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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Categories of Aromatics:
_______________________________: These compounds do not possess any unique level of stability or instability
_______________________________: These compounds possess an unusually _____ level of stability. Very reactive!
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Benzene was one of the first organic molecules to be identified (1825), so common names predominate.
1.
2.
3.
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
1. Cyclic:
2. Fully Conjugated:
3. Planar:
Any compound that _________ one or more of these tests is considered ____________________________
Any compound that meets all these conditions, but only has (4n) electrons is __________________________
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
When counting -electrons, we are trying to identify the number of electrons that are freely available to circulate through
conjugated p-orbitals.
Radical = ________
Cation = ________
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
We can use our knowledge of the Four Tests of Aromaticity to confirm aromaticity
Huckels Rule = Aromatic (4n + 2) electron numbers: ______, _______, _______, _______, etc.
Breslows Rule = Anti-aromatic (4n) electron numbers: ______, _______, _______, _______, etc.
Non-aromatic = FAILS one or more test (including odd number of electrons)
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
An annulene, sometimes referred to as a polyolefin, is the name given to a fully conjugated monocyclic hydrocarbon.
Due to their simple structure, rings of different sizes can be named as [n]annulenes, where n = number of carbons
If 4n + 2 electrons
10+ = Non-aromatic
9 or less = Aromatic
If 4n electrons
8+ = Non-aromatic
7 or less = Antiaromatic
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Heterocycles are cyclic structures that contain a ______________________ within the ring.
Heteroatoms can choose to donate up to one lone pair each only if:
EXAMPLE: Determine the aromaticity of the following heterocycles. Will any lone pairs be donated to the ring?
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Also known as the polygon-in-circle method, or Frost Circle, this helps us visualize the identities of electrons and
molecular orbitals in a ring.
EXAMPLE: Use the polygon-in-circle method to predict stability of the following molecules.
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
PRACTICE: Apply the polygon circle method to the following compound. Does it show any special stability? If yes, why?
Tropyllium cation
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Aromatic hydrocarbons are not naturally acidic. In fact, the pKa of benzene is ______
If a hydrocarbon can become aromatic by donating a proton, it will be uniquely acidic. i.e. cyclopentadiene
If a hydrocarbon becomes anitaromatic by donating a proton, it will be uniquely non-acidic. i.e. cycloheptatriene
EXAMPLE: Would the following hydrocarbon be expected to display unusual acidity? Explain your reasoning.
EXAMPLE: Would the following two hydrocarbons be expected to have similar acidities? Explain your reasoning.
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Heterocycles often have multiple lone pairs available to react with acids. The question is which lone pair do we react?
EXAMPLE: Draw the product of the following acid/base reaction with imidazole.
Acids can only react with lone pairs that are not necessary for aromaticity.
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
The benzylic position of a side-chain is one of the most stable locations for radicals due to conjugation.
Recall that benzylic radicals are some of the most stable radical intermediates possible
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Regardless of the length of an alkylbenzene side-chain, it can be oxidized to benzoic acid using hot KMnO4.
However, there must be at least one benzylic hydrogen present for oxidation to occur.
EXAMPLE: Which of the following alkylbenzenes would not yield benzoic acid when treated with hot KMnO4?
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
The birch reduction is a dissolving metal reduction, except reacting with benzenes instead of alkynes.
The product of an unsubstituted benzene is a simple isolated cyclohexadiene.
Mechanism:
Regiochemistry:
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
CF3
2 Eq. Na, 2 Eq. t-buOH
Liq. NH3
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ORGANIC - KLEIN 2E
CH. 18 - AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
CH3
2 Eq. Na, 2 Eq. t-buOH
Liq. NH3
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