Chap7 Entropy PDF

CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
CHAPTER 7
ENTROPY
DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:

Define a new property called entropy
Establish the increase of entropy principle
Determine the entropy changes during processes for
pure substances and ideal gas
Develop the property relations for isentropic processes
Derive the reversible steady flow work relations
Determine the isentropic efficiencies for various steady
flow devices
Determine the entropy generation for closed and open
system
1
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
First stated by German physicist Rudolf J.E. Clausius (1822-1888) in 1850 and is
expressed as
Q
T 0
This inequality is valid for all cycles, reversible or High temp reservoir
TH
irreversible
The cyclic integral of Q/T is always less than zero
QH,rev QH,irrev
(irreversible cycles) and equal to zero (reversible
Wrev Wirrev
cycles) HEirrev
HErev
Consider a reversible heat engine and a irreversible
heat engine that operating between two similar heat QL, rev QL,irrev
reservoirs
For the reversible heat engine, we can write, Low temp reservoir
TL
QP Q S Q QP Q S
TP
=
TS T =
TP

TS
=0
Thermodynamics
temp scale
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
Both heat engines receive heat from the same heat reservoir, then
QH,rev = QH,irrev and Wrev > Wirrev
Thus, QL,rev QL,irrev

From 1st law of thermodynamics, W = QH - QL then,
QH QL,rev > QH QL,irrev
So, we can conclude that QL,irrev > QL,rev , thus,
QL ,irrev QL ,rev Q QH QL ,irrev

TS
>
TS
T
=
TH

TL
<0
Q Q
T
<0 T
0
Q QH QL
T
=
TH TL
0
2
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE
Let assumes that the Clausius inequality of A is not equal to B

2 2
Qrev Qrev
1

T A

1

T B
P
r 2
o
p
e B
For cycle 1-A-2-C-1 rt
A
y
2 1
Qrev Qrev Qrev

II
= + =0
T AC 1 T A 2 T C C
121
1
For cycle 1-B-2-C-1
2 1 Property I
Qrev Qrev Qrev

121

T BC
=
1

T B
+
2

T C
=0
Qrev Qrev 2
Qrev 2
Qrev

121
=
T AC
121
=0
T BC 1

T A
=
1

T B

2
Q Q
dS =
T rev
kJ/K S2 S1 =
1

T rev
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE
In 1865, Clausius introduced a new thermodynamics property called

ENTROPY and designated S and defined as
Q
dS = kJ/K
T int rev
5 Entropy is an extensive property and the unit is kJ/K
5 The entropy change of a system during a process can be determined by
integrating above equation,
Q
T
2
S = S2 S1 = kJ/K
1 int rev
5 The entropy change S between two states is

the same for reversible and irreversible
process but,
5 The integral of Q/T gives a value of entropy
change only if the integration is carried out
along an internally reversible process.
5 Thus the Q/T during an irreversible process is
not a property (entropy)
3
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE ISOTHERMAL
5 The heat transfer processes are internally reversible

5 Thus, the heat transfer can be determined by
Q Q
T T (Q)
2 2
1 2
Q
S = = = int rev = kJ/K
1 int rev 1 int rev To 1 To
5To is the constant temperature of the system during the heat transfer process
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-1
4
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE
Q
5 From the Clausius inequality
T 0
5 For the cycle in the diagram
Q Q Q
T = T
2 2
+ 0
1 T 1 int,rev
Q Q

2
5 Rearrange, then S2 S1 or dS
1 T T
Q
dS = - reversible process
T
Q
dS > - irreversib le process
T
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen
5 The entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is always

greater than the entropy transfer.
5 So, entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process called entropy
generation, Sgen
Q

2
Ssytem = S2 S1 = + Sgen
1 T
5 For an isolated (adiabatic) system, Q = 0, then Sisolated 0
5 Thus, the entropy of adiabatic system during a process always increases and never
decreases
5 The entropy change of the adiabatic system is the sum of the entropy changes of the
system and its surroundings which equal to the entropy generation
Sgen = Stotal = Ssys + Ssurr 0

5 The increase of entropy principle can be summarized as
> 0 Irreversible process

Sgen = 0 Reversible process
< 0 Impossible process
5
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-2
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCE
5 The value entropy at a specified state is

determined just like any other property.
5 In the superheated vapor regions :
5 can be obtained directly from the
tables
5 In saturated vapor :
5 s = sf + xsfg
5 In compressed liquid :
5 s = sf at specified temperature
5 The entropy change,

5 S = m(s2 s1) kJ/K
6
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-3
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-4
A piston cylinder device initially contains 1.5 kg of liquid water at 150 kPa and 20oC. The
water is now heated at constant pressure by the addition of 4000 kJ of heat. Determine the
entropy change of the water during the process.
Since T1 < Ts at 150 kPa, the water exists as compressed liquid

P1 = 150 kPa s1 = sf @ 20oC = 0.2965 kJ/kg
T1 = 20oC h1 = hf @ 20oC = 83.915 kJ/kgK
From energy balance for closed system, Qin Wb = U

Qin = H = m(h2 h1)
4000 kJ = (1.5 kg)(h2 83.915 kJ/kg)
h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg
Since h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg > hg at 150 kPa = 2693.1 kJ/kg, state 2 is s.h. vapor
P1 = 150 kPa
h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg
s2 = 7.3674 kJ/kgK (interpolation)
Thus, S = m(s2 s1) = 1.5(7.3674 0.2965) = 10.61 kJ/K
7
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
5 An internally reversible and adiabatic process, which the entropy

remains constant is called an isentropic process : s = 0 or s2 = s1.
5 Many devices such as pumps, turbines, nozzles and diffusers are
essentially adiabatic in their operation
5 Using isentropic processes enable us to define the efficiencies of above
devices and to compare the actual performance of these devices to the
performance under idealized conditions
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-5
8
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
T-S DIAGRAM
5 One of the diagram commonly used in the second law analysis

5 Rearrange the entropy change definition : Qint rev = Tds
5 Thus, the area under the process curve on a T-S diagram represents heat transfer
during an internally reversible process, which is
Tds
2
Qint rev =
1
5 For internally reversible isothermal process,
Qint rev = ToS (kJ) or qint rev = To s (kJ/kgK)
5 During an isentropic processes, Q = O, thus the area under process curve is zero
Carnot Cycle on T-s Diagram
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
Tds RELATIONS
From energy balance for a closed system, an internally reversible process can be
expressed as
Qint rev - Wint rev = dU
Substituting Qint rev = T ds and Wint rev = P dV, then
T dS = dU + P dV or Tds = du + P d
This equation is known as the first Tds or Gibbs equation
Writing the enthalpy definition (h = u + p) in differential form,

dh = du + P dv + dP or du = dh P dv + dP
Substituting into the 1st Tds equation, then the 2nd Tds equation
Tds = (dh P dv + dP) + P dv

= dh - dP
Solving for ds, then

du Pd dh dP
ds = + and ds =
T T T T
9
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES
Substituting du = cvdT and P = RT/ into the 1st Tds equation, for an ideal gas,
c v dT RTd c v dT Rd
ds = + = +
T T T
d T

2
dT 2
s 2 s1 = c v +R = c v ln 2 + R ln 2
1 T 1 T1 1
Substituting dh = cpdT and = RT/p into the 2nd Tds equation, then
cp dT RTdp cp dT Rdp
ds = = +
T pT T p
T P

2
dT 2
dP
s 2 s1 = cp R = cp ln 2 R ln 2
1 T 1 P T1 p1
T
Constant volume process s 2 s1 = c v ln 2
T1
T
Constant pressure process s 2 s1 = cp ln 2
T1
P
Constant temperature process s 2 s1 = R ln 2 = R ln 2
1 P1
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-9
Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17oC to a final state of 600 kPa and
57oC. Determine the entropy change of air during this compression process.
The cp and R of air can be taken as 1.006 kJ/kgK and 0.287 kJ/kgK respectively
10
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
Sme 9/3
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES
During an isentropic process, ds = 0,
T
cv ln 2 + R ln 2 = 0
1
R c
T1 cv = v = k 1
k 1 R
Rearrange
R k 1 k 1
T R 2 cv T2 1
ln 2 = ln = ln 1 = ln 1 =
T1 cv 1 2 2 T1 2 Tk-1 = constant
T P kR cp k
c p ln 2 R ln 2 = 0 cp = =
T1 p1 k 1 R k 1
k 1 k 1
R
T R P2 P cp
P k T2 P2 k
ln 2 = ln = ln 2 = ln 2 = TP(1-k/k) = constant
T1 c p P1 P1 P1 T1 P1
k
k 1 k
P2 k 1 1 P2 1
P = =
P1 2
Pk = constant
1 2
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-10
11
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-11
Helium gas is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from an initial state of 100 kPa
and 10oC to a final temperature of 160oC in a reversible manner. Determine the exit
pressure of helium. [For helium, k = 1.667]
k 1.667
T k 1 433 1.667 1
P2 = P1 2 = 100 = 289 kPa
T1 283
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
REVERSIBLE STEADY FLOW
The energy balance for a steady a steady flow device undergoing an

internally reversible process can be expressed in differential form as
qrev = Tds qrev - wrev = dh +dke + dpe

Tds = dh - dp
rev = dh - dp
dh - dP - wrev = dh + dke + dpe
- wrev = dP + dke + dpe
2
Integrating, w rev =
1
dP - ke - pe
2
Neglecting the kinetic and potential energy, then w rev =
1
dP
For constant volume process (incompressible fluid),

2
w rev =

1
dP = (P2 P1 ) ke pe
For any device involves no work interactions such as a nozzle and pipe,
V22 V12
(P2 P1 ) + ke + pe = 0 (P2 P1 ) + + g (z 2 z1 ) = 0
2
This equation is known as the Bernoulli equation in Fluid mechanics
12
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-12
Determine the compression work required to compress steam isentropically from 100 kPa
to 1 MPa, assuming that the steam exists as (a) saturated liquid and (b) saturated vapor at
the inlet state.
We take first the pump and then the compressor as the system
(a) Steam is a saturated liquid initially, = f @ 100 kPa

= 0.001043 m3/kg (Table A-5)
The volume remains constant during the process (incompressible),
thus
2
W rev =
1
dP 1 (P2 P1 )
= (0.001043 )(1000 100 )

= 0.94 kJ/kg
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-12 cont.
(b) The steam is a saturated vapor initially and remains a

vapor during the entire compression process. The
specific volume of the vapor changes considerably
during the compression process. From the 2nd Tds
relations,
T ds = dh - dP = 0 (isentropic process, ds = 0)
> dP = dh
2 2
W rev =
1
dP =
1
dh = h2 h1
P1 = 100 kPa h1 = 2675.0 kJ/kg

Sat. vapor S1 = 7.3589 kJ/kgK (Table A-5)
P2 = 1 MPa h2 = 3194.5 kJ/kg (Table A-6)

s2 = s1
w rev = (3194 .5 2675 .0 ) = 519.5 kJ/kg
13
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
PROOF THAT STEADY FLOW REVERSIBLE DEVICES
DELIVER THE MOST AND CONSUME THE LEAST WORK
Consider two steady flow devices, one reversible and the other irreversible, operating
between the same inlet and exit states.
Actual (irreversible) qact - wact = dh + dke + dpe
Reversible qrev - wrev = dh + dke + dpe
Comparing both equations, we can write
qact - wact = qrev - wrev or wrev - wact = qrev - qact
For reversible process, qrev = T ds, and dividing by T, then

w rev w act qact
= ds
T T
q act
Since ds > Then we can write,
T
w rev w act
> 0 w rev > w act
T
w rev > w act
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES
The isentropic efficiency of turbine is defined as
Actual turbine work w

T = = a
Isentropic turbine work w s
Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential

energies, then
h1 h2 a
T =
h1 h2 s
A well-designed, large turbines have isentropic

efficiencies above 90% and small turbines have can
be below 70%
14
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-14
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400oC and leaves at 50 kPa and
100oC. If the power output of the turbine is 2 MW, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of
the turbine and (b) the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine.
Assumptions : Steady flow and the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Analysis :
P1 = 3 MPa h1 = 3231.7 kJ/kg
State 1 (Table A-6)
T1 = 300oC s1 = 6.9235 kJ/kgK
P2a = 50 kPa h2a = 2682.4 kJ/kg (Table A-6)

State 2a T2a = 100oC
P2a = 50 kPa sf = 1.0912 kJ/kgK (Table A-5)

State 2s s2s = s1 sg = 7.5931 kJ/kgK (sat mixture)
s2 s sf 6.9235 1.0912
x2s = = = 0.897
sfg 6.5019
h2 s = hf + x 2 s hfg = 340.54 + 0.897 ( 2304.7 ) = 2407.9 kJ / kg
h1 h2 a 3231.7 2682.4
T = = = 0.667 or 66.7%
h1 h2 s 3231.7 2407.9
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-14 Cont
(b) From the energy balance for steady-flow systems,
m& h1 = W& a + m
& h2 a
W& = m
a
& (h h )
1 2a
2 x 10 3 kW = m
& ( 3231.7 2682.4 ) kJ/kg
2 x 10 3 kW
& =
m = 3.64 kg/s
( 3231.7 2682.4 ) kJ/kg
15
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES OF COMPRESSORS

AND PUMPS
The isentropic efficiency of a compressor is defined as
Isentropic compressor work w s

C = =
Actual compressor work wa
h2 s h1
=
h2 a h1
The value of c greatly depends on the design of the

compressor.
Well designed compressors have isentropic efficiencies
that range from 80 to 90 percent
Similarly, the isentropic efficiency of a pump is defined
as
Isentropic pump work w s h2 s h1

P = = =
Actual pump work w a h2 a h1
V ( P2 P1 )
=
h2 a h1
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-15
Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12oC to a pressure of
800 kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80
percent, determine (a) the exit temperature of air and (b) the required power input to the
compressor.
Assumptions : Steady flow, the changes in kinetic and potential

energies are negligible and air is an ideal gas.
Analysis : k 1 0.4
P k 800 1.4
(a) T2 s = 2 xT1 = X 285 = 516.3 K
P1 100
h2 s h1 c p ( T2 s T1 ) ( T2 s T1 )
C = = = = 0. 8
h2 a h1 c p ( T2 a T1 ) ( T2 a T1 )
( T2 s T1 ) 516.3 285
T2 a = +T = + 285 = 574.1 K
0. 8 0.8
(b) From energy balance for steady flow devices,
& h1 + W& a = m
m & h2 a W& a = m
& ( h2 a h1 )
=m& c p ( T2 a T1 )
= (0.2 )(1.005 )(574.1 285 )
= 58.11 kW
16
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES OF NOZZLE
The isentropic efficiency of a nozzle is defined as
Actual KE at exit V2 h h2 a
N = = 2a = 1
Isentropic KE at exit V22s h1 h2 s
Isentropic efficiency of a nozzles are typically above 90 percent
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-16
Air at 200 kPa and 950 K enters an adiabatic nozzle at low velocity and is discharged at a
pressure of 80 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency of the nozzle is 92 percent, determine (a)
the maximum possible exit velocity, (b) the exit temperature and (c) the actual exit
velocity of the air.
Assumptions : Steady flow, the inlet kinetic energy is
negligible and air is an ideal gas.
Analysis : The cp and k of the air can be taken as 1.099

kJ/kg and 1.354 respectively
(a) The exit velocity will be maximum when the nozzle
operates as reversible device. Then for isentropic
process
k 1 0.354
P k 80 1.354
T2 s = 2 xT1 = X 950 = 748 K
P1 200
From energy balance,

V12 V22s 0 V22s
h2 s h1 = c p ( T2 s T1 ) =
2 2
V2 s = 2 c p ( T1 T2 s ) = 2 x10 3 (1.099 )(950 748 )

= 666 m/s
17
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-16 Cont
(b) The exit temp is determined from
h1 h2 a c p (T1 T2 a )
N = = = 0.92
h1 h2 s c p (T1 T2 s )
T2 a = T1 0.92 (T1 T2 s ) = 950 0.92 (950 748 ) = 764 K
(c) The actual exit velocity is determined from,

V22a
N =
V22s
V2 a = NV22s = 0.92 (666 )2 = 639 m/s
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY BALANCE
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy can be created but it cannot
be destroyed.
The increase of entropy principle (entropy balance) for any system is expressed as
Total entropy Total entropy Total entropy Change in the

entering the leaving the + generated within = total entropy
system the system of the system

system
Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssys
Entropy change of system = Entropy at final Entropy at initial state

Ssys = Sfinal Sinitial = S2 S1
Entropy can be transferred to or from a system by 2

mechanisms, heat transfer and mass flow (entropy transfer
for an adiabatic closed system is zero)
Entropy transfer by heat transfer :
Q
S= (T = constant)
T
Entropy transfer by mass flow
Entropy entering the control volume at state 1 = S1 = m1s1
Entropy leaving the control volume at state 2 = S2 = m2s2
18
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen
Irreversibilities such friction cause the entropy of a system to increase

Entropy generation is a measure of the entropy created by this effects
For reversible process, the entropy generation is zero, thus the entropy change of a
system is equal to the entropy transfer by heat transfer and mass.
Entropy balance for any system undergoing any process can be expressed as,
Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssystem (kJ/K)
Net entropy transfer Change in

by heat and mass entropy
Entropy
generation
dSsystem
S& in S& out + S& gen = (kW/K)
dt
Rate of net
Rate of change
entropy transfer by Rate of Entropy
in entropy
heat and mass generation
The entropy balance for an adiabatic closed system : Sgen = Ssystem
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY GENERATION FOR
CLOSED SYSTEM
The entropy change of a closed system (fixed mass) can be expressed as
T
Qk
+ Sgen = Ssystem
k
T S =S
Qk
Sgen = (S2 S1 ) or Sgen = system + Ssurroundings
k
For an adiabatic process (Q = 0),

Sgen = Ssystem = m (s2 s1 )
19
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
Sme 15/3 ENTROPY GENERATION FOR

OPEN SYSTEM
Inlet W
mi
si
1
System
S = (S2 S1)CV
2
Q me
se
Outlet
The entropy change of a open system can be expressed as

Qk
+ mi si me se + Sgen = (S2 S1 )CV kJ/K
Tk
Or in the rate form

Q& k
m& s m& s
dSCV
+ i i e e + S& gen = kW/K
Tk dt
For steady flow process, dScv/dT = 0,

Q& k
S& gen = m& s - m& s - T
e e i i
k
kW/K
Q& k
& (se s i ) -
For steady flow, single stream, S& gen = m T k
kW/K
& (se si )
For steady flow, single stream and adiabatic, S& gen = m kW/K
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-18
Steam at 7 MPa and 450oC is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3 MPa during a steady-
flow process. Determine the entropy generated during this process and check if the
increase of entropy principle is satisfied.
Assumptions : Steady flow, the kinetic and potential energy changes and the heat transfer
is negligible.
Analysis : For throttling device, h2 = h1
State 1 P1 = 7 MPa h1 = 3288.3 kJ/kg

T1 = 450oC s1 = 6.6353 kJ/kgK
State 2 P2 = 3 MPa
s2 = 7.0046 kJ/kgK
h2 = h1
S& gen
= (se s i ) = (s2 s1 ) = 7.0046 - 6.6353 = 0.3693 kJ/kgK
m &
The increase of entropy principle is satisfied since the s > 0
20
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-20
Water at 200 kPa and 10oC enters a mixing chamber at a rate of 150 kg/min where it is
mixed steadily with steam entering at 200 kPa and 150oC. The mixture leaves the chamber
at 200 kPa and 70oC and heat is lost to the surrounding air at 20oC at a rate of 190 kJ/min.
Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine the rate of entropy
generation during this process.
Assumptions : Steady flow, the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis : Two inlets and one exit
&1 + m
Mass balance : m &2 = m
&3
Energy balance (W = 0) T1 = 10oC
150 kg/min
T3 = 70oC
Q& = m& 3 h3 ( m
& 2 h2 + m
& 1 h1 )
= (m &1 + m& 2 )h3 ( m
& 2 h2 + m
& 1 h1 ) T2 = 150oC
State 1 P1 = 200 kPa h1 = hf @ 10oC = 42.022 kJ/kg

T1 = 10oC s1 = sf @ 10oC = 0.1511 kJ/kgK
State 2 P2 = 200 kPa h2 = 2769.1 kJ/kg

T2 = 150oC s2 = 7.0046 kJ/kgK
State 3 P3 = 200 kPa h3 = hf @ 70oC = 293.07 kJ/kg
T3 = 70oC s3 = sf @ 70oC = 0.9551 kJ/kgK
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-20
Q& = ( m
&1 + m
& 2 )h3 ( m& 2 h2 + m
& 1 h1 )
190 = [(150 + m & 2 )x 293.07 (m & 2 x 2769.1 + 150 x 42.022 )]
& 2 = 15.29 kg/min
m
The rate of entropy generation,
Q& k
S& gen = m& s - m& s - T
e e i i
k
kW/K
Q
=m
& 3 s3 ( m
& 1 s1 + m
& 2 s2 )
T
- 190
= 165.29x0.9 551 - 150x0.1511 - 15.29x7.28 10 -
293
= 24.53 kJ/min.K
21
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-21
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at

100oC. During a constant pressure process, 600 kJ of heat is transferred to the
surrounding air at 25oC. As a result, part of the water vapor contained in the cylinder
condenses. Determine (a) the entropy change of the water and (b) the total entropy
generation during this heat transfer process.
Assumptions : No irreversibilities internal reversible.
Analysis : The entropy of the system decreases during this process because of heat loss.
(a) For internally reversible isothermal process,

Q 600
Ssystem = = = 1.61 kJ/K
Tsystem (100 + 273 )
(b) The entropy generation for closed system,

( 600 )

Qk
Sgen = Ssystem = ( 1.61) = 0.40 kJ/K
Tk (25 + 273 )
Impossible, the
Note : If we reverse the heat transfer direction, then, process cannot
Q 600 be reversed
Ssystem = = = 1.61 kJ/K
Tsystem (100 + 273 )
(600 )
T
Qk
Sgen = Ssystem = (1.61) = 0.40 kJ/K
k (25 + 273 )
22

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CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

Thus, QL,rev QL,irrev

So, we can conclude that QL,irrev > QL,rev , thus,

QL ,irrev QL ,rev Q QH QL ,irrev

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DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE

Let assumes that the Clausius inequality of A is not equal to B

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DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE

In 1865, Clausius introduced a new thermodynamics property called

5 The entropy change S between two states is

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INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE ISOTHERMAL

5 The heat transfer processes are internally reversible

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DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

5 For the cycle in the diagram

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ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen

5 The entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is always

Sgen = Stotal = Ssys + Ssurr 0

> 0 Irreversible process

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DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCE

5 The value entropy at a specified state is

5 The entropy change,

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DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

Since T1 < Ts at 150 kPa, the water exists as compressed liquid

From energy balance for closed system, Qin Wb = U

Thus, S = m(s2 s1) = 1.5(7.3674 0.2965) = 10.61 kJ/K

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5 An internally reversible and adiabatic process, which the entropy

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

5 One of the diagram commonly used in the second law analysis

5 For internally reversible isothermal process,

Qint rev = ToS (kJ) or qint rev = To s (kJ/kgK)

Carnot Cycle on T-s Diagram

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Substituting Qint rev = T ds and Wint rev = P dV, then

Writing the enthalpy definition (h = u + p) in differential form,

Tds = (dh P dv + dP) + P dv

Solving for ds, then

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ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES

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During an isentropic process, ds = 0,

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

REVERSIBLE STEADY FLOW

The energy balance for a steady a steady flow device undergoing an

qrev = Tds qrev - wrev = dh +dke + dpe

For constant volume process (incompressible fluid),

This equation is known as the Bernoulli equation in Fluid mechanics

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004