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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Contents
Introduction
Designofcolumns
Designofbeams
Designofbeamcolumns
Brussels,16 17October2014
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
INTRODUCTION
Main internal forces and
combinations
Bending+Shear
Compression+Bending+Shear
Tension/Compression
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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INTRODUCTION
Member design:
i) resistance of cross sections;
ii) member buckling resistance.
RESISTANCE OF CROSS SECTIONS
Cross section classification - Class 1; Class 2; Class 3 and Class 4.
Clause 6.2 of Eurocode 3, part 1.1 provides different
Vz
My
x , Ed
fy M 0
z , Ed
fy M 0
NEd
My,Ed
x , Ed
fy M 0
z , Ed
f y M 0
3 Ed
fy M 0
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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INTRODUCTION
linear summation of the utilization ratios class 1/2/3 (clause 6.2.1(7));
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
1
N Rd
M y , Rd
M z , Rd
nonlinear interaction formulas class 1/2 (clause 6.2.1(6)).
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column cross sections and applications
Rolled open or closed
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
NEd
fy
i) Plastic resistance
N c , Rd A f y M 0
(class 1, 2 or 3)
N c , Rd Aeff f y M 0
(class 4)
Aeff - effective area
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column Buckling
Flexural buckling is in general the buckling mode, which govern the design of
a member in pure compression. For this mode in a pinned column, the elastic
critical load Ncr, defined as the maximum load supported by the column, free
from any type of imperfections, is given by the well known Eulers formula:
N
EI
d 2y
dx 2
Ny 0
Ncr
L
x
Ncr
y(x)
y(x)
(z)
0
N
2 E I
L2
E I Bending stiffness
L Buckling length
(LE for other support conditions)
In specific cases (e.g. members with cruciform cross sections) buckling may
occur in other modes: torsional buckling or flexural-torsional buckling.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Column Buckling
Ncr
2 E I
LE
cr
2 E I
A LE
2 E
2
Slenderness
Critical stress
2 E
f y 1
12
cr
E
fy
LE
i
fy
N
A
Af y
Ncr
Non-dimensional
slenderness
1.0
Eulers curve
I
A
Radius of gyration
fy
Eulers curve
E fy
2 E
2
1.0
L
E
i
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
(clause 6.3.1 of EC3-1-1)
N b.Rd A f y M1
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
Theoretical behaviour
N b.Rd Aeff f y M1
(Class 4)
1
2
but 1.0
2
0.5 1 0.2
or
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
Buckling Resistance
(clause 6.3.1 of EC3-1-1)
Flexural buckling
A fy Ncr
Lcr 1
i 1
Aeff fy Ncr
1
Lcr
i
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
Aeff A
E f y 93 .9
(Class 4)
235 f y
A f y Ncr
Aeff fy Ncr
(Class 1, 2 or 3)
(Class 4)
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
Safety verification of a column member of the building represented in the
figure.
A
A
C
B
4
6.00 m
3
4.50 m
2b
2.50 m
2a
2.00 m
6.00 m
1
4.00 m
4.50 m 4.50 m
4.00 m
i) The inner column E-3 represented in the figure, at base level, is selected. This member has
a length of 4.335 m and is composed by a section HEB 340 in steel S 355.
In this column the bending moments (and the shear force) may be neglected; the design
axial force (compression) obtained from the previous analysis is given by NEd = 3326.0 kN.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
ii) Cross section classification section HEB 340 in pure compression.
Geometric characteristics: A = 170.9 cm2, b = 300 mm, h = 340 mm, tf = 21.5 mm,
tw = 12 mm, r = 27 mm, Iy = 36660 cm4, iy = 14.65 cm, Iz = 9690 cm4, iz = 7.53 cm.
Mechanical properties of the steel: fy = 355 MPa and E = 210 GPa.
20.25 33
t
12
(class 1)
33 0.81 26.73
(class 1)
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
iii) Cross section verification - class 1 in pure compression.
N Ed 3326 . 0 kN N c , Rd
A fy
M0
170 . 9 10 4 355 10 3
6067 . 0 kN .
1 .0
structural analysis, the buckling lengths are considered (conservatively) equal to the real
lengths (mid-distance between floors), given by:
Buckling in the plan x-z (around y)
LEy 4.335 m
LEz 4.335 m
210 106
3
355 10
76.41
y
z
LEy
iy
4.335
14.65 102
29.59
LEz
4.335
57.57
iz
7.53 10 2
y
0.39
1
z
0.75
1
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
1.13 1.2
b 300
and
As z 0.75 y 0.39
and
tf 21.5 mm 100mm
curve c
min z
curve b
340
y
300
HEB 340
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 1
z 0.5 1 z 0.2 z
1
2
z 0.69
0.69
min z 0.69
v) Safety verification
z 0.75
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Beam cross sections and applications
A beam may be defined as a member subjected
Castellated beams
Hot-rolled sections (IPE, HEA or HEB, RHS,.)
Welded sections
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Cross section resistance
Uniaxial bending (clause 6.2.5 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
1 .0
M c.Rd
Class 1 or 2
Mc.Rd Wpl fy M 0
Class 3
Class 4
M pl , y.Rd
M z , Ed
M pl , z.Rd
1 .0
I or H 2; 5 n
CHS
RHS
but 1
1.66
2
1 1.13 n
but
6
n NEd N pl , Rd
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Cross section resistance
VEd
1.0
Vc,Rd
Vpl.Rd Av fy
ELASTIC RESISTANCE
3 M0
Ed
VEd
Av Shear area
fy
M0
Vz
Av
1.0
My
Ed
VEd S
It
e. n. a.
f
z
Shear stresses -
Shear buckling for webs without stiffeners should be verified in accordance with EC3-1-5, if:
hw
72
tw
235 / fy
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
My,V.Rd
Vz
NO REDUCTION
VEd 50 % Vpl , Rd
REDUCED MOMENT
fyr 1 fy
fy
y
hm
tw
fyr
fyr
(M y)
+
fy
(Vz )
2 VEd Vpl.Rd 12
For I and H cross sections of equal flanges, with bending about the major axis y, the
bending moment resistance My,V,Rd is given by (clause 6.2.8 of EC3-1-1):
M y ,V .Rd
Aw 2
Wpl , y
4 tw
f
y M
y , c , Rd
M0
AW hw tw
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Instability phenomenon characterized by the occurrence of large transversal
displacements and rotation about the member axis, under bending moment
about the major axis (y axis).
This instability phenomenon involves lateral bending (about z axis) and torsion of
cross section.
z
My
y
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
In the study of lateral-torsional buckling of beams, the Elastic Critical Moment Mcr
plays a fundamental role; this quantity is defined as the maximum value of bending
moment supported by a beam, free from any type of imperfections.
For a simple supported beam with a double symmetric section, with supports prevent
lateral displacements and rotation around member axis (twist rotations), but allowing
warping and rotations around cross section axis (y and z), submitted to a uniform
bending moment My (standard case), the elastic critical moment is given by:
My
My
C
B
z
a) Elevation
Mcr
2 E IW
G IT E I z 1 2
L
L G IT
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
CG
Mcr
E I z k z
C1
2 k
k z L w
IW k z L2 G IT
C2 z g C3 z j
2 E Iz
Iz
2
z g z a z s
0.5
C2 z g C3 z j
Mcr,1>Mcr
Mcr
Mcr,2<Mcr
P
z j z s 0 .5 y 2 z 2 z dA I y
C
P
P
C
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Lateral-torsional buckling resistance (clause 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1)
M Ed
1 .0
M b.Rd
Mb.Rd LT Wy fy M1
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
i) General method
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
LT 1.0
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Mcr - Elastic critical moment
Table 6.4 -
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
ii) Alternative method (rolled sections or equivalent welded sections)
LT
LT LT LT
2 0.5
LT 1.0
LT 1 LT 2
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT LT ,0 LT
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
Mcr - Elastic critical moment
Table 6.5 -
LT ,0 0.4
0.75
(may be specified in National
Annexes of Eurocode 3)
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
LT ,mod
LT
LT ,mod 1.0
2
f 1 0.5 1 k c 1 2.0 LT 0.8
f 1.0
LT LT ,0
M Ed M cr LT ,0
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Safety check of a beam of the building illustrated in the figure (along line E). The beam is composed by a
IPE 600 with 9 m length at the central span; the lateral spans with 6 m length (the governing spans) are
composed by a section IPE 400 in steel S 355. For the lateral buckling check, two cases are considered:
a) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced only at the end support sections;
b) a beam with 6 m length, laterally braced at the end support sections and at mid-span section.
A
A
6.00 m
3
4.50 m
2b
2.50 m
2a
2.00 m
6.00 m
1
4.00 m
4.50 m 4.50 m
4.00 m
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
139.1 kN
Vz,Ed
70.7 kN
71.6 kN
140.1 kN
255.7 kNm
93.7 kNm
246.3 kNm
111.4 kNm
99.2 kNm
109.7 kNm
My,Ed
75.2 kN
75.9 kN
114.3 kNm
113.6 kNm
163.0 kNm
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iii) Cross section verification
Bending resistance:
MEd 114.3 kNm Wpl,y fy M0 1307 106 355 103 1.0 464.0 kNm
Shear resistance:
VEd 75.9 kN Vpl , Rd
Av fy
M0 3
875.0 kN
hw
373 .0
0 .81
43 .4 72 72
58 .3
8 .6
1 .0
tw
So, it is not necessary to reduce the bending resistance to account for the shear force.
Cross section resistance is verified.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
iv) Lateral buckling resistance
Assuming the support conditions of the standard case and the loading
applied at the upper flange level, the elastic critical moment can be
zg=200 mm
400
CG
IPE 400
E I z k z
C1
k z L2 kw
IW
Iz
k L G IT C z C z 2
z2
2 g
3 j
E Iz
0.5
180
C2 z g C3 z j
3m
93.7 kNm
(Using LTBeam
> Mcr = 175.64 kNm)
3m
6m
111.4 kNm
My,Ed
114.3 kNm
93.7 111.4 0.84
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr 164.7 kNm ; Wy Wpl ,y 1307 cm3
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
LT 1.68
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with
h/b=400/180=2.2>2
- Curve b
LT 0.34
LT 2.16
LT 0.28
M b, Rd 0 .28 1307 10 6
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT
355 10 3
129 .9 kNm 114.3 kNm
1 .0
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
B
3m
3m
6m
93.7 kNm
111.4 kN
My,Ed
114.3 kNm
zj
C3
zg
C2
5
.
0
zj
C3
zg
C2
IT
G Iz
2 E
L
2
kz
IWIz
kzkw
I 2
E Lz
2 k
C1
Mc
1.0
2.06
1.000
0.850
0.5
2.15
1.000
0.650
1.0
2.35
1.000
1.3 1.2 f
0.5
2.42
0.950
0.77 f
1.0
2.60
1.000
0.55 f
0.5
2.45
0.850
0.35 f
1.0
2.60
0.5
2.45
0.125 0.7 f
0.125 0.7 f
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMS
EXAMPLE 2
Mcr 1778.8 kNm ; Wy Wpl ,y 1307 cm3
LT Wy fy Mcr 0.5
LT 0.51
Table 6.4 -
General method:
Rolled cross section IPE 400 with
h/b=400/180=2.2>2
- Curve b
LT 0.34
LT 0.68
LT 0.89
M b, Rd 0 .89 1307 10
LT 0 .5 1 LT LT 0 .2 LT
6
355 10 3
LT
1
2
LT LT LT
2 0.5
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
Class 1 or 2 Uniaxial bending
MEd MN,Rd
Double-symmetric I or H sections
M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
1n
1 0 .5 a
but
M N , z , Rd M pl , z , Rd
M N , z , Rd
if
n a
M pl , z , Rd 1
1 a
n NEd N pl.Rd
if
MN , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
n a
N
N pl
Eixo
de about
menor
inrcia
Bending
minor
axis -- zz
1.0
Eixo deabout
maior
inrcia
Bending
major
axis - -y y
n a
a A 2 b t f A 0.50
No reduction if
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd
NEd 0.5 hw tw fy M 0
My
HEA
NEd hw tw fy M0 (z axis)
(y axis)
0
0
M pl , y
1.0
, Mz
M pl , z
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Cross section resistance (clause 6.2.9 of EC3-1-1)
M
z,Ed
M N , y.Rd
M z , Ed
M N , z.Rd
I or H
1 .0
Class 3 or 4
2; 5 n but 1
d
R
,
l
p
NE
x , Ed
fy
M0
M y,Ed
NEd
x , Ed
N Ed
A
1.66
1 1.13 n2
M y , Ed
Iy
M z , Ed
Iz
Bending, shear and axial force (clause 6.2.10 of EC3-1-1) Similar to bending
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Members with high slenderness subjected to bending and compression, may fail
by flexural buckling or lateral-torsional buckling.
Flexural buckling
cross-section):
and
lateral-torsional
buckling
(doubly-symmetric
My.Ed My , Ed
M z.Ed M z , Ed
NEd
k yy
k yz
1.0 (Eq. 6.61 of EC3-1-1)
y NRk M1
LT My , Rk M1
M z , Rk M1
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
i) Members with closed hollow sections or open sections restrained to torsion are
not susceptible to torsional deformation.
ii) Members with open sections (I or H sections) are susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Members not susceptible to torsional deformation checking of flexural
buckling against y-axis and z-axis, considering eqs. (6.61) and (6.62) with
LT = 1.0 and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members not susceptible to
torsional deformation.
Members susceptible to torsional deformation checking of lateral-torsional
buckling, considering eqs (6.61) and (6.62) with LT according to 6.3.2 of EC3-1-1
and interaction factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz in members susceptible to torsional
deformation.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2 (Annex B
of EC3-1-1)
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
DESIGNOF
BEAMCOLUMNS
Member stability
Method 2
(Annex B of EC3-1-1)
Equivalent factors of
uniform moment Cmi
(Table B.3 of EC3-1-1)
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Safety check of a beam-column of the first storey of the building illustrated in the figure. The
member, composed by a HEB 320 cross section in steel S 355, has a length of 4.335.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
The design internal forces obtained through the structure
analysis
(second
combinations
are
order)
for
illustrated
the
in
the
various
figure.
load
z
65.5 kNm
Two
53.0 kN
201 kN
417 kN
72.3 kNm
29.8 kNm
41.1 kN
58.6 kNm
32.0 kNm
41.1 kN
57.1 kNm
29.3 kNm
40.2 kN
55.9 kNm
27.9 kNm
39.3 kN
53.8 kNm
29.0 kNm
630 kN
841 kN
43.2 kN
1262 kN
54.5 kNm
68.6 kNm
50.5 kN
1496 kN
29.4 kN
1704 kN
NEd
Vz,Ed
10.6 kNm
73.5 kNm
24.8 kNm
My,Ed
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
ii) Cross section resistance
The design internal forces: My,Ed = 24.6 kNm and NEd = 1704 kN (compression).
N pl ,Rd A fy M0 161.3 104 355 103 1.0 5726.2 kN
NEd
My,Ed
As, NEd 1704 kN N pl ,Rd 5726.2 kN, the axial force resistance is verified.
Since, NEd 1704kN 0.25 Npl, Rd 1431.5 kN ,
in accordance with clause 6.2.9.1(4) of EC3-1-1, it is necessary to
reduce the plastic bending resistance (to MN,y,Rd):
M pl ,y ,Rd
Wpl ,y fy
Mo
MN,y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
As,
762.9 kNm
a
0.24
1.0
A
161.3
1n
1 0.30
762.9
606.9 kNm
NEd
1704
n
0.30
1 0.5 a
1 0.5 0.24
N pl ,Rd
5726.2
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
iii) Verification of the stability of the member
My , Ed
NEd
k yy
1.0
y NRk M1
LT My ,Rk M1
M y , Ed
N Ed
k zy
1 .0
z N Rk M1
LT M y , Rk M1
Step 1: characteristic resistance of the cross section
NRk A fy 161.3 10 4 355 103 5726.2 kN
M y , Rk Wpl , y f y 2149 10 6 355 10 3 762 .9 kNm
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
1.07 1.2
b 300
and
y
320
tf 20.5 mm 100mm
300
HEB 320
LE,y 1
4.335
1
0.41
iy 1 13.82 102 93.9 0.81
y 0.62
y 0.92
LE , z 1
4.335
1
0.75
2
93.9 0.81
i z 1 7.57 10
z 0.92
z 0.69
0 .5 1 0 .2
1
2
2
0.5
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
5 kNm
10.6 kNm
LT 2149 10
LT 0.34
Taking LT ,0 0.4
and
Table 6.4 -
0.75
LT
1
2
2 0.5
355 10 5045.1
0.99
0.5
0.39
24.8 kNm
My,Ed
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 3: calculation of the LT using the alternative method applicable to rolled or equivalent
1
1
0.68
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33 (0.43)
2
f 1 0.5 1 kc 1 2.0 LT 0.8
must be adopted.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Step 4: interaction factors kyy and kzy.
The equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmy and CmLT are obtained based on the bending
moment diagram, between braced sections according to the z direction in case of Cmy and
laterally in case of CmLT. Assuming the member braced in z direction and laterally just at the
base and top cross sections, the factors Cmy and CmLT must be calculated based on the bending
moment diagram along the total length of the member.
Since the bending moment diagram
is assumed linear, defined by:
My,Ed,base= -24.8 kNm;
My,Ed,top = 10.4 kNm, from Table B.3
of EC3-1-1, is obtained:
My,Ed,top My,Ed,base 10.6 24.8 0.43
5 kNm
10.6 kNm
24.8 kNm
My,Ed
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
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DESIGNOFBEAMCOLUMNS
EXAMPLE 3
Because the member is susceptible to torsional deformations, the interaction factors kyy and kzy
are obtained from Table B.2 of EC3-1-1, through the following calculations:
NEd
1704
k yy C my 1 y 0.2
0.43 1 0.41 0.2
0.46;
0.92 5726.2 1.0
y NRk M1
NEd
k yy 0.46
0.54 , then
As k yy C my 1 0.8
y NRk M1
NEd
0.1z
k zy 1
CmLT 0.25 z NRk M1
0.1 0.75
1704
1
0.82
0.43 0.25 0.69 5726.2 1.0
As k zy 1
NEd
0.1
0.76
C mLT 0.25 z NRk M1
then k zy 0.82
Section O.K.
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Beam-columns design
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Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014