.

. 2014

1 25/50

. 2014

1 25/50

. 2014

. 2014

1 25/50

1
12

1 25/50

. 2014

1 25/50

1
12

1 25/50

1
15

1 25/50

. 2014

1
25/25

1 25/50

1
25/25

2 25/50

1
25/25

1 25/50

2 25/50
1 25/50

1
12

1
12

2 25/50

1
16

1 25/50

1 25/50

1 25/50

2 25/50

2 25/50
.

. 2014

. 2014

,
( )

,

:

..:

Lmax > 2.0 * Lmin

1m
( ) .
.

1m

. 2014

10

,
( )

Lmax 2.0 * Lmin

1m
(
) .
.

. 2014

11

. 2014

12

,

(4 * )
lmin > 4h

(, , .)

. 2014

13

70 mm

100 mm

120 mm

(
)

50 mm

. 2014

14

100 mm

70 mm

100 mm

70 mm

. 2014

15

. 2014

16

L = Ln + i

, :

..
,

,
i = min(1/3 t, 0.025Ln )

,
i = 1/ 2 t

,
i = min (1/2 t, 0.025Ln )

i = 0

. 2014

17

.

.
Ec Poisson :
0 < < 0,20.

.
,
() .
.
Hillerborg ( )
()

. 2014

18

45.

60 .

30.

, 30 60.

. 2014

20

. 2014

21

. 2014

22

,
.
,



,

20% Lmin.

c = 0.20 Lmin

:

= 20%

. 2014

23

 :
0,0015 bd
0.6 bd/fyk
:
4% bh

, l,min > (2/3)*L,max
:
: 200 mm 6/250

: 1.5 h 200 mm
.

. 2014

24


,
-
,

:
=
.


20% L


50%
.

. 2014

25

(.. ),

:
= 100%
(),
= 50%
().

30% Lmin
.
,
.
.

. 2014

26

(,
) :

, = 0,0025 h2
28.
46,
2 h.

. 2014

28

. 2014

30

,

.

( )

40 ,
.

,
( ) ( ).

. 2014

31

 [kN/m2]
(25 kN/m3 m)
(, , )

( - , ,
)

(= 1 kN/m2 )
,
() > 1990-1991
, , ,
, ,

. 2014

32

 (
) .
.

, ,
:

( )

L/250

L/500

. 2014

33

, :
4 , aL/d 30
, aL/d 25
, aL/d 20
, (aL)2/h 150
( L = Lmin)

(= ,
=0):

. 2014

34

.
(
, )
() ()
.
.
.

. 2014

35

s3
20% s3

s1
s1
s1 > 0,15% bd

. 2014

s3

s2 > 0,15% bd

s3 > 0,15% bd

s3

Lmax/Lmin >
2,0.

.

b=1.0 m.


().

.


(
).

s1

36

. 2014

.


.
.
Czerny
( )
Pieper-Martens

.

.

37

,

.

:
(min L/max L) 0,75

( Czerny)
:

( ),

:

, g+p/2
, p/2
.

. 2014

38

,


:
,

1,175G+0,75Q.

( 0,175G+0,75Q).

Czerny.
.

. 2014

39

=0,0.


.

Ly/Lx > 1.0

mxm/pLx2
mymax/pLx2
Re/pLx2
qxrm / pLx
qyrm / pLx
fm

. 2014

41

=0,0.


.

Ly/Lx > 1.0

mxm/pLx2
mymax/pLx2
-mxerm/pLx2
-myerm/pLx2
qxrm / pLx
qyrm / pLx
fm

. 2014

42

=0,0.


(
).

Ly/Lx > 1.0

mxm/pLx2
mymax/pLx2
-mxerm/pLx2
qxrm / pLx
qyrm / pLx
fm
.

. 2014

43

Czerny
.

Pieper Martens, Czerny
( Pieper Martens =
Czerny,
).

,

( ):
wd = p = 1,35 Gk + 1,50 Qk

Lx/Ly.
Lx < Ly. ,
.
Qd 2.0 Gd.
.

. 2014

44

.
,
. Pieper
Martens, Lx, Ly
x, y :
Lx < Ly
4,0m

4,0m

Lx
5,0m
Ly

Ly

2,0m

Lx
Ly

Lx

4,0m

4,0m

. 2014

45

:
>



0,8 - 1,25

( )

.
.

. 2014

46

 :
1.

x, y Lx, Ly
Ly/Lx > 1,0 -
fx , fy.

2.

:
mx = wd Lx2 / fx my = wd Lx2 / fy

3.

( ):
mx = wd Lx2 / sx my = wd Lx2 / sy

. 2014

47

:
mx = wd 4,02 / 20,4
my = wd 4,02 / 37,4
4,0m

As,y

4,0m
lx

5,0m

ly

> As,x
> As,y

ly

2,0m

lx As,x

ly

lx

4,0m

4,0m

. 2014

48

():

, msi, msj,
. , ( L1 L2 ):
L1/L2 5 m = |msi + msj|/2 0,75 * max(|msi|, |msj|) (
)
L1/L2 > 5

m = max(|msi|, |msj|) ( )

, (
)
.

. 2014

49

. 2014

Ly

Lx

.
,
Lx < Ly.


.

.
.


.

50