BI GING MN HC

AN TON IN

Ni dung mn hc
Phn 1. Khi nim v phn tch an ton trong cc mng in
Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bn
Chng 2. Phn tch an ton trong mng in n gin
Chng 3. Phn tch an ton trong mng in 3 pha
Phn 2. Cc bin php k thut an ton
Chng 4. Bo v ni t
Chng 5. Bo v ni dy trung tnh
Chng 6. Bo v an ton bng thit b chng dng in r
Chng 7. Cc bin php an ton khc
Chng 8. X l, cp cu ngi b in git
Chng 9. Phng chng in t trng
2

1
 Ti liu tham kho
1. TS Nguyn nh Thng, TS Nguyn Minh Chc
K thut an ton in - NXB HBKHN
2. Nguyn Xun Ph (Ch bin)
K thut an ton trong s dng v cung cp in - NXB
KHKT, 2003
3. Titres d'habilitation lectrique
4. RCD protection

Phn 1. Khi nim v phn tch an ton

trong cc mng in

Chng 1. CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1. CC TAI NN V IN
1.1.1. Phn loi tai nn in

in git

Ho hon chy n do in Cc tai nn in Phng in

2
 1.1.2. Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn in

Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn in

Chm in trc tip Khc Chm in gin tip

HQ in
Chm vo cc phn t Chm vo cc phn t bnh
Xut hin trong
bnh thng c in p KV in trng mnh thng khng c in p

tip xc trc tip

Ph

. . . .

Ing
t
Pha - Trung tnh Pha - t
6

3
 Chm vo thanh ci

TIP XC GIN TIP

Ph

. .

Ing
t

4
 TIP XC GIN TIP

Ph

. .

Ing
t

1.1.3. S liu thng k tai nn in

a. Theo cp in p: b. Theo ngh nghip:
U 1kV: 76,4% Thuc ngnh in: 42,2%
U > 1kV: 23,6% Cc ngnh khc: 57,8%

S liu thng k
tai nn in

d. Theo nguyn la tui: c. Theo nguyn nhn tip xc in:

Di 20: 14,5% Trc tip: 55,9%
21-30: 51,7% Gin tip: 42,8%
31-40: 21,3% HQ in: 1,12%
Trn 40: 12,5% Xut hin trong KV in trng mnh:0.08%

10

5
 1.2. TC DNG CA DNG IN
Khi ngi tip xc vi cc phn t c in p (k c tip xc trc tip hoc gin
tip), s c dng in chy qua c th, cc b phn ca c th phi chu tc ng
nhit, in phn v tc dng sinh hc ca dng in lm ri lon, ph hu cc b
phn ny, c th dn n t vong.
a) Tc ng v nhit: ca dng in i vi c th ngi th hin qua hin tng gy
bng, pht nng cc mch mu, dy thn kinh, tim, no v cc b phn khc trn c
th dn n ph hu cc b phn ny hoc lm ri lon hot ng ca chng khi dng
in chy qua.
b) Tc ng in phn: ca dng in th hin s phn hu cc cht lng trong c
th, c bit l mu, dn n ph v cc thnh phn ca mu v cc m trong c th.
c) Tc ng sinh hc: ca dng in biu hin ch yu qua s ph hu cc qu trnh
in - sinh, ph v cn bng sinh hc, dn n ph hu cc chc nng sng.
Mc nguy him ca dng in i vi c th ngi tu thuc vo tr s ca dng
in, loi dng in (dng in mt chiu hoc dng in xoay chiu) v thi gian
duy tr dng in chy qua c th (IEC 60479-1).

11

Standard IEC 60479-1

Time/current zones defining the effects of AC current
(15 Hz to 100 Hz)
Vng 1: Khng cm nhn c
Vng 2: Cm thy kh chu
a
Vng 3: Co cc c, b (10 mA) let-go
threshold
Vng 4: Rung c tim, c1(30 mA)
b -c1: probability 0 %
c1 -c2: probability ~ 5 %
c2 -c3: probability ~ 50 %
>c3: probability > 50 %

ng a - Ngng cm nhn c dng in qua ngi

ng b - Ngng bung - nh

12

6
Standard IEC 60479-1: Ngng dng in ti hn
(Critical current thresholds)
AC

Tim ngng p

Tim p mnh - Ngng RCT

T lit c quan h hp-Nght th

Bt u co c - Ngng bung nh

C cm gic nhi nh - Ngng cm nhn

13

Ngng dng in ti hn

DC

130

100

Khng xc nh ?

Dng in xoay chiu: Icp= 10 mA

Dng in mt chiu: Icp = 50 mA
14

7
 1.3. IN P TIP XC & TNG TR C TH NGI
in p tip xc v tng tr
c th l hai i lng dng
xc nh tr s dng in
qua ngi.
1.3.1. in p tip xc Utx: L
in p gia hai im trn ng
i ca dng in qua c th ngi
(hay chnh l in p t ln c
th ngi khi ngi tip xc in)
thng l gia tay vi tay hoc
gia tay v chn.
1.3.2. Tng tr c th ngi: ZT = Zng = Zp + Zi

15

ng in

in p tx Din tch,
p sut
Zng
Tnh trng
Nhit
da

Thi gian i qua

16

8
 1.3.3. in p tip xc cho php Utxcp
Tiu chun Php:
Nh xng Utx = Ung = Rng.Ing Utxcp
Ngp nc 1200 * 10 mA = 12 V 12 V
m t 2500 * 10 mA = 25 V 24 V
Kh ro 5000 * 10 mA = 50 V 48 V

Tiu chun IEC:

Ngp nc 1200 * 10 mA = 12 V 12 V
m t 2500 * 10 mA = 25 V 25 V
Kh ro 5000 * 10 mA = 50 V 50 V
17

1.4. CC YU T NH HNG N CNG TC AT

Dng c
Chc v c t cch Nhng phng php

Lut lao ng Cng tc Nhng quy phm

An ton

Nng lc
in p
Mi trng

18

9
1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

Khi TB c dng chm v, ng dy in t ri xung

t, ti ch chm t s c dng in tn vo trong t.
Dng in ny tn ntn vo trong t? tr li cu hi ny l
mt vn ht sc phc tp, nhng c th hnh dung mt
cch n gin: Xt TH dng in ny tn vo trong t thng
qua mt bn cu kim loi c bn knh r0 chn st mt t. Vi
gi thit:
Mi trng chn in cc c in tr sut l thun nht.
Dng in chm t I i t tm bn cu to vo trong t
theo ng bn knh.
Trng ca dng in I l dng trng tnh (tc l tp hp
cc ng sc v ng ng th ca chng ging nhau).

19

1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

1.5.1. S phn b th ti ch dng in chm t

Id
L m di dng vi phn: J = E hay E = J j
2x 2
.I d
.I d
.I d
du Edx Jdx dx U x U x U du x
1
dx
2x 2 x
2 x
2
2x

20

10
 1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

1.5.2. in tr tn
Khi dng in i vo trong t, b in tr ca in cc v t cn tr. in
tr ny gi l in tr tn R:
Ud
Rd ,
Id 2r0
.I d .I d
1.5.3. in p tip xc Utx U tx U tay - U chan U d - U x
2r0 2x
u (V) u (V)
Ud
Ud
Utx
Utx
Utx = Ud

TB
l (m) Id l (m)
l (m) 0
x, 20

b)
a) J 21

1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

1.5.4. in p tip xc Ub .I d .I d .I d .a
U b U x - U x a
2x 2 ( x a) 2x(x a)
T CT ta thy rng cng ng u (V)
xa ch dng in chm t (in Ud

cc ni t) in p bc cng c
tr s nh. Khi ngi ng cch
ch chm t trn 20 m c th coi Ub

in p bc bng 0. TB
Id
l (m) x l (m)

V d: I = 1000A; = 102 m
a
v a = 0,8m th Ub = 30,6 V J

Nh vy in p bc v in p tip xc thay i hon ton tri ngc nhau

khi khong cch n ch chm t thay i.
22

11
 Chng 2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N
Chng 2. PTAT TRONG MNG IN N GIN
GIN

2.1. KHI NIN CHUNG

- Khi nim v mng in n gin
- Phn loi mng in n gin
+ Theo in dung c: Mng in dung nh v
mng in dung ln
+ Theo ch lm vic c: Mng ni t v
mng cch in vi t.
- Gc chm in dn n mt an ton in
trong cc mng n gin c th do chm in
trc tip hoc gn tip.
+ Chm vo hai dy: Rt nguy him
+ Chm vo 1 dy: Nguy him tu thuc vo
tng loi mng in v chm vo dy no.
23

2.2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N GIN

C IN DUNG NH
2.2.1. Mng 2 dy cch in vi t
U
I ng
2R ng R cd
* Nh vy, mc nguy him ph thuc vo:
- in p ca mng U
- in tr c th ngi Rng
- in tr cch in ca mng Rc
* Ch : Khi 1 dy chm t m ngi chm vo dy cn li s rt nguy him.
2.2.2. Mng Mng ch c 1 dy:

U.R cd2
I ng
R ng R 0 R cd2 R o .R cd2
U
* Khi R0 = 0 th: I ng
R ng
9/10/2014 24

12
2.2.3. Mng 2 dy c 1 dy ni t
TH chm vo dy khng ni t: Ung U

Ilv 2

TH chm vo dy ni t: Ungmax = 5%U U Zt

B Ilv
A C
1
Rng

R0

* Ch :
- Khi dy 1 chm vo dy 2 v tit din 2 dy nh
nhau th Ungmax = 0,5U

- Khi dy ni t t pha u ngun th Ung U.

9/10/2014 25

2.3. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N GIN

C IN DUNG LN
2.3.1. S nguy him ca in tch tn d
a. Ngi chm vo 2 cc ca ng dy ct in:
t
U 0 R ngC12
i ng .e
R ng

t

U0 R (2C C )
b. Ngi chm vo 1 cc ca ng dy ct in: i ng .e ng 12 1
2R ng
26

13
2.3.2. Chm vo 1 cc ca ng dy xoay chiu ang vn hnh

CU
I ng
1 4 2 C 2 R 2ng

27

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
1. Phn tch an ton khi ngi chm vo mt cc ca mng in n gin c in
dung nh?
2. Phn tch an ton khi ngi chm vo mt cc ca mng in n gin c in
dung ln?
3. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi mng in 2 dy cch in i vi t in
dung nh trong cc trng hp ngi chm vo:
ng thi 2 dy?
Mt dy?
V cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong tng trng hp, gii thch?
Bit: - Mng in c in p U = 220V;
- in tr cch in Rc = 30 k;
4. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi trong mng in 1 pha ca nc ta trong cc
trng hp ngi chm vo:
ng thi 2 dy: dy pha v dy ni t (dy trung tnh)?
Dy pha?
V cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong tng trng hp, gii thch?
Bit: - Mng in c in p U = 220V, f =50Hz ;
- in tr ni t u ngun R0 = 4 ;
- in tr ngi Rng = 1000.
28

14
 Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
5.* Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo dy trung tnh ca mng
in 1 pha nc ta trong cc trng hp:
Ch chm cch ngun in 1 khong L1 = 30m?
Ch chm ngay im u vi ph ti?
Ch chm cch ngun in 1 khong L1 = 30m trong khi mng xy ra ngn
mch ti ph ti?
Ch chm ngay im u vi ph ti khi dy trung tnh b t ti u
ngun?
Chm khi dy pha b t?
* Cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong cc trng hp trn, gii thch? * So snh
mc nguy him khi chm in trong cc trng hp trn?
Bit rng:
- Mng in c in p U = 220V, f =50Hz; dng dy ng mm M22,5 (r0 =
8,06/km) di L = 50m cp in cho ph ti c cng sut 5,5 kW, cos = 0,85;
- Gi thit in tr ni t u ngun R = 0 ; in tr ngi Rng = 1000.

29

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
6. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm ng dy ti in cao p ti thi
im va ct ra khi ngun c chiu di 1km k t ngun n ch chm in trong
trng hp:
Chm vo mt dy?
Chm vo c hai dy?
Bit: - in p gia 2 dy ti thi im t = 1s ngi chm in l 6kV;
- Gi thit in dung gia 2 dy v 2 dy vi t cng bng 0,3F/km.
- in tr ngi Rng = 1,5k
7. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo hai cc ca mt t in ngay
sau khi ct ra khi li in?
Bit: - in p gia 2 cc ti thi im t = 0,5s ngi chm in l 3kV;
- Gi thit in dung ca t bng 3F.
8. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo mt dy ca mng in 2 dy
cch in vi t cp in cho 1 ph ti ang lm vic cch ngun 500m?
Bit: - in p ngun 6kV, f = 50Hz;
- Ch chm in: ti im u vi ph ti.
- Gi thit in dung gia cc dy vi t bng nhau v bng 0,3F/km.
- in tr ngi Rng = 1,5k.
30

15
 Chng 3. PHN TCH AN TON
TRONG MNG IN BA PHA
3.1. KHI NIN CHUNG
Khi nim v mng in 3 pha
Mng c dng rng ri trong cng nghip
Phn loi mng in 3 pha
- Theo cp in p:
- Theo ch lm vic ca trung tnh:
Cc tnh hung chm in dn n tai nn in git:
- Chm trc tip: 1 pha; 2 pha; 3 pha
- Chm gin tip: Thng 1 pha b hng cch in nn c
th coi trng hp ny nh trng hp chm trc tip vo 1
pha.
31

3.2. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA

TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT CCH IN VI T

3.2.1. Trng hp chung:

2 2
U.gng 3 gB gC 3 C C C B 3 gB gC 3 C C C B
I ng
gA gB gC gng 2 C A CB CC
2 2 2

32

16
 3.2. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA
TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT CCH IN VI T
3U P
3.2.2. Mng h p U 1kV: I ng
3Rng Rcd
3 CU
3.2.3. Mng cao p U > 1kV: I ng
1 9 2 C 2 R2ng

Ch : TH ngi chm 1 pha trong khi 1 trong hai pha cn li

chm t Rt nguy him.

33

3.3. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA

TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT NI T

3.3.1. i vi mng cao p:

Vic ni t trung tnh ch yu bi l do kinh t. V mng in TT ni ch
chn cch in theo in p pha, trong khi mng in trung tnh cch
in chn theo in p dy.

3.3.2. i vi mng h p:
Vic ni t trung tnh ch yu vi l do an ton cho ngi v thit b.
C th so snh tng hp di gc an ton gia mng TT ni t vi
mng TT cch in bng sau:

34

17
 Mng trung tnh cch in i t Mng trung tnh ni t
Khi ngi chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh
thng
V c thnh phn in dung v in dn gia cc pha vi Dng in qua ngi ln hn nhiu mng trung tnh cch
t nn dng in qua ngi nh, c th khng nguy him in (v ngi gn nh phi chu ton b in p pha t
n tnh mng. vo), nguy him n tnh mng.
Khi c mt pha chm t

- Cc pha cn li, in p pha tng ln in p dy. Dng - Cc pha cn li, in p c gi gn nh khng thay i.
in chm t nh cc thit b bo v (cu ch, ptmt...) Dng in chm t ln, thit b bo v d dng tc ng ct
khng tc ng dn n s chm t duy tr v ba pha phn t b chm t ra khi mng in m khng nh hng
mt i xng qu gii hn cho php. V th: n thit b khc. V th:
+ Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi pha khng chm + S an ton cho ngi v thit b khi c chm t.
t c th b ph hng. + Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi pha khng chm
+ Ngi chm vo pha khng chm t s nguy him hn t vn lm vic c bnh thng.
nhiu so vi mng trung tnh ni t cng cp in p. + Ngi chm vo pha khng chm t th mc nguy
him gn nh lc cha c mt pha chm t.

Khidy
Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi dypha
trung tnh b t (pha u ngun)
b ngng
cp in Khng m bo tnh cung cp in lin tc. Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi dy pha khng b
ngng cp in (v cn c ni t lp li) m bo tnh
cung cp in lin tc.
Khi c s xm nhp t in p cao sang in p thp (cch in trung p v h p ca MBA b
Trung tnh s phi chu in p pha bn hng p (hoc
trung hoc khi mng b st nh)
chu sng in p khi b st nh) rt nguy him cho V trung tnh c ni t vi in tr nh nn in p trung
ngi v thit b. tnh nh An ton hn cho ngi v thit b.

35

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 3
1. Phn tch an ton trong cc mng in 3 pha?
2. So snh mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t v mng trung tnh ni t di gc
an ton in?
3. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha trung
tnh cch in vi t trong cc trng hp:
Ngi chm in trong ch mng in lm vic bnh thng?
Ngi chm in trong ch mng in ang xy ra chm t pha khc?
* C nhn xt g sau khi tnh ton 2 trng hp trn?
Bit: - Mng c in in p 380/220 V, f = 50Hz;
- in tr cch in Rc = 40k; in dung khng ng k;
- in tr ngi Rng = 1k.
* Hy xc nh Rc ti thiu ngi c Rng = 1000 chm vo 1 pha vn an ton?
4. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha trung
tnh cch in vi t trong ch mng in lm vic bnh thng.
Bit: - Mng c in in p 10 kV, f = 50Hz; c chiu di L = 10km;
- in dn cch in gc 0; in dung n v C0 = 0,3F/km;
- in tr ngi Rng = 2k.
* Cho bit dng in ny c nguy him i vi ngi khng?
* Theo bn gim dng in qua ngi khi tip xc 1 pha trong mng ny c cc bin
php no?
36

18
 Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 3

5. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng

in 3 pha trung tnh ni t trong ch mng in lm vic bnh
thng v khi c chm t 1 pha khc?
Bit: - Mng c in in p 380 V, f = 50Hz;
- in tr ngi Rng = 1k, in tr ni t trung tnh R0 = 4
6. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi (Rng = 1k) chm vo 1 pha
ca mng in 3 pha trung tnh ni t 380/220 V ch mng in
lm vic bnh thng trong trng hp ngi chm:
Tip xc trc tip vi t (i chn t)?
i giy c in tr Rg = 10k?
i giy c in tr Rg = 10k nhng li chm vo phn nh khi t ca mt
kt cu kim loi chn trc tip trong t gn ?
Gi thit: in tr ni t trung tnh R0 = 4 v in tr ca kt cu kim
loi R = 20.
* C nhn xt g trong cc trng hp k trn?

37

Phn 2. Cc bin php k thut an ton

Bo v chng in git

Chng tip xc in trc tip Chng tip xc in gin tip

S dng
Cn tr, S dng
S dng Khong Tn hiu, Ngun Ni dy T ng
V ngn dng c, Ni t
Cch Cch bin bo in p TT ct mch
cch ph tin bo v
in an ton v kha thp bo v bo v
bo v an ton
lin ng

38

19
 Chng 4. BO V NI T
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Trong HT tn ti 3 loi ni t:
- Ni t lm vic R0: Thc hin ni cc im ca mng in (thng
l trung tnh mng in) vi h thng ni t nhm m bo cc ch
lm vic ca mng in.
- Ni t an ton (BV) R: Thc hin ni cc phn t bnh thng
khng mang in p (thng l v my, khung my, chn s,) vi h
thng ni t nhm m bo an ton cho ngi tip xc vi cc phn
t ny khi v l do no (thng l cch in b hng) chng c in.
- Ni t chng st Rxk: Thc hin ni cc thit b chng st vi h
thng ni t nhm m bo an ton cho ngi v cc thit b, cng
trnh khi c st nh.
Trong ni dung mn hc ny ch yu ch cp ni t an ton. Tuy
nhin cc cng thc, tr s in tr ni t, cch thc tnh ton, thit k
v lp t trnh by c th c p dng cho c 3 loi ni t k trn.

39

4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG

BA

TB

R0 R

40

20
 4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Mt h thng ni t c th l:
- T nhin: Tn dng cc b phn kim loi c sn trong lng t lm h
thng ni t.
- Nhn to: Ch nh dng cc in cc kim loi (bng ng l tt nht)
chn su trong t lm h thng ni t.
- Hn hp: Kt hp 2 loi ni t ny.
in ca mt h thng ni t gm 2 thnh phn: in tr ca bn
thn in cc kim loi v in tr ca khi t tham gia qu trnh tn dng
in vo trong t c gi l in tr tn. in tr ny ph thuc vo
kch thc, chn su v in tr sut ca vng t.
in tr sut ca t c nh hng ln nht ti tr s ca in tr
tn. Do in tr sut ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: loi t, thi tit,
cht,(trong c bit lu n yu t thi tit) nn khi tnh ton
in tr tn, in tr sut cn c hiu chnh theo h s ma km.

41

4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG

B tr in cc chn su t, m km Ghi ch
Thanh ngang 0,5 4,5-6,5 Khi o m ly tr s ln
0,8 1,6-3 v ngc li kh ly tr
s nh
Cc thng ng 0,8 1,4-2

42

21
 4.2. MC CH- NGHA CA BO V NI T

Mc ch:
Nhm gim dng in qua ngi n tr s an ton;
Tng dng in s c pha-v cc thit b bo v qu dng
truyn thng (CC, ATM, BVRL) ct phn t ny ra khi mng
in, an ton cho ngi v thit b.
ngha: Khi cch in gia pha v phn t bnh thng
khng mang in b hng, ni t s duy tr 1 in p gia
cc phn t ny vi t nh s an ton cho ngi chm
phi.
(Xt v d chng minh)

43

4.4. TNH TON, TK V LP T HT NI T

B1. Thu thp s liu

Loi mng in cung cp
Xc nh v tr v in tr sut ca vng t s thc hin ni t bo v

B2. Xc nh in tr ni t yu cu Ryc (da vo quy phm ph lc 1)
B3. D kim cc loi in cc dng trong h thng ni t sau p dng
cng thc tnh ton in tr ni t (theo ph lc 1).
B4. So snh tr s in tr tn tnh ton c B3 vi Ryc. Nu:
RHT Ryc Chuyn sang B5.
RHT > Ryc Cn tng s lng in cc v tnh li B3 sao t Ryc.

44

22
 4.4. TNH TON, TK V LP T HT NI T
B5. V mt bng, mt ct ca h thng ni t v hnh v hng dn thi
cng, lp t
B6. Lp t

B7. Kim tra

45

4.5. PHM VI P DNG V 1 S IU CN LU

KHI THC HIN BO V NI T
4.5.1. Phm vi ng dng
Phm vi p dng

Mng cao p Mng h p

(U>1000V) (U1000V)

Mi loi mng in Mng TT ni t Mng TT cch in

u phi p dng
Dng BVNDTT Khi in p 150V

Khi in p < 150V

+ N.Xng nguy him v AT
+ N.Xng nguy c chy n cao
+ Cc thit b t ngoi tri
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23
4.5.2. Mt s iu cn lu khi thc hin BVN
i vi nhng vng t c in tr sut ln, c th s dng cc gii php
sau:
Li dng thm cc in cc ni t t nhin
Thay t gc c in tr sut cao bng t mi c in tr sut thp hn
S dng mui n
S dng ha cht gim in tr sut cuc b:
- Vt liu tng cng tip t GEM (Earth Enhancing Metarial) gm cc ion
dn in v ht t mn.
- Hp cht tng cng tip t EEC (Earth Enhancing Compound) gm 2
thnh phn dng bt: Sumfat ng (15%) v Sudium Ferro Cyanide (85%)
ha vo nc v ri vo h chn in cc ni t.
- Ha cht San-Earth (Nht bn)
Cng ngh ni t tng su
Ni t ng th
Vic kim tra nh k HTN: 6 thng/ln
47

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 4
1. Cc loi ni t trong h thng in?
2. Mc ch, ngha, trnh t tnh ton v phm vi
p dng ca bo v ni t?
3. Tnh ton ni t lm vic v ni t an ton
ca mt trm bin p 630kVA/35/0,4kV? Bit:
o = 100m ma kh.

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24
 Chng 5. BO V NI DY TRUNG TNH
5.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Khi nim: BVNDTT l thc hin
ni cc phn t bnh thng khng
mang in p (thng l v, khung
my) vi dy trung tnh ca mng h
p 3 pha 4 dy c trung tnh ni t.
Mc ch: Nhm bin s c chm
v thnh s c ngn mch 1 pha,
cc thit b bo v (CC, ATM) d dng
ct cc thit b b s c chm v ra
R0
khi mng in s an ton cho ngi
tip xc.

49

5.1. KHI QUT CHUNG

Phm vi p dng:
S dng trong mng in 3 pha h p c trung tnh ni t;
Mng in 1 pha h p c 1 dy ni t (nc ta);
Kt hp BVN v BVNDTT
5.2. MT S IU CN CH KHI THC HIN BVNDTT
Cn c ni t lp li trn cc on dy trung tnh 280-300m (Ni t vi
in tr nh hn 1 cp so vi u ngun-xem PL3); ring nu dng cp
3 pha 4 dy th khng cn ni t lp li.
Khng c t thit b ng ct, bo v trn dy trung tnh. Mun ct
phi ct ng thi c dy pha.
Lp t BVNDTT cng nh BVN, cn ni cc v, khung my trong cng
1 nh xng vi nhau v ni vi dy trung tnh (xem hnh v).

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25
5.2. MT S IU CN CH KHI THC HIN BVNDTT

51

Cu hi n tp chng 5
1. Khi nim, mch ch v phm vi p dng ca BVNDTT?
2. Ti sao i vi mng in h p 3 pha trung tnh ni t,
ngi ta li dng BVNDTT thay BVN?
3. Nhng iu cn ch khi thc hin BVNDTT?

52

26
 Chng 6. BO V CHNG IN GIT BNG RCD
6.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
6.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD
a. RCD 3 pha:

53

6.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD

a. RCD 3 pha:

54

27
 6.1.1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD
b. RCD 1 pha:

I2 I1

In

55

Ci t gi tr tc ng:

Ngoi chc nng chng in git RCD cn c th chng c chy n

56

28
 6.1.2. Cu trc mng in (theo IEC 364-3)

TT system IT system TN system

57

6.2. THC HIN RCD TRONG CC S

6.2.1. S TT

UL
In
Ru

RCD

58

29
 6.2.1. S TT

59

TT system, exercise 1
1) Tnh dng in s c If?

2) Tnh in p tip xc Ung?

3) t In ca RCD l bao nhiu?

- nhy (sensitivity)?
- (Thi gian tr) time delay?

4) Nu dng RCD c In = 30mA th in tr

ni t v thit b bao nhiu khi c dng
chm v RCD s tc ng.

60

30
 TT system, exercise 1
1) in p pha l UP = 230V. Do dng in
s c l:
If = 230/(4+6) = 23 A
2) in p tip xc Ung= 23x6 = 138V. in p
ny nguy him cho ngi v Ung >> Utxcp.
3) - nhy: In< Utxcp/Ru
Utxcp= 50 V In< 8A;
Utxcp= 25 V In < 4 A.
- Thi gian tr: tc thi
U
4) Tra theo bng hoc tnh theo: I n L
Ru

61

TT system, exercise 2

62

31
 TT system, exercise 2

63

6.2.2. S IT

Khi ch c chm t mt im
Ngi tip xc khng nguy him
Dng chm t nh, khng c
kh nng gy ha hon
Ch cn lp b phn cnh bo c
chm t

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32
 6.2.2. S IT

Khi c 2 im chm t
Tr thnh NM 2 pha, cc thit b
qu dng (CC, ATM) s tc ng.

65

6.2.2. S TN

a. S TN-C: y l mng 3 pha 4 dy

PEN = PE+N
Khng dng c RCD

RCD

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33
 6.2.2. S TN
b. S TN-S c. S TN-C-S

RCD

RCD

9/10/2014 67

c. S TN-C-S (Ch )

TN-C TN-S

68

34
 Cu hi n tp chng 6

1. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca RCD?

2. Cc loi mng in theo tiu chun quc t v vic thc hin
RCD trong cc s ny?

69

Chng 7. CC BIN PHP AN TON KHC

(Phng nga ri ro)
7.1. CC BIN PHP K THUT
Bin php phng nga ri ro

cch in m bo tt cch in ca
dy dn, thit b

KHong cch, tr ngi Cn m bo khong cch, bao che,

ro chn cc b phn mang in

S dng tn hiu, bin

bo, kha lin ng Theo quy nh

S dng phng tin, Theo quy nh

dng c an ton

S dng mba H thp in p, cch ly

70

35
 Chng 7. CC BIN PHP AN TON KHC
(Phng nga ri ro)
1) m bo tt cch in ca dy dn, thit b:
Dy dn: Bc cch in bn ngoi:

Thit b in: S dng cch in kp:

K hiu

Ph

71

Chng 7. CC BIN PHP AN TON KHC

(Phng nga ri ro)
2) m bo khong cch, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in:
m bo khong cch: trnh va chm vi b phn mang in, quy
nh:

72

36
 2) m bo khong cch, bao che, ro chn cc b phn mang in

Bao che, ro chn: gy tr ngi, cch ly vi b phn mang in

Cao p:

Tn chn kn Tn chn h Lng chn

Chn li DCL
73

Bao che, ro chn: gy tr ngi, cch ly vi b

phn mang in (tip)
H p:

Tm
230V
chn

74

37
 Ch s IP theo IEC 60364-5-51
Note: the IP code applies to
electrical equipment for voltages
up to and including 72.5 kV.
S c trng
th nht
V d: ng c c IP44
S c trng
th 2
CH SO BAO VE (O KN) IP#X
# KHA NANG NGAN VAT RAN
0 Khong bao ve
1 ngan chan vat > 50 mm
2 ngan chan vat > 12 mm
3 ngan chan vat > 2.5 mm
4 ngan chan vat > 1 mm
5 ngan chan bui bam
6 ngan chan toan bo
Chng li dn gn t
cc phn t nguy him
Chng li vt rn t ngoi vo
Mu bn tay
Dng c
Bi khng th xm nhp vo
Chng c git nc ri thng ng
Chng c phun nc
Chng c phun nc mi pha
Chng c phun nc thnh tia
Chng c phun nc p lc
Chng c ngm nc chc lt
Chng c ngm nc duy tr
75
X KHA NANG NGAN NC
0 Khong bao ve
1 giot nc ri thang ng
2 giot nc ri xien 15 o
3 giot nc ma ri 60 o
4 nc tat vao
5 Tia nc phun vao
6 song nc dap vao
7 b ngap trong nc
8 B ngam trong nc
76
38
 Bao che, ro chn: gy tr ngi, cch ly vi b
phn mang in (tip)

12,5 mm

MG
NS80

IP 2

IP 0

77

3) S dng bin bo, kha lin ng

ZONE de TRAVAIL

N 1 2 3 PE

78

39
4) S dng phng tin, dng c an ton

79

4) S dng phng tin, dng c an ton

V d

80

40
5) S dng my bin p cch ly

Ph
230V 230V
N

Ph
230V 12/25/50V
N

Ph
230V 5/12/15V
N

PE

81

Ch

My bin p bit lp hay cch in

Ph ..
230v 230v

N
Mi nguy him khi
tip xc trc tip

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41
7.2. CC BIN PHP T CHC
Lun phi c thc chp hnh nghim chnh ni
quy, quy nh ca c quan; quy trnh, quy phm;
tiu chun ra.
V d: Lm vic theo phiu cng tc
PHIU THAO TC
S........
Ngy................ Thi gian bt u..........................
Thi gian kt thc.........................
Nhim v: Ct in v ni t ng dy s 2-110kV.
Trnh t thao tc:
1. Ct my s :................
2. Kim tra trng thi ct ca my ct in.
3. Kim tra cch in ca dao cch ly ng dy.
4. Ct dao cch ly ng dy.
5. ng dao ni t ca ng dy.
6. Ct dao cch ly thanh gp ca h thng thanh gp....
Ngi thao tc Ngi duyt
K K

83

Chng 8. X L, CP NGI B IN GIT

Khi thy ngi b tai nn in git, bt c ai cng phi c
trch nhim tm mi bin php cu ngi b nn.
Vic x l, cp cu cng tin hnh nhanh th t l nn nhn
c cu sng cng cao.
Theo thng k, trong 1 pht nu nn nhn c tch ra khi
ngun in v c cp cu kp thi th t l cu sng 98%,
nhng nu n 6 pht t l ny ch l 10%.
Vic s l, cp cu ngi b in git ng cch cn thc
hin theo 2 bc c bn:
Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in, v
Cp cu nn nhn ngay sau khi tch ra khi ngun in.

84

42
 8.1. PHNG PHP TCH NN NHN RA KHI NGUN IN
Cn phi phn bit ngi b in git mng in cao p hay h p

85

8.2. PHNG PHP CP CU NGI B IN GIT

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43
 Chng 9. PHNG CHNG IN T TRNG
(Jackie LaMuth - Ohio University)
in t trng (Electromagnetic Fields; EMFs) l g? Dng in l nguyn
nhn sinh ra in t trng. in t trng c phn lm 5 loi theo tn s ca
n:
Loi ELF (tn s cc thp; extremely low frequencies) - cc thit b in gia dng,
ng dy in.
Loi HF v LF (tn s cao [high frequencies] v tn s thp [low frequencies]) -
sng radio AM
Loi VLF (tn s rt thp; very low frequencies) - tivi v video
Loi VHF (tn s rt cao; very high frequencies) sng tivi v radio FM
Loi SHF (siu tn s; super high frequencies) tn s ca microwave
Con ngi tip xc vi EMFs nh th no?
Con ngi tip xc vi nhiu ngun EMFs khc nhau, trong c ngun t
nhin v ngun nhn to, do rt kh xc nh mi lin h liu lng - hu qu
ca mt ngun EMFs duy nht no .
Trong t nhin cc EMFs c to ra bi qu trnh sm chp v t trng
ca Tri t.
Cc ngun EMFs nhn to sinh ra r qu trnh sn xut, truyn ti v s
dng in.
87

Chng 9. PHNG CHNG IN T TRNG

Tc ng ca in t trng i vi c th ngi:
Nu ngi tip xc vi nhiu ngun in t trng khc nhau v cng
ln hn gii hn cho php ko di s dn n n. S thay i mt s
chc nng ca c th, trc h l h thn kinh trung ng (ch yu lm
ri loi h thn kinh thc vt v h thng tim mch). S thay i ny c
th lm:
Nhc u, d mt mi, kh ng hoc bun ng nhiu, suy yu ton thn.
Lm chm mch, gim p lc mu, au tim, kh th, lm bin i gan v
l lch.
Ngoi ra, nng lng in t trng tn s cao (trn 50-60Hz) gi l bc
x ion, n c nng lng tch electron ra khi nguyn t. Tia X c
nng lng ph hy cc phn t cha gene. Nu con ngi tip
xc nhiu vi bc x ion c th b ung th, bin i mu, gim s thnh
mi, bin i nhn mt.

88

44
 Chng 9. PHNG CHNG IN T TRNG
Bin php phng chng in t trng:
Tun th nghim tc cc quy tc v tiu chun ca ngnh v nh nc.
Khng ng qu gn cc ngun pht sinh in t trng, s c th
gim c phn ln cc nh hng.
Khng nn ng gn cc thit b in, t bit l cc thit b c motor.
Gi khong cch vi u my video t nht l 18 inches (18*2,54cm),
hy tt u my khi khng s dng. Khng ngi gn pha sau hoc bn
cnh mn hnh vi tnh (thm ch khi cch mt vch phng).
Nu c th hy tt thit b si ging, chn in, trc khi i ng.
Gi khong cch vi feet (1 feet = 12 inches) i vi ti vi (k c mi
chiu)
Hn ch s dng chn in v my sy tc

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