Romanticism (also the Romantic era or the Romantic period) was an artistic,

literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the
end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period
from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion
and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the
medieval rather than the classical. It was partly a reaction to the Industrial
Revolution,[1] the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of
Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature.[2] It was embodied most
strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on
historiography,[3] education,[4] and the natural sciences.[5] It had a significant and
complex effect on politics, and while for much of the Romantic period it was
associated with liberalism and radicalism, its long-term effect on the growth of
nationalism was perhaps more significant.

The movement emphasized intense emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic

experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and
terror, and aweespecially that experienced in confronting the new aesthetic
categories of the sublimity and beauty of nature. It considered folk art and ancient
custom to be noble statuses, but also valued spontaneity, as in the musical
impromptu. In contrast to the rational and Classicist ideal models, Romanticism
revived medievalism[6] and elements of art and narrative perceived as authentically
medieval in an attempt to escape population growth, early urban sprawl, and
industrialism.

Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement,
which preferred intuition and emotion to the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the
events and ideologies of the French Revolution were also proximate factors.
Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of "heroic" individualists
and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It
also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom
from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and
natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half
of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism. [7] The
decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes,
including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism

Romantic music is an era of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or
early 19th century. It is related to Romanticism, the European artistic and literary
movement that arose in the second half of the 18th century, and Romantic music in
particular dominated the Romantic movement in Germany.
In the Romantic period, music became more expressive and emotional, expanding
to encompass literary, artistic, and philosophical themes. Famous early Romantic
composers include Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn,
Bellini, and Berlioz. The late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in the size of
the orchestra and in the dynamic range and diversity of instruments used in this
ensemble. Also, public concerts became a key part of urbanmiddle class society, in
contrast to earlier periods, when concerts were mainly paid for by and performed
for aristocrats. Famous composers from the second half of the century include
Johann Strauss II, Brahms, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, and Wagner. Between 1890
and 1910, a third wave of composers including Dvok, Mahler, Richard Strauss,
Puccini, and Sibelius built on the work of middle Romantic composers to create
even more complex and often much longer musical works. A prominent mark
of late 19th century music is its nationalistic fervor, as exemplified by such figures
as Dvok, Sibelius, and Grieg. Other prominent late-century figures include Saint-
Sans, Faur, Rachmaninoff and Franck.

Background
The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that
originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in
reaction to the Industrial Revolution (Encyclopdia Britannica n.d.). In part, it was
a revolt against social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a
reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature (Casey 2008). It was
embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major
impact on historiography (Levin 1959,[page needed]) and education (Gutek 1995, 220
54), and was in turn influenced by developments in natural history (Nichols 2005,
308309).

One of the first significant applications of the term to music was in 1789, in the
Mmoires by the Frenchman Andr Grtry, but it was E.T.A. Hoffmann who really
established the principles of musical romanticism, in a lengthy review of Ludwig
van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony published in 1810, and in an 1813 article on
Beethoven's instrumental music. In the first of these essays Hoffmann traced the
beginnings of musical Romanticism to the later works of Haydn and Mozart. It was
Hoffmann's fusion of ideas already associated with the term "Romantic", used in
opposition to the restraint and formality of Classical models, that elevated music,
and especially instrumental music, to a position of pre-eminence in Romanticism
as the art most suited to the expression of emotions. It was also through the
writings of Hoffmann and other German authors that German music was brought to
the centre of musical Romanticism (Samson 2001).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism#Romantic_literature