MID TERM TEST

SPECIAL TOPICS
Separation Using Membrane Contactor

Members of Group:

Samantha Juliana 0906489504

Hutama Pastika 0906489504

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2012

1. Natural gas at 700 psia, 86oF, and 1400 MMSCFD has a basic data as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Composition of Natural Gas

Permeance Mol
Component Mole Fraction
(mol.m-2.s-2.Pa-1)
CO2 0.8123 2.57 x 10-8
H2S 0.0003 2.96 x 10-8
N2 0.0081 0.64 x 10-8
CH4 0.1626 0.39 x 10-8
C2H6 0.0102 0.25 x 10-8
C3H8 0.0015 0.13 x 10-8
i-C4H10 0.0005 0.01 x 10-8
 n-C4H10 0.0004 0.01 x 10-8
H2O 0.0041 3.17 x 10-8

If the CO2 content in the natural gas will be separated in 3 (three) stages membrane
processes so that the CO2 content in the final product stream no more than 5%.
Pressure drop in feed side is 20 psi for each membrane and permeate side pressure
is set to be 14.7 psia (atmospheric condition).
a. Determine the gas composition in every stage based on your chosen stage cut.
b. Calculate membrane area in each stage.
c. Determine your product stream flow rate and its composition.

Solution

Illustration of process in question is given in Figure 1. To solve this problem, the following
procedure is used:

Figure 1. Three Stages Membrane Process to Separate Acid Gas from Natural Gas

1. Assume stage cut for each membrane process

Stage cut, for each process is defined as:
Q
j= j (1)
Fj

where j indicates membrane process stages, its value are 1, 2, or 3. For first guess, all
stage cut is set to be 0.5. This value of stage cut will be corrected later to achieve
maximum flow of natural gas (F4) with allowable level of CO2 (0.5%).

2. Assign number to components

i-C4H10 is given component number 1 because it has lowest permeability. Component
number for each component is given in Table 2.

2
 Table 2. Number Assignment to Component
Permeance Mol Component Number
Component Mole Fraction
(mol.m-2.s-2.Pa-1)
CO2 0.8123 2.57 x 10-8 3
H2S 0.0003 2.96 x 10-8 4
N2 0.0081 0.64 x 10-8 5
CH4 0.1626 0.39 x 10-8 6
C2H6 0.0102 0.25 x 10-8 7
C3H8 0.0015 0.13 x 10-8 8
i-C4H10 0.0005 0.01 x 10-8 1
n-C4H10 0.0004 0.01 x 10-8 2
H2O 0.0041 3.17 x 10-8 3
3. Calculate permeance mol ratio of each component, i
i is calculated using following equation:
Pi
i= (2)
P1

where i indicates component number and P1 is permeance mol of i-C4H10.

4. Assume value of yp1

Mole fraction of i-C4H10 in feed is already low (0.0005). Because of low permeability
nature of this component, mole fraction of i-C 4H10 in permeate side will be lower. y p1 in
each stage of membranes are set to be 10-10.

5. Determine value of f(yp1) and f(yp1) in each membrane

Following equations are used:
n
x fi , j i , j
f ( y p 1 , j )= 1=0
i=1 x (3)
( j+ j j j ) ( i , j1 ) + y f 1, j
p 1, j

n
x fi , j i , j x f 1, j y2
p 1, j
f ' ( y p 1 , j )= 2
i=1

[ x
( j + j j j )( i , j1 ) + y f 1, j
p 1, j
] (4)

where i indicates component number, j indicates membrane process stages, and:

p
j= L, j (5)
pH , j

where pL is permeate side pressure and pH is retentate side pressure.

6. Calculate new yp1 using Newton-Raphson method

3
 f ( y p1, j )
y p 1, j = y p 1, j (6)
f ' ( y p1, j )

7. Calculate f(yp1) and f(yp1) for new value of yp1

Equation (3) and (4) will be used again.

8. Calculate error,
Equation (7) is used to calculate .
=|( y p 1, j )new ( y p 1, j )old| (7)

Iteration ends when 10-10.

9. Calculate composition in retentate side in each membrane process

Following equation is used:
x i , j F j=x oi , j F j+ 1+ y pi , j Q j

x i , j F j y pi, j Q j
x oi, j= (8)
F j+1

10. Calculate membrane area in each stage

Following equation is used:
y pi , j j F j
A m , j=
Pi ( x oi, j p h , j y pi , j pl , j ) (9)

11. Calculate product flow rate

Product flow rate, F4 is calculated using equation:
F 4=(13 ) F 3 (10)
General equation is:
F j+1=(1 j ) F j (11)

12. Correct stage cut value with aid of Solver in Ms. Excel 2007
As already mentioned, stage cut value in each membrane process, j is to corrected later
to achieve maximum flow of natural gas (F4) with allowable level of CO2 (0.5%). Solver
function can be used to do this. Following rule are applied in Solver:
Target = maximum flow rate of F4 (12a)
Constraint = xo3,3 0.05 (12b)

4
Result for procedure 1-12 are given in Table 3.

5
 Table 3a. Calculation Result for First Stage of Membrane Process (j = 1)
j 1
pL 14.7 psia
pH 680 psia
o
T 86 F
F1 1400 MMSCFD
0.0216
0.8566
N yp1 yp2 yp4 yp7 yp8
yp1 yp2 yp3 yp4 yp5 yp6 yp7 yp8 yp9 f(yp) yp3' yp5' yp6' yp9' f(yp')
o ' ' ' ' '
1.0E- 4.2E- 1.8E- 1.0E- 1.3E- 5.1E- 3.9E- 2.6E- - 41748 103 1268 259
1 8.0E-11 1 1 178 510 39 434532
10 05 08 07 06 08 09 07 1.0E+00 5 7 3 9
2.3E- 1.8E- 4.8E- 1.9E- 1.9E- 2.5E- 1.1E- 8.6E- 2.7E- 10304
2 -4.9E-01 1 1 38 664 9584 425 36 513 114306
06 06 01 04 03 02 03 05 03 4
6.6E- 5.3E- 7.1E- 2.7E- 4.0E- 5.8E- 2.6E- 2.3E- 3.7E-
3 -2.2E-01 1 1 27380 9 353 6192 315 30 124 34404
06 06 01 04 03 02 03 04 03
1.3E- 1.1E- 8.1E- 3.0E- 5.6E- 9.0E- 4.3E- 4.0E- 4.2E-
4 -8.7E-02 1 1 9075 3 177 3672 214 24 39 13206
05 05 01 04 03 02 03 04 03
2.0E- 1.6E- 8.5E- 3.2E- 6.5E- 1.1E- 5.5E- 5.5E- 4.4E-
5 -2.3E-02 1 1 4463 1 106 2424 155 20 19 7189
05 05 01 04 03 01 03 04 03
2.3E- 1.8E- 8.6E- 3.2E- 6.8E- 1.2E- 6.0E- 6.1E- 4.4E-
6 -2.5E-03 1 1 3405 1 86 2037 135 18 14 5697
05 05 01 04 03 01 03 04 03
2.3E- 1.9E- 8.6E- 3.2E- 6.9E- 1.2E- 6.1E- 6.1E- 4.4E-
7 -3.8E-05 1 1 3288 1 83 1990 132 18 14 5529
05 05 01 04 03 01 03 04 03
2.3E- 1.9E- 8.6E- 3.2E- 6.9E- 1.2E- 6.1E- 6.1E- 4.4E-
8 -8.6E-09 1 1 3286 1 83 1990 132 18 14 5526
05 05 01 04 03 01 03 04 03
2.3E- 1.9E- 8.6E- 3.2E- 6.9E- 1.2E- 6.1E- 6.1E- 4.4E-
9 0.0E+00 1 1 3286 1 83 1990 132 18 14 5526
05 05 01 04 03 01 03 04 03
2.3E- 1.9E- 8.6E- 3.2E- 6.9E- 1.2E- 6.1E- 6.1E- 4.4E-
10 0.0E+00 1 1 3286 1 83 1990 132 18 14 5526
05 05 01 04 03 01 03 04 03

xo1 xo2 xo3 xo4 xo5 xo6 xo7 xo8 xo9

3.3E- 2.7E- 5.0E- 1.6E- 1.6E- 4.3E- 3.5E- 6.8E- 2.1E-
03 03 01 04 02 01 02 03 03

6
 246.80
Am m2
4

Table 3b. Calculation Result for Second Stage of Membrane Process (j = 2)

J 2
pL 14.7 Psia
pH 660 Psia
o
T 86 F
F1 200.80 MMSCFD
0.022
0.7574
N yp1 yp2 yp4 yp5 yp7 yp8 yp9
yp1 yp2 yp3 yp4 yp5 yp6 yp7 yp8 yp9 f(yp) yp3' yp6' f(yp')
o ' ' ' ' ' ' '
1.0E- 3.8E- 1.4E- 3.0E- 5.1E- 2.6E- 2.6E- 2.0E- - 3847 505
1 8.0E-11 1 1 14 297 261 26 199 44322
10 06 09 08 07 08 09 08 1.0E+00 0 2
2.3E- 1.8E- 3.7E- 1.3E- 5.1E- 9.5E- 5.2E- 5.6E- 1.7E- 353
2 -5.2E-01 1 1 7169 2 169 207 23 29 11136
05 05 01 04 03 02 03 04 03 5
6.9E- 5.5E- 5.3E- 1.8E- 1.0E- 2.2E- 1.3E- 1.5E- 2.3E- 197
3 -2.3E-01 1 1 1522 0 75 137 19 6 3740
05 05 01 04 02 01 02 03 03 9
1.3E- 1.0E- 5.8E- 1.9E- 1.3E- 3.1E- 2.0E- 2.5E- 2.5E-
4 -7.1E-02 1 1 526 0 36 1123 89 14 2 1792
04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03
1.7E- 1.4E- 6.0E- 2.0E- 1.5E- 3.5E- 2.3E- 3.0E- 2.6E-
5 -1.1E-02 1 1 326 0 25 832 70 12 1 1270
04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03
1.8E- 1.4E- 6.0E- 2.0E- 1.5E- 3.5E- 2.4E- 3.2E- 2.6E-
6 -3.8E-04 1 1 297 0 23 783 67 12 1 1185
04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03
1.8E- 1.4E- 6.0E- 2.0E- 1.5E- 3.5E- 2.4E- 3.2E- 2.6E-
7 -4.6E-07 1 1 296 0 23 781 67 12 1 1182
04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03
1.8E- 1.4E- 6.0E- 2.0E- 1.5E- 3.5E- 2.4E- 3.2E- 2.6E-
8 -6.9E-13 1 1 296 0 23 781 67 12 1 1182
04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03
9 1.8E- 1.4E- 6.0E- 2.0E- 1.5E- 3.5E- 2.4E- 3.2E- 2.6E- 0.0E+00 1 1 296 0 23 781 67 12 1 1182

7
 04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03
1.8E- 1.4E- 6.0E- 2.0E- 1.5E- 3.5E- 2.4E- 3.2E- 2.6E-
10 0.0E+00 1 1 296 0 23 781 67 12 1 1182
04 04 01 04 02 01 02 03 03

xo1 xo2 xo3 xo4 xo5 xo6 xo7 xo8 xo9

1.3E- 1.1E- 1.9E- 5.4E- 1.8E- 6.8E- 7.0E- 1.8E- 6.6E-
02 02 01 05 02 01 02 02 04

Am 60.28 m2

Table 3c. Calculation Result for Second Stage of Membrane Process (j = 3)

j 3
pL 14.7 Psia
pH 640 Psia
o
T 86 F
F3 48.708 MMSCFD
F4 17.00 MMSCFD
0.0230
0.6510
N yp1 yp2 yp4 yp5 yp7 yp8 yp9
yp1 yp2 yp3 yp4 yp5 yp6 yp7 yp8 yp9 f(yp) yp3' yp6' f(yp')
o ' ' ' ' ' ' '
1.0E- 8.0E- 3.6E- 1.2E- 8.5E- 2.0E- 1.3E- 1.8E- 1.6E- - 363 200
1 1 1 1 85 133 18 16 5898
10 11 07 10 09 07 08 09 09 1.0E+00 4 9
1.7E- 1.4E- 1.9E- 5.9E- 9.4E- 2.6E- 1.9E- 2.7E- 7.3E- 115
2 -5.2E-01 1 1 364 0 36 92 15 1 1662
04 04 01 05 03 01 02 03 04 2
4.8E- 3.8E- 2.5E- 7.2E- 1.6E- 5.1E- 4.1E- 6.6E- 8.8E-
3 -1.8E-01 1 1 72 0 14 552 54 11 0 704
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
7.4E- 5.9E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 1.9E- 6.2E- 5.2E- 9.1E- 9.2E-
4 -3.9E-02 1 1 33 0 8 348 37 9 0 437
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
5 8.3E- 6.7E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 2.0E- 6.5E- 5.5E- 9.9E- 9.3E- -2.6E-03 1 1 27 0 7 304 33 8 0 380

8
 04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
8.4E- 6.7E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 2.0E- 6.5E- 5.6E- 9.9E- 9.3E-
6 -1.3E-05 1 1 27 0 6 300 33 8 0 377
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
8.4E- 6.7E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 2.0E- 6.5E- 5.6E- 9.9E- 9.3E-
7 -3.6E-10 1 1 27 0 6 300 33 8 0 377
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
8.4E- 6.7E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 2.0E- 6.5E- 5.6E- 9.9E- 9.3E-
8 0.0E+00 1 1 27 0 6 300 33 8 0 377
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
8.4E- 6.7E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 2.0E- 6.5E- 5.6E- 9.9E- 9.3E-
9 0.0E+00 1 1 27 0 6 300 33 8 0 377
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04
8.4E- 6.7E- 2.6E- 7.6E- 2.0E- 6.5E- 5.6E- 9.9E- 9.3E-
10 0.0E+00 1 1 27 0 6 300 33 8 0 377
04 04 01 05 02 01 02 03 04

xo1 xo2 xo3 xo4 xo5 xo6 xo7 xo8 xo9

3.6E- 2.9E- 5.0E- 1.3E- 1.4E- 7.4E- 9.8E- 3.3E- 1.5E-
02 02 02 05 02 01 02 02 04

Am 21.41 m2

9
From result in Table 3, we can answer all questions:
a. Gas composition in every stage based on your chosen stage cut

Table 4. Gas Composition and Chosen Stage Cut

Mole Fraction in Product (xoi,j)
Component
j = 1, = 0.8566 j = 2, = 0.7574 j = 3, = 0.6510
CO2 0.5010 0.1872 0.0500
H2S 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000
N2 0.0155 0.0176 0.0137
CH4 0.4335 0.6821 0.7393
C2H6 0.0349 0.0704 0.0979
C3H8 0.0068 0.0181 0.0334
i-C4H10 0.0033 0.0132 0.0364
n-C4H10 0.0027 0.0106 0.0291
H2O 0.0021 0.0007 0.0001

b. Membrane area in each stage

Membrane area in each stage are Am1 = 246.804 m2, Am2 = 60.28 m2, and Am3 = 21.41 m2.

c. Product stream flow rate and its composition.

Final product stream flow rate and composition are given in Table 5.

Table 5. Product Composition and Flow Rate

Mole Fraction Mole Fraction in Permeate (ypi,3)
Component
in Retentate (xoi,3) ypi,3 ypi,2 ypi,3
CO2 0.0500 0.8644 0.6014 0.2608
H2S 0.0000 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001
N2 0.0137 0.0069 0.0149 0.0196
CH4 0.7393 0.1172 0.3539 0.6514
C2H6 0.0979 0.0061 0.0235 0.0557
C3H8 0.0334 0.0006 0.0032 0.0099
i-C4H10 0.0364 0.0000 0.0002 0.0008
n-C4H10 0.0291 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007
H2O 0.0001 0.0044 0.0026 0.0009
Flow Rate (MMSCFD) 17.00 1199.2 152.094 31.711
2. Hollow fiber contactor of 60 cm (length) will be used to produce boiler feed water
containing dissolved oxygen no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm). The fiber has
300 m in outside diameter. For the feed water flowing through the shell side of the
contactor:
a. Derive the equation for finding the number of fiber in the contactor (N f) and
explain how to solve the equation.
b. Obtain the graph number of fiber (N f) vs contactor diameter (dp = 15 20
cm, increment 0.5 cm) and explain the results.
c. Obtain the graph membrane packing fraction () vs contactor diameter and
explain the result.

10
 d. Obtain the graph membrane area (A m) vs contactor diameter and explain the
results.

Mass transfer correlation in the shell side is

0.5
Sh=514.0 R e

Notes:
Q = 0.2 m3/h
Cout = 0.5 ppm
Cin = 7.8 ppm
l = 60 cm = 0.6 m
df = 300 m = 0.0003 m
D = 1.75 10-9 m2/s
= 1000 kg/m3
= 0.001 m
a = 514
b = 0.5

11
a. Derive the equation for finding the number of fiber in the contactor (Nf) and explain
how to solve the equation.
From the equation,
de
Sh=a b=k
D
QL C
k L=
Am
ln
( )
C out

Then,
Q C d e
Sh=
Am
ln
( )
C out D

Q C d e
a b =
Am
ln
( )
C out D

Subtitute,

v de Q Q d e
= ; where v = ; so =
A flow A flow

Q de b C d
a
( )(
A flow
=
Q
ln e
)
N f d f l C out D

a
Q
(
4 A flow

A flow
= )(
Q C 1 4 A flow
ln
N f d f l C out D )
b

( )(
4
Q
a

A flow
=
Q C 1 4 A flow
ln
N f d f l C out D )

12
 b

(
)
4 2
Q
Q C 1
( d N f d f 2 ) 4
4 p
a


( d 2N f d f 2 )
=
Nf dfl
ln
( )
C out D
4 p

( )
4
Q
Q C 1
a

2
( d N f d f 2 )
=
Nf dfl
ln
( ) d 2N f d f 2
C out D p
4 p

(
( )
4
Q b
1 Q C 1 1
a =
)d l
ln
C ( ) D N
d p2 N f d f 2
2 2
d p N f d f f out f

4

x y

(d p2N f d f 2 )
d

( p 2N f d f 2)0.5

1
x [ 0.5] b= y
Nf

d

( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5

1
x (d p2N f d f 2 )0.5 b= y
Nf

13
 d

( p 2N f d f ) x (d p2N f d f 2 )0.5b
2 0.5

1
0= y
Nf

eq. 1 eq. 2

To get f(Nf) = 0, we can use Newton Raphson method. First, we must derivate equation
(1) and equation (2).

Equation (1)

d

( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5

y
f ( N f )1 =
Nf

We make the symbols:

d

y ( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5

u=

v =N f

then,

d

0.5 y ( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5 (d f 2 )

'
u =

v ' =1

So, the derivative is

14
 u' vuv '
f ( N f )1 =
v2

Nf


d

0.5 y ( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5 ( d f 2 ) N f

d

2 0.5
y ( p 2N f d f )





f'

Equation 2

f ( N f )2=x (d p2 N f d f 2)0.5 b

Derivative of equation (2):

Nf


f'

Complete equation:

d

( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5x (d p2N f d f 2 )0.5b

1
f ( N f )= y
Nf

15
So, by combining derivative of equation 1 and equation 2 we can get derivative of
complete equation. The derivative is

Nf


Nf


f ' ( N f ) =f '

d

0.5 y ( p 2N f d f 2 )0.5 ( d f 2 ) N f

d

2 0.5
y ( p 2N f d f )





'
f ( N f ) =

where:
b

( )
4
Q

x=a


4
0.5
m3

( )
kg 1h 4
1000 3 0.2
m h 3600 s
x=514 =4324.063 m1
0.001 Ns/m2

4
and

16
 Q C 1
y=
df l
ln
( )
C out D

3
m 1h
0.2
h 3600 s 11 ppm 1
y=
3.14 0.0003 m 0.6 m
ln ( ) 9 2
0.5 ppm 1.75 10 m / s
=154308120.42 m
1

By using, Newton Raphson method, we can get the value of fiber number (N f). We can
calculate the value of f(Nf) and f(Nf). Then, we need to calculate the value of N f(1+n) by
using this equation:

f (N f )
N f (1+n) =N f
f '( N f )

We do the iteration until we obtain the value of f(N f) = 0. At that point, we can get the
number of fiber which required to produce boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm).

b. Obtain the graph number of fiber (Nf) vs contactor diameter (dp = 15 20 cm,
increment 0.5 cm) and explain the results.
By using Ms. Office Excel and apply Newton Raphson method, we obtain these results
with variation of contactor diameter.

17
dp = 15 cm 0 2000 910.1955 -5.92413
1 2153.642 55.43999 -5.1046
k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf) 2 2164.503 -0.39836 -5.05319
0 2000 339.5986 -5.72885 3 2164.424 0.00493 -5.05356
1 2059.278727 5.781904 -5.40182 4 2164.425 -6.1E-05 -5.05355
2 2060.349088 -0.06944 -5.39618 5 2164.425 7.5E-07 -5.05355
3 2060.33622 0.000871 -5.39625 6 2164.425 -9.3E-09 -5.05355
4 2060.336382 -1.1E-05 -5.39624 7 2164.425 1.09E-10 -5.05355
5 2060.33638 1.37E-07 -5.39624 8 2164.425 1.82E-12 -5.05355
6 2060.33638 -1.7E-09 -5.39624 9 2164.425 0 -5.05355
7 2060.33638 1.82E-11 -5.39624 10 2164.425 0 -5.05355
8 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624 11 2164.425 0 -5.05355
9 2060.33638 -1.8E-12 -5.39624 12 2164.425 0 -5.05355
10 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624 13 2164.425 0 -5.05355
11 2060.33638 -1.8E-12 -5.39624 14 2164.425 0 -5.05355
12 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624 15 2164.425 0 -5.05355
13 2060.33638 -1.8E-12 -5.39624 16 2164.425 0 -5.05355
14 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624 17 2164.425 0 -5.05355
15 2060.33638 -1.8E-12 -5.39624 18 2164.425 0 -5.05355
16 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624 19 2164.425 0 -5.05355
17 2060.33638 -1.8E-12 -5.39624 20 2164.425 0 -5.05355
18 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624
19 2060.33638 -1.8E-12 -5.39624
Number of fiber which required to produce
20 2060.33638 1.82E-12 -5.39624
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by
Number of fiber which required to produce
using contactor diameter = 15.5 cm is
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by N f (dp=15.5 cm)=2164.425 2165
using contactor diameter = 15 cm is

N f (dp=15cm)=2060.33638 2061

dp = 15.5 cm

k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf)

18
dp = 16 cm 0 2000 2025.48997 -6.31415
1 2320.78584 262.995146 -4.68193
k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf) 2 2376.95821 3.23213495 -4.461999
0 2000 1471.92961 -6.1192254 3 2377.68258 -0.0376285 -4.459265
1 2240.54182 144.307045 -4.8697096 4 2377.67414 0.00044997 -4.459296
2 2270.17542 0.18117758 -4.7426542 5 2377.67424 -5.379E-06 -4.459296
3 2270.21362 -0.00219662 -4.7424936 6 2377.67424 6.4305E-08 -4.459296
4 2270.21316 2.6671E-05 -4.7424956 7 2377.67424 -7.694E-10 -4.459296
5 2270.21317 -3.2382E-07 -4.7424955 8 2377.67424 9.0949E-12 -4.459296
6 2270.21317 3.9308E-09 -4.7424955 9 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
7 2270.21317 -4.7294E-11 -4.7424955 10 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
8 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 11 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
9 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 12 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
10 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 13 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
11 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 14 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
12 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 15 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
13 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 16 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
14 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 17 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
15 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 18 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
16 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 19 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
17 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955 20 2377.67424 0 -4.459296
18 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955
19 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955
Number of fiber which required to produce
20 2270.21317 0 -4.7424955
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen

Number of fiber which required to produce no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by

boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen using contactor diameter = 16.5 cm is

no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by N f (dp=16.5 cm)=2377.67424 2378
using contactor diameter = 16 cm is

N f (dp=16 cm)=2270.21317 2271

dp = 16.5 cm

k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf)

19
dp = 17 cm 0 2000 3110.490266 -6.703563
1 2464.00553 564.3222315 -4.407823
k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf) 2 2592.03295 22.02516048 -3.980886
0 2000 2571.49262 -6.508924 3 2597.56567 -0.20751579 -3.963847
1 2395.07184 404.684893 -4.530548 4 2597.51332 0.00241257 -3.964008
2 2484.39545 10.155688 -4.208849 5 2597.51393 -2.7998E-05 -3.964006
3 2486.80839 -0.1094884 -4.200637 6 2597.51392 3.24928E-07 -3.964006
4 2486.78233 0.00129052 -4.200726 7 2597.51392 -3.7726E-09 -3.964006
5 2486.78263 -1.52E-05 -4.200725 8 2597.51392 4.36557E-11 -3.964006
6 2486.78263 1.7896E-07 -4.200725 9 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
7 2486.78263 -2.108E-09 -4.200725 10 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
8 2486.78263 2.7285E-11 -4.200725 11 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
9 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 12 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
10 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 13 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
11 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 14 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
12 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 15 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
13 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 16 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
14 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 17 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
15 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 18 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
16 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 19 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
17 2486.78263 0 -4.200725 20 2597.51392 0 -3.964006
18 2486.78263 0 -4.200725
19 2486.78263 0 -4.200725
Number of fiber which required to produce
20 2486.78263 0 -4.200725
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen

Number of fiber which required to produce no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by

boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen using contactor diameter = 17.5 cm is

no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by N f (dp=17.5 cm)=2597.51392 2598
using contactor diameter = 17 cm is

N f (dp=17 cm)=2486.78263 2487

dp = 17.5 cm

k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf)

20
dp = 18 cm 2 2806.249 63.17517 -3.59151
3 2823.839 -0.30977 -3.54665
k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf) 4 2823.752 0.003506 -3.54687
0 2000 3642.98 -6.89808 5 2823.753 -4E-05 -3.54687
1 2528.115095 738.0966 -4.30804 6 2823.753 4.46E-07 -3.54687
2 2699.445146 39.56209 -3.77584 7 2823.753 -5E-09 -3.54687
3 2709.922849 -0.2959 -3.74653 8 2823.753 5.64E-11 -3.54687
4 2709.843868 0.003394 -3.74675 9 2823.753 -1.8E-12 -3.54687
5 2709.844774 -3.9E-05 -3.74675 10 2823.753 1.82E-12 -3.54687
6 2709.844764 4.44E-07 -3.74675 11 2823.753 -1.8E-12 -3.54687
7 2709.844764 -5.1E-09 -3.74675 12 2823.753 1.82E-12 -3.54687
8 2709.844764 5.64E-11 -3.74675 13 2823.753 -1.8E-12 -3.54687
9 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 14 2823.753 1.82E-12 -3.54687
10 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 15 2823.753 -1.8E-12 -3.54687
11 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 16 2823.753 1.82E-12 -3.54687
12 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 17 2823.753 -1.8E-12 -3.54687
13 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 18 2823.753 1.82E-12 -3.54687
14 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 19 2823.753 -1.8E-12 -3.54687
15 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 20 2823.753 1.82E-12 -3.54687
16 2709.844764 0 -3.74675
17 2709.844764 0 -3.74675
18 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 Number of fiber which required to produce
19 2709.844764 0 -3.74675 boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
20 2709.844764 0 -3.74675
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by
using contactor diameter = 18.5 cm is
Number of fiber which required to produce
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen N f (dp=18.5 cm)=2823.753 2824

no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by

using contactor diameter = 18 cm is

N f (dp=18cm)=2709.844764 2710

dp = 18.5 cm

k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf)
0 2000 4169.412 -7.09249
1 2587.863 923.0919 -4.22688

21
dp = 19 cm 0 2000 5205.69224 -7.481019
1 2695.85334 1318.1931 -4.107969
k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf) 2 3016.74017 129.064099 -3.276823
0 2000 4690.19323 -7.2867989 3 3056.12713 0.28461423 -3.192452
1 2643.6562 1117.04809 -4.1610531 4 3056.21628 -0.0031193 -3.192265
2 2912.10941 93.0206278 -3.425812 5 3056.21531 3.4281E-05 -3.192267
3 2939.26228 -0.15566212 -3.3624629 6 3056.21532 -3.767E-07 -3.192267
4 2939.21599 0.0017357 -3.3625694 7 3056.21532 4.1382E-09 -3.192267
5 2939.2165 -1.9326E-05 -3.3625682 8 3056.21532 -4.366E-11 -3.192267
6 2939.2165 2.1518E-07 -3.3625682 9 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
7 2939.2165 -2.3974E-09 -3.3625682 10 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
8 2939.2165 2.9104E-11 -3.3625682 11 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
9 2939.2165 -1.819E-12 -3.3625682 12 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
10 2939.2165 1.819E-12 -3.3625682 13 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
11 2939.2165 -1.819E-12 -3.3625682 14 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
12 2939.2165 1.819E-12 -3.3625682 15 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
13 2939.2165 -1.819E-12 -3.3625682 16 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
14 2939.2165 1.819E-12 -3.3625682 17 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
15 2939.2165 -1.819E-12 -3.3625682 18 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
16 2939.2165 1.819E-12 -3.3625682 19 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
17 2939.2165 -1.819E-12 -3.3625682 20 3056.21532 0 -3.192267
18 2939.2165 1.819E-12 -3.3625682
19 2939.2165 -1.819E-12 -3.3625682
Number of fiber which required to produce
20 2939.2165 1.819E-12 -3.3625682
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by
Number of fiber which required to produce
using contactor diameter = 19.5 cm is
boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by N f (dp=19.5 cm)=3056.21532 3057
using contactor diameter = 19 cm is

N f (dp=19cm)=2939.2165 2940

dp = 20 cm

k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf)
dp = 19.5 cm 0 2000 5716.24599 -7.675158
1 2744.77238 1525.12416 -4.065597
2 3119.90158 171.135149 -3.142765
k Nf f(Nf) f'(Nf)

22
 3 3174.35527 1.14784866 -3.035302
4 3174.73344 -0.0123146 -3.034575
5 3174.72938 0.00013363 -3.034582
6 3174.72942 -1.45E-06 -3.034582
7 3174.72942 1.5731E-08 -3.034582
8 3174.72942 -1.692E-10 -3.034582
9 3174.72942 3.638E-12 -3.034582
10 3174.72942 -1.819E-12 -3.034582
11 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
12 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
13 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
14 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
15 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
16 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
17 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
18 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
19 3174.72942 0 -3.034582
20 3174.72942 0 -3.034582

Number of fiber which required to produce

boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen
no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm) by
using contactor diameter = 20 cm is

N f (dp=15cm)=3174.72942 3175

23
From that calculation, we obtain number of fiber for each contactor diameter.

Table 6. Number of Fiber which Required with Contactor Diameter Variations

dp (m) Nf
0.15 2061
0.155 2165
0.16 2271
0.165 2378
0.17 2487
0.175 2598
0.18 2710
0.185 2824
0.19 2940
0.195 3057
0.2 3175

From the results, we can plot number of fiber vs contactor diameter as shown in Figure 1
below.

Number of Fiber vs Contactor Diameter

3500

3000

2500

2000
Nf nf vs dp
1500

1000

500

0
0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.2 0.2

dp (m)

Figure 2. Number of Fiber vs Contactor Diameter

Analyze the results:

 From Figure 2, we can see that the plot between number of fiber versus contactor
diameter obtain a linear relationship. Increasing contactor diameter, will increase number
of fiber which required to produce boiler feed water containing dissolve oxygen no more
than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm). It means that if we want to get the same amount of dissolve
oxygen in output by using larger contactor, we should create mass transfer coefficient still
constant, so we should increase the number of fiber which used. Alasannya kenapa belom
tom

c. Obtain the graph membrane packing fraction ( ) vs contactor diameter and

explain the results.

Membrane packing fraction is calculated by using this equation:
2

( ) df
= N f 2
dp

Then, we obtain the results

Table 7. Membrane Packing Fraction with Contactor Diameter Variations

dp (m) Nf
0.15 2061 0.008244
0.155 2165 0.0081103
0.16 2271 0.00798398
0.165 2378 0.00786116
0.17 2487 0.00774498
0.175 2598 0.00763494
0.18 2710 0.00752778
0.185 2824 0.00742615
0.19 2940 0.00732964
0.195 3057 0.0072355
0.2 3175 0.00714375

From the results, we can plot membrane packing fraction vs contactor diameter as shown
in Figure 2 below.
 Packing Fraction vs Contactor Diameter
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01 vs dp
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2

dp (m)

Figure 3. Membrane Packing Fraction vs Contactor Diameter

Analyze the results:

From Figure 3, we can see that the plot between membrane packing fraction versus
contactor diameter obtain inversely relationship. Increasing contactor diameter will
decrease membrane packing fraction. The oxygen flux increases with decreasing
membrane packing fraction for the same water velocity. The same effect also occurred for
the mass transfer coefficient of the membrane contactors. So, we can get the amount of
dissolve oxygen in output stream no more than 0.5 ppm by using larger contactor
diameter with decreasing membrane packing fraction in order mass transfer coefficient
remains constant.

d. Obtain the graph membrane area (Am) vs contactor diameter and explain the
results.
Membrane area is calculated by using this equation:
A m =N f d f l

Then, we obtain the results

 Table 8. Membrane Area with Contactor Diameter Variations

dp (m) Nf (%) Am
0.15 2061 0.008244 1.164877
0.155 2165 0.0081103 1.223658
0.16 2271 0.00798398 1.283569
0.165 2378 0.00786116 1.344046
0.17 2487 0.00774498 1.405652
0.175 2598 0.00763494 1.46839
0.18 2710 0.00752778 1.531692
0.185 2824 0.00742615 1.596125
0.19 2940 0.00732964 1.661688
0.195 3057 0.0072355 1.727816
0.2 3175 0.00714375 1.79451

From the results, we can plot membrane packing fraction vs contactor diameter as shown
in Figure 3 below.

Membrane Area vs Contactor Diameter

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Am (m2) 0.8 Am vs dp
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.2

dp (m)

Figure 4. Membrane Area vs Contactor Diameter

Analyze the results:

From Figure 4, we can see that the plot between membrane area versus contactor
diameter obtain a linier relationship. Increasing contactor diameter, will increase
contactor diameter will increase membrane area which required to produce boiler feed
water containing dissolve oxygen no more than 0.5 ppm. This membrane area is related
 to number of fiber which required in question 2b. For the feed water flowing through the
shell side of the contactor, membrane area is contact area between water and fiber for a
certain number of fibers. So, membrane area depends on number of fiber, diameter of
fiber, and contactor length. In this case, diameter of fiber and contactor length is a
constant value, and variable that affect the value of membrane area is just number of
fiber. In question 2b, we can see that increasing contactor diameter will increase number
of fiber. Increasing number of fiber will increase membrane area. So, we can get
correlation between contactor diameter and membrane area. By using larger contactor,
the membrane area will increase to produce water containing dissolve oxygen no more
than 0.5 ppm

3. Hollow fiber contactor of 60 cm (length) will be used to produce boiler feed water
containing dissolved oxygen no more than 0.5 ppm (from 7.8 ppm). The fiber has
300 m in outside diameter. For the feed water flowing through the tube side of the
contactor:
a. Derive the equation for finding the number of fiber in the contactor (N f) and
explain how to solve the equation.
b. Obtain the graph number of fiber (N f) vs fiber diameter (df = 200 400 m,
increment 25 m) and explain the results.
c. Obtain the graph membrane packing fraction () vs fiber diameter and
explain the result.
d. Obtain the graph membrane area (Am) vs fiber diameter and explain the
results.

Mass transfer correlation in the tube side is

Sh=1.82Gr 0.33