CharanLangton,Editor

SIGNALPROCESSING&SIMULATIONNEWSLETTER


Baseband,PassbandSignalsandAmplitudeModulation

Themostsalientfeatureofinformationsignalsisthattheyaregenerallylowfrequency.Sometimesthisisduetothenatureofdataitselfsuchashuman
voicewhichhasfrequencycomponentsfrom300Hztoapp.20KHz.Othertimes,suchasdatafromadigitalcircuitinsideacomputer,thelowrates
areduetohardwarelimitations.

Duetotheirlowfrequencycontent,theinformationsignalshaveaspectrumsuchasthatinthefigurebelow.Therearealotoflowfrequency
componentsandtheonesidedspectrumislocatednearthezerofrequency.

. . . . . . . . . .

Figure1Thespectrumofaninformationsignalisusuallylimitedtolowfrequencies


Thehypotheticalsignalabovehasfoursinusoids,allofwhicharefairlyclosetozero.Thefrequencyrangeofthissignalextendsfromzerotoa
maximumfrequencyoffm.Wesaythatthissignalhasabandwidthoffm.


Inthetimedomainthis4componentsignalmaylooksasshowninFigure2.

Figure2Timedomainlowfrequencyinformationsignal

Nowletsmodulatethissignal,whichmeanswearegoingtotransferittoahigher(usuallymuchhigher)frequency.Justasinformationsignals
arecharacterizedbytheirlowfrequency,thetransmissionmedium,orcarriersarecharacterizedbytheirhighfrequency.

ThesimplesttypeofmodulatorfornearlyallmodulationschemesiscalledtheProductModulatorconsistingofamultiplieroramixeranda
bandpassfilter.LetsmodulatetheabovesignalusingtheProductModulator,wherem(t)isthelowfrequencymessagesignalandc(t)isthehigh
frequencycarriersignal.Themodulatortakesthesetwosignalsandmultipliesthem.


Figure3AProductModulator

ThefrequencydomainrepresentationofaProductModulatororamixerhasacuriousqualitythatinsteadofproducingtheproductsoftheinput
frequencieswhichiswhatwereallywant,itproducessumsanddifferencesofthefrequenciesofthetwoinputsignalsinboththepositiveandnegative
frequencydomains.Isthisaproblem?Theanswerdependsonwhatwewanttodowiththeoutput.Inmostcaseifnononlinearityispresent,wecan
predictexactlywherethesecomponentswilllieandwecanfilteroutwhatwedonotwant.

Whatifthecarrierfrequencysourceinaproductmodulatorisnotperfectlystable?Inthiscase,eachdeviationfrequencywillalsoproduceits
ownsumanddifferencefrequencieswiththebasebandsignal.Thesearecalledspursandareinherenttothemixerprocess.Inadditionphase
oscillationsofthecarrieralsoaffecttheoutput.Forthisreasonsimplemixermodulatorsanddemodulatorsdonotworkwellandfurthercomplexityin
formofphaselockloopsetc.isintroducedintothereceiverdesign.

InFigure4a,weseethetwosidedspectrumofthemessagesignal.Aftermixing,modulatingorheterodyning(allofthesetermsrefertothe
samething),wegetaspectrumsuchasinFigure4b.Thespectrumisnowshifteduptothecarrierfrequencyandweseethatitisreplicatedonboth
sidesoftheyaxis.

Figure4atheBasebandSpectrum

Figure4bthePassbandSpectrumofthesamesignal

Anotherwaytodescribetheprocessisthatmultiplicationbyasinusoid,shiftsonecopyofthespectrumtofcandananothertofc.Whydoes
thishappen?ThereasonisexplainedbytheFourierTransformofthissignalwhichisaproductoftwosignals,oneofthemasinusoid.

TheFouriertransformoff(t)isjusttheFourierTransformofthesignalm(t),halfofitshiftedupandhalfofitdown.

Half This
isupshifted. halfisdown
shifted.

InFigure4bthetwosidedspectrumofthesignalisshifteduptotheplusandminuscarrierfrequency.Thenegativefrequencytwinontheother
sideofyaxisisusuallynoproblemandcanbeeasilyfilteredoutbyarealpassbandfilter.Andnowwejustworkwithhalfofthespectrum,usuallythe
positivehalfrecognizingthatithasonehalfthemagnitudeoftheactualsignal.

Intimedomain,weseethatthissignalhasmuchhigherfrequency.ButitsenvelopeisstilltheoriginallowfrequencysignalofFigure2.


Figure5Outputsignalofaproductmodulator,theenvelopeofwhichistheinformationsignal(seealsoFigure2)

Nowwedefinesomenewterms.

Figure6BasebandbecomesPassbandbytranslationtohigherfrequency
Thepositivefrequencyspectrumbecomestheuppersidebandandthenegativefrequencyspectrumbecomethelowersideband.

BasebandSignalTheinformationsignaliscalledthebasebandsignal.Thebandwidthisalwaysapositivequantitysothebandwidthofthis
signalisfm.

PassbandSignalThemultiplicationofthissignalwithasinusoidcarriersignaltranslatesthewholethinguptofc.Thissignalisnowcalled
thepassbandsignal.Thissignalextendsinrangefrom(fcfm)to(fc+fm.).Thenewsignalhasdoubledinbandwidth.Thepassbandsignal
bandwidthisdoublethatofthebasebandsignal.

Thefactthatthesamesignalhasdoublethebandwidthinpassbandisoftenconfusing.Wethinkofbandwidthassomethingphysicalsohow
canitjustdouble?Theanswerisimbeddedinthequestionitself.Inkeepingwithourconceptofbandwidthassomethingreal,wedonotallowitto
crossfromthepositivetothenegativedomain.Itexistsasaseparatequantityoneachsideoftheyaxisanddoesnotcrossit.Thereisnofreelunch
eveninsignalprocessing,soanothersimplisticwayofconsideringthisfactisthatthepassbandsignalcontainsnotjustthemessagesignalbutthe
carrieraswell,sowouldntyouexpectittohavealargerbandwidth?

Sidebands

NownotethatinFigure6,thepassbandspectrumhastwoparts(oneachsideoffc)thatareidentical.

Theupperpartofthepassbandspectrumabovethecarrieriscalledtheuppersidebandandtheonebelowiscalledthelowersideband.

Wenoticethatsincethepassbandspectrumissymmetrical(notonlyabouttheyaxisbutalsoaboutthecarrierfrequency)theuppersidebandis
themirrorimageofthelowersideband.Doweneedthewholespectrumtorecoverthebasebandsignal?Perhapswecangetbywithonlyhalf.

Thisintuitiveobservationiscorrect.Wecanrecovertheoriginalinformationsignalfromjusttheupperbandorthelowerband.Wedonotneed
bothhalves.



Figure7Filterpassbandtofortheupperandlowersidebandasseparatesignals.


Socanwejusttransmitonlyhalfofthesignal?Canwefigureoutsomewayoftransmittingananothersignalintherejectedhalf?Thenwecan
transmittwosignalsforthepriceofone!

Thisrealizationleadstothesingleanddoublesidebandmodulationtechniques.Indoublesideband,weusethewholespectrumjustaswe
showabove.Bothhalvesareused.Insinglesidebandmodulation,wefilteroutthelowerortheupperbandtoseparateoutthesesignalsasiftheywere
twoindependentsignals.Eachhalfisenoughtorecoverthesignal.

Filter1andFilter2inFigure7dojustthatandshowhowwecouldtransmittwosignalsintheplaceofone.UseF1beforetransmitting,and
yougetonlythelowersideband,anduseF2andyougetonlytheuppersideband.Wegettwochannelsinplaceofone.Whereeverbandwidth
limitationsexist,SSBisused.Mostnotableapplicationisintelephony.TelephonysignalshaveidealcharacteristicsfortheuseofSSB.Thereisvery
littlesignalcontentbelow300HzsotheSSBsignaldoesnotsuffermuchdistortion.Alsotelephonesignalsarebandwidthlimited,andSSBmaximizes
bandwidthusage.HAMradioandHFcommunicationsisoneareawheretheSingleSideBand(SSB)modulationisusedtothisadvantage.

AmplitudeModulation

WehavealreadydiscussedmuchofthebuildingblocksofAmplitudeModulationasSSBisaformofAmplitudeModulation.Thesimplest
formofAmplitudeModulationistheDoubleSidebandModulation.

DoubleSideBandModulation

Letstaketheinformationsignalm(t).Theoutputofthemixergivesus

nowweaddtothissignalthecarrier(thesecondterm).

Nowinsteadoftransmittingjustthesignaltimesthecarrier,weaddthecarriertothetotheproduct.Theblockdiagramofthis,calledtheAM
productmodulator,wouldlooklikethis.

Figure8AbasicAMmodulator,itsoutputcontainsthemodulatedsignalandthecarrier

WhatistheFourierTransformofthissignal?

]

Spectrumonthepositive Spectrumonthenegative
xaxis xaxis

(WeareusingpropertiesoftheFourierTransformherethefirsttermcomesfromthefactthattheFTofasignal,multipliedbyacosineisjustthesame
spectrumshifted,andthesecondtermisjustadeltafunctiontimestheamplitudeoftheoriginalcarrier.FourierAnalysisistheabsolutefundamentalof
allsignalprocessingandIsuggestreadingtutorials6and7soyouareclearonthemainconcepts.Youarewelcometoemailmeyourquestions.)

Hereisthespectrumofthissignal.

TheCarrier

Figure9DoubleSideBandModulationSpectrumofreceivedSignal
(Noteonlythepositivesideofthespectrumisshown.)

Nowyouseethecarriersignalpopupinthemiddleofthespectrum.Wecanputafilteraroundthissignalandrecoverthecarrieratthe
receiver.Thisisthenfedtothedemodulationcircuitrylater.

ThismodulationiscalledDoubleSideBand(DSB)modulation.ItisthemostbasicformoftheAMmodulation.Fromhereon,wecandoa
varietyofthingssuchassuppressthecarrier,useonebandortheotheretc..AllofthesearevariationsoftheDoubleSideBand(DSB)Amplitude
Modulation.

Wecanrearrangetermstowritetheamplitudemodulationequationas

Byvaryingtheamplitudeofthecarriervs.theamplitudeoftheinformationsignal,wecancreatedifferentlookingwaveforms.Aslongas
certainparametersarenotexceeded,theenvelopeofthissignalwouldlookliketheinformationsignalandusinganEnvelopeDetector(demodulation)
wecanrecoverthissignal.

Inaboveequation,quantityAcrepresentsthepowerofthemodulatedsignal.Boththecarrierandthemessagesignalareassumedtohave
normalizedamplitude.Thequantity iscalledthemodulationindexofthesignal.Theindexeffectshowthereceivedsignallooks.Modulation
indexlargerthat100%distortsthesignalsoanenvelopedetectorcannotbeusedtodemodulateitanylonger.

Thefollowingfigureshowshowwemightcreatethissignal.

ThefollowingtwofiguresshowtheeffectofthemodulationindexonthereceivedAMsignal.

Figure10aDSBModulatedsignalwithModulationIndex=100%
Notethattheenvelopeofthissignalisthesameasthebasebandsignal.
 Figure10bDSBModulatedsignalwithModulationIndex=120%
Notethattheenvelopeofthissignalisnotthesameasthebasebandsignal.

Aslongasthemodulationindexislessthan100%,theenvelopeofthesignalcanbeusedtoremovetheinformationsignal.Forindexgreater
than100%asshowninfigureabove,theenvelopedetectorwillnolongerbeabletocorrectlydetectthesignal.Weseethattheenvelopeinthelower
figureisnolongeracopyoftheoriginalsignalinFigure2.

StandardDSBModulationisusedinAMRadiobroadcasting.ItofferstheadvantageofusingasimplereceiverbasedonaEnvelopeDetector.

DoubleSideBandSuppressedCarrier

Wejustaddedthecarrier,butnowwerealizethatitactuallytakesalotofpowertoincludethecarrierandperhapsitmakesnosensetodothat
afterall.Butwewanttosomehowincludethecarrierinformationbutwithoutactuallydoingso.Andwewanttousetheenvelopedetectorasthe
receiver.Howcanwedothat?

Werelyonthesymmetryofthesignalspectrumnow.ConsideramodulationschemecalledtheDoubleSideBandSuppressedcarrier,or
DSBSCmodulation,everythingissameasDSBexceptthatnocarrierinincluded.DSBSCsignalsarecreatedbyamodulatorcalledtheBalanced
Modulator.ThefollowingfigureshowsthebasicblockdiagramofaBalancedModulator.

Figure11AbalancedModulatorresultsinsuppressionofthecarrier

Thisbalancedmodulatorisbasicallytwoproductmodulatorsaddedtogether.Theinputtooneisanegativeinformationsignalandanegative
carrier.Theproductofthismodulatorwhenaddedtoitspositivecounterpartresultsincancelingthecarrieraswecanseeintheoutput.(Themath
aboveisquitestraightforwardandworthcheckingforthatwonderfulfeelingthatcomeswhenyoureallyunderstandsomething.)

EnvelopedetectorcannotbeusedwithDSBSCcarrierbecausetheenvelopeoftheDSBSCsignalisnotthesameasthebasebandsignal.A
moresophisticatedmodulatorisneededwiththissignal.

TheDSBSCmodulationisidenticaltoBPSK,whichwewilldiscusslater.


GeneratingSingleSideBand(SSB)signals

InessencetheSSBtransmissionthatwediscussedbeforeisabandwidthconservingtechnique.ThemostnotablepointofSSBisthattheSSB
passbandsignalandthebasebandsignaloccupythesamebandwidth,socuttingspectrumneedsinhalf.

HowdowecreateaSSBsignal?TherearetwomainwaysthatSSBsignalscanbegenerated.

1.Filteringtheunwantedsideband
2.PhasingMethod

ThesimplestsolutionwouldbetojusttaketheDSBSCsignalandfiltertheunwantedbandbeforetransmissionsothattheunwantedsideisnot
sentatallasshowninthefigurebelow.Bykeepingonlythepartshown,wehavegottenridofalltheotherimages,allofthenegativecomponentsand
theuppersideband.


Figure12ApassbandfilterafterDSBSCmodulationresultsingettingridallbutoneband.

Problemwiththismethodisthatitishardtobuildpracticalfilterswithsteepenoughcutoffsathighfrequencies.Suchafilterendsupdistorting
thedesiredsignalaswellasincludingsomeoftheunwantedsidebandanyway.

ThesecondmethodinvolvestheuseofHilbertTransformandtheAnalyticsignalwetalkedaboutinthelastTutorial.Asawayofreview,the
figurebelowshowsthebasebandspectrumofoursignal.ThesecondpartshowstheHilbertTransformofthesamesignal.(RecallthattheHilbert
Transformrotatesthepositivefrequencycomponents.)

Figure13a.Basebandspectrum(symmetricabouttheyaxis)b.Hilberttransformofthesamesignal(antisymmetricabouttheyaxis)

Nowletstakethissignalandmodulateitup,weget

NowletstaketheHilberttransformofthissignalandmodulateitbyasinewave,soweget

Nowwecreateacarrierwhichisthesumofthesetwoparts.

Figure14SSBModulatorusingthePhasingmethod

TheSSBsignalcreatedinthiswayisessentiallytwosignalsinquadrature.ThecombinationgivesustheequationfortheSSBsignal.By
changingthesignoftheanalyticsignal,wecancreateeithertheuppersidebandorthelower.


NowletstaketheFourierTransformofeachpart.TheFourierTransformofthefirstpartis

TheFourierTransformofthesecondpartis

(thepresenceofjisduetotheHilberttransform,seeTutorial7)

Figurebelowshowsthetwospectrumsandweseeatoncethataddingthesetworepresentationsgiveusanicecleansignalwithonlyoneside
band,upperorloweraswedesire.

ThankstoDr.Hilbertandhisanalyticsignalthereisnothingtofilter,justacleansingleband.

AnotherinterestingfactisthatthesumofthetwosidebandsgiveustheDSBSCwaveform.

Figure15a.Spectrumofpartone,b.spectrumofparttwo,d.thesumofthesetwogivesusthelowersideband,thedifferencewouldgivetheuppersideband.

AMModulationandVideobroadcasting

VestigialSidebandModulation

AvariationofDSBisusedforbroadcastTV.UndertheFCCrequirements,thestandardvideosignaloccupiesabandwidthof4.5MHz.Thesound
signalisseparateandistransmittedattheupperedgeofthissignal.Whencarrierisshiftedtobandpass,thisonesidedbandwidthbecomes9MHz.This
isnearlytentimesaslargeasthetotalbandwidthoccupiedbyallthechannelsoftheAMradio.UseofSSBmodulationwouldcutthisinhalfbutSSB
isnotusedforvideosignalsbecauseofthecomplexityoftheSSBreceivers.TVmanufacturersparticularlyAmericancompanieswereinstrumentalin
settingthesestandardsliketokeepthecostoftheTVsaslowaspossiblesoSSBreceiversarenotused.

AmodulationtechniqueusedforcommercialvideobroadcastingwhichliessomewhereinthemiddleofSSBandDSBiscalledtheVestigial
sidebandModulation(VSB).

Infigurebelowweshowahypotheticalbandpassvideosignal.Thesoundsignalwhichissentseparatelyisattheupperedgeofthespectrum.


Figure16aVideoSignalbandwidth

InFigureb,weshowapeculiarkindoffilteringofthisvideosignalthattakesplaceaftermodulationwithacarrierbutbeforetransmission.

Figure16bVestigialFilter

Thisfiltertakesinasmallpartoftheupperedgeofthelowersideband,startingfrom1.25MHz.Thesignalisattenuatedinthisrangefrom
1.25MHzto.75MHz.Fromhereonto4MHz,thesignalistransmittedfullstrength.At4MHzitisonceagainattenuateddownto4.5MHzsoas
nottointerferewiththesoundcarrierwhichisdemodulatedseparately.Theshadedportioniswhatistransmitted.

Thetermvestigialisusedsinceatinytracepartofthelowersidebandisalsoincludedinthetransmission.Thenetresultisthatinsteadof
transmittinga9MHzsignal,wetransmitonly6MHz,thestandardvideosignaltoday.

Unlikevoicesignalswhichhavenocomponentsnearthezerofrequency,Videosignalsareverysensitivetotheirlowfrequencycontent.
Distortioninthesecomponentsdegradesthepicture.Soextracarehastobetakentomakesurethatallthelowfrequencycomponents(whichare
locatedinthecenter)aretransmittedwithoutdistortion.VSBmodulationtransmitstheselowfrequenciesatthetwicelevel.Themotivationforfiltering
thesignalinthiswayalsocomesfromthedesiretouseadiodedemodulatorwhichrequiresanexplicitcarrier.Buttorecoverthecarrierweneedtogo
alittletotheothersideofthecarrierfrequencyandtakeinanattenuatedpartofthesignalbecauseofthelimitationsofpracticalfilters.The
developmentofthisfilterwasafunctionofacompromisebetweenbandwidthandtheTVreceivercomplexity.

ThenewHDTVstandardisalsobasedonVSB.

AboutAmplitudeDemodulation

ProductDemodulator

AllAMsignalsdiscussedhere,DSB,DSBSC,SSBandVSBcanbedemodulatedusingaproductdemodulator.Inprincipleitisthereverseofthe
modulationprocess.Wetaketheincomingsignal,whichnowalsoincludesnoiseandwemultiplyitbyaknowncarrier.Theproductobtainedisthen
lowpassfilteredandwhatremainsthenistheinformationsignal.

Themainproblemwiththeproductdemodulatoristhatthecarrierphaseisnotknown.Wedonotknowifthestartingphasewas30or45or
90orsomeothernumber.Forsomesignalsthisisnotsuchabigproblem.Anaudiosignalcanbedemodulatedincoherentlywhichmeansthatthe
phaseofthecarrieratthereceivingendisnotsynchronizedwiththetransmitter.InradioAMbroadcastingwecangetawaywithignoringthephase
becauseourearsarenotverysensitivetophasedeviationsofthesignals.Wecanhearandunderstandthesignaljustfine.Insuchcases,anincoherent
productdemodulationmakessenseandwouldbethecheapestsolution.

Nowifwearesendingdata,thisisindeedabigproblemandweneedtoexactlyrecoverthephaseofthetransmittedcarrier.Evenvideosignals
arenotforgivingofphaseerrors.Phaseinformationfornearlyallsignalsexcept,telephoneandradiosignalsisconsideredveryimportant.

Therearetwomethodsofmakingsurethatweknowthephaseoftheincomingsignal1.TheCostasloopand2.Thephaselockedloop.Both
arevariationsofatechniquetofindandlockontothephase(wewilldiscusstheseinanothertutorialindetail.)Thisvariationoftheproduct
demodulationwherewemakeaspecialefforttodeterminethephaseofthetransmittedcarrieriscalledcoherentdemodulation.

SquareLawDemodulator

Nonlinearityusuallyhasabadnameincommunications.Wedontlikeitbecauseitdistortsthesignalandproducesunwantedproducts.Buthereisa
waynonlinearityisactuallyusedtoadvantageindemodulationofsomeAMsignals.

Letstakeanonlineardevicewiththefollowingbehavior.

Nowletstakeanamplitudemodulatedsignal

Puttingthisthroughtheabovenonlienearity,aftersomemanipulationsandclevertrigonometricsubstitutions,weget


DCterm Informationsignal Signalat2wc

NowthrowawaytheDCterm,filteroutthetermsattwotimesthefrequencyandwhatwehaveleftis

Theterm isnotabigproblemifthemodulationindexissmall.Thistermdisappearsandforaudiobroadcastingthistermmakesno
discernibledifference.

Onebyproductofthismethodisthatifnocarrierisincluded,wecanstillrecoverthecarrier.Thistechniquecanalsobeusedtorecoverthe
carrier.Takeasignal

squaringitgives

Thesecondtermisthecarrierattwiceitsfrequencywhichwerecoverbyfilteringatthisfrequency.

Figure17Nonlinearityusedtorecoverthecarrier

EnvelopeDetector

Theenvelopeofasignalisitsmaximumvalueoverasetsamplingperiod.AdiodecircuitusedmostoftentodetecttheenvelopeofAMsignalsisthe
simplestandtheuniversalmethodofdemodulatingAMsignals.Theprerequisitefortheuseofthisdemodulationmethodisthepresenceofastrong
carrierandhighSNR.Excessiveamountofnoisecausessevereenvelopefluctuationsandmakesthismethodlesseffective.WeallknowoftheAM
radiosvulnerabilitytonoiseandotheratmosphericperturbations.

Figure18RCDiodeCircuitusedforEnvelopeDemodulation

TheenvelopedetectorisbasicallyaDiodeRCcircuitasshownabove.Thesignalisappliedtotheterminalsofthecircuit.TheDiodeconducts
asthevoltage(amplitude)increasesandthecapacitorchargesup.Nowasthevoltagebeginstogodown,resistordischargesandthecapacitorletsgoof
itscharge.Thecyclecontinuesandeachchargeofthecapacitorindicatesthemaximumvalueoverthatperiod.Infactthecapacitordischargesslightly
betweencyclesasshowninthefigurebelowbutthiscanbecompensatedforeasily.

Figure19EnvelopeDetectionupclose

Summary

BasebandSignalThebasebandsignalisusuallythemessagesignal.IthasabandwidthofB.SeeFigure20.

PassbandSignalThepassbandsignalisonethathasbeenmultipliedbyacarrier.Itiscenteredatthecarrierfrequencyandhasabandwidthof2B.

DoubleSidebandWhenbothsidebandsandthecarrieristransmitted,thisiscalledtheAMorDSBmodulation.DSBsignalswhicharepassband
signalshaveabandwidthof2B.

DoubleSidebandSuppressedCarrierWhenweremovethecarriertoconservepower,theDSBsignaliscalledtheDSBSCsignal.Ithasa
bandwidthof2B.

SingleSidebandWheneitherbyfilteringorphasingonlyonebandistransmittedthesignaliscalledSSB.IthasabandwidthofB.

VestigialSidebandVSBisusedforvideobroadcasting.VSBisacompromisebetweenSSBandDSBandhasabandwidthof.666B.

AMdemodulatorsTherearethreemaintypesofAMdemodulatorsorreceivers.EnvelopeDetectoristhesimplestandsensesthemaximum
amplitudeoftheincomingsignalwhichhappenstobethemessagesignal.TheProductDemodulatorisnextincomplexityandisusedfornearlyall
AMsignals.CostasorPhaselockedloopsareusedwhenphaseisimportant.SquaringDemodulatorisoftenusedtorecoverthecarrieraswellasfor
demodulationofDSBSCsignal.

Figure20follows
__________________________________
CharanLangton,Nov4,1998
PreviousTutorialsarekeptattheAdvancedSystemsWebsiteunderCAP.

ThanksmuchtoEricArakakiandDaveWatsonfortheirinvaluablecommentsandedits.

Figure20AMWaveforms

1.MessageSignal SignalSpectrum

.3

fm=1 fm=1

2.
CarrierSignal
.5

fc=8 fc=8

3.
DSBWaveform k=60%

9,8,7 7 ,8,9


4.DSBwaveformOvermodulatedk=150%

Notetheenvelopeofthesignalisnolongersameasthebasebandsignaltrace,hencethereisnowaytodemodulateitfromtheenvelopeofthissignal.

9,8,7 7 ,8,9

5.SSBUppersideband

9 9

6.SSBLowerSideband

7 7

7.DSBSuppressedCarrier

9,8,7 7 ,8,9