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O Level Maths Notes PDF
O Level Maths Notes PDF
Index
1. Decimals and standard form
2. Accuracy and Error
3. Powers and roots
4. Ratio & proportion
click on a topic to
visit the notes
5. Fractions, ratios
6. Percentages
7. Rational and irrational numbers
8. Algebra: simplifying and factorising
9. Equations: linear, quadratic, simultaneous
10. Rearranging formulae
11. Inequalities
12. Parallel lines, bearings, polygons
13. Areas and volumes, similarity
14. Trigonometry
15. Circles
16. Similar triangles, congruent triangles
17. Transformations
18. Loci and ruler and compass constructions
19. Vectors
20. Straight line graphs
21. More graphs
22. Distance, velocity graphs
23. Sequences; trial and improvement
24. Graphical transformations
25. Probability
26. Statistical calculations, diagrams, data collection
27. Functions
28. Calculus
29. Sets
{also use the intranet revision course of question papers and answers by topic }
top
As all the
3.2 1012
2.5 103
1.28 10 9
Questions
(a) 2.54 1.5
(b) 2.55 0.015
(c) Convert into standard form and multiply: 25 000 000 0.000 000 000 24
(d) (2.6 103 ) (2 102 )
(e) (1.55 10 3 ) ( 2.5 104 )
Answers
(a) 254 15 = 3810 , so 2.54 1.5 = 3.81
(b) 2.55 0.015 = 2550 15 . Notice a factor of 5, so lets cancel it first:
= 510 3 = 170
(c) = (2.5 107 ) (2.4 1010 ) = 6 103
(d) = (2.6 2) (103 102 ) = 1.3 105
(e) = (1.55 103 ) (0.25 103 ) = 1.3 103
top
To see how error can accumulate when using rounded values in a calculation,
take the worst case each way: e.g. this rectangular space is
3m
measured as 5m by 3m, each measurement being to the nearest
metre. What is the area of the rectangle?
5m
To find how small the area could be, consider the lower bounds of the two
measurements: the length could be as low as 4.5m and the width as low as
2.5m. So the smallest possible area is 4.5 2.5 = 11.25 m2. Now, the length
could be anything up to 5.5m but not including the value 5.5m itself (which
would be rounded up to 6m) So the best way to deal with this is to use the
(unattainable) upper bounds and get a ceiling for the area as
5.5 3.5 = 19.25 m2, which the area could get infinitely close to, but not equal
to. Then these two facts can be expressed as 11.25m2 area < 19.25m2.
Questions
(a) A gold block in the shape of as cuboid measures 2.5cm by 5.0cm by
20.0cm, each to the nearest 0.1cm. What is the volume of the block?
(b) A runner runs 100m, measured to the nearest metre, in 12s, measured to
the nearest second. What is the speed of the runner?
(c) a = 3.0, b = 2.5 , both measured to 2 s.f. What are the possible value of
ab ?
Answers
(a) lower bound volume = 2.45 4.95 19.95 = 241.943625 cm3.
upper bound volume = 2.55 5.05 20.05 = 258.193875 cm3.
So 241.943625cm3 volume<258.193875cm3
distance
, for the lower bound we need to take the smallest
time
value of distance with the biggest value of time, and vice-versa for the upper
bound.
99.5
100.5
So
, i.e.
7.96ms-1 < speed < 8.739ms-1
< speed <
12.5
11.5
(c) for the smallest value of a b , we need to take the smallest value of a
together with the biggest value of b, etc.
0.4 < a b < 0.6
So 2.95 2.55 < a b < 3.05 2.45 , i.e.
top
1) x a x b = x a + b
2) x a x b = x a b
3) ( x a )b = x ab
1
4) x a = a
x
0
5) x = 1
2) x 6 x 2 = x 4 , 58 52 = 56
Again, if in doubt, spell it out:
aaaaaa
which cancels down to
a 6 a 2 means
aa
a a a a a/ a/
= a4
a/ a/
3) ( x 3 ) 2 = x 6 , (32 ) 4 = 38
To check this, ( x 3 ) 2 means ( x 3 ) ( x 3 ) which is x 6
4) x 3 =
1
,
x3
103 =
1
1
=
= 0.001
3
10 1000
5) 100 = 1 .
Questions
Simplify the following as far as possible:
(a) x 5 x 3
(b) a 3 a 5 a 6
34 37
(c) 5
3 3
(d)
25 410
86 43
Answers
(a) x 5 x 3 = x 5+ 3 = x8
(b) a 3 a 5 a 6 = a 35+ 6 = a 4
(c)
34 37
34+ 7
311
=
=
= 311 6 = 35
5
5+1
6
3 3
3
3
(d)
25 410
25 (22 )10
25 220
225
=
=
=
= 213
86 43
(23 )6 (22 )3
218 26
212
6) x n = n x
p
q
7) x = x p = ( x ) p
6) e.g. x 3 = 3 x ,
92 = 9 = 3
2
3
7) 27 = ( 3 27) 2 = (3)2 = 9
q
Note: if you can find the qth root of x easily then its better to use the ( x ) p version.
1
2
(b) 64 3
3
(c) 4 2
3
(d) 81 4
2
(e) ( x 6 ) 3
Answers.
1
(a) 16 2 =
16 = 4
(b) 64 3 =
64 = 4
2
3
= x4
top
Questions.
(a) Water needs to be removed from an underground chamber before work can
commence. When the water was at a depth of 3m, five suction pipes were used and
emptied the chamber in 4 hours. If the water is now at a depth of 5m (same crosssection), and you want to empty the chamber in 10 hours time, how many pipes need
to be used?
(b) y is proportional to x 2 and when x is 5 y is 6. Find
(i) y when x is 25
(ii) x when y is 8.64
(c) The time t seconds taken for an object to travel a certain distance from rest is
inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration a. When a is 4m/s2, t is
2s.
What is the value of a if the time taken is 5 seconds?
Answers
5 4
(a) No. of pipes = 5
= 3 13 , so it would be necessary to use 4 pipes to be sure
3 10
of emptying within 10 hours.
(b)
y x2
y = kx 2
6 = k 52 , so k =
y=
6
25
6
25
x2 .
6
25
252 = 150 .
1
,
a
k
So t =
. Substituting given values:
a
k
2=
, so k = 4 , ie
4
4
t=
.
a
4
4
16
or 0.64 m/s2.
When t = 5, 5 =
, so a = , and a =
5
25
a
(c) t
top
(a) Fractions
1
2
19 5
(i) Adding/subtracting: e.g. 3 1 . Convert to vulgar form first:
,
6 3
6 3
then find the lowest common denominator, in this case 6. Then
19 5 19 2 5
9
1
=
=
= 1 .
6 3
6
6
2
1 7
16 7
(ii) Multiplying/dividing: e.g. 5 . Convert to vulgar form:
, and
3 8
3 8
then always cancel any factor in the numerator with a factor in the
denominator if possible, before multiplying together:
2
// 7
16 7
16
2 7
14
=
1 =
=
.
3 8
3
3 1
3
8/
To divide, turn the into a and invert the second fraction.
3
as a decimal?
40
0.075
3
is 0.075.
40 3.000 so
40
75
3
, then cancel down to
.
1000
40
(b) Ratios
(iv) To divide a quantity into 3 parts in the ratio 3: 4:5, call the divisions 3
parts, 4 parts and 5 parts. There are 12 parts altogether, so find 1 part, and
hence the 3 portions.
(v) To find the ratio of several quantities, express in the same units then cancel
or multiply up until in lowest terms e.g. what is the ratio of 3.0m to 2.25m to
75cm?
Perhaps metres is the best unit to use here, so the ratio is 3 :2.25: 0.75.
Multiplying up by 4 (or 100 if you really insist) will render all numbers
integer. So the ratio is 12 : 9 : 3, and we can now cancel down to 4:3:1
10
Questions
3
5
(a) (2 ) 2 1
4
11
1 3
1
(b) (1 ) 2
3 5
5
11
16
121 16
=
=
(a) = ( )2
4
11
16 11
11
/ / / 116
//
121
1
= 11
1
//
//
16
11
4 3 11
5 4 3 3 5
11 5
1
(b) = ( )
=
=
3 5
5
15
11
15 11
3
(c) =
875
35
7
=
=
10 000
400
80
11
6. Percentages
top
(iv) Decrease 20 by 12%. This means we are trying to find 88% of the
original, so the answer is 20 0.88 = 17.60 .
12
15%
extra
free
Questions
(a) One part of a company produces 350 000 profit, while the whole
company makes 5.6 million. What percentage of the whole companys profits
does this part produce?
(b) How much VAT at 17% is added to a basic price of 25?
(c) An investment earns 8% interest every year. My account has 27000 this
year. How much is contained in my account (i) next year (ii) in ten years time
(iii) last year?
(d) Inflation runs at 4% per year in Toyland. Big Ears can buy 24 toadstools
for 1 this year. How many will he be able to buy for 1 in 5 years time?
Answers
(a)
350 000
1
100% = 6 %
5600 000
4
(b) 17% of 25 is
17 12
175
25 =
25 = 4.38
100
1000
13
top
a
where a and b are
b
integers. An irrational number is one which cant. Fractions, integers, and
2
recurring decimals are rational. Examples of rationals: , 1, 0.25, 3 8 .
3
Examples of irrationals: , 2, 0.1234.... (not recurring).
a
(to confirm they really are rational)
b
125
1
A terminating decimal: 0.125 =
=
1000
8
A recurring decimal: 0.123 . Call the number x, so x = 0.123123123......
Multiply by a suitable power of 10 so the recurring decimal appears exactly
again: 1000 x = 123.123123.....
= 123 + 0.123123....
123
41
so 1000 x = 123 + x , then 999 x = 123 and x =
.
=
999
333
= 3
= 6.
3
3
3
a b = ab
(iii)
3 (which
a
a
=
b
b
and the same with cube roots, etc.
To simplify expressions using these:
200 = 100 2 = 100 2 = 10 2
18
18
=
= 9 = 3
2
2
(iv) Finding irrational numbers in a given area:
e.g. find an irrational number between 5 and 6. Note that most square roots
4
, etc) are irrational, so as 5 = 25 and
are irrational (except for 16,
9
6 = 36 , pick a root in between, e.g. 28 . (Or say + 2 for example).
14
Questions
(a) Convert into the form
a
:
b
50
(i) 0.375
6
(ii)
(iii) 72
2
2
(c) Find an irrational number between 1 and 1.1
i i
(ii) 0.36
(iv)
250
Answers
(a) (i) 0.375 =
375
3
=
1000
8
= 36 + 0.363636 = 36 + x . Therefore 99 x = 36 , so x =
(b) (i) =
(ii) =
(iii)
6
2
6 2
=
2
2
2
50
=
2
= 3 2
25 = 5
72 = 36 2 = 36 2 = 6 2
(c) e.g.
2 0.3,
101
etc
10
15
36
4
=
99
11
8. Algebra:
top
(a) Simplifying
Multiply out brackets and gather up like terms: e.g.
3x( x + 2 y ) 2 y (3 x y ) = 3 x 2 + 6 xy 6 xy + 2 y 2 = 3 x 2 + 2 y 2
(b) Factorising
(i) extracting the highest common factor: 6 x 2 3 xy = 3 x(2 x y )
(multiply out the answer to check)
(ii) quadratics:
(a) x 2 2 x (no number term): = x ( x 2)
(iii) grouping: unusual, but reminiscent of part of (d) above, expressions like
ab + ac b 2 bc may be able to be factorised even though there are
apparently no common factors. = (ab + ac) (b 2 + bc) = a(b + c) b(b + c) ,
and there just happens to be a big factor: = (b + c )( a b)
16
Questions
(a) Simplify a (b c ) + b(c a ) + c ( a b)
(b) Factorise (i) 4 p 2 q 6 pq (ii) 2 x 2 + 6 x
(v) 3 x 2 + 11x + 6
(iv) x 2 + 10 x + 21
(iii) 4 x 2 1
(vi) 2ab 6ac + b 3c
Answers
(a) = ab ac + bc ab + ac bc = 0
(b) (i) = 2 pq (2 p 3) (ii) = 2 x ( x + 3)
(iii) = (2 x 1)(2 x + 1)
(iv) = ( x + 7)( x + 3) (v) 3 6 gives 18, so 9 and 2 are the required numbers:
3x 2 + 9 x + 2 x + 6 = (3x 2 + 9 x) + (2 x + 6) = 3 x( x + 3) + 2( x + 3) and finally
= (3 x + 2)( x + 3) .
(vi) = 2a (b 3c ) + (b 3c ) = (2a + 1)(b 3c )
17
top
(a) Linear
Perform the same operation on both sides to isolate x:
2x
1
[ 6 ]
+x=
3
2
4x + 6x = 3
10 x = 3
[ 10 ]
3
.
x=
10
(b) Quadratic
(i) rearrange the equation if necessary to get 0 on the right.
If it can be factorised, do so (see 8. Algebra). Then:
(2 x 1)( x + 3) = 0 means one of the brackets must be 0, so
2 x 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 , which can be solved to give
1
x = , 3
2
If not, use x =
b b 2 4ac
and round the answers suitably.
2a
(c) Simultaneous
2 linear equations:
(i) elimination
Multiply both equations until either the xs or the ys are the same then
add/subtract so that they disappear.
2x y = 7
multiply equation 1 by 2, then add:
3x + 2 y = 5
4 x 2 y = 14
3x + 2 y = 5
7 x = 19
solve and substitute back in to equation 1 to find y.
(ii) substitution
isolate x or y from one equation and substitute its value into the other:
2x 3y = 5
y = 5x 2
Use the expression for y in equation 2 and substitute it into equation 1:
2 x 3(5 x 2) = 5 , and proceed.
18
Questions
x 1 x
=1
3
2
(b) Solve x 2 + 2 x = 15
(a) Solve
(c) Solve 2 x 2 + x 6 = 0
(d) Solve x
1
=2
x
x + 2y = 5
x 2 y 2 = 3
Answers
x 1 x
=1
3
2
2 x 3(1 x ) = 6
9
5x = 9 , so x = .
5
(a)
[ 6 ]
2 x 3 + 3x = 6
(b) x 2 + 2 x 15 = 0
( x + 5)( x 3) = 0
x = 5, 3 .
(c) 2 6 = 12 , so look for two numbers which multiply to 12 and add to 1.
These are 4, -3.
So 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 x 6 = 0
(2 x 2 + 4 x) (3 x + 6) = 0
2 x ( x + 2) 3( x + 2) = 0
3
(2 x 3)( x + 2) = 0 , which gives x = 2, .
2
19
1
= 2 [ x ]
x
x2 1 = 2x
x2 2x 1 = 0
(d) x
2 (2) 2 4 1 1
2 8
x=
{Note that 8 = 4 2 = 2 2
=
2
2 1
and so 2 can be cancelled}: = 1 2 , so x = -0.41, 2.41 to 2 d. p.
(e)
x + 2y = 5
x 2 y 2 = 3
(5 2 y ) 2 y 2 = 3
25 20 y + 4 y 2 y 2 = 3
3 y 2 20 y + 28 = 0
(3 y 14)( y 2) = 0
14
13
y = , 2 . These lead to x = , 1 , so the two answers are
3
3
13 14
( x, y ) = ( , ), (1, 2) .
3 3
20
top
(i) with a variable which only appears once, treat like an equation and isolate
ax + b
the variable: e.g. make x the subject of
= d : [ c ] gives ax + b = cd ,
c
cd b
.
[ b ] gives ax = cd b , and finally [ a ] gives x =
a
(ii) with a variable which appears more than once, gather together and
factorise: e.g. ax = bx + c [ bx ] gives ax bx = c , factorising
c
gives ( a b) x = c , then [ (a b) ] gives x =
.
ab
Questions
(a) The Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales are related linearly by
9
C = ( F 32) . Rearrange it to make F the subject.
5
(b) Make x the subject of
xa
=b
x
Answers
9
(a) C = ( F 32)
[ 5 ]
5
5C = 9( F 32) [ 9 ]
5C
[ +32 ]
= F 32
9
5
F = C + 32
9
(there are different ways to approach this, but all (correct) answers
will be equivalent even though they may look different)
xa
= b [ x ]
x
x a = bx
[ bx, + a ]
x bx = a
[factorise]
[ (1 b) ]
x (1 b) = a
a
.
x =
1 b
a
would also be correct, as top and bottom
{ Note that x =
b 1
are multiplied by 1}
(b)
21
11. Inequalities
top
(a) linear
treat exactly like an equation, except if you multiply/divide by a negative
number, the inequality sign must be reversed. Avoid it!
(b) quadratic
e.g. x 2 < 4 First treat like an equation and factorise if possible (formula
otherwise): x 2 4 < 0 , then ( x 2)( x + 2) < 0 . This gives critical values of
2 and +2. Draw a number line, and a sketch of the function (in this case a
happy parabola) which reveals the region in which x 2 4 < 0 :
2 < x < 2 .
y
3 2 1
3 x
Had the question been x > 4 , the answer would be x < 2 or x > 2 .
2
y
1 2 3 x
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
y
1 2 3 x
22
Questions
5
4
3
2
1
4 3
2 11
2
(c) Find the 3 inequalities which identify this region:
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 x
Answers
[ 2 ]
[ + x, 3 ]
(b) 12 x x 2
[rearrange]
2
x + x 12 0
( x + 4)( x 3) 0 , giving critical values of 4 and +3.
10
5
5 4 3 2 51
10
15
1 2 3 4 x
so x 4 or x 3
1
x 2, x + y = 4 .
2
By considering a point (e.g. origin) in the shaded region, the inequalities are
1
y < 2 x + 1 , y > x 2 , and x + y < 4 .
2
23
top
(b) bearings
Bearings are measured clockwise from North:
bearing of B from A is 135
A
45
B
(c) polygons
for a polygon with n sides,
sum of interior angles = (n 2)180
sum of exteriors = 360
24
exterior angle
interior angle
Questions
(c) A pentagon has exactly one line of symmetry, and angles all of which are
either 100 or 120. Make a sketch of the pentagon, marking in the angles.
Answers
(a) D AE = a (opposite), DEC = b (corresponding), so
AED = 180 b (angles on a straight line). ADE = (opposite). We
now have the three angles in triangle ADE, so a + (180 b) + = 180 .
A rearrangement gives = b a .
N
100
100
100
120
120 120
120
100 100
25
B 120
100
c
b
b
a
top
TRIANGLE
h
b
2
1
bh
2
b
1
absinC
2
or
TRAPEZIUM
PARALLELOGRAM
b
h
h
a
b
bh
1
(a + b)h
2
Shape
surface area
volume
PRISM
Prism
A l
pl
Cylinder
2 rh
r h
Cone
rl
1 2
r h
3
Sphere
4 r
SPHERE
Pipe flow: number of m3/s flowing through (or out of) a pipe
= cross-sectional area speed
v
26
CYLINDER
l
1
base area h
3
Pyramid
CONE
4 3
r
3
PYRAMID h
(b) Similarity
Enlargement scale factor =
k
Area scale factor =
k
Questions
25m
10m
1m
27
3m
(b) The upper small cone has base radius 5cm and height 10cm. The volume of
1
1
1
the base is therefore 102 20 52 10 which factorises to 1750 =
3
3
3
1830cm3 to 3sf
(c) Pool is a prism with cross section the side, which is a trapezium.
1
So volume of pool = (1 + 3)25 10 = 500 m3.
2
Rate of egress of water is c.s.a. speed = 52 200 = 5000 cm3, which
is 5000 106 m3/s. (Units!!) So time taken =
105
= 31831 s, i.e. approx 8hrs 51 mins.
500 (5000 106 ) =
28
14. Trigonometry
top
O
H
A
cos =
H
O
tan =
A
sin =
H
Sine rule:
a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C
Angle between line and plane is the angle between the line and its
projection on the plane: e.g. for the angle between this diagonal and
the base, draw the projection, and the angle is shown here:
sinx
cosx
29
tanx
Questions
(a) ADB is a straight line of length 20cm. Find .
6cm
40
A
D
30
Answers
(a) draw a diagram. No, a decent diagram!
lies in the triangle on the right, and all the information
we have is in the left triangle. To connect with the triangle BCD
it would be helpful to calculate CD and AD.
CD
, CD = 6sin 40 = 3.85....
sin 40 =
6
AD
, AD = 6 cos 40 = 4.59..... , so BD = 20 4.59... = 15.4...
cos 40 =
6
3.85...
Then tan =
= 0.250... , so = 14.1 to 3 s.f.
15.4...
(b) If we target angle A then we have 2 opposite
side/angle pairs, so use the sine rule:
sin A sin 30
=
, so A = 53.1.. , and
8
5
B
5 cm
A
N
(c) Using cosine rule,
A
N
OB 2 = 52 + 62 2 5 6 cos135
5
so OB = 10.2 miles (to 3 s.f.)
45
Now using the sine rule,
O
sin AOB
sin135
= 24.7
, which gives AOB
=
6
10.16...
The bearing of B from O is therefore 069.7
8 cm
30
-30
90
-30
90
31
15. Circles
top
Arc length =
Sector area =
360
2 r
360
sector
arc
r2
segment
32
Questions
(a) The arc of a sector of a circle of radius 20cm has length 10cm.
Find the area of the sector.
(b) A cylindrical tank, radius 50cm and length 2m with horizontal axis is
partially filled with oil to a maximum depth of 25cm. How much oil is
contained in the cylinder?
(c) Find in the following diagrams:
120
(a)
(b)
(c)
35
40
Answers
(a) Arc length =
gives =
90
360
360
202 =
90
202
360
90
OIL
25 cm
33
25 cm
25 cm
C
35
T 40
34
top
to prove congruent:
SSS
SAS
AAS
ASA
RHS
but not ASS there are sometimes two different triangles with the same
ASS
35
Questions
(a) (i) Prove that triangles BCD and
ACE are similar. (ii) Hence find the lengths
DE. (iii)If the
A
area of triangle BCD is 12 what is the
ABDE?
E
6
B
6
8
BD and
= DBC
= BDC
(corresponding). The third angle is
and AEC
(a) (i) EAC
shared, so AAA is established and they are similar.
12 3
3
(ii) scale factor of enlargement is
= . So BD = 6 , or
8 2
2
2
3
CE is 6 = 9 , so DE is 9 6 = 3
6 = 4.
3
2
3
(iii) Area of triangle ACE = 12 ( ) 2 {note area scale factor = k2}
2
= 27. So the trapezium has area 27 12 = 15.
A
36
17. Transformations
top
a
(i) translation by vector shifts a to the right and b up.
b
(ii) rotation about P through . [Note e.g. +90 means 90 anticlockwise]
perform a rotation using compasses,
37
Questions
4
3
2
1
4 3 2
1
1
B 2
3
C 4
y
4
3
2
1
A
1 2 3 4 x
4 3 2
1
1
1 2 3 4 x
F
2
3
4
Answers
(a) (i) -90 rotation about (-1,2). (Check with L shapes)
(ii) reflection through the line y = x 1
(b) The diagram shows A reflected to
A. The vector of translation necessary
5
to take A onto D is .
1
y
4
3
2
1
4 3 2
1
1
2
3
4
38
A'
A
1 2 3 4 x
top
B
C
Questions
(a) Construct the triangle ABC where AB = 8cm, BC = 5cm and
CA = 6cm. Construct the region of points within ABC which
are closer to AB than AC, and also closer to A than B.
(b) In 3-D, describe the locus of points exactly 1cm away from the
nearest point on a line segment AB.
Answers
(a) Using compasses, construct ABC
accurately. Then note that the boundary
lines for the two requirements are the
and the perpendicular
angle bisector of BAC
bisector of AB, and the intersection of the
two regions must be selected.
39
top
19. Vectors
b
a+b
a : is a reversed
a
40
Questions
(a) ABCD is a trapezium with AB parallel
to CD and CD = 2AB. The vectors
a , b , and c are defined as shown.
X is a point of the way along CD.
A
b
b
O
(ii) OX
(iii) OK
(iv) AK
(i) AB
What does the final answer tell you geometrically?
Answers
(b) (i) AB = a + b
2
3
a + 13 b
(iii) OK = 32 ( 23 a + 13 b ) = a + 12 b .
AK = a + ( a + 12 b ) = 12 b .
That AK is parallel to OB and half as long.
41
(iv)
top
y
gradient m =
y
x
y
x
y = mx
x
y
y = mx + c
x
1
m1
Questions
(a) What is the gradient, and y- intercept, of 2 x + 6 y + 12 = 0 ?
(b) Find the equation of this line in the form
ax + by = c where the coefficients are integers.
(c) Where do the lines y = 3 x 5 and
3 x + 2 y = 6 intersect?
3
2
1
11 1 2 3 x
42
Answers
(a) Rearrange: 2 x + 6 y + 12 = 0
[-2x, -12]
[ 6 ]
6 y = 2 x 12
12
1
y = 3 x2
so the gradient is 13 and the y-intercept is 2.
(b) gradient = 23 and y-intercept = 2.
The equation is y = 23 x + 2
[ + 23 x ]
2
[ 3 ]
3 x+ y = 2
2x + 3y = 6
(c) Solve simultaneously. In this form, substitution would be easier:
16
sub (1) into (2): 3 x + 2(3 x 5) = 6 which gives x =
. Sub back into
9
1
16 1
(1) gives y = . So the intersection is ( , ) .
3
9 3
63
1
= 1 . Perpendicular gradient is = 1 .
5 2
1
So the required equation is y = x + c but what is c? Get this by
substituting the coordinates of a point on the line, i.e. C.
0 = 4 + c , giving c = 4 , and the equation is y = x + 4
(d) gradient AB is
43
top
1
graphs of x, x 2 , x 3 , , k x and x 2 + y 2 = r 2
x
y
2
y =x x +1
(b) x 2 parabolae
x
y
(c) x3 cubics(!)
y = x x
(d)
1
hyperbolae
x
y =
x
2
x
4
3
2
1
y
x
y =2
2 1
2 x
x + y = 1
4
3
2
1
y = 3
2
y= x
1 2 x
2 1
they are 3 .
If y = x + 2 is drawn, the x-values at the
intersections are solutions to x 2 = x + 2 ,
i.e. x 2 x 2 = 0 , which could be factorised
to ( x 2)( x + 1) = 0 , giving x = 1, 2 , which
can be seen on the graph.
4
3
2
1
2 1
y= x + 2
y= x
1 2 x
Questions
(a) Plot y = x 2 and y = 4 x 2 on the same grid and find the x-values
of their intersections. To what equation are these the solutions?
(b) What are the x-coordinates at the intersections
of these two graphs? What equation is being solved
approximately by these two numbers?
4
3
2
1
2 1
y= x
1 2 x
5
4
3
2
1
2 11
y
2
y = x
y =4 x
1
(ii) 400
(iii) 800
(iv) 1600
(v) 100 2 x
number of bacteria
3000
2000
1000
1
5 x
(a) 2500 are attained after about 4.7 days, (b) the gradient of the tangent
at x = 3 shows the rate of growth at that moment, and is about 550
bacteria/day.
45
2 x
top
{We are really dealing with displacement, i.e. how far along a certain route,
usually a straight line, from an origin. e.g. going round a complete circle
would represent 0 displacement, but 2r of distance}
(a) Displacement time
B
A
Gradient of a tangent
= velocity at that point.
(b) Velocity time
A
t
Gradient of a tangent
= acceleration at that point
Area between the curve and x-axis = displacement
{note: under the x-axis, area counts negative}
d
Area { y0 + 2 y1 + ....... + 2 yn 1 + yn } .
2
46
y
y0 y1 2
yn 1 y
n
x
Questions
(a) An object moves in a straight line so that its velocity
after time t seconds is given by v = t 2 . Find
(i) its average acceleration over the first second
(ii) its instantaneous acceleration at t = 12
(iii) the distance it covers using the trapezium rule with 4 strips.
v
(b) In the journey represented in the
2V
diagram, the total distance covered was
V
60m, and the acceleration over the first
part was 5 ms-2. Find the values of V and T.
3Tt
Answers
v
1
(a) (i) average acceleration = change in
velocity over time taken = 1 m/s per s
0.5
= 1ms-2.
(ii) acceleration at t = is gradient of
tangent there, i.e. 1ms-2.
0.5
1 t
(iii) Using trapezium rule,
distance
0.25
(b) Splitting into two trapezia and a triangle, area under curve
1
1
1 V
= (V + 2V )T + (2V + 12 V )T + T which = 3VT . So 3VT = 60
2
2
2 2
V
which = 5. Substituting gives
Acceleration on first part =
T
5T 2 = 20 which leads to T = 2, and V = 10.
47
top
(a) Sequences
x3 x 1
+
+
+
+
Weve established there is a zero between 1.3 and 1.4, but which
figure do we quote? Must go halfway, i.e. 1.35 to indicate. Answer is
between 1.3 and 1.35, so when rounded it will definitely be x = 1.3
48
Questions
(a) un = 3n 7 . What is (i) the 10th term (ii) the first term over 1000?
(b) Suggest a formula for 5, 2, 9, 14, 21, 28, .
(c) Find the number of straight lines joining n dots, and prove your formula.
(d) In a game, a counter can move
either one or two spaces on each turn. How many different ways are there
for the counter to get from the 1st square to the 10th square?
(e) Find, to 1 d.p. the value of x which minimises the function x 2 + 2 x
Answers
(a) (i) u10 = 3 10 7 = 23 .
(ii) Need un > 1000 , i.e. 3n 7 > 1000 which solves to n > 335 23
so the first term is the 336th and is u336 = 1001
(b) un = 7n 12 , (or, not so impressive, un = un 1 + 7 and u1 = 5 )
(c) Each dot radiates n -1 lines to the other
dots, and as there are n dots to radiate lines
from, there are n( n 1) lines: except that we
have counted every line exactly twice over.
So the number of lines between n dots is 12 n(n 1)
(d) We are having to advance the counter 9 places. Let the number of ways
of advancing it n places be called un , (and we need to find u9 .)
The first move is either a 1 or a 2, after which the number of ways
remaining to get to the end is un1 or un 2 respectively. So un = un 1 + un 2
and the sequence is our old friend the Fibonacci. Noting that u1 = 1
and u2 = 2 , the sequence must go 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, . and
u9 is 55
49
2
2
y = x + 2
1 x
x2 + 2x
0.957..
0.917..
0.902..
0.910..
x
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
x
-0.29
-0.28
-0.27
x2 + 2x
0.902..
0.901..
0.902..
50
top
+a
y a = f ( x)
{i.e. y = f ( x ) + a }
+a
x
y= f( )
a
y
= f ( x)
a
{i.e. y = af ( x ) }
e.g.
1
1
1
180
360x
1
180
360x
x
y = sin
2
y = sinx
stretch by 2 in x
y
180
360x
y = sin 2x
stretch by 1/2 in x
multiple transformations:
this is truly tricky. Its different from techniques in rearranging formulae:
you must do a sequence of steps in the formula, each time replacing x (or y)
with something new, eventually to get the required equation
e.g. what transformation must be performed on the curve y = x 2 to obtain the
x 1 2
(b) y = 2(
following: (a) y = ( x 1) 2 + 3
)
3
(a) starting with y = x 2 , replace x by x 1 { y = ( x 1) 2 }, then replace
y by y 3 { y 3 = ( x 1) 2 }. So the original parabola must be moved 1 step
to the right then 3 steps up.
51
(b) Instinct says replace x by x-1 first, but it dont work! Starting with y = x 2
x
x
x 1 2
Replace x by { y = ( ) 2 } then replace x by x 1 { y = (
) } and
3
3
3
y
y
x 1 2
{ = (
finally replace y by
) }. Thus the transformations are: a
2
2
3
stretch in the x direction by factor 3, then a translation by +1 in the x direction,
and finally a stretch by factor 2 in the y direction, illustrated here:
2
1
2
1
2 1 1 2 3 x
y
2
1
32 1 1 2 3 x
x
y=
y =x
y
2
1
2 1 1 2 3 x
x 1
y =
2 1 1 2 3 x
2
x 1
y =2
Questions
(a) The graph of y = cos x is shown. On the empty grids, sketch the graphs of
x
(i) y = cos 2 x (ii) y = 2 cos x
(iii) y = cos 1
2
2
1
1
2
y
180
360x
2
1
1
2
y
180
360x
2
1
1
2
y = cos 2x
180
360x
2
1
1
2
1 x
+ 1
2 3
52
180
5
4
3
2
1
2 11 1 2 3 4 x
360x
x
y = cos 1
2
y = 2cosx
5
4
3
2
1
2 11 1 2 3 4 x
Answers
(a)
2
1
1
2
y
180
360x
2
1
1
2
y
180
360x
y = cos 2x
2
1
1
2
y
180
360x
2
1
1
2
y = 2cosx
y
180
x
y = cos 1
2
(b) How do you stretch? Pick a point, measure its distance from the
invariant x-axis, then double it.
5
4
3
2
1
y
5
4
3
2
1
2 11 1 2 3 4 x
2 11 1 2 3 4 x
y
= x + 1 , i.e. y = 2 x + 2 , and this
2
53
360x
25. Probability
top
second
pick
9
14
red
blue
2
3
5
14
10
14
1
3
4
14
54
Questions
(a) Draw a table of results for the rolling of two dice.
What is the probability that (i) the difference is 2 (ii) the total is 6
(iii) the difference is 2 or the total is 6 ?
(b) A teacher picks 2 pupils at random to be class representatives out of a class
with 10 boys and 12 girls. What is the probability that
(i) they are both boys (ii) there is at least 1 girl ?
(c) A game consists of three turns of an arrow which lands randomly
between 1 and 5, with the scores are added together.
4
A prize is given for a final score of 14 or more
5
3
2
1
B
5 6
1
2
3
8
2
.
=
36
9
4
5
5
6
36
(iii) P(difference = 2 or total = 6)? Cannot use the addition law directly
here because they are not exclusive. (theres an overlap). Just counting
11
.
gives =
36
(ii) P(total = 6) =
10 9
15
(ii) P(at least 1 girl) =
=
22 21 77
62
1 P(both boys) =
.
77
1
1
1
(c) (i) P(111 or 222 ..) = ( )3 + ( )3 + ...... =
5
5
25
1
1
4
.
(ii) P(prize) = P(554 or 545 or 455 or 555) = ( )3 + ( )3 + ...... =
5
5
125
55
top
(a) calculations
(i) averages:
mean =
gas
frequency
8
6
4
2
5 152535455565758595 no of runs
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
56
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Maths %
nuclear
oil
Maths
Latin
520
8652220
854
1
6
9
8
7
6
5
0
0258
0022558
088
key:
3 6
means 36%
x
0<x 10
10<x 20
20<x 30
.
x
0<x 10
0<x 20
0<x 30
cum.freq
5
13
25
and the cum freqs plotted at the right end of the interval.
cum freq
3
up
4
1
up
4
50
age(years)
60
l.q.
min
u.q.
median max
60 age(years)
57
(vii) histogram:
(i) sampling:
58
27. Functions
top
Functions are rules which require an input, x, and give a single output, f ( x) , (also
called y). So for example, pressing a calculator button performs a function.
Domain
This is the set of input values. This may be given in a question, or you
may have to find the natural domain, that is the set of all possible
input values.
Tha natural domain of f ( x) = x 3 is x 3 , since any values of x
below 3 do not give a real output.
y
3
2
1
-1
Range
-1
Composing functions
If the output from one function f is used as the input fro another
function g, giving the composite function g ( f ( x)) (said as g of f
of x).
For example, if f ( x) = 2 x + 1 and g ( x) = 3x 2 ,
then g ( f (1)) is g (3) which = 7.
For this pair of functions, more generally, g ( f ( x)) = 3(2 x + 1) 2 ,
which can be simplified to g ( f ( x)) = 6 x + 1 .
Inverse
=x
2
y +1
x +1
, but this is normally rewritten as f 1 ( x) =
,
2
2
since the input number to any function is usually called x. Check with
the above example,
So f 1 ( y ) =
59
9 10
f 1 (5) =
5 +1
= 3 , which is correct!
2
Questions
(a) Find the natural domains of :
(i) f ( x) = 3 x 2
(iv) f ( x) =
1
2x 2
(ii) f ( x) =
1
x
(iii) f ( x) = 5 x
(v) f ( x) = x(4 x)
(c) If f ( x ) = 5 x 3 and g ( x) =
x 3
, find a simplified expression for
x+2
g ( f ( x)) .
2x + 3
5
60
(ii) h( x) =
x3
x +1
Answers
(a) (i) the entire real line
(ii) all real numbers except 0
(iii) x 5
(iv) x > 1
(v) the inside bit needs to be 0 . This means x (4 x ) 0 , which is a
y
quadratic inequality:
it requires 0 x 4 .
-1
4 x
(5 x 3) 3
5x 6
=
(5 x 3) + 2
5x 1
2x + 3
5
5 y = 2x + 3
5 y 3 = 2x
5y 3
5x 3
.
= x , so f 1 ( x ) =
2
2
x3
(ii) y =
x +1
( x + 1) y = x 3
xy + y = x 3
xy x = 3 y
x( y 1) = 3 y
3 y
x=
. Why all these minuses? Lets multiply top and bottom by -1, and
y 1
3+ x
.
h 1 ( x ) =
1 x
(d) (i) y =
61
top
28. Calculus
Differentiation
If y = f ( x) , then
dy
(or f '( x ) ) is the name of the gradient
dx
function of y.
y = x n then
How to differentiate: If
dy
= nx n 1
dx
Max/Min
dy
is the rate of change of y with respect to x. So, for
dx
example:
dy
(i) on the graph of y against x,
represents the gradient.
dx
(ii) if h metres is the vertical height of a ball after t seconds,
dh
then
is the vertical velocity of the ball in m/s.
dt
dP
is the rate of change of the
(iii) if P is the price of a share,
dt
share price.
dy
= 0 and solve.
dx
At a max or min the gradient will be 0.
Put
dy
= 0 ) you have located is a max or a
dx
min? To determine this, factorise the gradient function if
possible, and calculate the gradients at the stationary point, and
also nudging a little to the left and a little to the right:
1-
1+
Questions
(a)
(iv) 3 x ( x + 1)
(d) The displacement of a toy car during the first 10 seconds after
t3
release is given by s = t 2 . Find (i) the cars speed after 2
15
seconds (ii) the maximum speed of the car.
63
Answers
(iv) f ( x) = 3 x 2 + x so
2
(v) f ( x) = 2 x 1 so f '( x) = 2 1x 2 , i.e. 2 .
f '( x ) = 6 x + 1
x
x +1
1
(vi)
needs to be simplified to 1 + , that is 1 + x 1 . So
x
x
1
f '( x) = 1x 2 , i.e. 2 .
x
(a) (i) 3 x 2
(iii) 10 x
(ii) 0
dy
dy
is always at least 1.
= 3 x 2 + 1 . Now 3x 2 is always at least 0, so
dx
dx
So there are no stationary points.
(b)
dy
= 3 x 2 + 6 x 9 . For stationary points, 3 x 2 + 6 x 9 = 0 . Therefore
dx
2
x + 2x 3 = 0
( x + 3)( x 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1.
Plugging back into the original equation gives coordinates as (-3, 32) and
(1,0).
Is (1,0) a max or min?
dy
Using
= 3( x + 3)( x 1) ,
dx
11
1+
x
dy
+
0
dx
(c)
so we have a minimum.
(d) v =
t2
ds
, so v = 2t .
5
dt
22
= 3.2 m/s.
5
(ii) To find the maximum value of v, we need to differentiate the
expression for v.
dv
2t
= 2 .
dt
5
Putting this = 0 solves to t = 5 . Back into the formula for v gives the
52
maximum value of v as 2 5
= 5 m/s.
5
(i) After 2 seconds, v = 2 2
64
top
29. Sets
2 11
3
5
7
4 9
10
6
A B :
A B :
A' :
A B:
the complement of A
A is a subset of B
6 A:
Intersections are overlaps, unions are all elements in one or the other or both.
65
Questions
(a)
(b)
A is the set of animals, B is the set of black objects, and C is the set of
cats.
(i) Translate into normal English: B C
(ii) Describe the set B A '
(iii) Is a white mouse a member of the set A ( B C ) ' ?
(c). In a class of 25, 12 play football, 15 play water polo, but 10 do neither
sport. How many play both football and water polo?
(d) is the set of all employed people in England. A is the set of those with a
bank account. B is the set of those with a building society account. C is the set
of people who work in the catering industry.
(i) Shade the set of those in catering with a bank account but no building
society account, and describe this in set notation.
(ii) Shade the set C ( A B ) ' , and describe the members of this set.
66
Answers
(a)
(ii)
A
C
The members of C ( A B ) ' are those in the catering industry without a bank or
building society account.
67