power developed by the force over one oscillation period x = acos(wt-@), a= xFoasing zy Lp = FFoaasing ~ on 2 Hw] +4 7 6 (b) Mean power < P > is maximum when co = io (for the denominator i§ then minimum Also53 At displacement resonance w = V «3-2 B* while Thus + . Ny, cos ot 493 The equation of the disc is @ +2PQ+uzQ = =a Then as betore © = On cos (wt-a) where ® Nn una = 2h2 im = 53 at 3? =z os T[(a- 0) +4 Ba] @- w (2) Work performed by frictional forces r = -[N.deq where N, = -218@ = ~f 2B 1q7 de = -20Ral ay, ° = - 11 93[(@3- 07) +48? wo] sina = -1Nq, Pq Sino The quality factor q 'y ae x _Vop-8 wo Vop-6* 1 | 4a? wp 4p? | ® 9-5" BT" ZB * (omso?)ana Zana |(we—a?) (ogo?54 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = -¢ ) are shifted by a smau distance x, a net + ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/tg in the direction of x and a restoring force on an ciectron of nex & ” Thus or This gives o, as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads c The solution fo this equation is ] = Im 60s (wot +a) From the problem Vq = 2 . Then T= ~ aC V, sin (gt +a) 2 or 2 By energy conservation $L P+ Ae = constant ‘When the PD. across the capacitor takes its maximum valuc V,, the current J must be zero. Thus “constant” = te v V? = V2 once again. Hence i +55 496 After the switch was closed, the circuit satisfies aig ge or £4 ahq=0= 9 = C¥acosant where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have -4. aie - Vm bn Vy t= Gm Oat = 0. Thus (a) 1 = GEC Vy cin wt =- VV § sin Wot () The electrical energy of the capacitor is £ 1.008” yt and of the inductor is iL P asin’ wor. The two are equal when x togt = 5 At that instant the emf of the self-inductance is di ~ LE = Vn c08 toot = Val V2 497 In the oscillating circuit, iet 7 = ImCOS wt be the change on the condenser where a= jem C is the instantaneous capacity of the-condenser (S = area of plates) 20S y y = distance between the plates. Since the oscillation frequency increases 7 fold, the quantity 2 2 oF SL changes 1 foid and so does y ie, changes irom yo initially to 1 yp dinally. Now the FD. across the condenser is Gm Yn Vx Geos wr = TE coswr and hence the electric field between the plates isThus, the charge on the plate being q,, cos w f, the force on the plate is Fe cog? Fo sour Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force oY nw 2e5 7 20 = W the initial stored energy. Thus. A= (1-1). 4.98 The equations of the L -C circuit are Te CV-fhde OV-fha athe "SG, Differentiating again L(hth) =- A Be eA 2 Then hee so L(C,+Cz)I4T = 0 or = Ipsin(apt+a) Oy 5 =] ‘Sw tT CG Tl Cy where oy = y (Pata) 1 L(G+G 2x lence T ~ —— = 0.7 ms) @ 7 ) At teO0,FeO0sa=0 I= Ipsinaot The peak value of the current is Jy and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation Li=V-~fldtKC,+C2) fie or +1 @plo008 Oot = V- eG, Sf losin wor at (The PD. across the inductance is V at t = 0) Hence87 499 Initially q, = C Vp and qp = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get N+ = CV a Cc @ Also I rivteo Hence 7 +u3/ = 0 a=, th +4, The soloution of this equation subject to “4, ~G T=Oatt=0 is I= Ipsinagt. to Integrating qi =A- os COS WF % Finally substituting in (1) 2 Asf. at FG 008 Wot +L Ip Wp COS wot = CV Thus A-B--— and 2 oe 2 ta"? CY, so n- 7 (1 +608 194) CV 92 = (1 - cos wot) 4.100 The flux in the coil is @(1)=f(@ 1 <0 0 1>0 : Sita . . dI_o The equation of the current is Lae Q@) This mean that or with @2 = ie 2 tettareo dt I = Ipsin(wpt+ @)58 4.101 4.102 Putting in (1) -L I wp cos (wo t+a) = - I — ~~ [cos (wpt +a) cosa] oe This implies cosa = 0 +. J = # Ipcosingt . From Faraday’s law do dl een a or integrating from f= -e to-e where e + 0 ® = Lp with + sign in $0, T= 2 cost , ToS Mot - Given V = V_ e7*! coswt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking |cos wt| = 1 . mn ie te dV (&) For extrema = 0 - Pooswi- wsinwt = 0 or tant = - B/o ie. or=nn+ tan”! The equation of the circuit is 122,242.24 dt e ade. where Q = charge on the capacitor, This has the solution Q =, e*' sin(wt+ a) x Vo_p,o--k where B= 57,0-V0o-B, 0 =75- Now r= 9220 arH0 dt so, One®! (- Bsin(wr+ a)+mcos(wr+a)) = 0 att=0 ‘Thus @cosa = Bsina or anunt = fee _ _ Qm Now Vo = BD. aur = 0 = “sina ©. Vin preg -Vi1- RE @ 4L?59 4103 We write -2 =[=1,e7*' sinwt -Br+ ior = gm lye (gm means imaginary part) en Bitter -B+io Q- Emly -Bie ior Q= emi, os aL (B+ iw) e7 Bt iat B+ ow eft Bsinwt+ wm cosmt p+ w ~ pr sin(wit d) aly , tnd = 2, Y p? + wt B ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus = Ine BF sin (wet 8) V(0) = Iq V& sind = 1, VE — 4 __ C(1+ B/a*) gn ; =I, 4104 7 = J, 7 * sinwt I--qq- eet Then qm ty en LOH 8) ng 2 2, V w+ B° 8 Thus Wy = du Few 7 sin? we 2 9280 gig? LE Wp = 3 oe poe 7 F sin? (wee B) ot60 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 Current is maximum when oem sinwt = 0 Thus - Bsinwl+ cosas = 0 or tn of = 2 = tand B ic. weesantd Ww, a2 a2 and hence gee poetics 22e c= et =ce We sin*(wt+ 5) sin°28 — 4cos*d 1 op 1 -1,-3-1.4-4- 4670p 4p? LCR? CR (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric enemy of 1 capacitor) Clearly L=L,+1,,R=R,+ Ry x x Ongr « Broz Now Bre=iny sore #2or - 2101 _ os me RY soa= =e Current decreases ¢ fold in time rng sec = 2% oscillations 22k R 2x L aru oy 4L = "aR \ LC” 4p? "2x 7g 7 1 = 15.9 oscillations x _@ O- br" 268 © o= 289, B=39° a op = oVie+ sy of oe wo ** Gg? 100% =» 45x 100% = 0.5% 8Q |" s4.109 £ Att = 0 current through the coil = Rer PD. across the condenser = =~ Rer (a) Att = 0, energy stored = Wo : 2 io = hal gt) +bc( eh) -be EAR). 20m (Rar) 72 Re ry (m+ ry 1K <1 The current and the change stored decrease as e~'””?" so energy decreases as & ig re! 6 WeWoe™ = 0.10 mI. 4110 Now W= Wye 7F! Thus energy decreases tines in SA sec. Visio? 1+ 49? ginn 2a 2 Va . = 1.033 ms. =Inn 4.111 In a leaky condenser 44 ly 7 av 7 J-I' where I R Jeak current Now Vv p+ f2,1,. r T*RO a: *ic4"° Then qd - Ime *'sin(we+ a)62 4.112 Given V = V,e"*! sinwt, @ = w BT <<1 Energy loss per cycle Power loss = T «tevin 26 (energy decreases as Woe~ *** so loss per cycle is Wox 2BT) Thus P>=icvixt or RS i4/t a/c Ve . Hence g-ive = VE zepp 7 100 on putting the vales. 4.113. Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is

= Rel?> = ER IZ = 02 mW. This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. RCV,2 4114

= as in (4.112). We get

= 5 mW. 2L 4.115 Given g = q+ % I hte h--dh=-h =Rh=t Lh=Rh=%. 2 R c Thus CL g'} + (qi+ qo) = 0 3 u | ROR nt H=e L Putting gq) = Ae!®! gq, = Betio! (1-@°LC)A+B=0A+(1+ iwRC)B = 0 A solution exists only if (1- &LC)(14 ioRC) = 1 eed Qe ns Sr nnd o ox iwRC- wi C-iwLRC? = 6 or LRCw-iwLC-RC =0 Thus 4 = (A, cos wot +47 sin wot) e~*! etc. tap is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if w} > 0 . 1 .¢ ie. TL 4416 We have . Ly I+ Ryl, = Ly n+ Roh fia c Raylt Il=h+h Then differentiating we have the equations L,C1,+R,Ch, + (h+h) =0 1,C 1p4 RyChy + (+h) =0 Look for a solution Ty =A; e*', Ib = Ay e** Then (14+ © L,C+aR,C)A,+ A, =0 Ay + (14 0° L,C+aR,C) A, =0 This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if (1+ a7L,C+ aR, C)(1+ @7L,C+ aC) =1 ate o? Rot LoRs, Lit Lot RRC, Rit Ro LyLz LyL,C Ty This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of the equation or a?LC+aRC+1=064 4.117 The general solution of this problem is not easy.We look for special cascs. If Ry = Ry = 0, tha Llp R=0 and tT ely . If Ly=L)=0, then L=0 and R =R,R,/(R,+R,) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading. We shall give the solution for small R, ,R; . Then we put a = -B +iw when B is small We get (1-071, C-2iB@1,C-BAC+i@R,C) (1-?L,C- 2iBpoL,c- Boc+ i@R,C)=1 (we neglect B’ & BR,, BR, ). Then L,+ L. 2 2 2 4it lr (1- @L,C)(1-07L,C) = 1 > 0 = whe Lil, L,+L,° also (2BL,- Ry) (1- wL,C)+ (2BL2- 22) (1- wL,C) = 0 ‘seh R __RiLl?+ RL? RiL}+ RoLi Thi -=- - : is sives B= 7” TTTa(at la) ~*~ (Ee LF 4,,41 =+% on Ctl a+ Rit=+F CooL X “ts VL For the critical case R ~ 2V & - . Sw Thus LC q+ 2VIC q+q=0 Look for a solution with q a e%! . 5 a1 This is identical with Ie if L 1 as Vic An independent solution is te°* . Thus qe (As Bry eo /VE , At t=0q=CVo thus A =CV Also at t=0g=J=0 o-B-A ea - VE vIC L4118 ‘Thus finally ew T . viele wVE tle “INTE M0, le ‘The current has been defined to increase the charge. Hence the minus sign. ‘The current is maximum when a __Yo wit t der |e Ie) This gives t = VLC and the magnitude of the maximum current is Vo Mast = BYE. ‘The equation of the circuit is (I is the current) L a + RI = Va cost From the theory of differential equations I= Iptle where Jp is a particular integral and J; is the complementary function (Solution of the differential equation with the RHS = 6 ). Now Tc = Ico and for Ip we write Ip = I, cos (wt-@) Substituting we get Vn -10i Sees Von - 1R/L Thus n> Fp areg cos (at 9) + leo’ Now in an inductive circuit] = 0 att= 0 because a current cannot change suddenly. ‘Thus Ico = - and so RL ] Vie Se [0s (oe - @)- cos pe66 4.119 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor) 2,r42. ct R ‘dt Vy cos wt A solution subject to Q = 0 at t = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem) Q = Qn 005 (wt- F)- cose" *°] Substituting back 20 cos (1 F)- ORQ, sin(@t- F) = Vi, cos wt = V,,(cosGcos(mt- G) - sinG@sin(wt- G)} so Qn = CV,,cos @ oRQ,, = V,,sin® This leads to On = tan F = WRE Vi+(@RC) Hence za a «si ow) a 28°F -wre dt = [ sin(or- G)+ sin e VR? R's fe ) The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at ¢ = 0. Then Q = 0 at f= 0 but this will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0. Thus J « 0, ( Equation will be satistied with J = 0 only if Q« 0 at t = 0) With our J, Hem 0) = 4.120 The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle 2 ina? _y Mon? Ina?- 2a 1 Then prt —Stxanl xa tann} Hom AY 4pn4121 4122 67 HereV = V,,cos ot I =1,,cos(mt+ p) where Now -1_1 p= tan ' fia 0 Here Ve IR+ c or Ris Era ¥ =~ vsino Ignoring transients, a solution has the form I= Ipsin(@t- a) I OR Ip cos(@t- a) + 7 sin(@t- a) = = WV sinwt = - @V[sin(ot- a)cosa+ cos(wt- a)sina} 50 Rhy = - Vosina Io “1 oo77 Vocosa a= x+ tan (WRC) I = Ipsin(wt- tan”! @RC-m) = - Iysin(wr- tan”? wRC) ‘ = I, 1 Then Q = JI dt = O+ cos (wt-tan”* ORC) ° It satisfies Vo(1+ coswr) = RIL» @ aS sesdee68 if Vo(1+ coswt) = - Riysin(wt- tn-*oRC) cw (wt tan *wRC) oc Thus Qo = CV and at H/Vi+ (ory check: Rly = oo ecks Vis(@RCP Hence vi = Savor cos (wr) Vit (wRCy Ve Vo © >- i Vi1+ (@RC)Y or n- 1 = 0 (RCP or RC #Vi- 1/0 = 22 ms. 4123 Va__ Ma Voltage M () as 4124 (a) I, = (b) tng = 2", 9 w - 60° Current lags behind the voltage V by @© Ve- oa 0-65 kV Vir = IgV R24 oP L? = O-SKV y, (8 0) Ve 56 VR? -+ R + (oe ea) —____h. —___ Vin V(oRCY + (wLC-17 V a , (5-1 + 48? w7/e0§ \@o a Vig 12) ag? ag! 4 - + 2 7 oe op 9 © This is maximum when @” = w3- 2p = 1 - a70 4126. y 1, VR? + ol? Vm V R24 w*L? 7 Ve 1 Rs (ee oc) for a given @,1,R, this is maximum when 1 ao Ok © C= a = 282 UF. vVR?2s wL2 For that C, Vy ae VV1+ (@L/RY = 0540 kV LL At this C = 509 kV 4.127 oco°o 020::0:0 @ Poor Condo ]|— ©0006 0000 I We use the complex voltage V = V,, e'”'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is ryt U- PYG and that across the resistance RI’ and both equal V. Thus Ve gio beg ioe age ' I-I' =iwCV,y e€ Hence A ° ier T= (1+ ioRC) e The actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Then Vn I= V1+ (@RC} cos(wrt @) Where tang = @RC Note —> A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p between its plates.4.128 144 4129 41900 n wits dh t Z at Sn la2 a F Ze dl, dl, Poca ten Pa S : at " a ¢ 2 Be | from the second equation Inh = -Lyh Ihe Then Ly- Z| te Thus the current oscillates with frequency 1 sd 7 o(u.- ) Given V = V_ cos wt I= [,,cos(wt-) where “Yeu R *+(ot-Zo] Sid I,sin(wt-@) € Then, Ve= oc V, = tin (at- 9) V(1- wLCPs (@RCY arse As resonance the voltage amplitude across the capacitor Vo vil. y toe tare RC vic So Lon CR? Now -V4-1- Viet CR 4 For maximum current amplitudeNow g g -i 2 a aei_il low n-1y¥ 4 and Now ay @C} Then (assuming «2 >, ) or oo or + @) = (@1+ @2) = @ = Vo, a, 1 & R d - oe V1 = an 02 - , = Va L o> and o-V 1 LV GP- Doe 1 = Sleyp 4 ap 4 (a - 01773 4132 Q = Sw So ing. O = 35 ~ Fp for low damping Rip In ——————— ow 5 , } 2 R + (24- ge » Ip= Current amplitude at resouance 2 9. R or o- Trea 226 Thus @ w a +B % So Aw = 26 and Q= 70. 4133 At resonance @ = ap Then I, (map) = T= I) V2 sinwt Then D.C. component of the rectified current is 17? <> 95 J V2 sinwtdt = ~WV2 5, J snoae V2 “R Since the charge deposited must be the same Into = sav? or r= 22 x v2 The answer is incorrect.74 4135 (a) I(t) = hy Ost = Ih. Now mean square current <7 > _ 21s ale =a at =F 2M so effective current = ; (b) In this case J = J, |sin wt] Tr and T,|sinwet | dt 2s x 1 i Ay 2h = staf Isinojao 4 f sinoao “4 0 0 nly So n= 2,2 ces Then, mean square current = = Tr J sin? w t dt 0 Qe wig - ee a Ig so effective current = Ve 4136 P, -# VR 4 aL? VRP 4 wl? 1(92) 1 R4.137 4138 75 Thus bw Vq=i R or =F Vq=1 R ZVn=1 = 2 KH of on putting the values. Z = VR?4x? ot Ry = V2 x? The tan@ = So cos @ = 2 p= cos! V +) =37. The current lags by @ behind the voltage. y2 also P= VI cosp = — ZB? - X? = 160 kW. z v?(R+r) Pree wL (RiryPa oh This is maximum when R+ r = wL for Pe P- vy? v2 (oly L R+ r+ OLY VR+r-— Rer "- Tha ve Thus R = @L- r for maximum power and Pras = 517 - Substituting the values, we get R = 200 and Pyar = .114 kW. v?R "aly Ly Res (X,- Xe Varying the capacitor does not change R so if P increases n times Z = VR?+ (X,- Xc)’ must decreases Vn times Thus cos = g increases Vin times % increase in cos p = (vn- 1)x 100 % = 30.4%. P4.141 At resonance X, = X_ => Wo vic” Power generated will decrease n times when 2 or re =. 2Va-i Ra eVnnt 28. Thus o F 2Vn- 1 po- 0 =0 (oF Van- TB) = wr (n- 1)? or ay 7 V1 + (n= 1) B08 # VAT Bie ea a o (aking only the positive sign in the first term to ensure positive value for —- .) 0 2 Now cae NER) =~V1+49? Thus -Vi = #Vn-1 /V1i+ 49? 407) For large Q oreo] Lena 4k Yet i00% = 05% ®o oa 20 We have y= VR y= VV Ri+ xX? V(R+ Ri + Xe V(R+ Ri) + XP : VaR\ so (R+ Ri + XZ = (5). R?+X2 = ye Hence R74 2RR, = e (V?- V2) R 2 2 2 R,~. (v2-v2- y, or 1 2vz2 | 2- Vr)77 V?R ve Vi R? Heat generated in the coil = ————3—_, = x R, = x v?- v2- v2 (Rit Ry + Xp” RR? RR?” 22 ( v- Va) vie vee v2 - — TR =30W v ; 4142 Here Ip - 5» Vi-_ effective voltage r Rg I 4, -—h— VR? + x? R 2 Vv oa 1 CRRA Ve LR RVR? + XP Reg lp q; Regis the impedance of the coil & the resistance in ae ' ie ee tas Ris 2RRy 2RR, Now = * 2 2 BE “Rie Xe +X? Pp aRR, Ee” R74 xP Now mean power consumed in the coil Vv? R, P-H-B 1 = RR = - BR, -ir(P-i-)-25w. PR = og 8 oF ZRU?-B- 2) 43.121, 1 11, yc. LH i@Re ZR 1 R R i@C |2 |= 4.144 (a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is abead of the current by less than 90°, The current is obtained by addition because the clements are in wae axis of Voltage To qr78 (>) Ie is ahead of the voltage by 90°. (©) The coil has no resistance so I, is 90° behind the voltage. Ir g ! NL I —— I, © 4.145 When the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is al, ha oN I Teh+h LR oF] Using complex voltages V=Vin currént Vy eit ; . 1" ReToL 27 iwCVme and . 1 . ior _ [R-iwL+ iwC(R*+ wL?) jet '=(artart ioe) Mae -| Res wh? Vn € y, Thus, taking real parts 1- Troy cos (@t- p) where 1 | [R24 (00(R?+ wl?) wh )?] 2 (@yT (R74 @° Ly? ‘pes w@L? and tang = 222 eC(R +o?) (a) To get the frequency of resonance we must define what we mean by resouance. One definition requires the extremum (inaximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other definition requires rapid change of phase with ~ passing through zero at resonance. For the scries circuit. and tang =4.146 79. the present cave ihe iwo definitions do boi definitions give w? = [gt souanee, not agree (except when R = 0 ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires C(R?+ WL?) = L 2 2 5 = OR,, Opes = 31.6 x 10? rad/s. or oe Le Note that for small R, @ rapidly changes from = — 3 to +5 aS @ passes through res OM < Wye, 10 > Wey. x Ey : m. « CR L (B) Ai resonance In Tg = Ym so J = effective value of total current = V sa = 3.1 mA. mi v_ywWe similarly Ln pe NE ~ 08a / 202 Ig=oCV=V c_Rxe = 0.98 A. L Note :- The vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic definition of resonance. We use the method of complex voltage ZR Va Vem ° ior To Then [pe 2 | acy, c lc T 0 Vv LR Tat Yoel . 222) « Tm Tot hp = Vo Stone OC A tet deiwe Then taking the real part Vo VR? +(@C(R?+07L?)- ol? R 407k? wLl-wC(R?2+07L?) R I- cos(wt-@p) where tang80 4.147 From the previous problem Zz -—> —— VR74 {oc(R?+ w7L7)- ot} 2,2 Rs V (R74 2h?) (1- 207LC)+ 2C?(R24 W717)? VR*+ 071? VR?+ 0 Va- 2m?LC)+ m?C?(R74 w?L7) Va- «7 LC)?+4 (RC)? 4.148 (a) We have coe a = odysinot =Li+ RI Put I =1,,sin(wt-@). Then @ dpsin at = @%o{sin(wt—- @) cos + cos(wt-@) sing} = LI,,«cos (it~ )+ RI,sin(wt- p) so RI, = o@ycos@ and LI, = Oosing, Pq or and tang =“ (b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time r 262 1 2 1p2_1_ 9 PR =i -igp ltr. rfRie 2 aR 07k? 4.149 We consider the force Fiz that a circuit 1 exerts on another closed circuit 2 :- FP nated, Here By = magnetic field at the site of the current element d J due to the current / flowing int. wo [i hdiix A “an 3 M2 > where 73) = 73- 7; = vector, from current element df; to the current element d /z Now esp dh x(dix tp) to diy (dly- m™m)- (dhe db) Pe a fan a "4x Sf Lh ; = ra In the first term, we carry out the integration over d/, first. ThenThus van- lt fun diy dip 2 Th The integral involved will depend on the vector a’that defines the separation of the (suitably chosen centre of the coils. Let C, and C, be the centres of the two coil suitably defined. Write eH Bee o> os = where p; ( pz) is the distance of dl, (di) from C, (C2) and @’stands for the vector C; C2 . ™ = = Then ml iyt > oS didi, and Fy = V,|hh sof cues The bracket defines the mutual inductance Ly). Thus noting the definition of x dLy = SE cy h> where < > denotes time average. Now I, = [pcos wt = Real part of Ip e ah al, The current in the coil 2 satisfies Rip + 2" = - Ly Ze violy | ios or I, = —— ye!" ( in the complex case ) 2" Rtiol, ° taking the real part oly L b= - FB, (@Lzcoswt-R sinot ) = - = yeos (weg) Ros why VR +0 iy Where tang = & . Taking time average, we get 2 1 i PLolylh dlp 1 7 2 Sy Eyre ax VR? + w'l2 2 2(R +0°L}) ax The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz’s law, assuming, of comse, that Lyp decreases with x.4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS 4.150 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which 4.151 is, the distance from the point A towards 5. or, t= Hence the sought time t = a(nevE) Equation of plane wave is given by &(1,t) = acos(wt-K°7"), where Baoan called the wave vector and 7 is the unit vector normal to the wave surface in the direction of the propagation of wave. ay RON P(oy.z) af LZ > Q x4.152 4.153 4.154 83 of, E(x,y,2) = acos(mt-hx-ky-kz) = acos (t= kx cos a - ky cos B- kz cosy) Thus E(21.¥1.21.0) = acos(wt-kx, cos a- ky, cos B- kz, cosy) and (x2, ¥2,%,t) = acos(wt-kx,cos a-ky2c0s B - kz cosy) Hence the sought wave phase difference G-O1 = Kk [ (x, x2) cos ao + (1-2) cos B + (2-2) Cosy or Ap = |e2- oi] = & | [ (11-2) 008 a + (91 Ya) C08 B + (2-20) 008] | =F | [22 #2) 008.4 + (1 ~y2) 005 B + (4-22) 2087] | The phase of the oscillation can be written as O=wt-kr When the wave moves along the x © = wt—k,x (On putting ky = k, = 0). Since the velocity associated with this wave is v, We have kw? Vy Similarly k= = and k, = 2 The wave equation propagating in the direction of +ve x axis in medium K is give as & = acas(mt-kx) So, § = acosk(ve-x), where k= © and, v is the wave velocity In the refrence frame K’ , the wave velocity will be (v - V) propagating in the direction of 4ve x axis and x will be x’. Thus the sought wave equation. & = acosk{(v-V)jr-x'j ie ca ade This follows on actually putting B= f(t+ax) . FE_17E th tic = in the wave equation eat (We have written the one dimensionai form of the wave equation.) Then ES" (eax) = off" (t+ax)84 4.155 4.156 so the wave equation is satisfied if ‘That is the physical meaning of the constant « . The given wave equation & = 60 cos(1800r- 53x) is of the type & = acos(wt- kx), where a = 60x10~-°m @ = 1800 per sec and k = 5-3 per metre 2x 2m As ke x? 9 re k and also k=, so v= 2 = 340 m/s v k ga k os @) Sought ratio = 5 = $= = 51x10 () Since & = acos(wt-kx) a8 = -aasin(wt-kx) So velocity oscillation amplitude (3) or vy = a@ = 0-1 m/s (0) and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity Ven _ OL -4 *7"h0" 32x10 (c) Relative deformation = 3 = ak sin(wt-kx) ox So, relative deformation amplitude - (3) = ak = (60x107°x5:3)m = 32x 10-4 m Q From Eans (1) and (2) viar (8) (a) The given equation is, § = acos(wt—kx)4.157 4.158 85 So at t=o, & = acoskx Now, 35 | -aasin(wt-kx) and 28. gwsinkx, at r= 0. dt ae, i - Also, az t+aksin(wt-kx) and at r=0, 28 aksinkx. dx Hence all the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in the answer- sheet of the problem book. (b) At the points, where & ~ 0, the velocity direction is positive, ie., along + ve x - axis in the case of iongirudinai and + ve y-axis in the case of wansverse waves, where 25 is positive and vice versa. For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. In the given wave equation the particle’s displacement amplitude = a e~’* Let two points x, and x, , between which the displacement amplitude differ by n = 1% So, ae™ — ge = nae ™ = eA (tan) eo or In (1-9))- yx = - 7) on nom Baa) So path difference = — nr ae and phase differenci = 2n path difference Qnin(1-n) Inn — St, A 2 3 ad n Y hy Let S be the source whose position vector relative to the reference point O is 7 Since intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distances,Intensity at P(I,) & Intensity at OC)” # where d, = PS and d, = YS. But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude. 2 a So. = & or a1; = aydy = k (say) _ dq Thus a, =F and d= P 8 a =a aq 2 Let 7 be the unit vector along PQ directed from P to Q. > aehen > adnetn af <7 Then PS wna on Fy r T% => n Oka and 52 -an- on “vb ° From the triangle law of vector addition. ecb ice oe a OP +PS =OS or Ht+ona? 1 or ayFtkn = ar 0) Similarly mea aif ot ait-kn=a,F" Q 2 Adding (1) and (2), 4, 7+ a7 = (a,~a))7” o> N+ Bry Hence r= a+ a, 4.159 (a) We know that the equation of a spherical wave in a homogeneous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is : = aye Thus particle’s displacement amplitude equals -y <—— cos (ot kr) aye" 7 According to the conditions of the problem, aye" ar ro, ay = @ " toyr a a and when r=-r, SS Q nr(b) 4.160 (a) or, 37 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) etlr= = 2 or, y(r-n) = In(yr)=Inr Inn +In 79-1 - a y= Matinro=Inr _ n3+In5 ~1010 | gg yy-1 7% 5 AsE=* woos (wt - kr) Wentt So, ag wsin(@t-kr) at a8) aoe” ae % aye!” = 3 - so, (25) . 0% _ 402% | sox10"* x 2x 2 x 1-45 x10? = 15 m/s ary, om n 3 Equation of the resultant wave, Ee E4m= 2acost{ *5#) sf wr Eee] E(xty)} 5) 2 J «ene for- ; t Now, the equation of wave pattem is, x+y =k, (a Const.) For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. » where a’ “aecat'( \ For antinodes, ic. maximum intensity k x cos 42-2) = 21 cosnx or, a (x-y) = 2B end or, yextnh,n=0,1,2 Hence, the particles of the medium at the points, lying on the solid straight lines (y = x4 2), oscillate with maximum amplitude. For nodes, i.e. minimum intensity, vinor, yuxs (2n+1)2, and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lines do not oscillate. (b) When the waves are longitudinal, For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. k(y-x) = cos Bt con or, Be ewe {eOr- vet] - cos k(y x) - sin k(y x) sin (= @) * Beas k(y-x)-sink(y-2) from (1), if sink(y-x) = 0 sin(nx) B= & C1" thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y = x + mm will oscillate along those lines (even n), or at right angles to them (odd n). Also from (1), if eer u 25 = 1-82/0", a circle. Thus the particles, at the points, where y = x (nm 1/4) A, will oscillate along circles. In general, all other particles will move along ellipses. 4.161 The displacement of oscillations is given by § = a cos (wt-kx) Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x = 0. Then the displacement maxima occur at of = mx. Concentrate at wt = 0. Now the energy density is given by 7/6 time later (where T = aa is the time period) than t = 0. we pare? sin? = - Zeatot = % 2m Thus .= featur - >=4.162 4.163 4.164 89 The power output of the source much be 4nPIy = Q Watt The required flux of accoustic power is then : Q = £ R ba = —_ oO s Where & is the solid angle subtended by the disc enclosed hy the ring at S. Thi Q = 2n (1 - cosa) I So flux ® =I hy {1 - 2nP Substitution gives ® = 211 x 30 (1-—— UW = 1.99 pw. ret 4 Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Then the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose colatitude is < a. a Thus a= f 2x snoae = 2% 0 - casa), 0 From the result of 4.162 power flowing out through anyone of the opening (. A/2 \ “20° VR? (H/2) | = ?(;. 4 2 VaR+h AS total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be. -P- 23 (1 Vaan | - —PA__ -o.0w V4R?+h?} VaR?+h? whe We are given & = acoskxwr ag , so = -aksinkxcosmt and = -awcoskxsinwr ox or Thus (Bao = acoskx, (§),- 22 = -acoskx ax t= 0 (3 ~ aksings, (32) = -aksinkx a t= T/2(a) The graphs of (&) and (33) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332). (b) We can calculate the density as follows : Take @ parallelopiped of cross section unity and length dr with its edges at x and xtdx, After the oscillation the edge at x goes to x+§(x) and the edge at x+dx goes to x+dx+&(x+ae) = xtdx+E(x)+ Bae. ‘Thus the volume of the element (originally dr) becomes ( 1+ 3) dx and hence the density becomes p = —2 1425" ax ' On substituting we get for the density p(x) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to above. (©) The velocity v(x) at time t = T/4 is (i 3 = -aecoskx heres On plotting we get the figure (36). 4.165 Given § = acoskxcoswt (a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This is > [Zesrsexstnin) = 3 -te (33), 2 in? 2 w= fed B sin? kx cos’ wt (as. wae + ( 52 i the longitudinal strain (b) The kinetic energy density is 14 (28 = $0(25) = Sp atatcostkxsin’or.91 On plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at ¢ = 0 1 : Wm Wty = zea or sin’ kx 4.166 Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by § = asinkx coswt since the string is 120 cm long we must have £120 = nx If x; is the distance at which the displacement amplitude first equals 3-5 mm then asinkx, - 3-5 = asin(kx,+15k) Then kx,+1Sk a n-kx, or kx, = HB One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below It shows that kx120= 4x, so k= Zon- Thus we are dealing with the third overtone Also kxy= Fo a= 35V2 mm ~ 4949 mm. 4.167 We haven = 2 vi = yi Where M = total mass of the wire. When the wire 21“ m 21° M is stretched, total mass of the wire remains constant. For the first wire the new length = [+ iI and for the record wire, the length is 1 + nol. Also T, = c(m;/) where ais a constant and Tj = ot (7/). Substituting in the above formula. 1 viem) Gem) “= em! M we 1 V lem) Crm!) 2" 2Teml M va Lem afm Lem vo l+m m itm uly ™mU+ m) Vv O-04(1+ 0-02) _ 4.4 v1 m+ m) ~ * 0-02(1+ 0-04) ~92 4.168 4.169 4.170 Let initial length and tension be / and T respectively. tft Se. “rai VG, In accordance with the problem, the new length 135 100 =1:7T vel Tx70 = 0651 and new tension, 7’ = T+ 100 Thus ihe new frequency Hence Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation v= 2v(b-h) where Jy and J; arc consecutive lengths at which resonance occur In our problem, (h-h) = 7 So v = 2vl = 2x 2000x 8-5 cm/s = 0-34 km/s. (a) When the tube is closed at one end vie Gy (2m41), where n= 0,1,2,... 340 = pops (2041) = 100(2041) Thus for n= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..., we get m = 1001H,, m = 3001H,, ms = SO01H,, m = 7001H,, ns = 9001H,, ne = 11001H,, my = 13001 H, Since v should be < vo = 12501 H,, we need not go beyond tg. Thus 6 natural oscillations are possible. (b) Organ pipe opened from both ends vibrates with all harmonics of the fundamental frequency. Now, the fundamental mode frequency is given as vew/h or, vev/21 Here, also, end correction has been neglected. So, the frequencies of higher modes of vibrations are given by ve n(v/2D @)93 or, vy v/21, v2 2(w/2D, va= 3(v/2D It may be checked by putting the values of n in the equation (1) that below 1285 Hz, there are a total of six possible natural oscillation frequencies of air column in the open pipe. 4.471 Since the copper rod is clamped at mid point, it becomes a mode and the two free ends will be anitinodes. Thus the fundamental mode formed in the rod is as shown in the Fig. (a). 4.171 (a) 4.171 (b) In this case, 1 a 2 5 v 1VyEveE ° vo 27-21 p Ye where E = Young’s modules and p is the density of the copper Similarly the second mode or the first overtone in the rod is as shown above in Fig. (b). Vee FESS 3yv 3 E Hence wet eZv ; where n = 0,1,2... Putting the given values of E and p in the general equation v = 38(2n+1)kHz Hence vp = 3°8 kHz, v, = (38x3) kHz, v2 = (38)x5 = 19 kHz, vs = (38%7) = 266 kHz, vy = (38%9) = 342 kHz, vs = (38x11) = 418KHz, vo = (38)x 13k Hz= 49-4k Hz and vy = (3:8) x 14k Hz > 50 k Hz. Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 lo 50 k Hz equals 4. 4.172 Let two waves &, = acos(at-kx) and & = acos(wt+kx), superpose and as a result, we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form § = 2acos kx cost. According to the problem Z@ = dy.94 4.173 Hence the standing wave excited in the string is § = a,,cos kx cost ay ae or, OF 7 Oy COs kx sin wt @ So the kinetic energy confined in the string clement of length dr, is given by : 2 dT= 2(7# ) (3) t ar oe aT= 3( 74) abe? costs sin? mano 22" or, a7 = MEO sin? ot cos? 2x ae Hence the kinetic energy confined in the string corresponding to the fundamental tone at f se Because, for the fundamental tone, length of the string = x Integrating we get, : Tx tm 2,0 sin? wt Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tras = jm ao, because for Trax , Sit? wt = 1 Gi) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period Ine S sin’ wt de fT@ 10, % = = {Md TI Sa 0 or, =hmaiar. ‘We have a standing wave given by the equation & = asinkx coswt So, a = = awsinkx sinwt 0) 3 and | » akcoskx cost @ ot95 ‘The kinetic energy confined in an element of length dx of the rod 2 dT= pcesax)( FF) 7 3 psa? o? sin” ot sin? kx dx So total kinetic energy confined into rod va T -fa - $00? asin? oo ft? xde 0 z= ESa°o" psin’ ot oT, 4k @) The potential energy in the above rod element 1 z du~fou-~- [Fat where Fy = (p Sax) 2§ Jove frute omer = cose ®§ or, Fy = - (pSdc)or’ 5 80, aU = w?pSae f $e 0 or, a -£ . Bae pots a cos’ ot sin’kx de Thus the total potential energy stored in the rod U = f au mw on Ue pos deodor fsa? 2% ede 0 2? cos? . xpSa?w*cos*wt So, U- a To find the potent that the potential energy density confined in a rod under elastic force equals : energy stored in the rod element we may adopt an easier way. We know 1 . 1 1 7 Up = 5 (stress xstrain) = 508 = 7¥e96 4.174 4.175 Hence the total potential energy stored in the rod ars 1 U=fUpdv=-f 2 paw cos*wt cos*kx S dx o = EpSa*w' cos wt 4k @ Hence the sought mechanical energy confined in the rod between the two adjacent nodes 2 42 = _ mpwra’s E=T+u = 7Oo Receiver R, registers the beating, due to the sound waves reaching directly to it from source and the other due to the reflection from the wall. Frequency ot sound reaching directly trom Sto Ky v Yoon Yor e when $ moves towards R, and v's+a, = Yo when S- moves towards the wall veu Now frequency reaching to R, after reflection from wall Vwoer, * Yor ey » When 5 moves towards Ry wn eee ee RQ ¢ R, and Vive, = Yo J When S moves towards the wali 4 ve Thus the sought beat frequency AV = (Veen. Ywoe,) Of (Voor, Yeon, | Vv 2vovu -2uy vo eo a I veu vie ut v Let the velocity of tuning fork is u. Thus frequency reaching to the observer due to the tuning fork that approaches the observer v vey °v-u [v = velocity of sound } Frequency reaching the observer due to the tuning fork that recedes from the observer vl" = vo veu So, Beat frequency v-v" = v = vov[ 1) pe 2vovu or, ve van So, vu+(2vvp)u-v?v =04.176 4177 97 Vavy savy? -Zvvp z¥ dvevitdvy Hence u= 2 Hence the sought value of u, on simplifying and noting that u > 0 7 eet ey -] v Yo Obviously the maximum frequency will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity towards the recciver and minimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with maximum velocity. As the source swing harmonically its maximum velocity equals a. Hence and pig = Yo vt+ao So the frequency band width AV = Vmax Ymin = (are) va tw 2) 2 2 or, (Ava’)o'+ (2vpva)o- Avv =0 ~2vovaz V4vev7a2+ Aviary? So, ye 2Ava On simplifying (and taking + sign as @ > 0 if Av > 0) Wey Om 0 It should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time f could not be received at the same moment by the receiver, becouse till that time the source will cover the distance dw 1? and the sound wave will take the further time dw 1?/w to reach the receiver. Therefore the frequency noted by the receiver at time ¢ should be emitted by the source at the time t0-63 km no sound will be héard. We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has the form Const. cos (w1- kr) Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from the source.). Thus we write for the wave amplitude. This means that101 " ™% 7 a ‘Thus A orp =——4_ = 0.12. st 's Ya-ta v4 BoA v 4.185 (a) Let us consider the motion of an element of the medium of thickness dr and unit area of cross-section. Let § = displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by the equation of motion pdx& = -dp where dp is the pressure increment over the length dr Recalling the wave equation 2 g-0%t ax’ we can write the foregoing equation as 2 pv {Sar = -dp ax Integrating this equation, we get Ap = surplus pressure = - ovdk, Const. In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = 0. So ’Const? = O and = -pv28 Ap =-pv'Se. (b) We have found earlier that W = W,t Wy = lolal energy density 2 1 (a5 m= 50( ge) Me ey to see that the space-t (AP Yn Using < (AvP > =F (aph west I= eee102 4.186 4.187 4.188 The intensity of the sound wave is CAP Im , (AP Ym > $)- ----- 7° 2pv ~2pvd Using v = vA, p is the density of air. ‘Thus the mean energy flow reaching the hall is = 2(APm ART = Ree = aR? being the effective area (area of cross section) of the ball. Substitution gives 10.9 mW. Po (Ap We have x 7 intensity = TO P Ap) af OE or (AP) ane 1 of £28 kg/m 340 m/s x 080 W | 4/1293 340x 8 [setemsm ms"'}? Qn 15x 15 m? V Faxtsxis ( } = 49877 (kem7ts 2 5Pa. (AP )m 51075 P (b) We have Ap = -pv2e (AP )m = PV KEq = pv 2EVEy (AD mn s Eamon 2mpvy ~ Dmx 1295x340 x 600 = 34m & 3x107F 180) -6 7 3407600 ~ gy ~ 00° = 5x10 Express L in bels. (ie. L = 5 bels). Then the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is: Jo:10" Now this must equal the quantity : P =» Where P = sonic power of the source. ur P 2 Thus ——, =e?" Ip? 4ar ° or P= 4mr7e7"" p10" = 1.39 W.103 4.189 The velocity of light in a medium of relative permittivity © is F . Thus the change in e wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is clive -2 ate v "An= 4.190 From the data of the problem the relative permittivity of the medium varies as e(x) = epee Heuce ihe focal velocity of light 4.191 Conduction current density = 0 E = . 1 aD a ee Displacement current density = “> = veg T= iweeoe TE Ratio of magnitudes = ae = 2,0n puting the values. = > 4a SL 28 aH = V cos(wt-E°F)x E, = EXE, sin(at-k°F") At rs r=0 aH KE, ~—=- sinwt ar So integrating (ignoring a constant) and using c = + Vea bo -—er ~ PE RrEm 0 EKEn Vo i Vo cos cktx 77 cosckt104 4.193 As in the previous problem, oe kx Ea He Thus cos (wt-k th = G08 ( kx ~ wt) ts = V 2 E_e cos (kx-w2) Py (@) ar-o-V 2 Eq & coskx (batt =), = 2 Em e COs (KX~0 fp) save ba =f E- dl"= Eyl (cos. wt cos (wt- kl) = 2 tsin snl s 2! =~ 2Eql sin 24 sin(ws- $2) Putting the values E,, = 50m V/m,'l = $ metre x fay = 50. mv{ sind) sin(or-§) = -25sin (r+%-%) = 25 c05(w1-2\mv 62 er 3y 4195 EB =f E(1,x) a BekB(1yx) and cui B= 22. _ 2B. _g a8 x OL t . QE 0B ‘ =e: 0b > aE 1 aF Also Cut B= cot SE 2 ns aB a 1 aE and cut B= - 7 22 50 Pt ot 4.196 E = E., cos(wt-K7r) then as before = ty kx En : He aE cos (w1-Kk* 7}4.197 4.198 4.199 105 Ps To Fe Be VE Ex Eyed (or -FF fa ak. - = EE Ecos? (wt-F°F3 Sel fape 2 Ho En k E = E,,cos(2xvt-kx) @) Jas = on = - 2meqvE_sin(wr-kx) Thus Gidis me =< ide >”? = V2 megvE,, = 0.20 mA/m*. (b) <5, > = iV 2 Ez as in (196). Thus = 3.3 » W/m? For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196) ¢ = ; V <2 2 along the direction of propagation. Hence in time ¢ (which is much longer than the time period 7 of the wave), the energy reaching the ball is aR?x ivf pre pisig 2¥ wy “™ Here E = E,, cos kx cost From div E = 0 we get Ep; = 0 so Ey is in the y~z plane, SF TB a — VeaskexE, cos ot = EE, sin kx cos wt eR Bigs so Be sinkxsinwt = B, sinkxsinwt Where | Bm = ™ and By, 1 Ey in the y-z plane. At t=0,B=0,E = E,coskx At t= 7/4 E=0,B = Bysinkx4.201 E- E, coskxot op XE, . H- sinkxsin@t (exactly as in 199) He > EK Se Ex 2 EXER 1 soy sin 204 wo 4 Thus S,- 2 egck2 sin2kxsin2wt (as 1 ~ ee GCE Gee <5,> = 0 Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = ; cv2 equ? a (d = separation between the plates, a = area of each plate.). aA V = V,, sino t, V,, is the maximum voltage Changing electric field causes a displacement current aD Jaw * Fy = FOL mo C08 £9 © Vy -oeen t > This gives rise to a magnetic field B (r) (at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate) B(r)-27 = WX? jay = Wot? 22 cos wt B= J eotlgo FV q cos or Energy associated with this field is ; 82 ft ; = fore = 5 xf FP rdrx dx Vjz cos’ wt gt ok 16° ovo" | ‘Thus the maximum magnetic energy Vj2 cos* wt 2 2 w, = 2! (mR Per 10 a We a_i foR) | as Hence Wwe omloRY = § (SF) #5 x10 The approximation are valid only if oR <"— (for r>R) Thus 2 s sia V 52iz muially outward from the axis ear This is the Poynting vector. Within the solenoid B = gnJ and the rate of change of magnetic energy dt where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length. Also H = B/jjp = nJ along the axis within the solenoid. By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is =W, = (Zvorans) = Won? RUT Eq 2ur = nr? B= ar? pond or Ey= Fuonir4.207 4.208, 109 so at the edge Ey (R) = Spy x IR (citcuital) Then S, = Eg H, (radially inward) and Wy = Suon? LTR 20R1 = yr a R71T as before. Given 92> 0; The electric field is as shown by the dashed lines (—~ ). TTT The magnetic field is as shown Oo O Oo (©) emerging out of the paper. S = E’x His parallel to the wires ~ and towards right, Hence source must be on the left. The electric field (----—>) and the magnetic field (H —>) are as shown. The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like a r Integrating o-Ain oO so Ae (n>) Ve ~ n in 2 7 Then e-—+ Y 2 rine nm Magnetic field is Hy = st em °" Oar The Poynting vector $ is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires (n< r< rp) . The total power flux is IV. onrdr=1V * Qn in , zn Vocos wt Incos (wt-9) y= 2 and Ha = oer110 4.210 4.211 4.213 214 On using = Fe0s 9 « Let 2” be along the z axis. Then Sin = Ere Hiy-Ety Hie and San = Enz Hay -Eny Hoe Using the boundary condition E,, = E>, ,H,, = Ho, at the boundary (t = x or y) we see that Sin = San- P- a |p’ whea if But & Zm;77 = 0 for a closed system Hence P-0. pet 20 Anty 30 IPI? = (ea%a)? cos’ we 24,2 Thus

@ t- 2 (eatax be £2 4 ~ 51x 10 Ww. 4me9 3¢ 2” Tange Here 2, <5 -~4 1 ? force - te yy Thus p-—i_,(£4) 2. (4c)? |mR4) 3c Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In that region, we can write R= b2 4 v7? and apply the previous problem’s formula 1 2 “lq dt Th AW ~ — 3 ms aearird m avery? (the integral can be taken between + with little error.)4.216 lll dt 1 dx x Now aoe IP oS J (pave VS (b 4x7 2vb> ve ve 4 Hence, AW - aa (4x89)? 3c°m'*vb>- For ihe semicircuiar path on ihe right 2 mV" Bev or v= BER. R m x xX X x 22 p2 Thus KE, = T= dmy? = 2 eR x x x\x 1 2 ay xxx : ev Power radiated = 7 55 (Sr) Ny Hence cnergy radiated = AW X X XX 203 p\” 3,5 p2 12 (Bre?R) aR BeetR Gxt 303\ m? | Be Gegmc? 3 So aw Be. 2.06 x 10°. Zee m (neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T << 1). Ra BL eB” Then This is the radiated power so 4 ar Bre dt ~~ 3xegme? Integrating, T = Ty e7'* 3xeqm'c? . Bre + is (1836 )* =~ 10° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112 4.217 P is a fixed point at a distance / from the equilibrium position of the particle. Because 4.218 I> a, to first order in Fae distance between P and the instantancous position of the particle is still 1. For the first case y= 0 so t= 7/4 ‘The corresponding retarded time is ¢’ = Zt Now y(t" )+ = Feomalj- a = - otasin For the second case y = a at f = 0 so at the retarded time t’ = - at a. 2 al Thus F(t) = = 2a 008 ‘The radiation fluxcs in the two cascs are proportional to (j"(t') )* so S, So tan? 2! 2 3.06 on substitution. S, c Note : The radiation received at P at time t depends on the acceleration of the charge at the retarded time. Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Rooswt where @ = 5 . If tis the parameter in x(¢),y(¢) and t’ is the observer time then pete EW c where we have neglected the effect of the y—-cardinate which is of second order. The observed cordinate are “U x'(t')= x(t), y'(t') = y(t) ‘Then dy' dy | dtidy | -oRsinot | _-ox dt!" dt’ ” dt’ dt oR 1-“coswt 1- and diye dtd (avx/R This is the observed acceleration.4219 4.220 4.221 4.222 113 (b) Energy flow density of EM radiation S is proportional to the square of the y- projection ar? af) Cedy tos), “Uy (ep 21 of the observed accéleration of the particle ('« a) : Thus 1 We know that Sp (7) & r At other angles $(r,0) « sin? 6=%M Thus S(7,8) = Sy(r)sin’@ = Sysin?@ So Average power radiated 2.8 - Sox dr? xs - F5or? (averse of sin?0 over whole sphere is 3] From the previous problem. Pe SxSpr? 3 or 5) = 222 0” Bar Thus eis te © &mer™ oynting Mux vector is the enemy contained is a box of unit cross section and length c). The rotating dispole has moments Px = pcosot, p, = psinot 2 of Thus 2 pe 4%& 3c 6mEQc If the electric field of the wave is Es E, cost then this induces a dipole moment whose second derivative is Hence radiated mean power

= ———114 4.223 4.224 On the other hand the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is fo 1,2 Snr V rare P 1 2 ay He ™ ~ 1.2 y2( 27). y/o "s Sad” Taey 3 (toto) (s * £0 -H (2) ox\m For the elastically bound electron x 2 o> m3+magF= eEcoswt This equation has the particular integral (ie. neglecting the part which does not have the frequency of the impressed force) z 2 ot => €£o coswt ms e7 Eo Pra 0 SEZ soand p= -—— cos wr ™ oo (@3- 0") m Hence P = mean radiated power 2 1 2 27a 1p "ane. 2 3% 4me 3c*\ m(w-a) The mean incident poynting flux is 2 Thus Fi. w Let r = radius of the ball R= distance between the ball & the Sun (r< = yho- t (b) The sphere subtends a solid angle P_R* 2n(1-cosa) = 2x|1-—— at the point source and therefore reccives @ total flux of ( Vee) QnI {" -—— 90-« ‘The arca irradiated is : oak’ f sinoao = 2nR?(1-sina) = rar = i) ° 7 1-V1-(R/1P Thus 6 “TT Substituting we get = SO lux.5-4 Luminance Z is the light energy emitted per unit area of the emitting surface in a given direction per unit solid angle divided by cos 0. Luminosity M is simply energy emitted per unit area, Thus M~ fi-coso-aa Where the integration must be in the forward hemisphere of the emitting surface (assuming Tight is being emitted in only one direction say outward direction of the surface.) But L = Locos 0 Thus 5.5 (a) For a Lambert source L = Const The flux cmitted into the cone is ® = LAS cosadQ =Lasf 2ncosasinada 0 = LAS x(1~ cos’) © xLAS sin? (>) The luminosity is obtained from the previous formula for @ = 90° M = 2 = 90 =_L AS 5.6 The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction OP is LScos® 0 and the illuminance at P is LS 0088 og, LSI aR” Rae 6 LS Ls = 72 \2 = poe h (+) [(e-*) v2] o| " | I I Ip R118 5.7 58 This is maximum when R=h and the maximum illuminance is LS _ 16x10? aR a7 MO lux The ilisminance at P is = 2) cog = LO) cos? 0 ee Wah) e since this is constant at all x, we must have 0 1 (8) cos? @ = const = Ip orl (0) = Io/cos* 0 h ‘The luminous flux reaching the table is | 9 ly 2 ® = wR’ x = 314 lumen . Pp The illuminated area acts as a Lambert source of luminosity M = 11 where MS = pES = total reflected light Thus, the luminance 7 ee x The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction R making an angle 0 from the vertical is -- @P LS cos 0 = 2=* cos 8 * 9 and the illuminance at the point P is PES cos O sin 0/R? cosec”0 ~ PES cos 0 sin? 0 x xR 90-0 This is maximum when P Koos 0 sin® 0) = - sin‘ @ +3 sin” 0 cos”0 = 0 or tan’@ = 3 => nO = V3 Then the maximum illuminance is 3V3 pES Ton Re This illuminance is obtained at a distance Rcot 0 = R/V3 from the ceiling. Substitution gives the value 0-21 lux119 5.9 From the definition of luminance, the energy emitted in the radial direction by an clement dS of the surface of the dome is d@=jLdSdQ @ Here L = constant. The solid angle dQ is given by dA cos 0 dg = GAcos8 R 0 where dA is the area of an element on the plane illuminated by the radial light. Then dod= LdSdA cos 0 R The illuminance at 0 is then E- tS per sin 0d cos 0 = vet fs = aL 5.1 Consider an element of area dS at point P. h It emits light of flux dA db ~ LdSdQcos0 ‘ 0 2 a = Las t8 cos sec” 8 _LdSdA 4 0 ee P in the direction of the surface element dA at O. The total illuminance at O is then Bf EAScsto But dS = 2nrdr = 2ahtan Od (h tan 6) = Ink’ sec? Otan0d0 12 ‘Substitution gives E= anLf sindcosoao = nL 5.11 Consider an angular clement of area 2uxdx = 2nF tanOsec’Od0 ed from this ring is d® = LdQ(2x/ tan Osec* 0d 8) -cos @ \120 5.12 Now dQqu oe W sec’6 where dA = an clement of area of the table just below the untre of the illuminant. Then the illuminance at the element dA will be Ona Ey ~ f rxtsincesoa0 ono where . Finally using luminosity M = 1 or Sce the figure below. The light emitted by an element of the illuminant towards the point O under consideration is d® = LdSdQ0oos (a+) The element dS has the arca dS = 2xRsinada The distance 2 OA = [+8 -2hR eos a] we also have OA h R IS sina sin(a+B) sinB [ From the diagram = \ cos (a+ p) = "eesa=R i fp h-Reosa OA If we imagine a small area d= at O then dees B Lao OA Hence, the illuminance at O is fs = fL2nk sinada AS-D Revs) a (OAy “> 4 \ cos B =121 The limit of a is a = 0 to that value for which a+8 = 90°, for then light is emitted tangentially. Thus = cos"? Osan h AR 2k Thus e-f L2nR sina da C=Reasa) (eos a -R) (i? +R? -2AR cos a) we put y= P+ R-2hReosa So, dy = 2hRsinada Rok w+ Re- n- a tee c 2h - | cone 4X + E J Lan (h-Ry RoR L2nR® WR tage R’-y) 3 R 2 eeRy “i aS 1 3L [went (i? - RY) - (1? - RY) + (h- Ry] Rk (WeRY a a « nL Wry Ry ~»| ar y la -Ry 2 aL 2 2 2 2 auLR - Tel?" +2R-28 42K] = So Substitution gives : E = -1lux 5.13 We see from the diagram that because of the law of reflection, the component of the incident unit vector é"along - changes sign on reflection while > the component || to the mirror remains unchanged. n Writing = eft et e Ks winere = WER) é ef = e-Wer) x we see that the reflected unit vector is en q-er = ener)122 5.14 5.15 5.16 We choose the unit vectors perpendicular to the mirror as the x, yz axes in space. Then after reflection from the mirror with normal along x axis 2 = 2-212) = -Z ise, j+ek where 1, j, & are the basic unit vectors. After a second reflection from the 2nd mirror say along y axis. ee -25 (5) Finally after the third refiection Let PQ be the surface of water and n be the RI. of water. Let AO is the shaft of light with incident angle ©, andOB and OC are the reflected and refracted light rays at angles ©, and Q, respectively (Fig.). From the figure 0) = 3 ® From the law of refraction at the interface PQ sin 0; sin Q, n= 28 __sin sin 0, «in($-01} Hence 0, = tan-'n Let two optical mediums of RI. m and 1 respectively be such that n, >m, . In the case when angle of incidence is N ©, (Fig), from the law of refraction 1 Sin Oey =m ® Ne In the case , when the angle of incidence is ®,, from the P Ty Q law of refraction at the interface of mediums 1 and 2 . im; sin 0, = ny sin 05 ‘Grop But in accordance with the problem 0, = (x/2-0;) “ | so, ny sin 8, = nz cos 0, (2) Dividing Eqn (1) by (2) sin, 1 sin®; cos 0 1 L . Vay a eo = 3 or, 1 Gos0,7 * a, and sin 0; (3) ny cos Oy mm sind,S17 Sui 123 So, a (Using 3) Thus From the Fig. the sought lateral shift x = OM sin(8-B) =dsec B sin (0-8) = d sec B (sin 0 cos B - cos @ sin B) = d(sin - cos @ tan B ) But from the law of refraction sinO = nsinB or, sinB = ee Vine sin? 0 sinO Se ———__ and = oe 0, cosB = 7 and tan B FS * ' - dono From the Fig. nda « MP. _MNeosa Sin@Q = OM * hsec(atda) VA As da is very small, so uA - MNowsa _ MNoos’a DAN . rr h @ | |. x fi Similarly h Lay ae 2 {= To d0= Mees’? 8 @ Q —— From Eqns (1) and (2) da h'costa ) _ heost0 da dO" heote ~ “costa dO From the law of refraction @) nsina = sinO (A)124 sing = S28, $0, cosa = ®) Differentiating Eqn.(A) neosada = cos6d@ or, oe, et O) ‘Using (4) in (3), we get ©) 3 Hence f= Bos @__, _w hoos 0 1 Using Eqn.(B) } (=) (n? sin?) cn 5.19 The figure shows the passage of a monochromatic ray through the given prism, placed in air medium. From the figure, we have 6 = fi +P, (A) and a = (a4, +02)~( Bi, +B2) a = (a +02)-0 Oo) sina, = sin By or 4, = mB; (for small angles) Q) and sina, = nsinB, or, c, = ”B; (for small angles) 8 From Eqns (1), (2) and (3), we get a = (8, +B,)-8 So, a = n(8)-8 = (n-1)0 [Using Eqn.A] 5.20 (a) In the general case, for the passage of a monochromatic ray through a prism as shown in the figure of the soln. of 5.19, @ = (a, +02)-0 «@ And from the Snell’s law, sinoy = nsinB, or oy = sin7?(nsin B,) sic Similarly a= sin~*(nsin B,) = sin” * [nsin (8 - B,)] (As @= By + By) Using (2) in (1) a= [ sin? Cnsin By )+ sin“! (msin(@-B1)) ]~65.21 125 For @ to be minimum, 22 = 0 4B, ncos By or, —_—_—_—_—. - —__—__—*— -0 Vi-n?sin?B, V1- n?sin?(0- fy) or cos"Bi cos? (0B) : (1-n’sin?B,) — 1-n?sin?(6-B;) or, cos? By (1-7 sin?(@- Bi) = cos?(O—-B1) (1 -m? sin” Bs) or, (1 ~ sin? B,) (1 ~n? sin? (0 -B,)) - (1 -sin? (0-B,)) (1-7 sin? By ) or, 1-n? sin? (0 - B, ) - sin” B, + sin” B, m7 sin” (0 - f, ) = 1-n?sin® B, - sin’ (0 - B,) + sin” By n” sin” (6 - B, ) or, sin? (0 - B,)-n?sin?(0-B,) = sin? B, (1-77) or, sin’ (@-B,)(1-n7) = sin’B,(1-n") or, 0-B, =; or fy; = 0/2 But Bi+B2= 0, so, B, = 0/2 = By which is the casc of symmetric passage of ray. ps “~ In the case of symmetric passage of ray L£ a, = Gy = a’ (say) and B, = B) = B = 0/2 Thus the total deviation a = (a;to,)-0 a=20'-8 of a’= 2 QQ) But from the Snell’s law sina = n sin B oor 6 So, sin 25° ~ nsin 5 In this case we have 2 nsin$ (ee soln. of 5.20) In our problem a = 0 So, sin® = nsin(@/2) or 2sin (8/2) cos (0/2) = nsin (0/2) Hence cos (0/2) = 3 or 0 = 2cos~!(n/2) = 83°, where n= 15126 5.22 5.23 5.24 In the case of minimum deviation a+0 a , sin = = nsin 5 / So, = 2sin“![nsin2 | 0 = 37°, for n= 15 ¢ Soa 26m! nsin | 00 9, fr wot A Passage of ray for grazing incidence and grazing imergence is the condition for maximum deviation (Fig.). From Fig. is " a= n-0= 2-20, Sats (where 0,, is the critical angle) a Ser So, a = -Zsm(i/n) = 58°, for n = 15 = RI. of glass. b———————————*" The least deflection angle is given by the formula, / \ & = 2-8, where ais the angle of incidence at first surface and @ is the prism angle. Also from Snell’s law, m sin a = m sin (0/2), as the angle of refraction at first surface is equal to half the angle of prism for least deflection so, sina = “sin (0/2) - 43 sin 30° - 5639 = ny 1:33 or, a = sin~ 1 (5639) = 34:3259° Substituting in the above (1), we get, 5 = 865° From the Cauchy’s formula, and also experimentally the R.I. of a medium depends upon the wavelength of the mochromatic ray ie. n = f(A). In the case of least deviation of a monochromatic ray the passage a prism, we have: - a) . at nsin> = sin 2 2 @ The above equation tales us that we have n = n(a.), so we may write dn An= faa Q) From Eqn. (1) ansin® = Leos tt8 aq [Nt my = 2S 9 £ cos 449 5 dn 2 ZANT: o, dane 9 2sin 5 From Eqns (2) and (3) aro cos SF An= Aa5.25 127 Fermat’s principle : “ The actual path of propagation of light (trajectory of a light ray ) is the path which can be followed by light with in the lest time, in comparison with all other hypothetical paths between the same two points. ” “Above statement is the original wordings of Fermat ( A famous French scientist of 17th century)” Deduction of the law of refraction from Fermat’s principle : Let the plane S be the interface between medium 1 and medium 2 with the refractive indices my = ¢/v, and m, = c/v, Fig. (a). Assume, as usual, that 7 —— = sinB, lage Vay t(l-xy Consequently, sina. _sinB _ 9 or sina _ Vi V. Vz , sinB vy, = sina _ ¢/m _ Me sinB ~ ¢7m ~ my Note : Fermat himself could not use Eqn. 2. as mathematical analysis was developed later by Newton and Leibniz. To deduce the law of the refraction of light, Fermat used his own maximum and minimum method of calculus, which, in fact, corresponded to the subsequently developed method of finding the minimum (maximum) of a function by differentiating it and equating the derivative to zero. 5.26 (a) Look for a point O’ on the axis such that O’ P’ and O' P make equal angles with o'o. This determines the position of the mirror. Draw a ray from P parallel to the axis. This must on reflection pass through /’. The intersection of the reflected ray with principal axis determines the focus.129 (b) Suppose P is the object and P’ is the image. Then the mirror is convex because the image is virtual, crect & diminished. Look for a point X (between P & P’) on the axis such that PX and PX make equal angle with the axis. 2 p! % Pp. Se Ge Da~~ pi 0 E 0 a: F P Q) . ) @) e) 5.27 (a) From the mirror formula, 1101 ss ete p weet fe @ In accordance with the problem s-s' = / . = 6, 11 1 s s (©) Again we have, ete gO FF Lis, sf ot, 2 .S4. = Bf f or, a= @ Now, it is clear from the above equation, that for smaller B, s must be large, so the object is displaced away from the mirror in second position. ie. B= @) pee sl-f Eliminating s from the Eqn. (2) and (3), we get,130 5.28 5.29 7 1 1 ‘ For a concave mirror as usual ¥ = , so s' = (In coordinate convention s = —s is negative & f = —|f| is also negative.) If A is the area of the mirror (assumed small) and the object is on the principal axis, then the light incident on the mirror per second is Iy 4 s This follows from the definition of luminous intensity as light emitted per second per unit ind the fact that 4 ic the calid angle subtended by the mirror 4 act that Si s at the source. Of this a fraction p is reflected so if J is the luminous intensity of the image, A A then J > = ph= Fit obs Ifl-s (Because our convention makes f~ ve for a concave mirror, we have to write | f|.) Substitution gives T= 2.0 x 10°cd. Hence iaph ( For O, to be the image, the optical paths of all rays OAO, must be equal upto terms of leading order in A. Thus nA + ny AQ, = constant But, OP = |s|, OP =| | and so OA = ViP + (s[+8) = [5] ++ Is B = ViF Tey Fis |-64+— OA = VIE + UST = 8 B18] -8 + 57 (neglecting products A” 8). Then BR ny[s| + mls'| + md -md+ > Now (r-oy +h =? o W=278 of b= > Here r = CP. + + \ = Constant isl * isi Since this must hoid for ali, we have i my fea ie eos