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Dr. S. K. Prasad
Professor of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
8.0 Syllabus
8.1 Definitions
Building
Original Level
Smax Smax Smin
Smax
Final Level
L
8.2 Extract from IS 1904 -1986 : General Requirements for Design &
Construction of Foundation
Table 8.3 : Permissible uniform and differential settlement and tilt for
shallow foundations
Isolated
foundation 50mm 0.0033L 1/300 50mm 0.0033L 1/300
i) Steel 50mm 0.0015L 1/666 75mm 0.0015L 1/666
ii) RCC
Raft
foundation 75mm 0.0033L 1/300 100mm 0.0033L 1/300
i) Steel 75mm 0.002L 1/500 100mm 0.002L 1/500
ii) RCC
Table 8.4 : Limiting Values of movement for Geotechnical Structures
Design Parameter Typical Movement
Application
Shallow Allowable Bearing Pressure 25 mm for buildings
Foundation
Deep Foundation Skin Friction 10 mm for skin friction to
mobilize
Retaining Wall Active & Passive earth pressure 0.1% H for Ka & 1% H for Kp
to mobilize in dense sand
Reinforced Earth Friction & Dilatncy to load 25 to 50 mm for geogrid
wall transfer in soil & reinforcement 50 to 100 mm for geotextile
Pavement Rut depth based on strain due to 20 mm rut depth in major roads
no. of repetitions & 100 mm rut depth in minor
roads
Embankment Self weight settlement 0.1% height of embankment
S = SI + SC + SS
Here,
SI = Immediate settlement
= Poissons Ratio of foundation soil
E = Youngs modulus of Foundation Soil
q = Contact pressure at the base of foundation
B = Width of foundation
I = Influence Factor
Table 8.5 presents the typical values of Poissons ratio in different soils.
Table 8.6 represents the ranges of soil modulus in clayey soil of different
consistencies in undrained state. In the absence of more accurate data, the
values in tables can be used. The influence factor I depends on the shape
and flexibility of footing. Further, in flexible footing I is not constant. Table
8.7 presents the different values of I .
Problem 1
SI = 0.011 m = 11 mm
Problem 2
E = 9000 kPa 1 2
SI = qBI
= 0.3 E
q = 200 kPa
B=1m
I = 1.06
SI = 0.214 m
Problem 3
A series of plate load tests was conducted on three plates 300 mm, 450 mm
and 600 mm square plates. The loads and corresponding settlements in the
linear portions of P curves are as follows at a site. Find the immediate
settlement of a footing 2 m X 2 m subjected to a load of 1000 kN.
1 2
SI = qBI
E
SI 1 2
= I
qB E
1 2
I = 0.000111( kPa) 1
E
24
22
20
qB (kN/m)
18
16
14
12
10
0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.002 0.0022
Settlement (m)
Data
B=2m
q = 1000/(2*2) = 250 kPa
1 2
SI = I qB
E
SI = 0.0555 m
Problem 4
The following are the results of plate load test on granular soil. Find the allowable
bearing pressure if B = 2 m, Bp = 0.3 m, permissible settlement in field = 12 mm.
Load (kN)
0 20 40 60 80
0
-1
-2
Settlement (mm)
-3
-4
-5
-6
Pf = 50 kN;
-7 qf = 555.6 kPa
-8
-9
Fig. 8.4 : Load Settlement curve for Plate Load Test data
2
sp B p ( B f + 0.3)
=
sf B f ( B p + 0.3)
2
0.3(2 + 0.3)
=
2(0.3 + 0.3)
s p = 1 mm
Based on settlement
Permissible plate settlement ~ 1 mm
ABP = 32 kN/(0.3X0.3) = 355.6 kPa
Problem 5
The following results were obtained from a plate load test conducted on dry sandy
stratum using square plate of 0.3 m width. Determine the settlement of square footing 1.5
m wide when the intensity of loading is 120 kPa.
Data
Sandy stratum
BF = 1.5 m
BP = 0.3 m
SP = 3.2 mm
-5
-10
Settlement (mm)
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
Soil Pressure (kPa)
Fig. 8.5 : Load Settlement curve for Plate Load Test data
Sc = Consolidation Settlement
Cc = Compression Index
eo = Initial Void Ratio
H = Thickness of clay layer
o = Initial overburden pressure at the middle of clay layer
= Extra pressure due to the new construction
t = Time taken
d = Drainage path
H
o = sat
2
P
= 2
H
2 +B
2
H
H/2 B H/2
TV d 2
CV =
t
Here, Tv is the time factor, d is the drainage path and t is time taken for
consoldation.
(TV)50 = 0.197
(TV)90 = 0.848
Problem 6
The total time taken for 50 % consolidation of clay layer is 4 years. What
will be the time taken for 90 % consolidation ? (Aug 2001)
(TV )90 d 2 (TV )50 d 2
(TV)50 = 0.197 CV = =
t90 t50
(TV)90 = 0.848
0.848d 2 0.197 d 2
=
t90 4
t90 = 17.22 years
Problem 7
H
H/2 B H/2
Cc +
Sc = H log10 o
1 + eo o
= 0.1967 m
Problem 8
Data
Cc = 0.477
eo = 1.215
H = 18 m
o = 162 kPa
= 9 kPa
CC = 0.009( L 10%) = 0.477
eo = G =1.215
18
o = sat Z = 18 * = 162 kPa
2
= 9 kPa
Cc +
Sc = H log10 o
1 + eo o
= 0.091 m
Problem 9
Cc +
Sc = H log10 o
1 + eo o
= 0.0485 m
Problem 10
Data
Dlab = 25/2 = 12.5 mm
Dfield = 5000/2 = 2500 mm
tlab = 10/(60*24*365) years
2 2
tlab d lab tlab d lab
= =
t field d field t field d field
t field = 0.761 years
SAND
5m CLAY
SAND
Fig. 8.10 : Soil profile in the field and details of oedometer test
Logarithm of Time
Problem 11
Determine the creep settlement in a sensitive clay of thickness 6 m given C
= 0.01 when the laboratory sample 20 mm thick with double drainage
experienced complete consolidation in 10 minutes. The life span of structure
is 100 years.
Data
tsec = 100 yrs
H=6m
C = 0.01
2
tlab d lab
=
t field d field
2
6000
t field = 10
20 / 2
= 36 X 105 mnts
t prim = t field = 6.85 yrs
tsec t prim
S S = C H log10 = 0.068 m
t prim
Problem 12
Total Settlement, S = SI + SC + SS
1 2
SI = qBI
E
S I = 0.02871 m = 28.71 mm
H
o = sat = 100 kPa
2
P
= 2
= 11.11 kPa
H
2 +B
2
Cc +
Sc = H log10 o
1 + eo o
Data for Secondary Settlement
tsec = 150 yrs
H = dfield = 10 m
C = 0.001
dlab = 10 mm
tlab = 20 mnts
2
tlab d lab
=
t field d field
t prim = t field = 38.05 yrs
tsec t prim
S S = C H log10
t prim
= 0.0047 m = 4.7 mm
Total Settlement, S = SI + SC + SS
=131.71 mm
1. Distinguish between
1. Consolidation Settlement and Immediate settlement
2. Consolidation settlement and Secondary settlement
3. Uniform settlement and Differential settlement
8.10 : References