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2cracks PDF
2cracks PDF
CRACKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
BY
B.B.GAMIT XEN( C) W.RLY.
K.S.KRISHNAN AEN (D) W.RLY.
S.C.NAG AEN(W) W.RLY.
G.K.SIROHI AEN ( C) W.RLY
GUIDED BY
SHRI.V.B.SOOD PT-2,IRICEN
BROAD CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL CRACKS
DUE TO INCORRECT DESIGN, FAULTY
CONSTRUCTION OR OVER LOADING AND
THESE MAY ENDANGER THE SAFETY OF A
BUILDING
NON-STRUCTURAL CRACKS
DUE TO INTERNALLY INDUCED STRESSES IN
BUILDING MATERIALS AND DO NOT
ENDANGER SAFETY OF A BUILDING, BUT
MAY CREATE AN IMPRESSION OF FAULTY
WORK OR MAY GIVE A FEELING OF
INSTABILITY.
ORIGIN OF CRACKS
1.DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE OR
CORROSION OF REBARS DUE TO POOR
CONSTRUCTION OR INAPPROPRIATE
SELECTION OF CONSTITUENT MATERIALS.
3. SETTLEMENT OF SUPPORTS.
EFFECTS
AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
ATTENDED TO AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE
SHEAR FLEXURE CRACKS IN
BEAM
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
AFFECTS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
NEEDS TO BE ATTENDED TO
IMMEDIATELY
DISTURBACE CRACKS IN BEAMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
REMOVAL/STRIPPING OF
FORMWORK/SHUTTERING
SUPPORTING THE MEMBERS
TENSION CRACKS IN TIE BEAMS
IN ADEQUATE REINFORCEMENTS TO
RESIST TENSION
POOR QUALITY OF CONCRETE
HORIZONTAL CRACKS IN COLUMNS
CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS
COLUMN SECTION NOT DESIGNED
FOR MOMENT
DIAGONAL CRACKS IN COLUMNS
LATERAL FORCES NOT CONSIDERED
SECTON NOT ADEQUATE TO RESIST
AXIAL LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
CORROSION/BOND CRACK IN COLUMNS
CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENTS
QUALITY OF CONCRETE
FLEXURE CRACKS IN SLABS
DEFICIENCY IN DESIGN
UNDER ASSESSMENT OF LOADING
OVER LOADING OF SECTION
POOR CONCRETE QUALITY
TOP FLEXURE CRACKS IN SLAB
MAIN REINFORCMENT INADEQUATE
DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENTS
NOT CONTINUOUS
SHRINKAGE CRACKS IN CANTILEVER
SLAB
W/C RATIO HIGH IN CONCRETE
IMPROPER CURING
NO RESTRAINTS AT CORNERS
CONSTRUCTION JOINT CRACKS IN
BEAMS
CRACKS DUE TO SETTLEMENT OF
FOUNDATION
DIRECTION OF CONCRETING
NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
EARLY THERMAL CONTRACTION
LONG TERM DRYING SHRINKAGE
CRAZING
DUE TO CORROSION OF CONCRETE
DUE TO ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION
SULPHATE ATTACK
DUE TO CORROSION OF STEEL
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
PLASTIC SETTLEMENT
PROBABLE AREA
OVER REINFORCEMENT, ARCHING, CHANGE
OF DEPTH
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
DEEP SECTIONS, TOP OF COLUMNS/
TROUGHS
CAUSE
EXCESS BLEEDING
RAPID EARLY DRYING
REMEDY
REDUCE BLEEDING
REVERBERATE MILDLY
TIME OF APPEARANCE
TEN MIN. TO THREE HOURS
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
PROBABLE AREA
RANDOM OVER REINFORCEMENT MESH,
DIAGONAL, NORMAL TO WIND DIRECTION
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
RCC SLABS
CAUSE
RAPID EARLY DRYING
LOW BLEEDING AND FAST SURFACE
EVAPORATION
REMEDY
IMPROVE EARLY CURING AND TROWEL
TIME OF APPEARANCE
THIRTY MIN. TO SIX HOURS
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE
EARLY THERMAL EXPANSION
AND CONTRACTION
PROBABLE AREA
EXTERNAL/ INTERNAL RESTRAINT
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
THICK WALLS, THICK SLABS
CAUSE
EXCESS HEAT GENERATION, EXCESS TEMP.
GRADIENT
RAPID COOLING, CURING BY COLD WATER
REMEDY
REDUCE HEAT AND/OR INSULATE, COOL
CONCRETE, REDUCE SPACING OF STEEL
TIME OF APPEARANCE
ONE DAY TO 2-3 WEEKS
LONG TERM DRYING SHRINKAGE
PROBABLE AREA
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
THIN WALLS, THIN SLABS
CAUSE
ABSENCE OF MOVEMENT, INEFFICIENT
JOINTS
EXCESS SHRINKAGE, INEFFICIENT CURING
REMEDY
REDUCE W/C RATIO, IMPROVE CURING
TIME OF APPEARANCE
SEVERAL WEEKS OR MONTHS
CRAZING
PROBABLE AREA
AGAINST FORMWORK
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
FAIR FACED SLABS
CAUSE
IMPERMEABLE FORMWORK, OVER
TROWELLING
RICH MIXES, POOR CURING
REMEDY
IMPROVE CURING AND FINISHING
TIME OF APPEARANCE
1-7 DAYS, SOMETIMES LATER
CORROSION OF CONCRETE
PROBABLE AREA
NATURAL AND SLOW, FAST IF CACL IS PRESENT
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
ALTERNATE DRYING AND WETTING, HUMIDITY
CAUSE
LACK OF COVER AND DAMPNESS, CARBONATION,
CHLORIDES
POOR QUALITY CONCRETE
REMEDY
USE DENSE CONCRETE (PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE
SLAG CEMENT), DEHUMIDIFY, CATHODE PROTECTION
TIME OF APPEARANCE
MORE THAN TWO YEARS
CORROSION OF CONCRETE
CARBONATION
THE DIFFUSION OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 IN THE
GASEOUS PHASE OF THE CONCRETE PORES
AND REACTS IN FOLLOWING TWO WAYS.
THE DISSOLUTION OF SOLID CA(OH)2 FROM
CEMENT GEL INTO THE PORE WATER AND
REACTION OF DISSOLVED CO2 WITH
DISSOLVED CA(OH)2 IN THE PORE WATER.
THE REACTION OF DISSOLVED CO2 WITH
CSH.
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
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CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
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CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CARBONATION
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CHLORIDES
MIXING WATER
AGGREGATES
ADMIXTURES (ACCELERATORS)
CURING WATER
SURROUNDING SOIL
SEA WATER
CORROSION OF CONCRETE-
CRITICAL CHLORIDE
CONTENT
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
PROBABLE LOCATIONS
DAMP AREA, SHOWS GEL TYPE OR DRIED
RESIN TYPE DEPOSIT IN CRACKS
CAUSE
REACTIVE SILICATES AND CARBONATES IN
AGGREGATES REACTING WITH ALKALI IN
CEMENT
REMEDY
USE PROPER AGGREGATES, USE PORTLAND
BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT, KEEP
WATER AWAY
TIME OF APPEARANCE
MORE THAN FIVE YEARS
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
SULPHATE ATTACK
SULPHATE SALTS FROM SURROUNDING SOIL
REACT WITH C3A . NO DEPOSITS LIKE THOSE IN
ALKALI- AGGREGATE REACTION
USE LOW C3A CEMENT, PORTLAND BLAST
FURNACE SLAG CEMENT
TIME OF APPEARANCE
-AFTER TWO YEARS
SULPHATE ATTACK
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE IONS
(SO4--) + CA(OH)2 + 2H2O ->
CASO42H2O + 2OH- + EXPANSION
LOW SULPHATE ION CONCENTRATION
CALCIUM ALUMINATE HYDRATE + CASO42H2O ->
3CAOAL2O3CASO432H2O (ETTRINGITE)
+EXPANSION
MAGNESIUM AND AMMONIUM
SULPHATE(SERIOUS)
MGSO4 REACTS WITH CALCIUM ALUMINATE
HYDRATE MGSO4 + CA(OH)2 ->
CASO4 + MG(OH)2 + VOLUME EXPANSION
CORROSION OF STEEL
ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSION
GALVANIC CORROSION
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
CORROSION OF STEEL
Fe
Fe3O4
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH).3nH2O
1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CORROSION
Iron reacts as
Fe >> Fe++ + 2e- (Anode process)
COARSE AGGREGATE
WELL GRADED TO OBTAIN DENSE
CONCRETE
MAX SIZE SHOULD BE LARGEST POSSIBLE
CONSISTENT WITH THE JOB
REQUIREMENT
POROUS AND HAVING HIGH SHRINKAGE
PROPERTIES SHOULD BE AVOIDED
CHOICE OF MATERIALS CONTD.
CEMENT
IF USE ALKALI REACTIVE AGGREGATE IS
UNAVOIDABLE, ALKALI CONTENT OF
CEMENT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.6 %
USE OF POZZOLANA SHOULD BE MADE TO
CHECK ALKAI-AGGREGATE REACTION
LOW HEAT CEMENT SHOULD BE USED IN
MASSIVE STRUCTURES TO LIMIT HEAT OF
HYDRATION
SPECIFICATION FOR
CONCRETE
MIX SHOULD NOT BE RICHER THAN
WHAT IS REQUIRED FROM
STRENGTH CONSIDERATION
AIM SHOULD BE TO OBTAIN STRONG
AND DURABLE CONCRETE BY
CAREFUL MIX DESIGN, THOROUGH
MIXING , POROPER COMPACTION
AND ADEQUATE CURING
QTY. OF WATER USED SHOULD BE
MINIMUM CONSISTENT WITH
REQUIREMENTS FOR PROPER
LAYING AND COMPACTION. THIS IS
THE ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
SINGLE FACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR
SHRINKAGE AND CONSEQUENT
CRACKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONTD.
No
Yes
Yes CRACKS WITH MINOR MOVEMENTS
RISK OF
CORROSION
No
No INJECT WITH
POLYURETHANE RESIN
Yes
LEAKINESS ACRYLIC RESIN
POLYMER IMPREGNATION
SURFACE TREATMENT
OVERLAYS
NO INJECTION
CEMENT PRESSURE
GROUTING
MATERIAL
ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT AS PER
IS 269
ADMIXTURE WITH APPROVAL OF DIV.
ENGINEER
PROPORTION
W /C RATIO 0.4 TO 0.5
PRESSURE FOR GROUTING
3 TO 4 KG PER SQ CM
CEMENT PRESSURE GROUTING
EQUIPMENT
DRILLING EQUIPMENT FOR HOLES UPTO
25MM DIA
GROUT INJECTING MACHINE
AIR COMPRESSOR OF 3 TO 4 CUBIC M/MIN
AND PRESSURE 3-4 KG/SQ CM
12- 20 MM DIA GI PIPES WITH COUPLERS
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EPOXY GROUTING
EPOXY SYSTEM
RESIN AND HARDENER ( THINNER IF NECESSARY)
FILLER ( DRY SILICA FLOUR) FOR WIDE CRACKS
MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATION
CONDITION OF APPLICATION
PROPORTIONS
POT LIFE
APPLICATION PROCEDURE
EPOXY GROUTING
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
SUFFICIENT POT LIFE ( 60 MIN AT 300 C)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF EPOXY ( NOT LESS
THAN CONCRETE)
SHEAR STRENGTH ( NOT LESS THAN 100 KG/CM2 )
VISCOSITY - DEPENDING ON CRACK WIDTH
STABLE SYSTEM ( CLIMATIC CONDITION )
NON SUSCEPTIBLE TO FIRE / EXPLOSION DURING
PROCESS OF INJECTION
EPOXY GROUTING