EXERCISE

4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 1

4 mm Rana sp.
Whole mount

Tail
Neural tube Olfactory placodes
Notochord: - thickenings on the lateral side
- extends from the midbrain to the - have evaginated to from olfactory
posterior end of the body pits
Segmented mesoderm: Lens placode
- somites - paired thickenings below the
Fin folds: olfactory placodes
- dorsal fin and anal fin - will evaginate to form the lens
Brain: vesicle -> eye lens
- Prosencephalon (forebrain) Otic lens
- Mesencephalon (midbrain) - at the level of the rhombencephalon
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - will evaginate to form the otic
Epiphysis: placode
- mid-dorsal evagination of the brain Stomodeum
vesicle - fate: ectodermal rudiment of the
- fate: pineal body mouth (will rupture)
- from the invagination of the antero-
ventral ectoderm of the head

2 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON
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- separated from the foregut Prosencephalon:
(endodermal) by the oropharyngeal - cavity; prosocoel
membrane - syn: forebrain
- suckers: ectodermal thickenings Mesenchyme:
Heart: - embryonic CT for the mesoderm and
- from loose mesodermal cells beneath neural crest cells
the foregut and anterior to the yolk - fate: connective tissue ( epithelial,
mass muscular and nervous tissues)
Yolk: Head mesenchyme
- nutrition for the embryo - fills spaces bet. the presumptive
Proctodeum: epidermis and the walls of the
- ectodermal envagination at the base prosencephalon
of the tail Olfactory placodes
- fate: break open into the hindgut as - paired pigment invaginations on
the anus either side of the prosocoel
- syn: anal pit Epidermis:
- derived from the ectoderm
Transverse section - outermost skin layer
@ Level of the Prosencephalon and Nasal
Rudiments @ Level of the Mesencephalon and Optic cups

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 3

Infundibulum:
- depression in the floor of the Hypophysis
prosencephalon - ingrowth of cells lying bet. the oral
- precursor to the posterior portion of and brain cavity
the pituitary gland - (1) invagination of the stomodeum
- ventral component of the w/c fuses with the infundibulum to
diencephalon form the pituitary gland (syn:
Hypophysis: Rathkes pocket)
- inward growing cord of ectoderm - (2) endocrine gland formed from an
from the stomodeum ingrowth from the stomodeum
- fate: anterior portion of the (rathkes pocket) and the
pituitary gland infundibulum (syn: pituitary
Optic cups: gland)
- double-walled structure, Mandibular arch
invagination of the distal portion of - cranial branchial arch, forming the
the optic vesicle caudal border of the stomodeum
Lens vesicle - maxillary process cranial to the
Mesencephalon: stomodeum
- cavity: mesocoel Adhesive gland:
- syn: midbrain - paired ectodermal thickenings
Oral cavity: - secrete: mucus (FOR
- cavity at the end of the alimentary ATTACHEMENT TO FOREIGN
canal OBJECTS)
Oral plate: - syn: cement glands = mucous
- thickened cranial region of the glands = oral suckers
alimentary canal, comes in contact Optic vesicle:
with the ectoderm portion of the - evagination from the lateral wall of
head the prosencephalon
- syn: pharyngeal plate = - first indication of the formation of
oropharyngeal membrane the eye
Stomodeum

4 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON
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- gives rise to all parts of the eye ; Pharynx:
except the lens and cornea - bounded region of the foregut
Optic stalk: - paired evagination: pharyngeal
- connection of the optic cup with the pouches
brain Section through the embryonic heart

@ Level of the Rhombencephalon

Section through the anterior pharynx

Notochord
Rhombencephalon
Rhombencephalon: Somite/s
- most caudal region of the brain, with Pharynx
a thin roof Pericardial coelom:
- cavity: rhombocoel - dorsal mesocardium: suspends the
- syn: hindbrain heart within the pericardial coelom
Notochord: Heart:
- defines the anteroposterior axis of - pericardial coelom surrounded by the
the developing embryo pericardium (from the somatic
- function: skeletal support mesoderm) membrane enclosing
the heart

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 5

- formed by the migration of Liver diverticulum:
mesodermal cells (loose - deep groove on the floor of the
mesenchymal cells); organize into pharynx
the endothelial lining of the heart - rudiment of the liver
(endocardium)
- composed of two layers: Section through the Pronephros
endocardium (inner layer-> lining
of the heart), epimyocardium (outer
layer-> muscle)

Section through the liver diverticulum

Spinal cord, Notochord, Pronephros,

Coelomic activities
Foregut:
- syn: Pharynx
- narrows into the midgut
Spinal cord, Notochord. Somites Yolky endoderm:
Mesomeres: - nutrient supply for the developing
- paired bulges below the notochord embryo
- have begun to develop pronephric Spinal cord:
tubules, collectively called - replaces the hindbrain
pronephros or pronephric kidney Pronephros:
- paired, spherical structures clustered
together

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- initial secretory organ in developing
embryos
- fate: degenerates and replaces by
the mesonephric kidney in adults

Somites: Section through the Hundgut

- segmented mesodermal blocks on ea.
side of the spinal cord
- arises from the dorsal mesoderm
- will differentiate into: sclerotome,
myotome and dermatome

Section through the Midgut

- at level of the proctodeum

Cloacal membrane:
- strand of tissue in bet. the
proctodeum and hindgut
- fate: perforated to from the posterior
opening of the digestive tract
Dorsal fin:
- spinal cord tapers off - flat extension of the bodt wall
- subnotochordal rod, may be - fate: degenerates
identified bet. the notochord and Hidgut:
midgut (transient structure) - fate: cloaca, colon, small intestine
and rectum
Proctodeum

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 7

7 mm Rana sp.

Whole mount

- well-formed external gills Epiphysis

- functional heart - knob of cells separated from the
- embryo -> tadpole brain
- elongated tail: powerful swimming - mid-dorsal evagination of the brain
organ vesicle
- lateral segmented somites - fate: pineal body
- finfolds: dorsal and ventral fin Liver diverticulum
Hindgut:
- will ventrally evaginate -> Urinary
Telencephalon
bladder
Prosencephalon - cavity-> CLOACA
Post anal gut:
Diencephalon
- extended dorsal wall of the hindgut
(tail rudiment)
Stomodeum:
- deeply invaginated, and large
pigmented cells surround the
olfactory pit

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EX
Transverse section @ Level of the Diencephalon and Optic Cups

@ Level of the Telencephalon and Olfactory

Pits

Oral cavity:
- surrounded by presumptive jaw
cartilages
Olfactory pits: (from the Olfactory placodes)
Diencephalon:
- will develop nasal passages with
- optic stalks, infundibulum and
olfactory receptors
epiphysis is attached with the
- cavity on the lateral surface of the
diencephalon
head
- posterior half of the forebrain
Oral plate:
Mesencephalon:
- perforated -> open mouth of the
- posterior to the eye
embryo
- center for reflexes associated with
Telencephalon:
vision, hearing and movement
- paired hemispheres occupying the
Optic cup:
anterior of the prosencephalon
- lens vesicle lies in its concavity
Diencephalon:
- posterior division of the
prosencephalon
Head mesenchyme

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 9

Pharynx:
- large and more rounded
- will give rise to the mandibular Developing cranial nerve ganglion:
arch: posterior border of the - lateral on the floor of the
stomodeum mesencephalon
Stomodeum: - part of the peripheral nervous system
- deep invagination of the pigmented, - derived from the neural crest cells
midventral ectoderm at the anterior
end of the pharynx - width of the pharyngeal cavity greatly
Adhesive glands: exceeds the height
- paired ectodermal thickenings found
at the ventral surface Pharynx (wider)
- secrete mucus (for attachement to Thyroid:
floating objects) - evagination of the ectodermal cells
- syn: cement glands, mucous from the pharyngeal floor
glands, and oral suckers
Section through the Otic Vesicle
@ Level of the Rhombencephalon
Section through the Thyroid

10 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON

Otic vesicle:
through the rhombencephalon - hollow organ on each side of the
Notochord: hindbrain
- visible ventral to the - formed by the invagination of the
rhombencephalon otic placode
- dorsal to the gut and ventral to the Heart
hindbrain Bulbus cordis:
- provides skeletal support - most anterior heart chamber
Truncus arteriosus: Pericardial coelom:
- visible within the pericardial coelom - cavity that surrounds the heart
- at the anterior portion of the heart - bounded the pericardium
Heart:
- four subdivisions: Section through the Heart
a. Truncus arteriosus
b. Ventricle
c. Atrium
d. Sinus venosus
Optic capsules:
- now visible, developed from the
ectoderm will later differentiate into
the inner ears
Rhombencephalon:
- will from the IV ventricle
- similar to the spinal cord
- evident external gills : fingerlike
- will differentiate into the
projections that protrude from the
metencephalon (anterior) and
sides of the head
myelencephalon (posterior)
Esophageal plug:
- temporarily blocks the esophagus
before the larva starts to feed

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 11

Atrium: Glomus:
- chamber of the heart that receives - triangular-shaped structures, ventral
blood from the S.V. and delivers to the dorsal aorta that hang down
blood to the ventricle. onto the coelomic activity
- Thin-walled chamber almost filled - functional components of the
with blood pronephric kidney
- waste products from the blood
External gills: diffuse from the glomi into the
- filamentous respiratory organ coelomic fluid
- from branchial arches 3-6 Spinal cord
- will develop into internal gills Somite:
- located on either side of the
developing spinal cord, arises from
@ Level of the Spinal Cord the dorsal mesoderm
Dorsal aorta:
Section through the Pronephros and Midgut - primitive, paired longitudinal
arteries of the trunk beneath the
notochord
Pronepros:
- initial excretory organ found in the
developing embryo
- nitrogenous wastes are passed from
the pronephric tubules into the
pronephric ducts into the hindgut
(cloaca) then into the exterior
- functional in larval amphibians and
Notochord fish
- replaced by the mesonephric
kidney

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Nephrostomes:
- funnel-shaped opening of the
pronephric tubules where coelomic
fluid is swept
Midgut:
- middle part of the gut w/ a small
lumen with a thick yolky floor
- derived from the archenterons
- will give rise to the small intestine
Dorsal fin:
- extension of the body wall
- will degenerate
Cloaca:
- posterior most chamber in the
vertebrate digestive system
Proctodeum:
- ectodermal invagination on the
ventral side of the trunk
- will give rise to the anus

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 13

10 mm Rana sp.

Whole mount

Telencephalon:
Transverse section - paired ant. division of the
prosencephalon
@ Level of the Telencephalon and Olfactory - cavity: lateral ventricle (from the
Organs invagination of the side of the neural
tube
- layers of the brain wall:
1. Ependymal layer
- one cell thick, ciliated layer
surrounding the neurocoel
- cilia: for the movt of cerebrospinal
fluid in the ventricles of the brain
and in the central canal of the spinal
cord
2. Mantle layer
- fate: gray matter of the CNS

14 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON

3. Marginal layer d. Jacobsons Organ
- outermost layer, contains - sac formed by the evagination of
neuroblasts from the inner layers the nasal organ
and nerve fibers - func: to pick up smell of food from
- fate: white matter of the CNS the buccal organ
Nasal Organ: - syn: vomeronasal organ
- tubular organ in the region of the e. Buccal Cavity
telencephalon - region where the nasal cavity and
- from the invagination of the mouth opens
ectoderm - lined with epithelium, derived from
- olfactory nerve connecting the the stomodeum
olfactory lobes to the brain arises - jaws: tipped w/ horny matter and
from the olfactory epithelium tooth germs
- syn: olfactory organ - oral papillae: lobose structures
a. External Naris external to the jaws
- opening of the nasal cavity to the f. Prechordal Cartilage
outside - hyaline cartilages beneath the
- marks the pt of original ectodermal telencephalon w/c form the
invagination cartilaginous cranium called:
b. Internal Naris chondrocranium
- opening of the nasal cavity into the - syn: trabecular cartilage
buccal region g. Melanocytes
- syn: choana - stellate cells scattered in the
c. Frontal Organ dorsolateral region of the brain and
- from the evagination of the lateral to the nasal organs
diencephalic roof and the epiphysis h. Mesenchyme
- contains photoreceptors and may - mesodermal cells filling up the space
function as the third eye bet. the organs and the epidermis
- form the loose reticulum, w/ the
outermost cells forming the dermis
of the integument

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 15

i. Epidermis Pituitary body:

- outer layer of the skin, composed of - oval mass beneath the floor of the
two layers infundibulum
- note the ff: free melanin granules - endocrine gland: derived from the
and melanocytes infundibulum and solid ingrowth
from the stomodeum
@ Level of the Diencephalon and the Eye - syn: hypophysis
Eye:
a. Optic Cup:
- Retina: thick, inner layer of the
optic cup
Layer of ganglion cells:
- axons of nerve cells form the optic
nerve
- optic chiasma: region where the
optic nerves cross in the floor of the
diencephalon

Diencephalon: Layer of bipolar neurons

- posterior pt. of the prosencephalon, - Will synapse the receptor and

ventrally elongated ganglion cells

- cavity: III ventricle Rods and Cones

Infundibulum: - where the photoreceptoral process is

- evagination of the diencephalic floor formed

- evaginates into the posterior or Pigmented epithelium:

neural tube of the pituitary together - outerwall of the optic cup: formed

with the stomodeum from the medial half of the optic

Mesencephalon: vesicle

- bears the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves - fate: iris of the eye

- cavity: cerebral aqueduct

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Lens: Skeletal muscle:
- spherical body, patly enclosed by the - mesodermal masses lying on the
optic cup lateral and ventral side of the
- formed by the thickenings of the pharynx
inner wall of the lens vesicle Oral suckers:
- Lens epithelium: one-cell thick - pair of glandular structures,
outer layer composed of elongated columnar
- Lens fibers: columnar cells, at the cells
core of the lens that will later - produces a sticky slime for
become long fibers arranged in attachment to floating objects
layers - syn: cement glands , mucous
Cornea: glands or adhesive glands
- superficial covering of the eye
- from the assembly of ectodermal and @ Level of the Myelencephalon and Auditory
mesodermal cells bet the ectoderm Vesicle
and lens
Choroid and Sclera:
- outer reserves of the optic cup
- mesodermal cells aggregating
outside the pigmented epithelium
Pharynx:
- lined by endodermal cells
Hypobranchial cartilages:
- long masses of cartilages under the
floor of the foregut
Meyelencephalon:
- makes up parts of the visceral
- most posterior region of the brain w/
skeleton
a thick floor
- func: support the pharynx
- lateral devt: becomes vascularized
Thyroid:
to form the posterior choroids
- paired, small endocrine bodies,
plexus
beneath the hypobranchial cartilages
- cavity: IV ventricle

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 17

Auditory Vesicle: Notochord:
- completely closed hollow organ on - mesenchymal cells from the
each side of the medulla notochord give rise to the
- parts: notochordal sheath
- Endolymphatic duct: thick-walled Parachordals:
structure bet. the medulla and ear - cartilages flanking the notochords on
vesicle; marks the course of each side
invagination of the auditory vesicle Heart:
from the ectoderm - lightly coiled tube twisted to the
- Utriculus: large dorsal chamber of right
the ear vesicle - Pericardial cavity: chamber
- Semicircular canals: 3 mutually enclosing the heart
perpendicular folds (sensory - Conus arteriosus: most anterior
epithelium thickened horizontal chamber of the heart, connects the
canal) ventricle w/ the ventral aorta (syn:
- Sacculus: (ill-defined ventral Bulbus cordis)
chamber) forms the lagena in lower - Ventricle: chamber w/ thick
vertebrates, gives rise to the muscular wall, connected to the
chochlea in higher vertebrates conus
Auditory capsule: - Atrium: dorsal, thin-walled
- mesenchymal cells surrounding the chamber; receives blood from the
a. vesicle S.V. and delivers it to the ventricle
- will form the cartilaginous ear - Sinus venosus: most posterior
capsule that surrounds and protects chamber lying on the right, anterior
the inner ear to the liver; receives venous blood
Auditory ganglion: and delivers it to the atrium
- mass of nerve cells on the medial Opercular cavity:
side of the a. vesicle - paired chamber continuous w/ the
- syn: Acoustic ganglion gut and found on each side of the
heart

18 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON

- contains the internal gills w/ the - anterior subdivision of the
branchial blood vessels rhombencephalon
- syn: gill chamber - behind the optic lobes and medial to
Dorsal aorta: the V ganglion
- blood vessel located above ea. gill
chamber @ Level of the Pronephros and the First
Aortic Arches: Spiral Ganglion
- blood vessels w/in the branchial
arches and encircling the pharynx
- connect the dorsal aorta w/ the
ventral aorta
- aortic arch 3-6 w/ gills
Ganglia:
- Facial ganglion (VII): mass of
nerve cell bodies anterior to the
auditory ganglion; acoustico-facialis
ganglion- fusion of the facial and
Spinal cord:
auditory ganglia (syn: geniculate
- from the posterior region of the the
ganglion)
neural tube
- Trigeminal ganglion (V): mass of
Neural canal:
nerve cell bodies ant and dorsal to
- cavity that is laterally compressed
the acoustico-facialis ganglion (syn:
by thick walls of the spinal cord
semilunar ganglion)
- ependymal cells that line the central
- Glossopharyngeal ganglion (IX):
canal possess cilia and pigment
mass of nerve cell bodies below ea.
granules
auditory vesicle
- syn: central canal
Operculum:
Gray matter:
- external wall of the opercular cavity
- inner layer of the SC close to the
formed by a body fold
ependymal
Metencephalon:

 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON 19

- composed of a compact mass of Posterior Cardinal Veins:
neuroblast and neuroglia - blood vessels w/in the pronephric
White matter: tubules and supplies them with blood
- peripheral layer of SP containing the Nephrostome:
axons of the neurons in the gray - opening of the pronephric tubules
matter into the coelom
Meninges: Nephric duct:
- membranous covering of the CNS - lone duct, will eventually join the
First Spinal Ganglia: cloaca
- thickened primordial of skeletal Glomus:
muscles on ea. side of the notochord - functional components of the
- SM fibers are arranged pronephric kidney
longitudinally Stomach:
Pleuroperitoneal Cavity: - posterior continuation of the
- contains the viscera esophagus w/ folded lining and thick
- pleural cavity: contains the lungs, muscular walls
peritoneal cavity: contains the - evaginations of the endodermal
digestive organs (assoc glands, lining form the rudiments of the
kidney and reprod. organ) gastric glands
Esophagus: Duodenum:
- tubular organ w/ folded mucosal - region of the gut bet. the pyloric end
lining below the notochord of the stomach and the intestine
Dorsal aorta - on the upper right corner of the body
Pronephros: cavity
- paired excretory organs that arise Intestine:
from the nephrotome - posterior the duodenum and is filled
Pronephric tubules: w/ abundant yolk platelets
- ducts of the pronephros lined w. Liver:
cuboidal epithelium - highly vascularized, enlarged organ
at the right of the midline
- spaces : sinusoids

20 EXERCISE 4: ORGANOGENESIS (NEURULATION) MFDTUAZON

Gallbladder:
- one-cell thick, large vesicle assoc.
with the liver
Bile duct:
- thick-walled tube appears in place of
the gallbladder
Pancreas:
- large organ at the curvature of the
stomach
- right of the liver and bile duct
- presence of alveoli (nest of cells),
surrounding the pancreas