ספר אסמבלי PDF

2.
04
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http://www.cyber.org.il

12 ....................................................................................................................................
1 15 ........................................................................................................
2 18 .........................................................................................
? 18 ........................................................................................................
19 .........................................................................................Pearls Before Swine 3 :
20 ................................................................................................................
21 ....................................................................................
21 ................................................................................................................
22 ...........................................................................................................
25 ........................................................................................................................
25 ..............................................................................................................................
() 28 ..................................................................................................................
() 30 ....................................................................................................................
() 32 ..................................................................................................................
33 ...................................................................................
34 ..............................................................................................................
34 .................................................................................................................
35 ............................................................................................................
36 .........................................................................................................
? 39 ...........................................................................................................
41 ..................................................................................................................
41 ...................................................................................................................... Bit
41 ................................................................................................................ Nibble
42 ...................................................................................................................... Byte
43 ................................................................................................................... Word
43 ............................................................................................ Double Word
43 ...................................................................................................................... ASCII
44 .................................................................................................................................
45 ................................................................................................................. 3
45 ..................................................................................................................................
46 .............................................................................. Von Neumann Machine
48 .......................................................................................... SYSTEM BUSES
49 .................................................................................................... DATA BUS
49 ............................................................................................ ADDRESS BUS
50 ............................................................................................. CONTROL BUS
50 ................................................................................................................................
53 ..........................................................................................................................
56 .................................................................................................. CPU
56 .......................................................................................................... Registers
57 .............................................................. General Purpose Registers
61 ............................................................................. Segment Registers
62 ............................................................. Special Purpose Registers
62 ................................................................... Arithmetic & Logical Unit
63 .............................................................................................. Control Unit
63 ............................................................................................................ ) (
65 .................................................................................................................................
66 ............................................................................................ 4
66 ..................................................................................................................................
66 .......................................................................................................... Editor Notepad++
67 .............................................................................................................. Base.asm
69 ................................................................................................................ Command Line
74 ............................................................................................................. TASM Assembler
75 ....................................................................................................... Turbo Debugger TD
83 .................................................................................................................................
84 .................................................................................................................IP, FLAGS 5
84 ..................................................................................................................................
84 ..................................................................................................... IP Instruction Pointer

87 ................................................................................ Processor Status Register FLAGS
88 .................................................................................................. Zero Flag
89 ......................................................................................... Overflow Flag
90 ................................................................................................. Carry Flag
91 .................................................................................................. Sign Flag
91 ........................................................................................... Direction Flag
92 ......................................................................................... Interrupt Flag
92 ............................................................................................. Trace Flag
92 ................................................................................................ Parity Flag
92 ......................................................................................... Auxiliary Flag
93 .................................................................................................................................
6 94 .............................................................................................. mov
94 ..................................................................................................................................
94 ......................................................................................................................
95 ...........................................................................................................
97 ................................................................................................ Signed, Unsigned
99 ............................................................................................
100 .................................................................................................................
102 ...................................................................................................................... MOV
104 ....................................................................................................
105 ....................................................................................................
105 ..........................................................................................
106 ..........................................................................................
108 .....................................................................................................
108 ............................................................................................
109 ..............................................................................................
111 ............................................................................................ Little Endian, Big Endian
111 ...............................................................................................
112 .................................................................................................................. offset
113 ................................................................................................................... LEA
113 ............................................................................................. word ptr / byte ptr
114 ..................................................................................................... type override
- mov 115 .........................................................................................
() 116 ........................................................................................
117 ...............................................................................................................................
7 , 118 ...............................................................................
118 ................................................................................................................................
118 ................................................................................................................
119 ................................................................................................................... ADD
120 ................................................................................................................... SUB
121 ......................................................................................................... INC / DEC
121 ...................................................................................................... MUL / IMUL
124 ........................................................................................................... DIV, IDIV
126 ...................................................................................................................NEG
127 ......................................................................................................................
128 ................................................................................................................... AND
130 ..................................................................................................................... OR
131 ...................................................................................................................XOR
133 ................................................................................................................... NOT
133 ........................................................................................................................
133 ................................................................................................................... SHL
134 ................................................................................................................... SHR
135 ....................................................................................................
136 ...............................................................................................................................
8 137 ...............................................................................................................
137 ................................................................................................................................
137 ....................................................................................................................... JMP

NEAR138 ..................................................................................................... FAR
139 ............................................................................................................. LABELS
141 ...................................................................................................................... CMP
142 .................................................................................................................
() 144 ..............................................................................................
145 .................................................................................................................... LOOP
146 ................................................................................................................
( Nested Loops) 147 ..........................................................................
150 ...............................................................................................................
151 ...............................................................................................................................
9 152 ........................................................................................................
152 ................................................................................................................................
154 ................................................................................................................STACK
154 .................................................................................................................
156 ................................................................................................................ PUSH
158 ................................................................................................................... POP
160 ..........................................................................................................................
160 ..........................................................................................................
162 ....................................................................................................... CALL, RET
165 ................................................................................................... NEAR, FAR
167 ....................................................................................
170 ................................................................................................
173 ...............................................................................................
173 ........................................................................................................ Pass by Value
176 ................................................................................................. Pass by Reference
178 .......................................................................................................... BP
() 183 .......................................................
186 ...............................................................................
( Stack Overflow -) 188 ................................................................................

( Calling Conventions)194 ............................................................................................
196 ..............................................................................................................
197 ...............................................................................................................................
( CodeGuru Extreme 10) 198 ...................................................................................
198 ................................................................................................................................
199 .......................................................................................................
201 ..................................................................................................... Reverse Engineering
202 ................................................................................................................... duck.com
203 ................................................................................................................. coffee.com
205 ............................................................................................................ codeguru.com
207 ....................................................................................... Make it Break it Fix it :
210 ...............................................................................................................................
11 211 .....................................................................................................................
211 ................................................................................................................................
213 ................................................................................................................
ISR( IVT) 214 ............................................................................................................
216 ..................................................................................................................... DOS
217 ............................................................................................ AH=1h
219 ................................................................................................. AH=2h
222 ........................................................................................... AH=9h
223 ......................................................................................... AH=0Ah
227 .............................................................................................. AH=4Ch
/ ( AH=2Ch ,AH=2Dh) 227 ......................................................
232 ................................................................................................. Exceptions
232 ..........................................................................................................Traps
( ISR)233 .............................................................................................................
239 ...............................................................................................................................
12 () 240 ................................................................................................
240 ................................................................................................................................
240 ................................................................................................... Interrupts
243 ..................................................................................................... PIC
244 ..........................................................................................................
/ 245 ................................................................................................. I/O Ports
247 .............................................................................................................................
247 ..........................................................................................................................
Scan Codes 248 ...................................................................................
249 ................................................................................... Type Ahead Buffer
250 ................................................................................................
255 ....................................................................................................... BIOS
256 ........................................................................................................ DOS
259 ...............................................................................................................................
13 260 .........................................................................................................
260 .............................................................................................................
260 ..............................................................................................................
262 ..................................................................................................................
262 ....................................................................................................................
263 ..................................................................................................................
263 ...................................................................................................................
264 ....................................................................................................................
265 ....................................................................................................
265 .................................................................................................filewrt.txt
268 ..............................................................................................................................
269 ...................................................................................................... Text Mode
269 ................................................................................................ ASCII
273 ................................................................................................ Graphic Mode
274 .......................................................................................................
276 ....................................................................................
277 ..........................................................................................
278 ............................................................................................ BMP
285 .........................................................................................
286 ....................................................................................................................
290 .................................................................................................................................
290 .......................................................................................................................
293 ...................................................................... Random Numbers
298 .....................................................................................................................
298 .....................................................................................................
298 .......................................................................................................
302 ............................................................................................................. Debug
302 ............................................................................................................................
302 ........................................................................................
304 ............................................................................................................
305 ..............................................................................................................
305 .................................................................................................................
306 .................................................................................................
307 ...............................................................................................................................
' 308 .........................................................................
' : 312 ............................................................
317 ...................................................................................................
12

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Cyber Security Researcher

)Familiarity with programming languages (e.g. C++, Java, C#, PHP, Assembly, etc.
)Knowledge of networking and internet protocols (e.g. TCP/IP, DNS, SMTP, HTTP
Reverse engineering experience a must.
Analysis of malicious code Major advantage
16
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4710 478
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4710 = 7*100+4*101
37510 = 5*100+7*101+3*102
199410 = 4*100+9*101+9*102+1*103
20
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19910 :5
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12445= 4*50 + 4*51 + 2*52+ 1*53 = 4*1 + 4*5 + 2*25 + 1*125 = 4+20+50+125 = 19910
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15 1111 4
31 11111 5
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1101 1110 1010 1101 1100 0000 1101 1110
41
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Unsigned 0 ,4,294,967,295 Signed -2,147,482,648
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ASCII
,American Standard Code for Information Interchange ,ASCII

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0.127-
43
44 2
, ! HELLO WORLD ASCII- :
72 69 76 76 79 32 87 79 82 76 68 33
H E L L O W O R L D !
48 45 4C 4C 4F 20 57 4F 52 4C 44 21
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
50 3
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50
51 3
1976 , :
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51
52 3
.1 1970 8 , ,Byte .0ABh
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L.O , H.O .
L.O. Byte, H.O. Byte
52
53 3
. , :
Byte .1 ,1975 .0EEh
Word .2 ,1978 .1234h
Double word .3 ,1974 .05678EEFFh
Word .4 ,1970 byte 1970 1971

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, 8086 220 . , ,
16 , ( .)registers 16
0 ( 65,535 .) 0FFFFh ,
, , .
( .)segments - segment- , ()offset
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Segment:offset
53
54 3
,80x86 16 :
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54
55 3
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, 16.
55
56 3
CPU
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( ,)Arithmetic & Logical Unit ,
, , ( ,)Control Unit ,
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Registers
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, . .zero wait
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56
57 3
General Purpose Registers
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Accumulator ax
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si
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bp
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57
58 3
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mov ax, 0FF00h
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mov ah, 0FFh

mov al, 0
8 . al ,ax.
, . dl, dh ,cl ,ch ,bl ,bh
8:
58
59 3
. 17 :21
mov ax, 1234h
mov bx, 0
mov bl, 34h
mov cx, 0
mov ch, 12h
" .
59
60 3
bl :bx bl 8 .bx -
ch :cx ch 8 .cx -
sp, bp, si , ,di 16

cx ,bx ,ax.dx
, .
. .
.
60
61 3
Segment Registers
8086- ( 80x86- :)FS -
CS - Code Segment
DS - Data Segment
SS - Stack Segment
ES - Extra Segment
16 . . Segment Register
.
cs . .
, .64K ?64K,
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64K , DATA ds
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61
62 3
ss ( )STACK .
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FLAGS -
IP . 16 ()pointer
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. 8 16 ,
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IP . ,
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Arithmetic & Logical Unit
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62
63 3
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bx ,ax .
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63
64 3
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64
65 3

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66
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.asm , Notepad++ -
.
asm 8 . .DOS -
Base.asm
. .
, . ,
Notepad++ ( ,
) . , .base.asm
http://www.cyber.org.il/assembly/TASM/BIN/base.asm
base.asm
.base.asm ,
, . ,

.
67
68 4
: .DATASEG
. DATASEG
. . DATASEG .
,DATASEG:
var1 db 5
var1 .5 ( ) ,
var1 .5
.CODESEG
. ,
.
,CODESEG:
mov ]al, [var1
, 5 ,var1 .al
.base.asm
IDEAL Turbo Assembler , IDEAL . -

.
MODEL small ,small Data, Code, -

Stack 64K .
STACK 100h . . -
DATASEG . -
CODESEG . -
start . - -
-main end .
mov ax, @data , ds . @data -

.data mov ds, ax ds -
.data
68
69 4
exit . exit -
, .
.DOS
end start end , -

. end
. , .exe ,
.start
Command Line
, , .Command Line Command
Line , , ,
.
Command Line .
. , asm ,
.Command Line ,
. 64 ( , 64
) - 20 .80x86
, , .
, .Command Line Command -
Line . ,7 >---- Command >----
.Prompt cmd .Start menu-
69
70 4
.Command Line-
http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm .
CD Change Directory
CD DirectoryName
" ."DirectoryName:
CD Games
:
CD ..
:
\ CD
:
70
71 4
DIR
.
, .dir /p p page :
EXIT
Command Line , exit .enter
DOSBOX
80x86 .
( . )Emulator . ,
, , .
,Commodore 64
,1982
Commodore 64
71
72 4
, . ,DOS
,Disk Operating System .1994 DOS
Dosbox .0.74 download" "Dosbox
.
0.74 www.cyber.org.il/assembly/dosbox :
. .Z
Intro . ,
.mount ,C
,Assembly:
\Mount c: c:
.Drive c:\ is mounted as local directory c - :
C:
.C
Command Line- .
, -
.
,
cycles 3000 ( ) .
:DosBox-
Cycles = max
72
73 4
(
, .)cycles 3000 CPU
.speed: max 100% cycles
: Dosbox
. - ,
, .
dosbox-0.74.conf -
DOSBox 0.74 Options- :
. , :
[[autoexec
# Lines in this section will be run at startup.
# You can put your MOUNT lines here.
.:
\mount c: c:
c:
cd tasm
cd bin
cycles = max
73
74 4
TASM Assembler
Assembler .
, ,TASM .Turbo Assembler
TASM 5.0 .1996
Linker .
, .
. , ,
. .
TASM . ,
.
tasm.rarhttp://cyber.org.il/assembly/TASM.rar :
.c:\tasm\bin -
rar ( ,rar ""rar download -

).
base.asm .bin -
Dosbox ( bin ,cd ). -
base.asm : -
tasm /zi base.asm
zi .debug .base.obj -
- tilnk : -
tlink /v base.obj
v .debug .base.exe
74
75 4
, base ,enter td base

.
, base.exe .Turbo Debugger
Turbo Debugger TD
, :
td base
, ( ,)F10 view
, :CPU
75
76 4
Turbo Debugger
,Turbo Debugger ,TD .Help

:TD
. ,Step ,F8
. , .
, ,Trace .F7 , ,
.
base.exe TD .
,F4 Go to cursor .
F9 .
View . Views :
,CPU , :DATA -
76
77 4
: -
,STACK STACK , : -
Watches .watch -
. , :DATASEG
77
78 4
Var1 dw 1234h
Var2 dw 2345h
Watch var1+var2:
Variables .: -
78
79 4
, . CTRL+G :
( ,ds:0 , ):
"" :
ds ,DATASEG
ds . , F8
.
79
80 4
breakpoints
, breakpoint . ,
Breakpoints .Toggle- .
.
,breakpoint ) Run (F9
.breakpoint .
base.exe . breakpoint mov ax, 4C00
. F9-
TD
:Dosbox- ALT+X -
CTRL+F2 : -
( ) : F10 . -
Tab .
( ) : ALT+Enter -
, : "" ( Alt)Ctrl - -
80
81 4
() Opcodes
mov .
, , mov .
mov . .
Opcode mov ax, dx " ,
.1 base.asm . "Your code

" .here
mov ds, ax
.2 , .TurboDebugger
.3 . , mov ax, 2
.B80200
81
82 4
.1 ?mov mov .
:
mov ax,5
mov ax, bx
mov [120], ax
.2 ,Opcode:
mov ax, 5
mov ax, 6
.3 :Opcode
mov ax, 2
mov bx, 2
mov cx, 2
mov dx, 2
.4 Opcode- :
mov bx, ax
mov ax, cx
: .mov ax, dx .
,
.
82
83 4

, .
, . :
Editor Notepad++ -
,Command line DOS -
DOSBOX -
Turbo Assembly -
Tlink -
Turbo Debugger -
. .
.
83
84 IP, FLAGS 5
IP, FLAGS 5

IP .
) , (
.
, ,Special Purpose Registers ,
IP .FLAGS
IP - Instruction Pointer-
FLAGS
: IP
. FLAGS .
,
.
IP Instruction Pointer
IP . 16 ()pointer
.code segment
, base.asm ():
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov ax, 1234h
mov bx, 0
mov bl, 34h
mov cx, 0
mov ch, 12h
exit:
84
85 IP, FLAGS 5
mov ax, 4c00h

int 21h
END start
IP : ,mov ax, 1234h, IP=0005 IP

.
,F8 :
. 1 , , ( .) mov bx, 0
85
86 IP, FLAGS 5
.2 mov ax, 1234h , ax .
.3 IP 0005 ,0008 .
.IP
, mov ax, 1234h .

IP .,
IP , .
5.1
IP .
. IP ?
, .IP=0005h IP , .
( )enter .
:
IP ,0010h enter IP . .
.F8 ? 0005 0010
( ?) cx ,bx ,ax
86
87 IP, FLAGS 5
Processor Status Register FLAGS

,Processor Status Register .FLAGS FLAGS
. 8 16 , ,
. 16 FLAGS- , .
:FLAGS-
, :Condition Codes
Zero Flag -
Overflow Flag -
Carry Flag -
Sign Flag -
,
( " .)" ... .
87
88 IP, FLAGS 5
Zero Flag
1 . , ( .0 :
: .mov
, mov ).
- Destination Operand - .
.
: 4Bh al ( ah :
?) . ( )subtract .
:
mov al, 4Bh ; 75 decimal
mov ah, 4Bh ; 75 decimal
sub al, ah ; subtract al minus ah, result is 0
''z
mov al, 0FFh ; 255 decimal
mov ah, 01h ; 1 decimal
add al, ah ; add al and ah, result is 256
. ,100h ,al
, "" ,00h .1
88
89 IP, FLAGS 5
. " "
. , .1
, .
5.2
, 16 . ,
, 16.
Overflow Flag
"" , ,1 "" .
, .signed
, 8 ,
signed ) (-128 ,+127 ( )-128
.+127 , .0
,al 8:
mov al, 64h ; 100 decimal
add al, ah ; result is 140, out of 8 bit signed range
''o
( ) 16 , ?
: signed 16 ( ,)-215 ( .)-32,768

( ,(215-1 .+32,767
89
90 IP, FLAGS 5
5.3
,base.asm .
Carry Flag
, ,Carry Flag , ,
. ,
.unsigned , 8 ,
unsigned 0- ,+255
0 .+255 16 0 .+65,535
mov al, 0C8h ; 200 decimal
add al, ah ; result is 300, out of 8 bit unsigned range
( ) ( )
( ) .
:
mov al, 1h
mov bl, 2h
sub al, bl
, al ,0FFh unsigned .255 255

("" )256 .
90
91 IP, FLAGS 5
, , :
mov al, -128d
mov ah, 40d
add al, ah ?; result is out of 8 bit unsigned range
,-88 ,unsigned .,
- al signed .unsigned
, .unsigned :al -128 ,al
al .80h ,+128 al .unsigned
+128 ,40 ,+168 .
5.4
,base.asm .
Sign Flag
1 ( ) .1
.0 , :Signed
.1 -
nibble 8 .F : -
( 0F1h, 0A3h, 088h ) , 0F100h,
( 0A300h, 08800h ).
5.5
base.asm . .
Direction Flag
. ,0
. ,1 .
91
92 IP, FLAGS 5
Interrupt Flag
"" ( .)Interrupts
. ,
, 0 . ,
.1
Trace Flag
.Trace ,
. debugger .turbo debugger
,0 .
Parity Flag
. .
, ' ,)0,2,4,8( '1 .1
.
Auxiliary Flag
. 1 4- .AL
.0
5.6
mov ax, 0
mov bx, 8888h
sub ax, bx
92
93 IP, FLAGS 5
5.7
5.6 ?
( 5.8)
, ,
.
( 5.9)
, ,
.

( ,)Special Purpose Registers IP .
IP .
, :
, IP ,
.
93
94 6 mov
6 mov

:
, , , -
mov .
( ) , . -
(" , ,)"... -
, .
. , ,
, .
, .

, - .:
mov ]al, [ds: 1h
al ds ( 1h .)DS
. ds:1h ,5
5 . al , .
.1h ,
, ,1h .
.
, ds:1h ,age age- .ds:1h
:
mov ]al, [age
94
95 6 mov
,
.
(. )Variables
, .
1 ,6
, 2 .12
.DATA base.asm " "start

:ds
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
ds .DATA , ,
.ds ,
.ds , age , ,
age "".
. ,
.
,DATA :
ByteVarName db ?
95
96 6 mov
ByteVarName . db (DB
.) Define Byte ,ByteVarName
. .
, :
mov [al, [ByteVarName
; al , , ""
.
, :
DATASEG
ByteVarName db ?
ByteVar2 db ?
ByteVar3 db ?
( )0 ,ByteVarName , .ds:0
. ByteVarName ,ByteVar2 ,
ds:1 .
, :
DATASEG
ByteVarName db ? ; allocate byte (8 bit) - DB: Define Byte
WordVarName dw ? ; allocate word (16 bit) - DW: Define Word
DoubleWordVarName dd ? ; allocate double word (32 bit) - DD:
; Define Double
96
97 6 mov
6.1
DATASEG ( var ,variable) .byte .

.CODESEG ' '5 .var
, ) Turbo Debugger (TD . var-
'.'5
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov [var], 5
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
.DATASEG mov .
ds, ax . , Turbo
) Debugger (TD . ?
Signed, Unsigned
signed unsigned
. , Bytes
.
. Byte:
DATASEG
Var1 db ?
Var2 db ?
CODESEG :
mov [Var1], -120
mov [Var2], 136
97
98 6 mov
DATASEG . !
.88h
120 ?136 ?
, ( )-120 +136 , , :
.10001000 !
? .
,+120 , 120 136
:
120 ,120 . -
120 ,136 ,256 .100h , -

, ,00h .
, signed - unsigned
. .
98
99 6 mov
CODESEG . ,
.
,
, .
DATASEG
ByteVarName1 db 200 ); store the value 200 (C8h
ByteVarName2 db 10010011b ); store the bits 10010011 (93h
ByteVarName3 db 10h ); store the value 16 (10h
ByteVarName4 db ''B ; (store the ASCII code of the letter B (42h
ByteVarName5 db -5 (; store the value -5 (0FBh
WordVarName dw 1234h ; 34h in low address, 12h in high address
DoubleWordVarName dd -5 (; store -5 as 32 bit format (0FFFFFFFBh
.5 ,
( ) . .
, :
DATASEG
ByteVarName db ''HELLO
, , ,ASCII .
, :
99
100 6 mov
DATASEG
ByteVarName1 db ''H
ByteVarName2 db ''E
ByteVarName3 db ''L
ByteVarName4 db ''L
ByteVarName5 db ''O
. (.)ARRAY
, ASCII ( .)STRING
.
:6.2
,base.asm DATASEG ,
, , , .ASCII
, DATASEG .
. , , ,
. ,
. , , ,
.
, .
, , ,
:
ElementAddress = ArrayBaseAddress + Index * ElementSize
100
101 6 mov
, ( ,)words 0200h , 0
( 0200h ,0201h ) , 1
,0202h 5 020Ah .
DATA :
ArrayName SizeOfElement (?) N dup
ArrayName , .
SizeOfElement , dd ,dw ,db

, .
N N . .
Dup ,duplicate.
, N .
, .
ArrayOfTenFives db (10 dup (5
, , :5
, .
ArrayOf1234 db (8 dup (1,2,3,4
101
102 6 mov
32 ,1,2,3,4 .
:6.3
, ,TD
.
DATASEG 5 ,3 : 7 (.)Bytes .
10 ' .'5 10 ' .'5 .

!
20 ,4,5,6 . .
MOV
. .
,mov " ."move ,

. .
mov . :
mov Destination, Source
Source .Destination Source

. Source- Destination- ( .)Operands , mov
.
, ax ( 22) :
mov ax, 22
22 :
mov ax, 16h
mov ax, 00010110b
102
103 6 mov
mov bx, 199
mov cx, 2321
mov dx, 10
mov ax, bx
ax .bx bx- .
.ax :
mov ax, cx
mov ax, dx
mov ax, ax
, . ax .ax
:mov
mov register, register
mov register, constant
mov register, memory
mov memory, register
mov memory, constant
, memory .memory ,
. :
, , . opcode mov
.
103
104 6 mov
mov register, register
8 16 , ( , ) ,
. :
mov ax, bx ; 16 bit registers
mov cl, dh ; 8 bit registers
mov si, bp ; The mov instruction works with ALL general purpose registers
,:
mov ax, bl
.
, .mov ds, cs
. cs . mov cs,ax : . cs ds
.
6.4
ax .bx .
bx .ax .
ah .ch .
al .dl .
104
105 6 mov
mov register, constant
16
( )257 8 , .
mov cl, 10h
mov ah, 10 (; Note the difference from last command! 10 decimal, not 10h (=16
mov ax, 555
6.5
al ( 100) , : ,
( : ,b .)00001111b TD al
.
mov memory, register
.
, ( ,)Direct addressing (
)Indirect addressing (.)Indexed addressing
mov [1], ax ; Direct addressing
mov [Var], ax ; Another form of direct addressing, using a variable
mov [bx], ax ; Indirect addressing
mov [bx+1], ax ; Indexed addressing
, ax .1
, ax .Var
, ax .bx :
105
106 6 mov
mov [1], ax
:
mov bx, 1
mov [bx], ax
, ax bx ,1
.bx
6.6
DATASEG var , .0 al .
( 100) bx .2 :
mov [Var], al
mov [1], al
mov [bx], al
mov [bx+1], al
TD DATASEG . .
DATASEG ( 100 ,).
,
:
mov register, memory
, , :
mov ]ax, [1
mov ]ax, [Var
mov ]ax, [bx
mov ]ax, [bx+2
106
107 6 mov
6.7
, ( ):
mov [Var], al
mov [1], al
mov [bx], al
mov [bx+1], al
; -----1-----
mov al, 0
mov [al, [var
; -----2-----
mov al, 0
mov [al, [1
; -----3-----
mov al, 0
mov [al, [bx
; -----4-----
mov al, 0
mov [al, [bx+1
TD al . al
( 100 ,).
107
108 6 mov
5 :bx
mov [bx], 5
: :
mov [byte ptr bx], 5
mov [word ptr bx], 5
. , si ,bx .di cx ,ax dx

. :
mov ]cx, [ax
, , :
bx . : -
mov [ax, [bx
mov [bx], ax
,bx bx .: -
mov [ax, [bx+2
mov [bx+2], ax
108
109 6 mov
,bx di ,si -
.:
mov [ax, [bx+si
mov [ax, [bx+di
mov [bx+si], ax
mov [bx+di], ax
, bx si ,di .: -
mov [ax, [bx+si+2
mov [ax, [bx+di+2
mov [bx+si+2], ax
mov [bx+di+2], ax
.mov .
:
mov [1], ax
mov [Var], ax
mov [bx], ax
: 20 . " ,"1
var ( bx , 16) , 20?
. , 16
. [ ]1 .
? , ,
.DATASEG ax 1 .DATASEG
: ,ax 16 , ? ,
. .mov
DATASEG , DATASEG , :
109
110 6 mov
DATASEG:
ZeroArray db (8 dup (0
mov ax, 0AABBh
mov [1], ax
:DATASEG
,DATASEG- ?
,DATASEG :
mov [1], ax
mov ]es:1], ax ; as you recall, ES is the pointer to the Extended Segment
, ' 'AABBh , Extended Segment

ES :
110
111 6 mov
Little Endian, Big Endian
, "" ,ax
ah . ?
. ah .
, ( bx ,ax ') ,
, :
( High Order ah, bh') . Big -

.Endian
( Low Order al, bl') . Little -

.Endian
. , 8086
.Little Endian :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness
Little Endian Big Endian- " "
mov .
. :
DATASEG:
Array db 0AAh, 0BBh, 0CCh, 0DDh, 0EEh, 0FFh
111
112 6 mov
2 ( al al , ax ) .
:
mov [al, [Array+2
. Array ,DATASEG
Array 0002 DATASEG :
al ,0CCh 2 .
, ,0 .1
, .:
mov [Array+1], al
, al 2 ,
.
offset
bx , :offset
mov bx, offset Array
mov ]al, [bx
,al , Array- . Array

,words ax .
? . ,
, bx
bx .
112
113 6 mov
LEA
offset ,lea .Load Effective Address ,

.
mov bx, offset Array
lea ]bx, [Array
:BB0000 ,
word ptr / byte ptr
Array db 0AAh, 0BBh, 0CCh, 0DDh, 0EEh, 0FFh
mov ]ax, [Array+2
: ? ?
( , )db
ax ( 16).
, .
:
mov ]ax, [word ptr Array+2
? byte , ( word ).
ax ?
113
114 6 mov
: ax .word .Array+2 :
, .
: word ptr byte ptr word byte

. , , TD word ptr : .byte ptr
type override
mov , .type override

, :
5 ,bx:
mov [bx], 5
? ,5 5
, , ... .5
. :
mov [byte ptr bx], 5
mov [word ptr bx], 5
, .
: ,bx ( 00000101 5 ).
, .
: ,bx ,00000101 ,bx+1
.00000000
. ,
, byte ptr .word ptr
114
115 6 mov
- mov
:mov
.1 .:
mov al, bx
mov ax, bl
. .
, .
.2 .:
mov ds, 1234h
. (
:)base.asm
mov ax, 1234h
mov ds, ax
.3 .:
mov ][var1], [var2
. , var2 ,var1
:
mov ]ax, [var2
mov [var1], ax
.4 .:
mov [ax], 5
. si ,bx di (
, ).
.5 .:
mov [bx], 5
115
116 6 mov
5 (
32 64).
.6 .:
mov 5, ax
()
?
,
. . :
] ,[1
mov [1], al
] [1 20?
.
. ds- , ,ds
( 16- ) ( 1).
mov [ds:1], al
,
.
mov [cs:1], al
? al- ,cs .
. ,
? ?
, , .
116
117 6 mov
:6.8 -
. :
xor ax, ax
xor bx, bx
add ax, 2
add ax, 2
. , ax .4
, ax .3 :
( ) o
mov o
. , ax 3 bx .3
' .
, , :mov
: ,
.
117
118 7 ,
7 ,

.mov ,
:
: , , -
and, or, xor, not : -
shr, shl : -
. .

80x86 : , , ( ).
DEC ,INC ,IDIV ,DIV ,IMUL ,MUL ,SUB ,ADD : .NEG
:
add dest, src ; dest = dest + src
sub dest, src ; dest = dest sub
inc dest ; dest = dest + 1
dec dest ; dest = dest - 1
mul src ; ax = al * src
imul src ; ax = al * src
div src (; al = ax / src (ah stores the remainder
idiv src (; al = ax / src (ah stores the remainder
neg dest ; dest = 0 dest
118
119 7 ,
ADD
add ( )source ( ,)destination

. , . ,
:
ax = ax + bx add ax, bx add register, register
ax = ax + var1 add ]ax, [var1 add register, memory
ax = ax + 2 add ax, 2 add register, constant
var1 = var1 + ax add [var1], ax add memory, register
var1 = var1 + 2 add [var1], 2 add memory, constant
,ax -
. !
8 16. -
:7.1 add
6 . . al . .
,TD .al
, al ( ?) .
, .ax
: .
var1 -
var2 -
sum -
sum ( )?sum
119
120 7 ,
SUB
( sub )subtract source ,destination

. , .add
, . , :
ax = ax - bx sub ax, bx sub register, register
ax = ax - var1 sub ]ax, [var1 sub register, memory
ax = ax - 2 sub ax, 2 sub register, constant
var1 = var1 - ax sub [var1], ax sub memory, register
var1 = var1 - 2 sub [var1], 2 sub memory, constant
:7.2 sub
: .
var1 -
var2 -
diff -
diff ( )?diff
4 . . .
( 9,8,7,6
.6,7,8,9 ()3,1,-1,-3
120
121 7 ,
INC / DEC
( inc )increase .1 ( dec )decrease

1 . , , add
,sub 1 1 , . :
ax = ax + 1 inc ax inc register
var1 = var1 + 1 inc ][var1 inc memory
ax = ax - 1 dec ax dec register
var1 = var1 - 1 dec ][var1 dec memory
MUL / IMUL
( mul ) multiply . , 8
16 16 32 .
8 , .ax 16 ,
16 ax 16 .dx
, 8 .al=0ABh, bl=10h : .0AB0h

.ax .ah=0Ah, al=0B0h
, 16 .ax=0AB0h, bx=1010h : .0ABAB00h

ax ax .dx ax=0AB00h dx
.dx=0ABh
ax = al * bl mul bl mul )register (8 bit
dx:ax = ax * bx mul bx mul )register (16 bit
ax = al * ByteVar mul ][ByteVar mul )memory (8 bit
dx:ax = ax * WordVar mul ][WordVar mul )memory (16 bit
121
122 7 ,
signed ,unsigned .
. 11111011 .2
.251 , , .
mul ( unsigned ) , imul

( signed) . .
al ( 11111011 -5 ,)+251 bl .00000010

. unsigned- mul signed
( imul .)ax ax :
CODESEG:
mov ax, 0
mov bl, 00000010b
mov al, 11111011b
mul bl
mov ax, 0
mov al, 11111011b
imul bl
ax, bx
122
123 7 ,
,mul al 251 ,01F6h 502
- ,imul al , ,0FFF6

:7.3 mul
,byte ,255-0 .
( : ?)
,byte +127 .-128 .

( : ?)
, 4 .signed , . .
.sum , .word:
a ,b
sum = a[0]*b[0]+a[1]*b[1]+
123
124 7 ,
DIV, IDIV
( div ) divide . 8 div , ax

, al .ah 16 div ,
32 ,dx:ax ax .dx
8 .al=7h, bl=2h : 3 .1
.ah=1, al=3 ,
16 .ax=7h, bx=2h : 3 .1
.dx=1, ax=3 ,
div , 8 8 (
16 16).
() 8 , () 16 . ,al
ah : mov ah, 0 . .
, 16 , 32 . , ax 16,
dx .mov dx, 0 : ,
!
? :
( ?) -
al = ax div bl
div bl div )register (8 bit
ah = ax mod bl
ax = dx:ax div bx
div bx div )register (16 bit
dx = dx:ax mod bx
al = ax div ByteVar
div ][ByteVar div )memory (8 bit
ah = ax mod ByteVar
ax = dx:ax div WordVar
div ][WordVar div )memory (16 bit
dx = dx:ax mod WordVar
124
125 7 ,
:div
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov al, 7
mov bl, 2
mov ah, 0
div bl
mov ax, 7
mov dx, 0
mov bx, 2
div bx
quit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
idiv ,div ( ,)signed div-

(.)unsigned
125
126 7 ,
:7.4 div
,byte ,unsigned .
.
,byte ,signed .
.
,word ,unsigned .
.
NEG
( neg ) negative , ,
.:
neg dest
dest = 0 - dest
al = 0 - al neg al neg )register (8 bit
ax = 0 - ax neg ax neg )register (16 bit
ByteVar = 0 - ByteVar neg ][ByteVar neg )memory (8 bit
WordVar = 0 - WordVar neg ][WordVar neg )memory (16 bit
126
127 7 ,
.
, , . ,
,MASKING .
? , . ,
"" .Packed data , 0 :
00000000 00000001 00000001 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000000
01110010
,
.
. , ,
:
00100101
, .
, "" . .
.not ,xor ,or ,and .
and dest, src ; dest = dest and src
or dest, src ; dest = dest or src
xor dest, src ; dest = dest xor src
not dest ; dest = not dest
, . :
and register, register
and memory, register
127
128 7 ,
and register, memory
and register, constant
and memory, constant
or xor .and
not :
not register
not memory
AND
and , . ,1 .1 , .0
" " . ,
. and .
and
and , 8 16 , and
0 0 , 1
1 , 2 2 .
0000 0111 and
1001 0110
---------------
0000 0110
128
129 7 ,
and .
, . 0
. 1 .
, ( .)MASK ,
. , .00000001 :
and . ,
and 0 . , . ,
and ,1 and
, ,1 .1 , .0
:7.5 and
and ?4 - .
129
130 7 ,
OR
or :
, ,1 .1
or "" .
, ( , ,
) . 1 0 ,
. .
, ( 4 0 .)7 .
:
1100 0100
,4 ,4 . , .
, or ( 0001 0000 4) :
1101 0100
4 , , .
.4
:7.6 or
, ?2 2 4 .
( or)?
?4 .
130
131 7 ,
XOR
( ,xor ,)exclusive or :
xor , ( 2 , ).
xor , . :
xor , !0
. :
1001 0011
, . ():
0101 0100
.xor :
1001 0011 xor
0101 0100
---------------
1100 0111
, xor :
1100 0111 xor
0101 0100
---------------
1001 0011
131
132 7 ,
, ,
. .
, opcode xor ,mov xor

. :
mov ax, 0
:
xor ax, ax
ax ,0 ,
.
:7.7 xor
xor . .
msg .ASCII ' .'I LIKE ASSEMBLY$ .

8 , . ( $
, ) . DATASEG
ASCII .
. DATASEG .
, :
print:
mov dx, offset msg
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
mov ah, 2 ; new line
mov dl, 10
int 21h
mov dl, 13
int 21h
132
133 7 ,
NOT
not . :not
not . not .

"" . , 0 ,1 1
2 . .
, . shr :
) (shift right.(shift left) shl
SHL
, shl , . ,
.cl :
shl register, const
shl register, cl
shl memory, const
shl memory, cl
shl :
, . -
0 ( , 0 . n, -
n).
.CF -
OF 1 . . -
ZF 1 . -
133
134 7 ,
. -
1 8 . -
shl 8 . 16
16 :8
shl
SHR
,shr , .shl .
, .cl
:
shr register, const
shr register, cl
shr memory, const
shr memory, cl
shr :
, . -
0 ( , 0 . n -
, n).
.CF -
OF . -
.
ZF 1 . -
, . -
1 8 . -
shr 8 . 16
16 :8
134
135 7 ,
shr
( ) -
: , , (,
) . , , .
. ,
, ,
, , ' .
, .
,1 ,
, .
: . .LFSR
. xor ,
xor . LFSR ,
:
.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_feedback_shift_register
, .
: . ,
:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
: , .
.
135
136 7 ,
:7.8
al .3 , al.4 .
al ( 120) . , al.8 .
al ( 10) . , al .20 : .
20 16 .4 .
signed ,:unsigned
o
o
o
o
And o
Or o
Xor o
Not o
, ,
.
, :
Shr o
Shl o
, .
136
137 8
8

(" , .)"...
, :
( jmp ). -
( .)cmp -
( .)loop -
, . , , ,
,IP .CODESEG
. , ,
" - ,1 .
" . , "
, ".
: (" , )"...
(" .)"... . ,
.
JMP
jmp , , . jmp ,
.CODESEG ,jmp- IP
.
DATASEG
address dw 000Ah
CODESEG
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
137
138 8
mov ax, 1
jmp ][address
:jmp
,jmp :ip
.CODESEG
NEARFAR
,jmp
000Ah .address jmp ,
jmp- . , (
) , .near ,near jmp
.
far . ,
, . ,
. :
jmp cs:offset ; for example cs:000A
cs- .
138
139 8
. ,
near far .
:8.1 jmp
( CODESEG- :)base.asm
xor ax, ax
add ax, 5
add ax, 4
jmp , .ax=4
LABELS
jmp . ,
CODESEG .
. , ( )label , jmp-
, label . label ,
.label:
:LoopIncAx
inc ax
jmp LoopIncAx
, ax.
. label -
, .
,label .
- StartLoop .startloop- , (
) - .
"" labels Check, Back, PrintResult, Wait4Key, Next_Level, :

.Not_Positive , .
139
140 8
Label1, MyLabel, Shooki :' . .

, , ( ).
,label . label
( )ax : ( ,)MOV :
.
: .label
.
label :8.2
,jmp jmp .label label .
140
141 8
CMP
( cmp )compare . ""
, . ,
. . ( , ,)
. cmp ,sub .
:cmp
cmp al, bl cmp register, register
cmp ]ax, [WordVar cmp register, memory

cmp [WordVar], cx cmp memory, register

cmp ax, 5 cmp register, constant
cmp [ByteVar], 5 cmp memory, constant
cmp .
, , :
Code CF ZF SF
mov al, 3h ? ? ?
cmp al, 3h 0 1 0
cmp al, 2h 0 0 0
cmp al, 5h 1 0 1
al .3 mov , -
.
, al .3 cmp , . -
( al )3 . 0 .
141
142 8
al .2 al 2 . -
al .5 al 5 ' '1 -
,
.
( )
(" ... .)"...
, .
, .cmp -
cmp , .
, , . , .1 -
, . .label -
, ( , -
).
: , ,cmp .
. , cmp .
, .cmp
, signed
.unsigned
1b ?10000001b
. ,unsigned
( 10000001b 129 ) .1b , 10000001b , signed
,127 .1b
142
143 8
, , ,cmp ,
. , :
,J .Jump cmp unsigned

B A Below .Above , cmp
signed L G Less .Greater J ,
N Not E .Equal
. :
cmp Operand1, Operand2
Unsigned Signed

JA - Jump if Above JG - Jump if Greater

JB - Jump Below JL - Jump if Less

JE - Jump Equal

JNE - Jump Not Equal

JAE - Jump if Above or JGE - Jump if Greater or
Equal Equal
JBE - Jump if Below or
JLE - Jump if Less or Equal
Equal
143
144 8
()
. ,
cmp :
mov al, 10000001b
mov bl, 1b
cmp al, bl
cmp :
,JA ,unsigned ( 129 .)1

CF ZF . , . ,JG
,signed ( 127 .)1 SF=OF ZF
. .
:8.3 ( )
: , .
ax ( ax signed-) , .
.
,ax=bx bx .ax .
Var1 ( Var2- - .
.)unsigned ,ax=1 - .ax=0
: var1 , .var2- .
ax .var1+var2 ax
.var1-var2
':'x .
144
145 8
mov 'dl, 'x

mov ah, 2h
int 21h
, .TimesToPrintX ().
''x .TimesToPrintX :
' 'x . label x . 1
,TimesToPrintX .label
TimesToPrintX ? ? .
LOOP
. ,
' 'x .TimesToPrintX ,
' 'x , ,TimesToPrintX
' 'x .
( .)Loop , .
loop :
1 .cx -
cx. -
( , cx ) jmp label-.
loop SomeLabel
dec cx
cmp cx, 0
jne SomeLabel
loop ' 'x:
xor cx, cx ; cx=0
mov cl, TimesToPrintX ; we use cl, not cx, since TimesToPrintX is byte long
145
146 8
mov 'dl, 'x
PrintX:
mov ah, 2h
int 21h
loop PrintX
: , .TimesToPrintX
, ?
TimesToPrintX.
, loop cx . , loop
cx , , cx ( 65,535 1-
.)unsigned cx 65,534 65,536 cx
.
, ( ):
xor cx, cx
mov cl, TimesToPrintX ; we use cl, not cx, since TimesToPrintX is byte long
cmp cx, 0
je ExitLoop
PrintX:
... '; Some code for printing 'x
Loop PrintX
ExitLoop:
146
147 8
( Nested Loops)
, .
mov cx, 10
LoopA:
mov cx, 5
LoopB:
; Some code for LoopB
loop LoopB
; Some code for LoopA
loop LoopA
10 ,LoopA LoopA 5
.LoopB LoopB , 50 . ?
loop .cx LoopB cx .
LoopA 1 ,cx LoopA 65,536 . cx ... ,
, (
cx - ) . , :
mov bx, 10
LoopA:
mov cx, 5
147
148 8
LoopB:
; Some code for LoopB
loop LoopB
; Some code for LoopA
dec bx
cmp bx, 0
jne LoopA
:8.4
' : ' ,0 .
, 1 ( ,1=0+1
2=1+1') . '
10 . :
0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34
: .
mov ah, 1h
int 21h ; al stores now the ASCII code of the digit
5 .
HELLO .
,Var1*Var2 ,unsigned .
. : sum=Var1+sum
Var2 loop.
: ''x .
.
5 ,4 :
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxx
148
149 8
, 0 9
:al
mov ah, 1h
int 21h ; al stores now the ASCII code of the digit
sub 'al, '0 ; now al stores the digit itself
':'x
mov 'dl, 'x

mov ah, 2h
int 21h
:
mov dl, 0ah

mov ah, 2h
int 21h
149
150 8
jmp -
ja, jg, jb' -
loop -
, loop :
.Error- Relative jump out of range .
.opcode- jmp 16 (
32768 32767 ) , 8
( loop 127 128 ) . ,
8- , relative jump out of
.range
- :
.1 .
.2 - ,
.
.3 , .
. , ja
:
cmp ax, bx
ja my_label
. ; more than 127 bytes in code memory
my_label:
. ; some code here
ja-:jmp-
cmp ax, bx
jbe help_label
jmp my_label
150
151 8
help_label:
. ; more than 127 bytes in code memory
my_label:
. ; some code here
. .
my_label- ( bx>ax ja " " ,
,jbe - " ") . , bx>ax jbe ,
jmp my_label .
,jmp . labels
.
,cmp .
(" " ,"... " ,"...

.)"...
signed unsigned
.
loop ( cx .)cl
, .
, .
. .
151
152 9
9

. ,
? ?
, ,
. (( )Procedure " ")
(.)Function

, . :
. ,
. , ,
, , .
. .
, ,label , ,ReadPassword
? jmp , , ?
, . jmp ?
. ? ,
. ,
. , ?
label :
OpenComputer:
jmp ReadPassword
; Code for signing into computer
152
153 9
OpenEmail:
jmp ReadPassword
; Code for signing into email
ReadPassword:
; Code for reading password from user
jmp ??? ???; Where should we jump back to
cmp

... .
.
. ReadPassword , . . .
, . ,ReadPassword
.
.
. , call
. ,:
call ReadPassword
. ,
, . ,
. " "
, .
,? , .
. ,
, .
, .
.
, .
153
154 9
. , .
, . ""
.
, , , .
.
STACK
( , )STACK . ,
.
, . ,
, .
Stack Segment
, .
. :
STACK number of bytes
, 256 , ( :)base.asm
STACK 100h
. , :
stack segment ss . .
154
155 9
stack pointer sp . .
,sp , . .bx
DATASEG ,ds:bx STACK -
sp .ss-
, sp . , ,100h
sp .100h
,100h 256 , 100h 0

.0FFh , ,100h ,sp .
.100h ss
. sp
,100h .
sp ,
. ,LIFO Last In First Out
. , sp
sp . ,
.
155
156 9
PUSH
push . :
push operand
?
sp .sp=sp-2 : -
, .ss:sp -
: sp ,push
. .word
push .
:push
push ax
push 10
push var
.ax
( 10 ,word- .)byte
var .word
push al
: al . push .
, .100h ?
mov ax, 0AABBh
push ax
156
157 9
push sp2
,ax ,ah .
. 2 .sp:
push 0CCDDh
157
158 9
POP
pop .push ( )
:
pop operand
. -
sp .2 -
:pop
pop ax
pop []var
ax .
var ( var ,
).
pop al
pop .
158
159 9
: sp ? ?bx
pop bx
: bx ,0CCDDh sp .0FEh
: , pop:
pop var
sp var ?
: var ,0AABBh sp .100h
? ?
! , sp
. :
sub sp, 4
"" ,sp .
:9.1 push ,pop
.10h, 20h . sp . .
1234h .ax push .ax ?sp .

.
pop .ax ?sp 1234h .

?
push .5678h ?1234h .
ax bx .mov .
159
160 9
, () , .
"" :
.call -
. , -
.num1, num2
. num1+num2 , , -
.
( ) -
.
,CODESEG .CODESEG :
proc ProcedureName
;Code for something that the procedure does
ret ; Return to the code that called the procedure
endp ProcedureName
,ZeroMemory 10
( DATASEG , .)0 ,CODESEG
:
160
161 9
IDEAL
MODEL small
Stack 100h
DATASEG
digit db 10 dup (1) ; if we do not allocate some memory we may run over
; important memory locations
CODESEG
proc ZeroMemory ; Copy value 0 to 10 bytes in memory, starting at location bx
xor al, al
mov cx, 10
ZeroLoop:
mov [bx], al
inc bx
loop ZeroLoop
ret
endp ZeroMemory
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov bx, offset digit
call ZeroMemory
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
161
162 9
DATASEG 8 ( )
9.2
.ZeroMemory TD ip
sp
CALL, RET
call . :
call ZeroMemory
call , ,ip=12 12h ,CODESEG
( call .)... :
162
163 9
ip :call
ip .0000- ZeroMemory ( , offset

,CODESEG .)CODESEG , call
ip . .jmp
call . , .sp call
. call 100h .0FEh .
163
164 9
, .ss ( ss:00FEh ) .0015h

call .0000h ? .
.ret :ip=0Ah
,ret ip
:
ip , 0Ah.15h
?15h ... , .call
call ret:
164
165 9
call
.1 sp ( sp
FAR ).
.2 ,ss:sp .
.3 ip ( jump
)
- ret
.1 ,ss:sp .
.2 sp ( ; ).
.3 ip ,ss:sp-
.
, , ip . callret
ip !
NEAR, FAR
.CODESEG call .
:
.1 ,CODESEG .
.2 ( CODESEG ).
, ,model small ,
,CODESEG ,
, .CODESEG
,CODESEG .near ZeroMemory

.near , call ,
.CODESEG , sp .2
, ,CODESEG .far , call

, .
, sp .4
165
166 9
call near ?far
, near .far:
proc ProcedureName near
proc ProcedureName far
near ,far .near
. :"far" ZeroMemory
proc ZeroMemory far
, . . :
cs:0012 , ."push cs" : -

cs . ,0879h cs
( ).
,ip ( 16h 15h , -

".)"push cs
, sp ( 00FCh ,00FEh ). -
, .near cs.
, near.far
166
167 9
, , ' .'X
, X .
:
CODESEG
proc Print10X
mov cx, 4 ; 4 'X' in each line
PrintXLoop:
mov 'dl, 'X
mov ah, 2h
int 21h )'; Print the value stored in dl ('X
loop PrintXLoop
ret
endp Print10X
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov cx, 3 '; 3 lines of 'X
Row:
call Print10X
mov dl, 0ah
mov ah, 2h
int 21h ; New line
loop Row
exit: mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
167
168 9
, , . , .
? , .TD .cx
: cx .3 .4 ,0
loop Row ( 65,535- , unsigned-
) . row ( cx ) ,
, cx 0 ...
, ,
( ) .
push pop Print10X .

: ,
.
CODESEG
proc Print10X
push cx
mov cx, 4 ; 4 'X' in each line
PrintXLoop:
mov 'dl, 'X
mov ah, 2h
int 21h )'; Print the value stored in dl ('X
loop PrintXLoop
pop cx
ret
endp Print10X
start:
168
169 9
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov cx, 3 '; 3 lines of 'X
Row:
call Print10X
mov dl, 0ah
mov ah, 2h
int 21h ; New line
loop Row
exit: mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
push pop ( ) . ,
cx . cx .4 PrintXLoop , cx
. pop cx ,
.
, TD cx !
169
170 9
:9.3
:
CODESEG
proc ChangeRegistersValues
??? ;
mov ax, 1
mov bx, 2
mov cx, 3
mov dx, 4
??? ;
ret
endp ChangeRegistersValues
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
xor ax, ax
xor bx, bx
xor cx, cx
xor dx, dx
call ChangeRegistersValues
exit: mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
,ChangeRegistersValues . (
'???') .
.
. ?
, ? .
,
170
171 9
? , (
) , .
. , ,
. ? ? ,
, .
, :
DATASEG -
, , . ,ZeroMemory , bx
.
.ax
proc ZeroMemory
mov cx, ax ; ax holds the number of bytes that should become zero
xor al, al
ZeroLoop:
mov [bx], al
inc bx
loop ZeroLoop
ret
endp ZeroMemory
ax .
: ,cx
.ax
, . ,
. ax, bx, cx, dx ? ,
.
171
172 9
, ,DATASEG .
( ).
?
proc ZeroMemory
mov ]cx, [NumOfZeroBytes ; NumOfZeroBytes is defined in DATASEG
xor al, al
ZeroLoop:
mov ]bx, [MemoryStart ; MemoryStart is defined in DATASEG
mov [bx], al
inc ][MemoryStart
loop ZeroLoop
ret
endp ZeroMemory
. NumOfZeroBytes ,ax
. MemoryStart ,bx
.
( , al bx , ,
).
172
173 9
,
DATASEG , .
, ,
? ()?
. ,
: (
, ,64K ) ,
, ,
.
.1 Pass by Value
.2 Pass by Reference
Pass by Value
. , .
, . ,
.
. ,SimpleAdd .2
, . ,
SimpleAdd DATASEG
. SimpleAdd .
, .parameter SimpleAdd
.parameter
173
174 9
, :
push ][parameter
call SimpleAdd
parameter . , .
parameter .DATASEG ,
. 2 , " parameter"
.
Pass by Value , .
.Pass by Value
,SimpleProc j ,i : k ax .i+j-k
( )Pass by Value :
push ][i
push ][j
push ][k
call SimpleProc
174
175 9
, ( ):
i, j, k
SimpleProc .pop
,ip , .call pop
.
.
, . ,
.
pop .
proc SimpleProc
pop ReturnAddress
pop ax ;k
pop bx ;j
sub bx, ax ; bx = j-k
pop ax ;i
add ax, bx ; ax = i+j-k
push ReturnAddress
175
176 9
ret
endp SimpleProc
ReturnAddress .DATASEG , .
.-
.
Pass by Value :9.4
pass by value ''X .

. : !
. :
mov 'dl, 'X

mov ah, 2h
int 21h
pass by value ' 'A .
'B' , ' 'C .
.
, max .min .
pass by value max
min .
Pass by Reference
. ,
.
, .
, .
: . ,SimpleAdd
:Pass by Reference
push offset parameter ; Copy the OFFSET of "parameter" into the stack
call SimpleAdd
-
parameter- . ,
:
176
177 9
push seg parameter ; Copy the SEGMENT of "parameter" into the stack
: .
:parameter
proc SimpleAdd
;Takes as input the address of a parameter, adds 2 to the parameter
pop ReturnAddress ; Save the return address
pop bx ; bx holds the offset of "parameter"
pop es ; es holds the segment of "parameter"
add [byte ptr es:bx], 2 ; This actually changes the value of "parameter"
push ReturnAddress
ret
endp SimpleAdd
Pass by Reference :9.5
.1 pass by reference .
. pass by reference .
177
178 9
,pass by reference ( .
.var1=4, var2=5 .)var1=5, var2=4
BP
pop [ReturnAddress]- .
, , .ip
,bp ,Base Pointer

.ip ():
proc SimpleProc
push bp
mov bp, sp
;Code of the stuff the procedure does
pop bp
ret 6
endp SimpleProc
.
bp sp .bp ?
, .sp , sp
bp , .
.bp
178
179 9
,i , 8 .bp i k
6 4 , , .bp bp .
. ,SimpleProc .ax=i+j-k
:
proc SimpleProc
push bp
mov bp, sp
; Compute I+J-K
xor ax, ax
add ]ax, [bp+8 ; [bp+8] = I
add ]ax, [bp+6 ; [bp+6] = J
sub ]ax, [bp+4 ; [bp+4] = K
pop bp
ret 6
endp SimpleProc
, . equ
, .:
iParm equ ][bp+8

jParm equ ][bp+6
kParm equ ][bp+4
179
180 9
, :
proc SimpleProc
push bp
mov bp, sp
; Compute I+J-K
xor ax, ax
add ax, iParm
add ax, jParm
sub ax, kParm
pop bp
ret 6
endp SimpleProc
: equ- .pass by value ,

. ,pass by reference -
,equ pass by reference ,
( - .bx-
.)bx
: , bp mov bp, sp
.
, push pop ( )
, , ,bp .
:bp
proc WrongBP
push ax
push bp
mov bp, sp
180
181 9
WrongBP
ax ,bp bp . bp+8 j i.
ret 6 .
ret :call ret ,

sp ,2 . ( ret ret
:)bx
pop bx ; pop increments sp by 2
jmp bx
,ret ,pop- sp- .ret

ret 6:
pop bx ; pop increments sp by 2
add sp, 6 ; sp is incremented by a total of 8
jmp bx
ret push .
push 2 , 6 .
ret 6 sp "" .
181
182 9
ret , ,pop ret 6 ,

.
:bp
.1 pop .
.2 pop . .bp
.3 .
,bp , bp- .
:9.6 bp
, ,pass by reference ( .
.var1=4, var2=5 .)var1=5, var2=4
.bp
.var1, var2, max : max pass by .

reference .pass by value max ,
.var1, var2
182
183 9
()
, .
, . ,
.
? , .sp ,
.sp , , 6,
:
sub sp, 6
, ( sp
:)ip
add sp, 6
.x,y AddXY SubXY

x ,y.
varX equ ][bp+6
varY equ ][bp+4
AddXY equ ][bp-2
SubXY equ ][bp-4
proc XY
push bp
mov bp, sp
sub sp, 4 ; Allocate 4 bytes for local variables
push ax ; Save ax value before we change it
mov ax, varX
add ax, vary
183
184 9
mov AddXY, ax
mov ax, varX
sub ax, vary
mov SubXY, ax
pop ax ; Restore ax original value
add sp, 4 ; De-allocate local variables
pop bp
ret 4
endp XY
:push ax
184
185 9
XY :
push 5
push 4
call XY
, AddXY .SubXY
:bp
5 .4 .
, ( )0009 ( ,)0001
AddXY ,SubXY.
: ,ss:00F6 [,]bp-2
. ,ss:00F4 [ ]bp-4 .
:9.7
, .XYZ
.LocalX, LocalY, LocalZ .
.
185
186 9
, .
, .pass by value :
, . -
. -
. -
,pass by reference , :
. :DATASEG
DATASEG
num_elements equ 15
Array db num_elements (?) dup
,CODESEG ,
:
push num_elements
push offset Array
call SomeProcedure
- , ,
.
:9.8
- , .
.
sum sum ., .
2,2,3,4,5 .sum=16
186
187 9
SortArray , .
. 3,6,5,2,1 .1,2,3,5,6 :
:
FindMin , -
.
Swap pass by reference -

.
SortArray .FindMin Swap -

: FindMin .
SortArray , -
FindMin . SortArray , -
Swap : FindMin .
. -
,Sort2Arrays , .
sorted ,
.:
Array1 = 4,9,5,3,2
Array2 = 3,6,4,1
:
Sorted = 1,2,3,4,5,6,9
:
Merge , -
.
SortArray .Merge -
Filter -
.
187
188 9
( Stack Overflow -)
Stack Overflow .
( ) .
. , :
.1 , .
.2 ,
.
.Buffer Overflow ,
"" , . , 12.
, 12- . 13?
.Buffer Overflow , ,100h 257,
257- .Buffer Overflow
Buffer Overflow .
, .Stack Overflow
.Stack Overflow
. , ?
; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Program StackOF demonstration of stack overflow
; Author: Barak Gonen 2015
; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
'msg1 db 'Please enter your name, press enter to finish',13,10,'$
188
189 9
msg2 db 13,10,'Program finished$'
msg3 db 13,10,'Here be dragons$'
CODESEG
proc GetName
; Get user input and store it on the stack

push bp
mov bp, sp
sub sp, 10 ; Allocate a buffer of 10 bytes on the stack

mov di, sp
mov ah, 1
xor bx, bx
get_char:
int 21h
cmp al, 13 ; Is it the 'enter' key?
je quit_proc
mov [ss:di+bx], al ; Copy user input to the buffer on the stack
inc bx
jmp get_char
quit_proc:
add sp, 10 ; De-allocate buffer
pop bp
ret
endp GetName
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov ah, 9
mov dx, offset msg1
int 21h
189
190 9
call GetName
mov ah, 9
mov dx, offset msg2
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
; This code should not be reached at all, as the program should have
; already exited
nops db 20E8h dup (90h) ; Fill a part of the memory with NOP (90h)-
); NOP - a command which does nothing (No Operation
mov ah, 9
mov dx, offset msg3
int 21h
jmp exit
END start
: . .enter
.Program finished:
, , 10.
push ,
.
, , , .
, . ip .
, ?
190
191 9
, .
GetName 10 . , :
.GetName - 10.
,Jon Snow , 8 ( ) . ASCII-

:
. ( J (4Ah :ASCII .ss:00F2

,ss:00F9 . 10 8
, "" , , . "" bp
,ip .
. ' ,'Jon Snow 5

. 14 10 , .Stack Overflow
:
191
192 9
, bp , ASCII-
: ASCII- 20h .21h -
, , . ,
. - ?
enter .
. pop .bp- , bp
.2020h - .ret- 2120h ip
( 2120h ?2021h .)little endian
2120h ip ' .'Here be dragons

" , . ."...
Psalter .1265- ,
,.
192
193 9
, Stack Overflow-
. , (
) .
:9.8 Stack Overflow
, .Stack Overflow :
. ' 'Here be dragons Stack -
Overflow , .
193
194 9
( Calling Conventions)
, . .
-
. ,
. ? . ( endians -
.)mov little endian -big endian
, .
.
Convention . .
, , Calling
.Conventions ?Calling Conventions-
:C
;)int MyProc (int a, int b
?MyProc integer
.integer .
;)int c = MyProc(1,2
("") Caller , ("") ,

.Callee
MyProc ,C
. - Caller-?Callee-
.1 :
. ':
push 1
push 2
call MyProc
':
push 2
194
195 9
push 1
call MyProc
' Pass Left to Right ' Pass

.Right to Left .
caller- callee-
, . , , caller- callee-
.
.2 :
MyProc , . ,
MyProc , callee-
, - .c
caller- callee- .
, caller- callee- .
.3 :
, , .
sp .
. , ret- . , 4 :
ret 4
:sp
add sp, 4
caller- callee- . callee- ,

ret . callee- , .
:
call MyProc
add sp, 4
, caller- callee- .
: caller- callee- ? ?
195
196 9
, . ,
( )https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/X86_Disassembly/Calling_Conventions ,
CDECL.STDCALL-
:CDECL
.Right to Left -
( ax ax , 16-) -
caller- . -
:STDCALL
.Right to Left -
( ax ax , 16-) -
callee- . -
CDECL , STDCALL .?
caller- , sp .caller - caller-
. ,callee- ,
.
? , print
, . ,print
print .
STDCALL ?CDECL ,
ret . ret caller-
. sp . ,
.
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/1388/Calling-Conventions-Demystified :
196
197 9

, .
, . ,

, .
, , pop.push
, ,
. call .ret .
:
Pass by value -
Pass by reference -
,
bp .equ
. ,Stack Overflow ,
.
. ,Calling Conventions ,
.
. ,
, .
.
197
-10 ()
( CodeGuru Extreme 10)

CodeGuru Extreme ,
. "" .
2-5.
CodeGuru Extreme
/http://www.codeguru.co.il/xtreme :
. , .
, .Reverse Engineering ,
. -
, .
, . ,
64 . . ,
. , -
. , .
.
, "" . , .
, .
198
-10 ()
,
, :
http://www.cyber.org.il/assembly/codeguru-guide.pdf :
http://www.cyber.org.il/assembly/codeguru-slides.pdf :
, :
http://www.codeguru.co.il/wp/?forum=%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D
, .
. Reverse Engineering
.

,
.
.
:XCHG .1 XCHG , ,
xchg ax, bx
ax .bx- .mov
:XLAT .2 XLAT ,Look Up Table LUT .LUT

, . - LUT-
' . '
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
6 ,8 7 13 ( -
).
199
-10 ()
? .-
( . a b ,m-
f-') . ( a ,m
b f .)... LUT- -
LUT . , ASCII- a 97
,m ASCII- .109 ,b ASCII- ,98
,f .102 97 109 98 .102 :
'Cipher db 97 dup (0), 'mf
mf . :
mov bx, offset Cipher
'mov al, 'a
xlat
al- ASCII- ,m .
:NOP .3 ,No Operation " " .

, .
:STD / CLD .4 STD CLD . ?

.MOVSW
:MOVSW .5 . ,
200 , .
, mov
, . ,
MOVSW .
ds:di ,es:si .di, si ,

. di, si
200
-10 ()
. STD CLD
.
:REP .6 MOVSW ,REP

.Repeat cx

rep movsw
my_label:
movsw
dec cx
jnz my_label
'.
Reverse Engineering
,Reverse Engineering- ,RE .
RE . , RE
. , .
www.cyber.org.il/assembly/zombies.zip
- .
. ,
, . .
201
-10 ()
duck.com
. .duck.com - ? .
. cmd- duck .enter ...

, .
? , . .
. .cs:100h jmp
.100h . .
.f7 .
jmp 100h .100h , :
start:
jmp start
end start
, ?cs:102h
, "" . , .
202
-10 ()
coffee.com
,RE , .coffee.com RE
.
. .
mov-cmp-jne push .ret- ret-
. )int 21h ,ax=4C00h( dos-
. ret- . , push 0000
, .
, ) (properties :
203
-10 ()
, 64 , .40h ,cs:0100h
cs:0140h- . .
?coffee
- int 87 .
.
cs:0104- 0000h .dl dl 43h- ,

. , 0000h ( 43h -
ASCII .)c , - 30h
( ASCII- .)0 - ?ret-
, . ?
ip- . ret- cs:013Fh .
. , .ret-
, "" .ret- , ret-
ip- . 0006h bx bx
. 0006h
, . .
.coffee.com- RE
.
204
-10 ()
codeguru.com
.CodeGuru Extreme 2015 ,

.
. , ret- .cs:011Ch
. .
( cs:0104h )cs:010Ah cx ,ax ax .

bx .1Dh
. ax 2015h
. xor ax cx- .xlat :xlat al

.ds:bx+al ,
ds- cs- . , ?ds:bx
205
-10 ()
bx .1Dh
,100h bx .11Dh ds:bx .cs:011Dh-
.cs:011Dh .ret- add .

. .add xlat ? .al=0
xlat .cs:011Dh .0 ,al=1 xlat
cs:011Eh .1 ""
.
0,1,1,2,1,2,2,3 . ? . .
, - .
- .
. 2015
, xor ,LUT- .
. xlat- , al .ah
- ,6 .ret ?ip .
. ? ,ax -
word .2015h
, ,ret-
word- .2015h ip- . ""
.
206
-10 ()
Make it Break it Fix it :
"" . , :
" ."Access granted , .
, " "Access granted .
.
'Make it -
,
. : , . ,
.
: ah ,1 ,int 21h
.al:
mov ah, 1
int 21h
, '( '$ ISR-

.)... 13,10 .:
message db ''Hello World,13,10,'$
dx :
mov dx, offset message
ah=9h :int 21h
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
, .DOS
, .
, . .
.
207
) (-10
; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Simple get password program- a very basic code just to help you start
; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
Save db (?)
Welcome db 'Please enter password, press enter to finish',13,10,'$'
Access db 13, 10, 'Access granted$'
Wrong db 13, 10, 'Login failed$'
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov ah, 9
mov dx, offset Welcome
int 21h
xor cx, cx
getChar:
mov ah, 1
int 21h
cmp al, 13
je check
mov [Save], al
208
-10 ()
inc cx
jmp getChar
check:
cmp '[Save], 'X
jne fail
cmp cx, 3
jne fail
success:
mov ah, 9
mov dx, offset Access
int 21h
jmp exit
fail:
mov ah, 9
mov dx, offset Wrong
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
.1 . ,
?
.2 RE , ' ,'X .
.
209
-10 ()
.3 .
.4 . !
'Break it -
( , - ) .
. .
'Fix it -
,
.

.
. ,
. - .
210
-11
11

( )Interrupt -
( cmp.)jmp
. (
) . ?
,
. , .
.
. ,
, .
80x86 "":
, .Traps , . -
, .Exceptions , -
. , .
, .Interrupts ( -
) . .
, .
.int , . int-
, .
int operand
, :1
int 1h
. ,,
:
int 21h
. , ,
DOS .Disk Operating Systems DOS
211
-11
, , .
, ,80x86 BIOS .Basic Input Output System
BIOS , . BIOS
. BIOS ,
, .
, .,
:
.9h -
,16h .BIOS "" -

9h .
,21h .DOS " DOS" .BIOS -
, ():
8h . -
1Ch , BIOS . "" 8h -

.
21h ,DOS . " DOS" .BIOS -
: ,
, .
, .
,DOS .
, , .
. Interrupt Service Routine .ISR
, , ISR
. .
212
-11
mov ax,5 .1 .
, ax 5 .
.2
( .)ISR , cs.ip
.3 ISR "" () ( )Interrupt Flag ( Trap

.)Flag .
.4 ISR cs .ip ISR

.
.5 .ISR
.6 , ISR ( ')
cs ,.ip
.7 .cs:ip
( 100h )
213
-11
Interrupt Flag:Trap Flag
.
. , . 55 ,
, . ISR ,
F7 . 55 ...
F7 ISR , ...
.
. disable interrupts "" ,
.
, ISR , ,if
. .enable interrupts
ISR( IVT)
ISR :
proc ISRname far
iret
endp ISRname
iret ret
.ISR iret ret iret pop , . ,
ISR , .
: .
, .ISR ?
, . 0 255,
. , :
int 21h
.21h
214
-11
. , ,
. ,Interrupt Vector Table .IVT
IVT ,Double Words 256 1024 . IVT 0 0

, IVT 0 3FFh) 1023
).
IVT ? IVT 256

'ISR' , . . ISR
.ISR , IVT ISR .0h
ISR 1h .
, ISR , , 4
ISR . : 21h 84h .
,84h ,IVT , ISR .21h
Interrupt Vector Table
215
-11
DOS
,DOS ,Disk Operating System .
, .Windows
.
. ,
, .
. , ''ISR ,
.
''ISR DOS IVT 20h.2Fh
DOS IVT
,21h . ,
.int 21h
? int 21h
.
, ah .
216
-11
http://spike.scu.edu.au/~barry/interrupts.html
int 21h ah .
.
AH=1h
int 21h , ah " ."1:
mov ah, 1
int 21h
.al
al ASCII . , " al ,"2 ,2 ( 32h

) , ASCII "."2
al , 2 , ASCII
"( "0 .)30h
sub al, 30h
217
-11
:al ASCII
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov ah, 1
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
)ASCII 37h (7
al
218
-11
:11.1
ASCII . .
( ASCII .
ASCII 0.)9-
, .
( DL : ).
: 4 . .
. , 4
( 250 .)0250
30 .
AH=2h
int 21h , ah " "2 dl

, ASCII . ' ,'X ASCII :58h
mov 'dl, 'X ; same as: mov dl, 58h
mov ah, 2
int 21h
al .
ASCII , :
.1 ,10 0Ah Line Feed ,

.
.2 ,13 0Dh Carriage Return .
219
-11
:'Y' ,'X'
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
;print x
mov dl, 'X'
mov ah, 2
int 21h
;new line
mov dl, 10
mov ah, 2
int 21h
;carriage return
mov dl, 13
mov ah, 2
int 21h
;print y
mov dl, 'Y'
mov ah, 2
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
220
-11
:11.2
'.'A .
'.'a .
' ,'HELLO . .
' ,'HELLO , , ' ,'WORLD , .

.
. .
. .
. : ,
. 5 .7
, .
221
-11
AH=9h
, '( '$ ISR-

.)...:
message db 'Hello World$
dx :
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
, :
message db ''Hello World', 10, 13,'$
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
message db ''Hello World',10,13,'$
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
push seg message
pop ds
222
-11
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
:11.3
'Enter a digit' : . .
, 0 ,9 .
.''Wrong input" :
, .: .
I like to write assembly code

Barak
AH=0Ah
, - " (.)Buffer
.
dx ( )ds- Int 21h ah .0Ah
223
-11
, Enter- ,
.
ASCII- Enter .
20 :
( - 23 , -
, - ASCII- :)Enter
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
message (?) db 23 dup
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
mov bx, dx
mov [byte ptr bx], 21 ;21 not 20, the last input is ENTER
mov ah, 0Ah
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
224
-11
,message .ds ,14h ,

. ,13h , , .enter ,
, 0Dh ASCII .enter
:11.4
10 , ( )abc
(.)ABC
225
-11
- ( : )
:11.5 .
:11.6 10 .
:11.7 ( !)
***** . ***** .***** . ***** . ***** .
**** **** * * ***** *****
*** *** * * ***** *****
** ** * * ***** *****
* * ***** ***** *****
.11.8 :
ABCDEFGE.Z
:11.9 :
. . .
. .
. .
. .
:11.10 :
Small letter, Capital letter, Number, Other
:11.11 5 " " , "*" .

"12345" : - . , 2.
226
-11
AH=4Ch
int 21h 4Ch

. al . al
,
:base.asm
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
/ ( AH=2Ch ,AH=2Dh)
. 55
( 0.055) , 18.2 . " 1/18".
,DOS ,int 21h -

:2Ch
mov ah, 2Ch

int 21h
.cl - .ch -
.dl - .dh -
55 . ,
55 , .
DOS , int 21h .ah=2Dh

:
cl . - ch . -
dl . - dh . -
227
-11
. int 21h-
. ASCII
; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Print time to screen
; Credit: www.stackoverflow.com (printing-an-int, by Brendan(
; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
hourtxt db 'Hour: ','$'
mintxt db 13,10,'Mins: ','$'
sectxt db 13,10,'Sec: ','$'
mstxt db 13,10,'1/100sec: ','$'
savetime dw ?
divisorTable db 10,1,0
CODESEG
proc printNumber
push ax
push bx
push dx
mov bx,offset divisorTable
nextDigit:
xor ah,ah
div [byte ptr bx] ;al = quotient, ah = remainder
228
-11
add al,'0'
call printCharacter ;Display the quotient
mov al,ah ;ah = remainder
add bx,1 ;bx = address of next divisor
cmp [byte ptr bx],0 ;Have all divisors been done?
jne nextDigit
pop dx
pop bx
pop ax
ret
endp printNumber
proc printCharacter
push ax
push dx
mov ah,2
mov dl, al
int 21h
pop dx
pop ax
ret
endp printCharacter
start:
mov ax, @data
229
-11
mov ds, ax
mov ah, 2ch
int 21h ;ch- hour, cl- minutes, dh- seconds, dl- hundreths secs
mov [savetime], dx
; print hours
mov dx, offset hourtxt
mov ah, 9
int 21h
xor ax, ax
mov al, ch
call printNumber;
; print minutes
mov dx, offset mintxt
mov ah, 9
int 21h
xor ax, ax
mov al, cl
call printNumber
;print seconds
mov dx, offset sectxt
mov ah, 9
int 21h
xor ax, ax
mov dx, [savetime]
mov al, dh
call printNumber
230
-11
;print 1/100 seconds

mov dx, offset mstxt
mov ah, 9
int 21h
xor ax, ax
mov ]dx, [savetime
mov al, dl
call printNumber
quit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
:11.12
. ,0 .1
: ,
0 ,960 55
.
. , . .
.
231
-11
Exceptions
.IVT exception
, . .
, .
:
mov cl, 0
div cl ah= al / cl al= al % cl
, .
.
, , .int 0h
debugger .
. ,
. , "".
, , .int 1h
breakpoints .debugger breakpoint

breakpoint "".
, ,breakpoint .int 3h
Traps
, exceptions , .
, :
int , :
int operand
int 80h
,
ISR IVT .ISR
? ,
- .
232
-11
, .

. ,
.
, .
IVT . IVT
"" .
.Trap
( ISR)
ISR ISR ,Trap ' Hello
.'World
' .ISR-
ISR:
proc SimpleISR far

iret
endp SimpleISR
ISR .
, ,iret-
opcodes- , .
proc SimpleISR far

iret
'message db 'Hello World$
endp SimpleISR
.int 21h ,ah=9h ds
dx .
proc SimpleISR far
push seg message
233
-11
pop ds
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
iret
endp SimpleISR
ISR . ISR
, .
proc SimpleISR far
push dx
push ds
push seg message
pop ds
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
pop ds
pop dx
iret
endp SimpleISR
, .ISR
' ISR-IVT-
ISR- , - .IVT- , ISR- .IVT-

ISR- ,IVT- .)0FFh (255 ,
ISR- - ISR , IVT-
( - ISR- )?21h
234
-11
,int 21h , ISR- IVT-

ISR- ,al .IVT- AH=25h .
: .ds:dx
mov al, 0FFh ; The ISR will be placed as number 255 in the IVT
mov ah, 25h ; Code for int 21h
mov dx, offset SimpleISR ; dx should hold the offset of the ISR
push seg SimpleISR
pop ds ; ds should hold the segment of the ISR
int 21h
: . int 0FFh- .
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
CODESEG
proc SimpleISR far
push dx
push ds
push seg message
pop ds
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
pop ds
pop dx
235
-11
iret
message db 'Hello World$'
endp SimpleISR
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; Plant SimpleISR into IVT, int 0FFh
mov al, 0FFh
mov ah, 25h
mov dx, offset SimpleISR
push seg SimpleISR
pop ds
int 21h
; Call SimpleISR
int 0FFh
exit: mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
ISR :11.13
. , ASCII al ISR .
.int 0FEh
: ax, bx ISR .
.bx- ax ' ax' -
.ax- bx ' bx' -
236
-11
' 'SAME . -
.int 0F0h
-
( DOS )
.
. ,
( ) . -1 a ,b b c'
,z .a , ,3 cat .fdw
.1 , .
.
.2 Anna Karenina .
. .
' .'$ .
.
all happy families resemble one another every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way
all was confusion in the house of the oblonskys
the wife had discovered that her husband was having an intrigue with a french governess who had been in
their employ and she declared that she could not live in the same house with him
this condition of things had lasted now three days and was causing deep discomfort not only to the husband
and wife but also to all the members of the family and the domestics
all the members of the family and the domestics felt that there was no sense in their living together and
that in any hotel people meeting casually had more mutual interests than they the members of the family
and the domestics of the house of oblonsky
the wife did not come out of her own rooms
the husband had not been at home for two days
the children were running over the whole house as if they were crazy
the english maid was angry with the housekeeper and wrote to a friend begging her to find her a new place
the head cook had departed the evening before just at dinner time
the kitchen maid and the coachman demanded their wages$
.3 , .
.4 , .
. .
.5 ,
. (,
E 12.02% . T 9.1%') .
:
237
-11
Letter Frequency (%)
E 12.02
T 9.10
A 8.12
O 7.68
I 7.31
N 6.95
S 6.28
R 6.02
H 5.92
D 4.32
L 3.98
U 2.88
C 2.71
M 2.61
F 2.30
Y 2.11
W 2.09
G 2.03
P 1.82
B 1.49
V 1.11
K 0.69
X 0.17
Q 0.11
J 0.10
Z 0.07
238
-11

, .
,ISR , ,IVT
'ISR'-.
21h .DOS
, .
ISR .IVT
()Traps -
()Exceptions -
, ( ,)Interrupts .
239
-12 ()
12 ()

DOS ,
. DOS . ,
? , , ?
.
. -
I/O Ports /. -
, ,
:
BIOS -
DOS -
Interrupts
, , () .
. , .
, ,
. ,
.
. ,
?
.Polling , ,
. , ,
240
-12 ()
. ? ,
. .
Polling , (
, ) . Polling .
. , ,
. ,
, .
. 10 ,
1000 .
. , ,
, .
Polling , . ,
.
, ( .)Interrupt ""
. ,
,ISR ,
. ISR- . Interrupt Interrupt
( )
, .
241
-12 ()
Interrupt . ,
.
, . "" , ""
.
.
8086-
,18 " ,"INTR
242
-12 ()
PIC
,8086 .
. ?
. Programmable Interrupt ,
,Controller .PIC
PIC 8259A ,1976 .8086
, PIC . IR0 ,IR7 8 ,

. PIC 8259A 8
. IR0 , IR1 , IR6 , IR2
( , .)IR2-
PIC .INT .INTR

. . IR1
.PIC , PIC ,INT INTR .8086-
243
-12 ()
PIC . PIC ,
. : , .
... ?
. PIC . ,
. ,
.
PIC :
. -
, I/O Port . -
. -
end of interrupt , -
.
. -

, disable interrupts .
. , (
) , .
?
. .
" "?
, , PIC . ,
, PIC . PIC
244
-12 ()
. , , PIC
PIC .
, , 55 . , 55
.
.
/ I/O Ports
( )buses ,
/ . , address bus .
, . , 80x86
16 , .
/ , ( I/O .)Input / Output
I/O , :
I/O (.)Port -
I/O - 16 ( 64K). -
,mov in.out -
in out ( I/O ,mov -

).
:in, out in , out . in

ax .al out ax al .
:in, out -
: , 0 255. o
: ,255 .dx o
in ax/al, port
in ax/al, dx
out port, ax/al
out dx, ax/al
245
-12 ()
in / out :255
in al, 61h ; read the status of the port
or al, 00000011b ; change some bits
out 61h, al ; copy the value in al back to the port
( , , ) .
in ,
.out
:255
mov dx, 300h
in al, dx
,255 dx- .
: ( .)Device manager >-
, "" ( .)Properties ,
"" . 60 .64
246
-12 ()

. , , :
.1 . .Scan Codes
.2 I/O- , .60h
.3 , , scan codes 60h

. 9h Type Ahead
.Buffer
, .
:
.1 .
.2 ( BIOS BIOS ,
. ) . BIOS 16h
.
.3 ,DOS ,21h
.
, . ,Art of Assembly 20
().
247
-12 ()
Scan Codes
, PIC .
, . alt,
control, delete .
.
, .scan codes
down .up , scan code ,80h
7 scan code 0 1 ,
( ).
scan codes
, ESC ,1h ESC .81h ,

scan code .
:
.1 60h scan code / .
.2 PIC IR1 .
.3 PIC , . int
.9h
.4 , ISR .9
248
-12 ()
.5 ISR scan code ( Type Ahead Buffer ).
.6 ,ISR PIC end of interrupt .
Type Ahead Buffer
ISR 9h ,scan code ,

.ASCII ASCII . ''a
,shift ' ,'A ASCII ' .'a ,
ASCII . scan code ,ASCII code . ISR
.Type Ahead Buffer ,
:
0040:001A -
0040:001C -
16 0040:001E ()words -
, 16 (
.)scan code, ASCII code 16?
. , .2- ,
. .
, . ,BIOS
, .2
"" 16 .
BIOS . "" ?
, .
, ,
? , 15
( ) , BIOS .
,
. ,
.
249
-12 ()
, ASCII ,
:
, BIOS
.DOS
, .microcontrollers , ,
. :
.1 60h microcontroller .
, scan codes- .
.2 64h microcontroller .
, scan code .60h
.3 61h ,64h . ,
( ).
64h ( ):
in al, 64h ; Read keyboard status port
cmp al, 10b ? ; Data in buffer
, :
WaitForData:
in al, 64h
cmp al, 10b
je WaitForData
250
-12 ()
, :60h
in al, 60h
, , .2-
ESC .
. 15 .
,ESC 15 . 16 "
" . , 60h
, .
251
) (-12
; --------------------------------------------------------------------
; Use keyboard ports to read data, until ESC pressed
; --------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
message db 'ESC key pressed',13,10,'$'
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
WaitForData :
in al, 64h ; Read keyboard status port
cmp al, 10b ; Data in buffer ?
je WaitForData ; Wait until data available
in al, 60h ; Get keyboard data
cmp al, 1h ; Is it the ESC key ?
jne WaitForData
ESCPressed:
mov ah, 9
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
252
-12 ()
15 , 15
, .,
- .
- scan code- 80h

( ) . ,80h
and al, 80h
. .
; -----------------------------------------------------
; Identify key press and key release
; Print "Start" when a key is pressed
; Print "Stop" when the key is released
; Exit program if ESC is pressed
; Barak Gonen 2015
; -----------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
msg1 db 'Start'$
msg2 db 'Stop'$
saveKey db 0
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
253
) (-12
mov ds, ax
WaitForKey:
;check if there is a a new key in buffer

in al, 64h
cmp al, 10b
je WaitForKey
in al, 60h
;check if ESC key

cmp al, 1
je exit
;check if the key is same as already pressed

cmp al, [saveKey[
je WaitForKey
;new key- store it
mov [saveKey[, al
;check if the key was pressed or released

and al, 80h
jnz KeyReleased
KeyPressed:
;print "Start"
mov dx, offset msg1
jmp print
KeyReleased:
;print "Stop"
mov dx, offset msg2
print:
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
jmp WaitForKey
254
-12 ()
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
BIOS
BIOS 16h , ( ) ""

( , ).
, 16h .ah=0h al
ASCII ah scan code . , ""
.2
, . ,
, .
16h . ah=1 , 0
1 , . al , ah- ASCII scan code .
( ). -
. -
. -
:
WaitForData:
mov ah, 1
int 16h
jz WaitForData
mov ah, 0 ; there is a key in the buffer, read it and clear the buffer
int 16h
- ESC :
; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Use BIOS int 16h ports to read keyboard data, until ESC pressed
255
-12 ()
; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
message 'db 'ESC key pressed',13,10,'$
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
WaitForData :
mov ah, 1
Int 16h
jz WaitForData
mov ah, 0
int 16h
cmp ah, 1h
jne WaitForData
ESCPressed:
mov ah, 9
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
DOS
21h ah=0Ch , al
, int 21h . ,al=7h ,
,7h . :
256
-12 ()
al ASCII .
":
; Clear keyboard buffer and read key without echo

mov ah,0Ch
mov al,07h
int 21h
. :
, , .
'.
, ASCII , ASCII
. , . ,
ASCII .
:12.1
ISR scan code Type Ahead Buffer .

0040:001Eh .
( int 21h ) , TD
,step by step .type ahead buffer ,
' 'a type ahead buffer scan codes.
, wasd : .
W = up -
A= left -
S = down -
D= right -
257
-12 ()
. ,wasd "Move " ,"Move up

"down' . ,Esc . .
, .
: .
in al, 61h
or al, 00000011b
out 61h, al
mov al, 0b6h
out 43h, al
mov ax, 2394h
out 42h, al
mov al, ah
out 42h, al
:
in al, 61h
and al, 11111100b
out 61h, al
, .
: 16h . ,
60h scan code-
.
258
-12 ()

: ,PIC
, .
, .
. scan code
, .Type Ahead Buffer
:
60h ,64h -
int 16h ,BIOS -
,21h ,DOS -
259
260 13
13

, .
, . ,
. ""
, . .
.
. , : ,
.
, , .

? ,
. ,
.
. 1000 2000 .
1000 , .
2000 , .
:
, . , -
, .
( , -
) , ( ) , (
) .
.
, -
. ,
. ,
260
261 13
.
.
: -
, o
: -
ASCII o
BMP o
: -
: -
() o
: -
261
262 13
, (
, .)... ,DOS
.ah=3Dh :
AL
:0 -
:1 -
:2 -
DS:dx .
.0:
Filename db file.txt,0
ax , filehandle .DOS , ,CF

ax :
:2 . -
:5 . -
:12 . -
, .
, .
proc OpenFile
; Open file
mov ah, 3Dh
xor al, al
lea ]dx, [filename
int 21h
jc openerror
mov [filehandle], ax
ret
openerror:
262
263 13
mov dx, offset ErrorMsg

mov ah, 9h
int 21h
ret
endp OpenFile
.ah=3Fh :
filehandle bx DOS .
cx .
dx () .
: dx ,
.
proc ReadFile
; Read file
mov ah,3Fh
mov [bx, [filehandle
mov cx,NumOfBytes
mov dx,offset Buffer
int 21h
ret
endp ReadHeader
ax , , .
. .ah=40h:
filehandle bx DOS- .
cx . : cx=0 ,filehandle.
263
264 13
dx () .
ax , , .
: ( )cx=1, cx=2 ax=5

.access denied
proc WriteToFile
mov ah,40h
mov cx,12
mov dx,offset Message
int 21h
ret
endp WriteToFile
( 21h ,)ah=4Ch
. , ?
, . , , .
: ( , , ,
) . , .
.ah=3Eh :
filehandle bx DOS .
proc CloseFile
mov ah,3Eh
int 21h
ret
endp CloseFile
264
265 13
, .
, ,
, . ' assembly int 21h
'=ah :
AH=3Ch
AH=41h
AH=42h
filewrt.txt
,testfile.txt ' '!Hello world .
; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Write to file
; Author: Barak Gonen, 2014
; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
filename db 'testfile.txt',0
filehandle ? dw
Message !db 'Hello world
ErrorMsg 'db 'Error', 10, 13,'$
CODESEG
proc OpenFile
; Open file for reading and writing
265
266 13
mov ah, 3Dh
mov al, 2
mov dx, offset filename
int 21h
jc openerror
ret
openerror:
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
ret
endp OpenFile
proc WriteToFile
; Write message to file

mov ah,40h
mov bx, [filehandle]
mov cx,12
mov dx,offset Message
int 21h
ret
endp WriteToFile
proc CloseFile
; Close file
mov ah,3Eh
266
267 13
int 21h
ret
endp CloseFile
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; Process file
call OpenFile
call WriteToFile
call CloseFile
quit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
267
268 13

. , .
I/O- .
video memory . video memory A000:0000
.B000:FFFF
, :modes
, ,text mode video memory -
B800:0000 4,096( 4K) . , 25
80 .ASCII
, ,graphic mode video memory -
,A000:0000 65,536( 64K) . , 200
320 .
( ,DOSBOX
).
( ).
.video memory ,
.video memory , -
.BIOS BIOS . BIOS , -
. BIOS .
,DOS . -
268
269 13
, text mode .graphic mode
Text Mode
,
.ASCII , ASCII .
.text mode , .DOS

25 80 .
,text mode .BIOS, int 10h :
mov ah, 0
mov al, 2
int 10h
. , .
ASCII
DATASEG .,
,DATASEG , include
.DATASEG
:monalisa.asm
269
270 13
, . $
.
, int 21h .ah=9h
( monalisa.asm IDEAL
, include):
; ---------------------------------------------------------
; Display ASCII graphics
; ---------------------------------------------------------
model small
stack 100h
DATASEG
include monalisa.asm
CODESEG
start:
270
271 13
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
; Print string
mov ah, 9h
mov dx,offset monalisa
int 21h
; Wait for key press

mov ah, 0h
int 16h
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
end start
271
272 13
ASCII Generator ASCII

: .http://sourceforge.net/projects/ascgen2
: , ,
" how to generate ascii art"
For beginners:
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_art_converter
ASCII Art Galleries:
http://www.afn.org/~afn39695/collect.htm
http://chris.com/ascii/
272
273 13
Graphic Mode
, .
. , . . ,VGA
.Video Graphics Array ,
:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array
VGA , ,320X200 200 320

.
BIOS, int 10h :
mov ax, 13h
int 10h
, 200x320.
,video memory ,A000:0000- .

: , . , .
273
274 13
: . ,
A000:0000 ,0:0 A000:0001 0:1 . ,Y
,320 X .
. , VGA , ,
8 . 256=28 . ,
,Red, Green, Blue .RGB 256 ,RGB
256 ( ) . video memory
.0 ,0 RGB 0,0,0
.
, .standard palette standard

:palette
, . 256 standard palette

. , 256 ,standard palette
, . palette
, bmp palette .

, .
video memory .out
, x,y.
, ,BIOS .ah=0Ch
:
al
bl ( )0
cx X
dx Y
274
275 13
; -------------------------------------------------------------
; Paint a red pixel in the center of the screen
; -------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
x dw 160
y dw 100
color db 4
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; Graphic mode
mov ax, 13h
int 10h
; Print red dot

mov bh,0h
mov cx,[x]
mov dx,[y]
mov al,[color]
mov ah,0ch
int 10h

mov ah,00h
275
276 13
int 16h
; Return to text mode

mov ah, 0
mov al, 2
int 10h
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
BIOS , .ah=0Dh
, . ,
.
. .
; Set graphics mode 320x200x256

mov ax,13h
int 10h
; Read dot
mov bh,0h
mov ]cx,[x
mov ]dx,[y
276
277 13
mov ah,0Dh
int 10h ; return al the pixel value read
( : )
, ( ,
).
, , X 1
( ) Y ( 1 ) . X
.Y , , Bresenham algorithm
, .
, Y
.1 , .
, ( : )
277
278 13
BMP
, , . (
) , ,BMP ,Bit Map .
, . BMP
,video memory , JPG ,
.
.BMP , BMP
. .assembly read bmp file in :
www.brackeen.com/vga/bitmaps/html
www.ragestorm.net/tutorial?id=7
BMP :
Header .1 54 . header ' 'BM

.BMP
256 Palette .2 , ( 1,024) . ,

( RGB ,) , palette BMP
( BGR) , palette
.
Data .3 . ,2550
.palette , . , data
,video memory . BMP
video memory VGA . 320
200 , 64,000.
. 320x200
. ( ) . BMP
, ,BMP .data , 1079
.(1079=54+256x4) BMP
1079 ' .'0 ,

0 .palette ,palette BGR 0
,palette .54:57
278
279 13
BMP 320 .200 ,

Microsoft Paint .
, .
.test.bmp . -
.tasm/bin
. -
.header -
.palette -
palette , .3C8h, 3C9h BGR -

.RGB
data , video memory -

.
, . -
279
280 13
; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Read a BMP file 320x200 and print it to screen
; Author: Barak Gonen, 2014
; Credit: Diego Escala, www.ece.msstate.edu/~reese/EE3724/labs/lab9/bitmap.asm
; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
filename db 'test.bmp',0
filehandle dw ?
Header db 54 dup (0)
Palette db 256*4 dup (0)
ScrLine db 320 dup (0)
ErrorMsg db 'Error', 13, 10,'$'
CODESEG
proc OpenFile
; Open file
mov ah, 3Dh
xor al, al
mov dx, offset filename
int 21h
jc openerror
280
281 13
ret
openerror:
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
ret
endp OpenFile
proc ReadHeader
; Read BMP file header, 54 bytes

mov ah,3fh
mov cx,54
mov dx,offset Header
int 21h
ret
endp ReadHeader
proc ReadPalette
; Read BMP file color palette, 256 colors * 4 bytes (400h)

mov ah,3fh
mov cx,400h
mov dx,offset Palette
int 21h
ret
endp ReadPalette
281
282 13
proc CopyPal
; Copy the colors palette to the video memory

; The number of the first color should be sent to port 3C8h
; The palette is sent to port 3C9h
mov si,offset Palette
mov cx,256
mov dx,3C8h
mov al,0
; Copy starting color to port 3C8h

out dx,al
; Copy palette itself to port 3C9h

inc dx
PalLoop:
; Note: Colors in a BMP file are saved as BGR values rather than RGB.
mov al,[si+2] ; Get red value.
shr al,2 ; Max. is 255, but video palette maximal
; value is 63. Therefore dividing by 4.
out dx,al ; Send it.
mov al,[si+1] ; Get green value.
shr al,2
mov al,[si] ; Get blue value.
shr al,2
add si,4 ; Point to next color.
; (There is a null chr. after every color.)
282
283 13
loop PalLoop
ret
endp CopyPal
proc CopyBitmap
; BMP graphics are saved upside-down.

; Read the graphic line by line (200 lines in VGA format),
; displaying the lines from bottom to top.
mov ax, 0A000h
mov es, ax
mov cx,200
PrintBMPLoop:
push cx
; di = cx*320, point to the correct screen line

mov di,cx
shl cx,6
shl di,8
add di,cx
; Read one line

mov ah,3fh
mov cx,320
mov dx,offset ScrLine
int 21h
; Copy one line into video memory

cld ; Clear direction flag, for movsb
mov cx,320
mov si,offset ScrLine
283
284 13
rep movsb ; Copy line to the screen
;rep movsb is same as the following code:
;mov es:di, ds:si
;inc si
;inc di
;dec cx
... ;loop until cx=0
pop cx
loop PrintBMPLoop
ret
endp CopyBitmap
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; Graphic mode
mov ax, 13h
int 10h
; Process BMP file

call OpenFile
call ReadHeader
call ReadPalette
call CopyPal
call CopyBitmap

mov ah,1
284
285 13
int 21h
; Back to text mode

mov ah, 0
mov al, 2
int 10h
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start

, .
. bmp .graphics :
https://piazza.com/class/i98gbkdp1mg15m?cid=20
" "Graphics- advanced . :
"
, .
,
.
:
.1 BMP ? , BMP- 10x10
80,100
.2 ? , .
.3 ? ,
.
.4 ? , (
).
, , +
):

"
-1 ,
285
286 13
-2,3 ,
-4 ,

, , .
. pdf Art of Assembly
(.)The Physics of Sound
, , .
, "" . "" ,
. "" .
"" . .
12- . . ,
12 ( 2 ,)1.06 110,
,1.06*110 117 , 2*110
220 ,.
( .)speaker ,61h
. , ,00 .61h:
in al, 61h
or al, 00000011b
out 61h, al
in al, 61h
and al, 11111100b
out 61h, al
, , . 43h
.42h
286
287 13
, . 0B6h :43h
mov al, 0B6h
out 43h, al
" port 42h" ( )divisor 16 , .

.
1193180 .:
1193180
Divisor = ---------------
Frequency
port 42h 8 , ,
.
, "" , 440 , ,2712

.0A98h :
mov al, 98h
out 42h, al ; Sending lower byte
mov al, 0Ah
out 42h, al ; Sending upper byte
, , 131.
; ----------------------------------------------------------------
; Play a note from the speaker
; ----------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
287
288 13
STACK 100h
DATASEG
note dw 2394h ; 1193180 / 131 -> (hex)
message db 'Press any key to exit',13,10,'$'
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; open speaker
in al, 61h
or al, 00000011b
out 61h, al
; send control word to change frequency
mov al, 0B6h
out 43h, al
; play frequency 131Hz
mov ax, [note]
out 42h, al ; Sending lower byte
mov al, ah
out 42h, al ; Sending upper byte
; wait for any key
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
288
289 13
mov ah, 1h
int 21h
; close the speaker
in al, 61h
and al, 11111100b
out 61h, al
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
END start
289
290 13
. , int 21h .ah=2Ch
.:
, . -
, . -
, . -
. ,
. , ,
.:
, . -
, , . -
, . -
( , dl
) . .
, 55 , 55
. 55
. .
55
. 0040:006Ch ,
55 . . (
290
291 13
, ) . ,
.
( ) . :
.0040:006Ch .
182 ( )182x0.055sec=10.01 sec .
;---------------------------------------------------------------
(; Produce a delay of 10 seconds (182 clock ticks
;---------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
Clock equ es:6Ch
'StartMessage db 'Counting 10 seconds. Start...',13,10,'$
'EndMessage db '...Stop.',13,10,'$
CODESEG
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; wait for first change in timer
mov ax, 40h
mov es, ax
mov ]ax, [Clock
FirstTick:
cmp ]ax, [Clock
291
292 13
je FirstTick
; print start message
mov dx, offset StartMessage
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
; count 10 sec
mov cx, 182 ; 182x0.055sec = ~10sec
DelayLoop:
mov ax, [Clock]
Tick:
cmp ax, [Clock]
je Tick
loop DelayLoop
; print end message
mov dx, offset EndMessage
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
quit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
292
293 13
Random Numbers
. ,
( ,
) .
. , .
( .)Pseudo-random
, (
, ' . ,
) . , "" "
".
. .
, .
.0040:006Ch
, 0 : .1 ( 0 )1 :al
mov ax, 40h
mov es, ax
mov ax, es:6Ch
and al, 00000001b
.11 ,10 ,01 ,00 : , .03

:
and al, 00000011b
. 015 ,70'.
,90 ,2 .
90- :
.10 -
293
294 13
.10 -
.70 -
. , 0
( )0,0,0 0,0,7( 7 1,0,6 1,1,5 1,5,1
6,1,0.)...
. , ,90 0
15 .9
, .
,0040:006Ch 55 . , ,
, . ,
, . , ,
xor . , ,
.xor , .
xor
. CODESEG
, .
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Generate 10 random numbers between 015
; The method is by doing xor between the timer counter and some bits in CODESEG
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
294
295 13
STACK 100h
DATASEG
Clock equ es:6Ch
EndMessage db 'Done',13,10,'$'
divisorTable db 10,1,0
CODESEG
proc printNumber
push ax
push bx
push dx
mov bx,offset divisorTable
nextDigit:
xor ah,ah ; dx:ax = number
div [byte ptr bx] ; al = quotient, ah = remainder
add al,'0'
call printCharacter ; Display the quotient
mov al,ah ; ah = remainder
add bx,1 ; bx = address of next divisor
cmp [byte ptr bx],0 ; Have all divisors been done?
jne nextDigit
mov ah,2
mov dl,13
int 21h
mov dl,10
int 21h
295
296 13
pop dx
pop bx
pop ax
ret
endp printNumber
proc printCharacter
push ax
push dx
mov ah,2
mov dl, al
int 21h
pop dx
pop ax
ret
endp printCharacter
start:
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax
; initialize
mov ax, 40h
mov es, ax
mov cx, 10
mov bx, 0
296
297 13
RandLoop:
; generate random number, cx number of times
mov ax, [Clock] ; read timer counter
mov ah, [byte cs:bx] ; read one byte from memory
xor al, ah ; xor memory and counter
and al, 00001111b ; leave result between 0-15
inc bx
call printNumber
loop RandLoop
; print exit message
mov dx, offset EndMessage
mov ah, 9h
int 21h
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
END start
297
298 13

/ .
Scan Codes -
BIOS -
DOS -
, .
:
.1 ,
( .)BIOS / DOS / , BIOS
, DOS . ,
.
.2 DOS int 21h ASCII .

( ) ASCII.
ASCII , ASCII ,scan code
ASCII .? . ,
.scan code ,DOS :
in al, 60h
.int 33h
,DOS " "int 33h mouse function calls .
, .
, , :
mov ax,13h
298
299 13
int 10h
.33h ( ax ax , ah
.)int 21h , . ax=0h
:
mov ax,0h
int 33h
, :ax=1h
mov ax,1h
int 33h
mov ax,3h
int 33h
bx -
xxxx xxx1 0 ' '1 o
xxxx xx1x 1 ' '1 o
, bx ' '00 .
cx , ( 6390 , 320 -
, cx ).
dx , 199 0 -
.
. , .
299
300 13
; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; PURPOSE : Paint a point on mouse location, upon left mouse click
; AUTHOR : Barak Gonen 2014
; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IDEAL
MODEL small
STACK 100h
DATASEG
color db 12
CODESEG
start:
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
; Graphics mode
mov ax,13h
int 10h
; Initializes the mouse
mov ax,0h
int 33h
; Show mouse
mov ax,1h
int 33h
; Loop until mouse click
300
301 13
MouseLP:
mov ax,3h
int 33h
cmp bx, 01h ; check left mouse click
jne MouseLP
; Print dot near mouse location
shr cx,1 ; adjust cx to range 0-319, to fit screen
sub dx, 1 ; move one pixel, so the pixel will not be hidden by mouse
mov bh,0h
mov al,[color]
mov ah,0Ch
int 10h
; Press any key to continue
mov ah,00h
int 16h
; Text mode
mov ax,3h
int 10h
exit:
mov ax,4C00h
int 21h
END start
301
302 13
Debug

, . , .
,
. ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .
. .
. :
, : . -
, . -
, , ., -
, cx 2 ?
shr cx,1 ; adjust cx to range 0-319, to fit screen
, . , ,
. :
mov ax, 5 ; copy 5 into ax

. . ,
, , ...
.
. , ,
' . ( " ").
302
303 13
( )
303
304 13
, .
. ,
. - ,
. :
" " , , -
, .
:bmp
; Process BMP file

call OpenFile
call ReadHeader
call ReadPalette
call CopyPal
call CopyBitmap
. . . ?
" " ,"" ,
. , :
; Process BMP file

call OpenFile
; call ReadHeader
; call ReadPalette
; call CopyPal
; call CopyBitmap
, . (
) . ? .
. TD . -
ReadHeader , .
DATASEG .header header
304
305 13
. ' 'BM ,
.
, . -
, ,
. ,
. , - ,
. ,
.
, ,
, , .
, , . ,
( , .)cx
. .
, ,
. ,
, . ,DATASEG
CODESEG .
, .
, .
305
306 13
, ,:
.A2034: must be in segment block ? .
, ( )StackOverflow
. , Key pressed
.Key released ESC . -
. , scan code-
.
. , . .
, 5X5 . .
.:
.a , 25

" .b"
. , ,
306
307 13
ASCII bmp .
, , .
, .
: , , .
. , . ,
.!
307
308 13
'
. -
( "") .
, .
ADD JNA NEG

AND JNAE NOP
CALL JNB NOT
CLC JNBE OR
CLI JNGE OUT
CMP JNL POP
DEC JNLE POPF
DIV JNO PUSH
IDIV JNP PUSHF
IMUL JNS RCL
IN JNZ, JNE RCR
INC JO RET
INT JP ROL
IRET JPE ROR
JA JPO SAL
JAE JS SAR
JB JZ SBB
JBE LAHF SHL
JC LEA
JCXZ LOOP
JE LOOPE
JG LOOPNE
JGE LOOPNZ
JL LOOPZ
JLE MOV
JMP MUL
308
309 13
-CLC
-STC
-CLI
Unsigned Signed
)JG (JNLE )JA (JNBE
)JL (JNGE )JB (JNAE
)JGE (JNL )JAE (JNB
)JLE (JNG )JBE (JNA
JE JE
JNE JNE
-JCXZ cx=0
JC
JNC
309
310 13
JZ
JNZ
JS
JNS
JO
JNO
JP / JPO
JNP / JPE
-LAHF 8 ah-
-PUSHF
-POPF
LOOP- , -
) -LOOPE (LOOPZ ,LOOP cx . -
. cmp LOOPE .LOOPZ
) -LOOPNE (LOOPNZ ,LOOP cx . -
310
311 13
SHL, SHR , -
-ROL , SHL , -
. ah ROL , .
-ROR ,SHR , -
-RCL ,SHL .
-RCR ,SHR .
-SAL SHL-
-SAR SHR-
-SBB ,SUB .
311
312 13
' :
Piazza . ,
. , "" ,
. , !
:Piazza-
.1 www.piazza.com ""students get started
.2 ""gvahim
312
313 13
.3 ""other
.4 assembly
313
314 13
.5 student- ""assembly
.6 , , submit email
314
315 13
.7 submit
.8 . I am not pursuing a degree
. -Continue , . .
315
316 13
, .new post
- Post type = Question
- Post to = Entire class
- Folder = Other
, Post my question
316
317 13

http://edjudo.com/wordpress_livedec10/wp-content/uploads/slider/digital.jpg
http://visual6502.org/images/pages/Intel_8086_die_shots.html
http://www.ousob.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_API
http://iitestudent.blogspot.co.il/
317

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2.

19 .........................................................................................Pearls Before Swine 3 :

43 ............................................................................................ Double Word

46 .............................................................................. Von Neumann Machine

48 .......................................................................................... SYSTEM BUSES

49 .................................................................................................... DATA BUS

49 ............................................................................................ ADDRESS BUS

50 ............................................................................................. CONTROL BUS

57 .............................................................. General Purpose Registers

61 ............................................................................. Segment Registers

62 ............................................................. Special Purpose Registers

62 ................................................................... Arithmetic & Logical Unit

63 .............................................................................................. Control Unit

66 .......................................................................................................... Editor Notepad++

69 ................................................................................................................ Command Line

74 ............................................................................................................. TASM Assembler

75 ....................................................................................................... Turbo Debugger TD

84 ..................................................................................................... IP Instruction Pointer

88 .................................................................................................. Zero Flag

89 ......................................................................................... Overflow Flag

90 ................................................................................................. Carry Flag

91 .................................................................................................. Sign Flag

91 ........................................................................................... Direction Flag

92 ......................................................................................... Interrupt Flag

92 ............................................................................................. Trace Flag

92 ................................................................................................ Parity Flag

92 ......................................................................................... Auxiliary Flag

97 ................................................................................................ Signed, Unsigned

102 ...................................................................................................................... MOV

111 ............................................................................................ Little Endian, Big Endian

113 ................................................................................................................... LEA

113 ............................................................................................. word ptr / byte ptr

114 ..................................................................................................... type override

- mov 115 .........................................................................................

119 ................................................................................................................... ADD

120 ................................................................................................................... SUB

121 ......................................................................................................... INC / DEC

121 ...................................................................................................... MUL / IMUL

124 ........................................................................................................... DIV, IDIV

128 ................................................................................................................... AND

133 ................................................................................................................... NOT

133 ................................................................................................................... SHL

134 ................................................................................................................... SHR

137 ....................................................................................................................... JMP

139 ............................................................................................................. LABELS

141 ...................................................................................................................... CMP

145 .................................................................................................................... LOOP

( Nested Loops) 147 ..........................................................................

156 ................................................................................................................ PUSH

158 ................................................................................................................... POP

162 ....................................................................................................... CALL, RET

165 ................................................................................................... NEAR, FAR

173 ........................................................................................................ Pass by Value

176 ................................................................................................. Pass by Reference

( Stack Overflow -) 188 ................................................................................

( CodeGuru Extreme 10) 198 ...................................................................................

201 ..................................................................................................... Reverse Engineering

202 ................................................................................................................... duck.com

203 ................................................................................................................. coffee.com

205 ............................................................................................................ codeguru.com

207 ....................................................................................... Make it Break it Fix it :

ISR( IVT) 214 ............................................................................................................

216 ..................................................................................................................... DOS

4F16 = F160 + 4161 = 15 + 64 = 7910