: 10

.1 151.
.1 1002 .1002
. ( ) (
) : .3 a b :

: 10

.7 .1 n
.7 .1
( .7 .3 n )

: 13

.11 .1 n
( .11 .1 n ) :

: 10

.7 .1 n
( .7 .1 n )
( .7 .3 n )

: 10

( : )

( )
{) ( {) ( {) ( {) (
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

) ( ( ) ( )

: 10

:
a b 3 .1
( ) .1

. ( .3 ) n

: 17

:
( ) .1 a b
:
. ( ) .1 n

1
 : 18

:
( a b )
.1
. ( ) ( ) .1

. ( .3 )

: 19

. :
) .1 A (
:
.1 :
a b .
( ) a b .
.
.
a b
: 01

:
a b .1
: : .1
. ( ) n : .3
( ) n : .4

: 00

( ) :
.1 ) (
( ) (
: .1 )
. ( ) .3 :
d 1 7 .
. ( ) ( ) ( . )
: 00

.1 1497 1991 .1994

x : y . x y=2 .1 ( ) :
-
x 3 y 1 (.)1
. - ) (x,y :

: 03

( ) : .1
.1 d x y ) (x , y )(I
- d
-
.3 ) (a , b :

2
 : 00

: .1
A .1 x y
x y A .

: 00

( ) : .1
( : m ) .1
( ) (I
: )
-
- m 1000
n .3
- k :
7 -
N a b : .4
( . N 7 ) :
-
:
- N 7

: 00

:
: .1
() ()
() ()
: .1
( ) () ( ) ()
() ( ) ()
. 1 : N .3 : 5
() ()
() ()
3 : .4
() 1 () 0
() 3 () 1
: ( )
.
: ( .5 n ) :
() () n
() 2 ()
: 07

( ) b a p :

p a .1


p b
( ) ( )
:
= )PGCD (a + b ; ab : .1
)(E
PPCM (a ; b) = 2
( )
:
).(E ) (a , b
3
 : 08

n :
.1 c b
b an cn 3
( ) n :
a
( ) ( n ) :

bn cn
) ( .1
) (E
. (- ) (E
) 2
: 09

n
( ) .1

( ) .1 n
. .3 : n

: 01

.1 524
{ .1 a b b a :

: 00
n
10 n .1
10 .1
( ) n : .3
. n : .4

: 00
n
11 .1 n
k : .1 n
11
.3 n :

: 03

.1 )PGCD (2688 ; 3024

) ( ) (
. .1
) ( ; -2 ()1 .
( ) (P )' (P .3 )
) ( ) (
) (P )' (P )(d .
.
) (d ( )1 ) (E ) (d .
4
 : 00

y x b a :
a b
x y ( ) ( ) .1
(. () ) ( ) ( : .1 )

: 00

( n ) a b
( ) (2n a b
.1
)
: . .1

: 00

11 . . .1
. .

.

55 .

x .1 y
( ) :
.
( ) : .
. )'(E
. )' (E x 40 :
.
: .3 a :

: 07
n
n 11 .1
11 .1
11 n .3
n : .4
| | :
. : ) (x , y .5

: 08

( ) : .1
n .1
( )(E )
.
.

d : .3
= d = d .
. d = 13

: n .4
( A B ) .
. n A .B

5
 : 09

.1 ( ) :
.
( )1
( . ( )1
)
9 . .1
( ) ( ) . ) (n , m
:

: : .
( ) ( ) N M :
9 .
. ( . )
: 31

( ) ( ) x y
x y ) (
1000 .1 ) (x , y ( )

.1 1000 1000
5 d .m d .3
.4 x .y

: 30

( ) :
.1 1001 ) (x , y ( )1
x 59
()1 .1
.3 ) (x , y ( )1
( ) .4 a b
. ( )

: 30
n n
7
.1 n
7 .1 n
.3 n :
. n Sn :
. n Sn .7
: 33

( ) : .1
. ( )1 ) (
()1 .
2 .1 n
( ) : .3
( ( )3 )
( )3 .
(. ) .
6
 : 30
n
11 -1 n
( 11 ) ( ) ( ) -1 : n
-3 n :

( 11 ) ( )

: 30

a b :

.1 a b
m y=2m- x= m .1 :
- x y m
- PGCD (x , y) = d
d
= .d ) (x , y

: 37
2n
5 -1 n
n
5 -1
2
2 5 -3
: -4
.5 n

: 38

: .1
.1 A 1000 A 13 1 A 17 2
.7 .3 A

: 39
n
10 -1 n
10 k
-1 n :
n
.10 n

7
 : 01

11 9 2 7 1 5 4 3 1 1 0 :

11 . -1
11 .1131 -1
11 -3
3 11 .

11
11 .

11
11
a b N a b
N ab -4
. x y N .33

: 00
( ) :
.1 ) (E
{ .1 N a b :
( )(E )
.
. N 4
: .3
.4 100 2
5 .

: 00
.1
.
( ) . :
. d
( 5 5 ) .
. a b :
( a b )
( () ) .4 :
.
( . )
. . ) (

8

: 10 0100

( ( ) : ) )1

. 1011
( ( )1 ()1 . )

7 )1 . n
7
. n :

9 : N )3
( ()1 )
N .

: 10 0100

n : ) (un

7 )1 .
. a b:

)1 . n

: . k

)3 n

.
) (vn
. . n un Sn :

: 13 0100

11 n .1
11 .1
( 11 n ) .3
( .11 n ) .4

9
 : 10 0100

( { x ) ) (S :

.1
153 )(S
( ) : ) (( )
) (S .1
.3 )(S
.4 15 3
500 100 7 1 .

: 10 0100

) (un :

) m = PPCM (u ,u : = u
) d = PGCD (u ,u m+d= 2

u u u .1
) (un n
1010 : ) (un .1
5 ) (un 10020 .3
n . .4
S=u +u +u + - n S + u2n :
- n S S S = u + u + u + + u2n :
S = u + u + u + + u2n-

: 10 0100

x : y . )(E .1 x y = - (E) :

.1 a :

n
.3 n 7 13
.4 b 9 : :
. b .91

: 17 0100

2 x .1 = y
.1 7 :
2 2
7 1 : + .3 :
11
 : 18 0100
n n n n n
An = 2 n :

: .1
:
n n
.1 n 2 7
A 7 An 7 .3 n
:
A 7 .4

: 19 0101

x x : y . y=2 .1 ( ) :
- ) (x , y ) (
y 7
- ()1
n
.1 n 2 9
n
2 9 n .3 n 2
n
.4 un = 2 : n
-
un 9
( ) (x , y x : y ) ) ( - ( ) :
.
. - ) (x , y ( )1 x y

: 01 0101
n
13 .1 n

n+2 n+
13 .1 n
2 n
2 13 13 .3 n
.4 : p
13 . p = n
13 . p = n +

13 p = n + 2 .
.5 a b 3 :

a b .
. a b .13

: 00 0101

n 7 :
.1 n 3
.1 n .5 n 15
.3 = n .

11
 : 00 0101
n
13 .1 n
( ) .1
:
. .3 n :

: 03 0119
x 1 y A . x
( () )
( x y () .1 . )
x 11 A . x y
.1 . 524
: . a b

: 00 0119

.1 . 1009
u : u a (un) a

. a u
a u = 2 un n .1
.3
. Sn n
= Sn . n

: 00 0119

( .1 ) :
.1 f = ) ( f )f (x
n .3 .
n
. 7 2
. 7 )f (2009
) ( ) ( . n Sn ) ( .4
. n Sn 7

: 00 0118

) (E x y :
) (E . .1
. )(E ) (E
. ) (x , y
n
. n 7 .1
. ) (E . ) (x , y

12
 : 07 0118
n .5
b = 2n a .1 b a = n - 2 :
. a b
n 7 a b 7 .
. n = )PGCD (a ; b
.1 p q :
p q n .
. n .PGCD (p ; q) n

: 08 0118
x ( ) : y
.1
) ( 2 )(I
- )(I
.1 ) (a , b ( ) :
.3 ) (x , y ) (I x y .

: 09 0117
n 1 :
a b
b a c .1
.1 n b c
= )PPCM (b ; c .3 n PGCD (b ; c) = :
a .4
( ) (a ; b ; c )
.5
-
( )
- ) (P O (.)

: 01 0110
n :
( ) ( )
.1
( .1 )
a .3 b n :
n 2 a b .
n 2 )2( n 2 ( )
. n
. ( ) .

: 00 0110
) (
( ( )1 )
.1
5 n .1 1 :

.

. n .

13
 : 00 0113

( ) .1 . :
(un) .1 u q u q q u
. u q
:
. n :
.30 . n

: 03 0110

( ) .1 . :
d c b a .1 e q
. a q

: 00 0110

( ) .1
) ( .1
| | ) (x ; y ( )1 .3
a b : .4
. a .b :

: 00 0111

( ) (
) ) ( .1
) ( .1
y 5 x 1 . ) (x ; y ( )1
. ()1
n .3 9 : 7

n .

: 00 0990

.1 1995 105
= .1 .
a .3 b .a b
d ) PGCD (a ; b m ).PPCM (a ; b d =m a b :
d
: 07 0990
n
.1 n 2 .10
n
(un) .1 n un = 2 :
) (un .
( ) ( ( ) ) ( . n ) :
. n .10

14
 : 08 0990

xy ) (x ; y .1
n .1 5 7

n .

15


:10

152 22 7 5 3 1 23

1002 2 1

( ([ ] { }

( (

([ ] (

( ({ ( ( ( } ( ({ ( ( ( }

:12

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ( ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

:13

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( [ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]

[ ]
[ ]

[ ]
 :14

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ( ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [
] [

] [ ] [

: ( )5 ( )7 ()3
:

] [ ] [ ] [

:15

( (

( (

{ (
(

( ({ ( ( ( } ( ({ ( ( ( }

{ (
(

( ({ ( ( ( } ( ({ ( ( ( }

{ ( ( ( )
(
( (

{ ( (

{ ( (

{ { :
 (
{
(

( ({ ( } ( ({ ( }

( ( (
{ }

( ({ ( } ( ({ ( }

( ({ ( } ( ({ ( }

:16

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
( { { { { {
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [
] [

] [ ] [ ] [

( (

:17

d d = 19 a b

[ ] [ ] ] [ [ ] [ ]
( { { { { {
[ ] [ ] ] [ [ ] [ ]

:18

( ( ( (

( ( ( ) (
( ( ( [ ] ) (

( ( ( ( ([ ]

:19

( ( ( ( (

( (

( a b (

(
( ( ) (
( ( ( )
( ( ) (

. ( a b

:01

( (

( ( [ ] ( ( ( ( (

( ( ( (

{ ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( ( ( (

({ }
 [ ] [ ] ] [
( { { { [ ]
[ ] [ ] ] [

[ ] [ ] ] [
( { { { [ ]
[ ] [ ] ] [

) (

:00

( (

( (

( [ ] ( ( ( ( [ ]

( ( ( (

{ ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( ( ( (

({ }

{ ] [
(

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

({ }
 :02

( ( { ] [
(

( ( { ] [
(

( (

({ }

( (

)( ( (

:03

] [ ] [ ] [

( ( ({ }

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
{ { { {
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

( (

({ }

( (

( ( ( (
( (

( ( {

({ ( ( ( }

:04

] [ ] [ ] [

( (

({ }

{ { ( (

{ { { {

( ( (
( ( (

:05

( ( ( ( ( (

(
{ (
(

( ( ( (

({ }

( [ ]

( ] [ ] [ ] [
(
] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [

( ({ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( }

{ }

: 06

] [ ] [ ] [ ( ( ] [

] [ ( ] [

( ( (
 ( ( ( (

] [ ( ] [

( ( ( )(

: 07

( { ( (
)

( { ( (
)

( { { { }

( ( ( p a b 2

{ { { { ( )

( ({ ( ( ( }

( ({ ( ( ( }

: 08

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

{ 2111 }

.

( ( ( ( (

( (

( (

( (

) (E ( 2111

{ ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }
: 09

( ( ( (

( ( ( (

( ( ( ( (

)(
)(

: 21

525 2 1

( (

(
{ {
(

{ {
(

( ({ ( } ( ({ ( }

{ {
(

( ({ ( } ( ({ ( }
 : 20

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
(
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] ( [ ]

[ ] ( [ ]

( [ ] [ ] [ ]
] [

: 22

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

{ }

{ }

: 23

( ( ( )

( ( ( (

( (

. ( ( ( ( (

. ( ( { {

( ()1

{ ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

( ( ( { ( } :

: 24

( (

{ { {

( (
{ { { {
( (

( ( (

{ ( ({ ( }

( ({ ( }

{ { ( )

{ { ( (

: 25

( ( (

( ( (

( ( (

( ( (

( (
 (

{ ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }

: 26

. ( [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
. ] [ ] [
. [ ] ( [ ] [ ] ] [ ( ] [ ] [
] [
{ . [ ] [ (] (
] [

. ( (
. ( (
.

( ( ( ( (
( ( ( (
{ . ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }

[ ]

[ ]
{ ( [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]

( [ ] [ ]

: 27

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
 (
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]
(
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] ( [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

| |

{ } { }

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] ( ({ ( ( ( }

: 28

{ ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }
. ( ( (
. ( ( ( )(

. { ( (

] [ ] [ [ ]
. { { { [ ]
] [ ] [ [ ]

. ( ( ( (
. ( ( (

( ( ( ( (

( ( (

( ( (
( (

: 29

. (
{ . ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }

. ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [
( (
( . ( ( ) ( )

( (
 ( (
. ( ( ( )
( (
( ( ( )
( (
( ( ( ( ) ( ( )
( ( ( (
( ) ( )

{ . ( (

{ . (

: 31

( (

1000 10 - 20 - 5 - 5 - 1 - 2 :

( )

( ( (

{ { }

( ( )

( ( )

( ( ( (

: 30

{
(

( ( (

({ }
 { { { { } ( ({ ( }

{ ( { )

{ ( ({ ( }
( ({ ( }

: 32

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

. ( (

( ( ( ) ( )

. ] [ ] [ ] [

] [
] [
] [

] [

: 33

( (

. ( ( ( (

( ( ( (

{ . ( ( ( (
( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }
 ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

({ }

{ { { ( (

: 34

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] ( [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
{ { { {

{ { { {

: 35

( ( (

( ( ( (

| ( ( |
( ( ) ( ( )
(

( ( ( ( (

( { (

. ( ( ( ( (
. ( ( ( ( ( (
(
. (
( (
( ( ( (

( ( )
. (
 ( (
] [ ] [
{ { ] [
] [ ] [

( ( :

. ( :

: 36

( )(

.
. (

[ ] [ ] [ ]
{ { { [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]

( (

: 37

] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
(
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [

] [ ] [ ] [

:38

( ( ( ( ( (

(
{ (
(

( ( ( (

({ }

( (
 ( (
( (
( (

: 39

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

: 41

[ ]
[ ] [ ]
( ] [

: 3 21 3

] [ (] [

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]

: 22 21 22

[ (]

] [ ] [ { }
[ ] { { {
] [ [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] ( (
[ ] [ ] ( (
[ ] [ ] ( (
[ ] [ ] ( (
 : 40

( ( ( (

( ( ( (

(
{ (
(

( (

({ }

. ( (
. ( ] [

( ( ({ }

{ { { { } ( ({ ( }

: 42

( ( ( )(

.
] [ ] [ ] [
{ . { { ] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [

( ( ( (

( [ ( ]

. ( ( [ ( ]
( (

. ( ( ( [ ( ] ( (
( (
(
. ( (
( ( (