Description 1.0 Purpose 2 2.0 References Documents 2 3.0 Assumptions 2 4.0 Risk Factor Calculation 7 5.0 Strip Size Calculation 32 6.0 Result 46

LIGHTNING CALCULATION
CLIENT : ACC WADI LIMITED REV/DATE : 0/18.07.05

PROJECT : LIGHTNING ARRESTOR REQUIREMENT CALCULATION PRE/CHKD : LB/ MK
TITLE :LIGHTNING CALCULATION SHEET : Page 1 of 49
CONTENTS
SL.NO. DESCRIPTION SHEET NO.
1.0 PURPOSE 2
2.0 REFERENCES DOCUMENTS 2
3.0 ASSUMPTIONS 2
4.0 RISK FACTOR CALCULATION 7
5.0 STRIP SIZE CALCULATION 32
6.0 RESULT 46
CLIENT : ACC LIMITED REV/DATE : 0 /24.06.05
TITLE : LIGHTINING CALCULATION SHEET : Page 2 of 49
1.0 PURPOSE
The calculations are done for the following purposes :
a) Lightning protection requirement for Old wadi Cement plant,Power plant and
Colony Area.
b) To estimate the number of Lightning electrodes required at the above area.
c) To prove that the maximum value of resistance of the earthing system shall not be
more than 3 ohms as per 12.3.1 of IS 2309:1989 .
2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS, CODES AND STANDARDS
a) IS: 2309-1989-Indian Standard Code of Practice for Protection against Lightning.&

NFPA78.
3.0 ASSUMPTIONS & RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURE.
a) Soil resistively is equal to 312 ohm-m , which is assumed to be uniform throughout

the plant.
b) Pipe electrode in contact with earth is 300 cm and the diameter of the pipe
electrode is 3.8 cm .
c) The effect of interconnection and links between other earthing grids is ignored for
the purpose of this calculation.
3.1 Protected Structure

Common structures are structures used for ordinary whether commercial, Industrial,
institutional or research.
3.2 Need for Protection

3.2.1 Desirability of providing lightning protection shall be assessed either by calculating the risk
index or by judgement. Structures with inherent explosive risks like factories, fuel tanks etc.
need the highest possible class of lightning protection system. Other structures where large
number of people congregate, essential public services are concerned, tall/isolated structures,
structures of historic and cultural importance should be provided with lightning protection
system irrespective of risk index.
3.2.2 Risk Index Weighting Factors

Indian standard recommends the following factors which form the basis of calculating the risk
index.
a) Weighting factor A Use of structure (Table 1 A).
b) Weighting factor B Type of Construction (Table 1 B)
c) Weighting factor C Contents or consequential effects (Table 1C)
d) Weighting factor D Degree of Isolation (Table 1D)
e) Weighting factor E Type of Country (Table 1E)
Depending upon the characteristic features of above factors, various weighting factors are given
in Table 1A to 1E of IS:2309. The probability of the structure being struck by lightning in one
year is the product of lightning flash density and the effective collection area of the
structure to be protected.
The probable number of strikes/year (Risk) is:
P = Ac * Ng * 10 6
Ng = Number of lightning flashes to ground per Km 2 per year.

Ac = Effective area of collection of the structure.
Risk, P, multiplied by weighting factors A to E gives the risk index.
3.2.3 If the value of risk index is less than 10 -5, then in the absence of other Overriding
consideration, protection shall not be necessary.
3.2.4 If the risk index is more than 10 -5 then sound reasons shall be necessary to
Support the decision of not providing the lightning protection.
3.3 Size and Material of Conductors

3.3.1 The materials of air termination network, down conductors and earth terminals shall be GI as
per Table 3 of IS 2309:1989.
3.3.2 Lightning currents have very short duration. Therefore, thermal factors are of little consequence
in deciding the cross-section of the conductor. The minimum size of the various components of
the system are given below:
Sl.No Item Material Size
1. Vertical Air Terminations Copper 20 mm dia,1000 mm Long
G.S 20 mm dia,1000 mm Long
2. Horizantal air Terminations copper 20 X 3 mm Flat
G.S 25X 6mm Flat.
3. Down Conductors Same as Horizontal Air Terminations.
4. Earth Terminations
a) Horizontal conductors Cu. Strip 32 X 6 mm

G.S Strip 50 X 6 mm
b) Rod Electrodes Cu 20mmDia, 3000 mm Long.
Steel 20mmDia, 3000 mm Long.
c)Pipe Electrode Steel 40mmDia, 3000 mm Long.
3.4 Air termination Systems
Air Terminations: The vertical and horizontal conductors or combination of both, installed over
or near the structure to attract the lightning stroke to themselves are called air terminations.
3.4.2 Protective Zone : The space around the air terminations in which there is almost no
probability
Direct lightning discharge is called the protective zone of air termination. Protective zones of
various arrangements shall be as given in IS: 2309 - 1989 etc. for correctness.
3.4.3 The angle between vertical line passing through the conductor and side of protective zone is
called protective angle.
3.4.4 Horizontal air terminations: Arranged along the contours such as parapets, ridges and edges of
the roof and wherever necessary, over the flat surfaces, horizontal air termination network
form basic protection arrangement, if roof of the building has large horizontal dimensions.
3.4.5 Protective angle of horizontal air termination is 45 for normal protection and upto 30 if
higher protection is needed.
3.4.6 Protective angle for two horizontal air terminations, spaced at a distance not greater than twice
the height, shall be used within the space between conductors and 45 and 30 respectively if
higher protection is needed.
3.4.7 The spacing, between adjacent horizontal air terminations shall not be more than 10 metres
and no part of the roof shall be more than 5 metres away from the nearest horizontal
conductor.
3.4.8 Layout of Horizontal Air Terminations

a) A horizontal air termination shall run along the periphery of the roof.
b) Additional parallel horizontal conductors shall be provided if spacing between the
conductors is more than 10 metres or any part of the roof is more than 5 metres
away from the nearest horizontal conductor.
C) Conductors shall be interconnected to form a closed loop.
3.4.9 Vertical Air Terminations

a) Vertical air terminations shall be used for very high structures with small base area.
b) Protective angles of vertical air terminations shall be same as given for horizontal air
terminations under clause 3.4.5/.6.
c) Vertical air terminations shall project at least 300 mm above the protected structure.
d) All the vertical air terminations provided on the same structure shall be interconnected.
e) All the air termination network shall be effectively secured to the roof against
overturning. The fasteners shall be of the same material as the conductor to avoid
bimetallic corrosion.
3.4.10 Where a structure has two elevations, out of which lower is projecting outside the higher
elevation such that the network in higher elevation does not protect the lower elevation, both
networks shall be interconnected by connecting the higher elevation down conductors to the
lower network.
3.4.11 If a particular small portion in the structure is projecting above the level of horizontal
conductors by more than 1000 mm, a separate network shall be formed for the same.
3.4.12 All the metal piping, railing, etc. on the roof shall be bonded to the protective network
with a bolted connection.
3.5 Down Conductors

The conductors which connect air terminations to earth terminations are called down
Conductors.
3.5.1 Size and material of the down conductors shall be given under clause 3.3.
3.5.2 Number
a) As per IS.2039, a structure having a base area less than 100 sq. mtr shall be provided with
only one down conductor. Chimneys, whose over all width at the top or diameter is less than
1.5 metres shall be provided with only one down conductor.
b) For buildings having base area more than 100 m 2 , the number of down conductors shall be
smaller
the number obtained by the following two criteria
i) one down conductor for first 100 m 2 area plus one for every additional 300 m 2 area or part
thereof
ii) one down conductor for every 30 metres of periphery
Non-conducting chimneys whose overall width at the top or diameter is more than 1.5 metres shall
be provided two down conductors. Structures on rocky terrain where testing and inspection is
difficult shall be provided with minimum two down conductors.
As per BS: 6651 1999 at least one down conductor should be provided for each 20 mtr or part
thereof of the perimeter at roof level. Structures greater than 20-mtr height, shall have a down
conductor per 10 mtr or part thereof.
3.5.3 Route of Down Conductors
a) Unless aesthetic and architectural considerations prohibit, down conductors shall be uniformly
distributed around the outside walls of the structure.
b) The path between the air terminations and earth terminations shall be as direct as possible and
shall avoid sharp bends upturns and kinks.
c) No deep re-entrant loop, in which length of the conductor forming the loop is more than 8 times
the width of open side of the loop, shall be recommended. This is shown in Figure-1 and is
avoided to prevent large inductive voltage drop across the open side of the loop.
d) In a building cantilevered from first storey onwards, the down conductors shall not follow the
contour of the building as shown in Figure-2.
e) Down conductors shall not be attached to lift shafts.

f) When suitable external route for down conductors is not possible or advisable, the conductors
may run in air space provided by non-metallic, non-combustible ducts not smaller than 75 x 15 mm
or in any vertical, service duct running through the height of the building, provided it does not
contain any unarmoured, non-metal sheath cable.
g) Down conductors may be embedded in the wall of the structure. In such case, reinforcing bars
shall be bonded to the down conductor.
h) In case metallic object such as pipes, structures etc. exists in the vicinity of down conductors,
there is a risk of side flash over between the down conductor and these objects. In such
cases, the object shall be bonded to or installed on the basis of the recommendations given
under
Clause3.7.1.
Each down conductor shall be provided with testing point as discussed in Clause 3.7.2 (f)
j)Holes in cornice and parapet walls shall be used for the passage of down conductors,
wherever possible.
3.6Earth Terminations
3.6.1 Earthing conductors embedded in the soil and designed for the safe discharge of lightning
currents into the soil are called earth terminals.
3.6.2 Down conductor shall be provided an earth electrode and all earth electrodes shall be
interconnected.
3.6.3 Earthing resistance of earth terminations shall be such that the combined resistance is not more
than 3 ohms. In case, the earthing resistance is not within limits, the earth electrodes shall be
located in treated earth pit.
3.6.4 Disconnecting facility shall be provided in some of the earth electrodes so that it is possible to
measure the earthing resistance.
3.6.5 Lightning protective earthing system may be interconnected with operational and safety
earthing system.
3.6.6 Earthing conductors shall not be more than 1.5 to 2.0 metres away from the structure except
when high temperatures are likely to be encountered in subsoil or when sufficient space near
the structure is not available.
3.6.7 Metal pipes and other structures buried in earth shall be bonded to or isolated from the
earthing conductors on the basis of the recommendation given under clause 3.7.1.
3.6.7 Earth Electrodes
a) The use of rod/pipe/plate electrodes is permissible. their choice will depend upon the site
conditions, soil resistivity and economic considerations. In general, the use of pipe electrodes is
recommended.
b) The material of earth electrodes shall be either galvanised steel or copper. The choice will
depend upon the material of the air termination, down conductors and soil resistivity. It is
preferable to use the same material throughout the system.
Horizontally buried interconnecting conductors shall be laid at minimum 600 mm depth.

Earthing system shall be in accordance with IS: 3043.Minimum spacing between rod/pipe
electrodes and plate electrodes shall be 6 and 8 metres respectively.
4.0 Lightning protection for structure- Evaluation of lightning flash

density,collection area of structure and overall risk factor.
4.1 Evaluation of lightning ground flash density:

The lightning ground flash density can be estimated using the following formula indicated in
IEC 61024-1-1.
Lightning groung flash density Ng=0.04x(Td) 1.25
per Km2 per year
Where Td is the number of thunderstorm days per year
In Gulbarga the Annual thunderstorm days is 34 days( As per IS 2309:1989 Page
number 5).Therefore the lightning ground flash density per Km2 per year is calculated using
the above formula as follows
Ng=0.04x(34) 1.25
=3.284 per Km2 per year

which is commen throughout the plant area
4.2 Evaluation of probable No of strikes for the structure per year P:
Probable No of strikes for the structure per year P can be calculated using the formula
P= Ng x Ac x 10 6
per year
Where Ac is the equivalent collection area of structures on a plain surface.
Ac=(L XB)+2(L X H)+2(B X H)+ H2
For complex structure it can be calculated based on the guidelines given in item 4.2 of
IEC 61024-1-1 standard.
The risk factor P is multiplied by the product of the weighting factors( Table 1A-1E of IS
2309:1989).
If the overall risk factor is greater than 10-5 protection is required for the structure.
Calculation for the overall risk factor is done below for each building in the Old Wadi Cement
plant, Colony and Power plant.
OLD WADI CEMENT PLANT
BULK LOADING SILO:

Diameter(D) : 11 M
Height (H) : 49.5 M
Lightning Flashes/Sq.Km / year(Ng) : 3.284 (AS CALCULATED ABOVE)
-Rating factor for Wadi
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3
Overall weighing Factors :AxBxCxDxE

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192
Collection Area AC : H2
: (49.5) 2
: 7693.785 m2
Probable no.of strikes for the : Ac x Ng x 10-6
structure per year P : 7693.785 x 3.284 x 10-6

: 2.526 x 10-2
Therefore, the overall risk Factor : P x Overall Weighing Factor

: 2.526 x 10-2 x 0.192
: 4.84 x 10-3 which is greater than 10-5

Therefore for Bulk loading Silo Lightning Protection is essential.
CEMENT STORAGE SILO:

Diameter(D) : 10 M
Height (H) : 29.8 M
Lightning Flashes/Sq.Km / year(Ng) : 3.284
- Rating factor for Wadi
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192
: (29.8) 2
: 2788.45 m2

: 9.157 x 10-3

: 9.157 x 10-3 x 0.192
Therefore for Cement storage Silo Lightning Protection is essential.
KILN NO.3 PREHEATER:
Length (L) : 19.2 M

Width ( W) : 16 M
Height (H) : 106 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192
Collection Area AC : (L x W) + 2(L x H) + 2(W x H) +

: (19.2x16)+2(19.2x106)+2(16x106)+
: 1290105.505 m2
Probable no.of strikes for the : AC x Ng x 10-6

: 4.236

: 4.236 x 0.192
: 0.8133 which is greater than 10-5
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Kiln No.3 Preheater.
CEMENT MILL BUILDING :
Length (L) : 34 M
Width ( W) : 36 M
Height (H) : 11.5 M
Length (L) : 22 M
Width ( W) : 36 M
Height (H) : 16.5 M

Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 1.0
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.24

: (12x36)+2(12x11.5)+(36x11.5)+

(22x36)+2x(22x16.5)+(36x16.5)+
: 4088.86 m2

: 1.44 x 10-2

: 1.34 x 10-2 x 0.24
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Cement Mill Building.
CEMENT MILL 4 & 5 BUILDINGS:
Length (L) : 34 M
Width ( W) : 36 M
Height (H) : 16.5 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 1.0
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.24

: (34x36)+2(34x16.5)+2(36x16.5)+
: 4388.86 m2

: 1.44 x 10-2

: 1.44 x 10-2 x 0.24
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Cement Mill 4 & 5 Buildings .


PROJECT : LIGHTNING ARRESTOR REQUIREMENT CALCULATION PRE/CHKD : LB/MK
CEMENT MILL CONTROL ROOM:
Length (L) : 16 M
Width ( W) : 7.5 M
Height (H) : 11.5 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 1.0
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.24

: (4x16)+(3.5X6)+(5.25x7.5)+(5.25x13)+ (6X5.25)

+(7X5.25)+2X(11.5X3.5)+(11.5X4)+5/4
: 552.32 m2

: 1.81 x 10-3

: 1.81 x 10-3 x 0.24
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Cement Mill Control room .

CLIENT : ACC LIMITED REV/DATE : 0/24.06.05
PROJECT : LIGHTNING ARRESTOR REQUIREMENT CALCULATION PRE/CHKD: LB/MK
PACKING PLANT:
Length (L) : 36.9 M

Width ( W) : 27 M
Height (H) : 24.75 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 1.0
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.24

:
(23.4x27)+(13.5X15.5)+(24.75x27)+(24.75x11.5)+
(8.5X13.5)+(8.5X15.5)+(36.9X8.5)+

(15.5X8.5)+5/4
: 4890.132 m2

: 1.6 x 10-2

: 1.6 x 10-2 x 0.24
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Cement Packing plant.

CEMENT SILO EXPANSION AND PACKING PLANT:
CEMENT SILO:
Diameter(D) : 12 M
Height (H) : 34.5+2.5=37 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192
: (37) 2
: 4298.66 m2

: 1.41 x 10-2

: 1.41 x 10-2 x 0.192
Therefore for Cement Silo Lightning Protection is essential.

PACKING PLANT:
Length (L) : 14 M
Width ( W) : 16 M
Height (H) : 30 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 1.0
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.24

: (14x16)+2(14X30)+2(16x30)+
: 2024 m2
structure per year P : 2024 x 3.284 x 10-6

: 6.646 x 10-3

: 6.646x 10-3 x 0.24
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Cement Packing plant.

CLIENT : ACC -WADI REV/DATE : 0 /24.06.05
TITLE : LIGHTNING CALCULATION SHEET : Page 17 of 48
KILN NO. 1 & 2 PREHEATER:
Length (L) : 11 M
Width ( W) : 24 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192

: (11x24)+2(11x69.36)+2(24x69.36)+
: 20225.142 m2

: 6.64 x 10-2

: 6.64 x 10-2 x 0.192
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Kiln No.1 & 2 Preheater.

RAW MILL 4& 5:
Length (L) : 60.1 M

Width ( W) : 36 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 1.0
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.24

: (60.1x36)+2(60.1x31.35)+2(36x31.35)+
: 11275.132 m2

: 3.7 x 10-2

: 3.7 x 10-2 x 0.192
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Raw mill 4 & 5.

COAL MILL :
Length (L) : 46 M
Width ( W) : 33 M
Height (H) : 44 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192

: (46x33)+2(46x44)+2(33x44)+
: 14549.04 m2

: 4.77 x 10-2

: 4.77 x 10-2 x 0.192
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Coal mill .

POWER PLANT AREA :
DG SET BUILDING:
Length (L) : 52 M
Width ( W) : 20 M
Height (H) : 15 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.4
C : 1.0
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.4 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.12

: (52x20)+2(20x15)+
: 2346.5 m2

: 7.705 x 10-3

: 7.705 x 10-3 x 0.12
Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for DG Set Building .

3 NOS. OF 1 X 25 MW TG BUILDING :
Length (L) : 52.5 M

Width ( W) : 26.7 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.4
C : 1.0
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.4 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.12

: (8x52.5)+(18.7x37.5)+(14.5x12.2)+2(8x14.86)
+(52.5x14.86)+2(18.7x23.56)+2(14.5x15.26)

+
: 5382.67 m2
There are 3 Nos of 1x25 MW Generator

Areas. Therefore Total collection area is : 3x5382.67 m2
: 16146 m2

: 5.3 x 10-2

: 5.3 x 10-2 x 0.12

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for TG Building .
CHIMNEY -1
Diameter(D) :4 M
Height (H) : 113 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.4
C : 1.0
D : 2.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.4x 1.0 x 2.0 x 0.3
: 0.24
: (113) 2
: 40094.66 m2

: 13.16x 10-2

: 13.16 x 10-2 x 0.24
Therefore for Chimney Lightning Protection is essential.

CHIMNEY -2
Diameter(D) :4 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.4
C : 1.0
D : 2.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.4x 1.0 x 2.0 x 0.3
: 0.24
: (106.8) 2
: 35815.59 m2

: 11.76x 10-2

: 11.76 x 10-2 x 0.24
Therefore for Chimney Lightning Protection is essential.

COLONY AREA
WATER TANK (454000 LITRES):
Diameter(D) :13.90 M
Weighing Factors
A : 0.7
B : 0.4
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 0.7 x 0.4x 0.3x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.0252
: (23.4) 2
: 1719.338 m2

: 5.67x 10-3

: 5.67 x 10-3 x 0.0252
Therefore for Water tank Lightning Protection is essential.

WATER TANK (227000 LITRES) 2 Nos:
Diameter(D) :9.4 M
Weighing Factors
A : 0.7
B : 0.4
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 0.7 x 0.4x 0.3x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.0252
: (24.55) 2
: 1892.485 m2

: 6.21x 10-3

: 6.21 x 10-3 x 0.0252

KAGINA GUEST HOUSE:
Length (L) : 40 M
Width ( W) : 15 M
Height (H) : 10 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.2
B : 0.4
C : 1.7
D : 0.4
E : 0.3

: 1.2 x 0.4 x 1.7 x 0.4 x 0.3
: 0.0979

: (40x15)+2(40x10)+2(15x10) +
: 2014 m2

: 6.613 x 10-3

: 6.613 x 10-3 x 0.0979

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Kagina Guest House .
MANAGEMENT TRAINEE HOSTEL:
Length (L) : 17 M
Width ( W) : M
Height (H) : 10 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.2
B : 0.4
C : 1.7
D : 0.4
E : 0.3

: 1.2 x 0.4 x 1.7 x 0.4 x 0.3
: 0.0979

: (40x15)+2(40x10)+2(15x10) +
: 2014 m2

: 6.613 x 10-3

: 6.613 x 10-3 x 0.0979

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Management Trainee hostel .
V. P BUNGALOW:
Length (L) : 22.76 M

Width ( W) : 15.25M
Height (H) : 6.80 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.2
B : 0.4
C : 1.7
D : 0.4
E : 0.3

: 1.2 x 0.4 x 1.7 x 0.4 x 0.3
: 0.0979

: (10x22.76)+(5.58x14.11)+(10x4.1)+2(8.65X4.1)

+(5.58X6.8)+2(14.11X6.8)+(15.25X6.8)+
: 861.53 m2

: 2.829 x 10-3

: 2.829 x 10-3 x 0.0979

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Vice president Bungalow .
SPORTS CLUB:
Length (L) : 55 M
Width ( W) : 20M
Height (H) : 18 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.3
B : 0.4
C : 1.7
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.3 x 0.4 x 1.7 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.2652

: (55x20)+2(55x18)+2(20x18)+
: 4817.36

: 1.58 x 10-4

: 1.58 x 10-4 x 0.2652

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Sports club building .
QUARY CRUSHER:
Length (L) : 24 M
Width ( W) : 12M
Height (H) : 15 M
Weighing Factors
A : 1.0
B : 0.8
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 1.0 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.192

: (24x12)+2(24x15)+2(12x15)+
: 2074.9 m2

: 0.6812 x 10-2

: 0.6812 x 10-2 x 0.192

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Quary crusher .
WATER TANK IN RIVER PUMP AREA 3 Nos:
Diameter(D) :4 M
Height (H) : 12 M
Weighing Factors
A : 0.7
B : 0.4
C : 0.8
D : 1.0
E : 0.3

: 0.7 x 0.4x 0.3x 1.0 x 0.3
: 0.0252
: (12) 2
: 452.16 m2

: 1.48x 10-3

: 1.48 x 10-3 x 0.0252

5.0 Resistance of Pipe Electrode (Ref. 9.2.2 of IS: 3043-1987)
Re = 100 x loge 4 x l
2xxl d
Where l = length of the rod or pipe = 300 cm.
d = diameter of the rod or pipe = 3.8 cm.
= resistivity of soil = 312 -m assumed uniform.
Re = 100 x 312 loge 4 x 300

2 x x 300 3.8
= 16.55 loge 315.789
= 41.36 .
Resistance of the Earth Strip 50 x 6 G.I Flat

5.1 Old Wadi plant
5.1.1 Bulk loading silo
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt
L=Estimated Length Strip : 12500 cm

Width of the Strip (t) : 50 x 6 mm
Depth of the Buried Strip (W) : 60 cm
2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 12500 = 2.38
2x3.14x12500 60x5
There are 3 Nos of earth pits are used, therefore
Re = Re /3 = 41.36 / 3 = 13.78
Rt = Re x Rs = 13.78 X 2.38 = 2.03
Re + Rs 13.78+2.38
Thus the Total resistance is less than 3 ohms .
50x6 G.I Flat strip is selected for vertical down conductor and horizondal earth
conductor.
5.1.2 Cement storage silo
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

Width of the Buried Strip (t) : 50 x 6 mm
2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 14640 = 2.0
2x3.14x14640 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2 = 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68 X 2 = 1.8
Re + Rs 20.68+2.
conductor.
5.1.3 Kiln No:3 Preheater
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 30160 = 1.1172
2x3.14x30160 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2 = 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68 X 1.1172 = 1.054
Re + Rs 20.68+1.1172.
conductor.
5.1.4 Cement Mill Building
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt
L=Estimated Length Strip : 20405.6 cm

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 20405.6 = 1.568
2x3.14x20405.6 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2 = 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68 X 1.568 = 1.4469
Re + Rs 20.68+1.568.
conductor.
5.1.5 Cement Mill Building 4 & 5
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 20405.6 = 1.568
2x3.14x20405.6 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2 = 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68X 1.568 = 1.4469
Re + Rs 20.68+1.568.
conductor.
5.1.6 Cement Mill Control Room
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 10394.8 = 2.799
2x3.14x10394.8 60x5
Only one earth pit is used, therefore
Re = Re /1 = 41.36 / 1 = 41.36
Rt = Re x Rs = 41.36 X 2.799 = 2.6
Re + Rs 41.36+2.799.
conductor.
5.1.7 Packing Plant
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 17730 = 1.77
2x3.14x17730 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2 = 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68 X 1.77 = 1.68
Re + Rs 20.68+1.77.
conductor.
5.1.8 Cement silo Expansion
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 32033 = 1.07
2x3.14x32033 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2 = 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68 X 1.07 = 1.0
Re + Rs 20.68+1.07.
conductor.
5.1.9 Kiln No:1& 2 Preheater
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 25672 = 1.285
2x3.14x25672 60x5
Only one earth pit is used, therefore
Re = Re /1 = 41.36 / 1 = 41.36
Rt = Re x Rs = 41.36X1.285 = 1.240
Re + Rs 41.36+1.285.
conductor.
5.1.10 Raw Mill 4 & 5
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt
L=Estimated Length Strip : 56730cm

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 56730 = 0.64
2x3.14x56730 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68X0.64 = 0.62
Re + Rs 20.68+0.64.
conductor.
5.1.11 Coal Mill
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 52000 = 0.64
2x3.14x52000 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68X0.64 = 0.62
Re + Rs 20.68+0.64.
conductor.
5.2 Power plant
5.2.1 DG Set
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 63800 = 0.578
2x3.14x63800 60x5
Re = Re /3 = 41.36 / 3= 13.78
Rt = Re x Rs = 13.78X0.578 = 0.55
Re + Rs 13.78+0.578

conductor.
5.2.2 T.G CPP Building
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt
L=Estimated Length Strip : 81802.2cm

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 81802.2 = 0.588
2x3.14x81802.2 60x5
Re = Re /4 = 41.36 / 4= 10.34
Rt = Re x Rs = 10.34X0.588 = 0.5532
Re + Rs 10.34+0.588
conductor.
5.2.3 Chimney-1
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 23659 = 1.379
2x3.14x23659 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68X1.379 = 1.285
Re + Rs 20.68+1.379.
conductor.
5.2.4 Chimney-2
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 24899 = 1.379
2x3.14x24899 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68X1.379 = 1.285
Re + Rs 20.68+1.379.
conductor.
5.3 Colony
5.3.1 Water Tank (454000 Litres)
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 15875.2 = 1.94
2x3.14x15875.2 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.68X1.94 = 1.764
Re + Rs 20.68+1.94.
conductor.
5.3.2 Water Tank (227000 Litres)
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 13329.2 = 2.26
2x3.14x13329.2 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.36X2.26 = 2.0
Re + Rs 20.36+2.26.
conductor.
5.3.3 Kagina Guest house
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 22100 = 1.46
2x3.14x22100 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.36X1.46 = 1.35
Re + Rs 20.36+1.46.
conductor.
5.3.4 V.P Bungalow
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt
L=Estimated Length Strip : 14194m

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 14194 = 2.14
2x3.14x14194 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.36X2.14 = 1.925
Re + Rs 20.36+2.14.
conductor.
5.3.5 Sports Club
Rs = 100 Log e 2L2
2 L wt
L=Estimated Length Strip : 33200m

2
Rs = 100 x 312 Log e 2 x 33200 = 1.027
2x3.14x33200 60x5
Re = Re /2 = 41.36 / 2= 20.68
Rt = Re x Rs = 20.36X1.027 = 0.97
Re + Rs 20.36+1.027.
conductor.
6.0 RESULTS
a) 38 mm ID,3 M long pipe suggested for earth pit refer drg. No. E-ECB-
A565-LTNG-001(Sheet 2 of 4).
b) 50 x 6 G.I flat strip suggested for down conductors and burried conductor.
c) The No.of Lightning conductors and earth pits required are as shown in the
drawing.
d) The Lightning conductor shall be placed at the topmost height of every
Building.
e) The Location of Earthpits shall be fixed as per the site conditions.
f) The Earthing Resistance shall be maintained below 3 ohms.
g) The down conductors shall be insulated from the metal structures inorder
to reduce the leakage current.
h) All the down conductors shall have a test Link arrangement between the
arrestor and Earthpit.
Old Wadi plant Area:
Location of the No.of No.of Remarks

Lightning Lightnin Earth Pits
Conductor g
Conduct
or.
KilnNo-1&2 2 2
Preheater
Bulk loading cement 2 3 One Arrestor at
silo each silo.
Packing plant 1 2 Shall be placed

at the topmost
structure.
Cement storage silo 2 2 Arrestor Shall be

placed at the
topmost
structure.
Cement mill building 2 2 Arrestor Shall be

4&5 placed at
topmost
structure.
Raw mill 4&5 2 2 Arrestor Shall be

placed at the
topmost
structure.
Coal mill 2 2 Arrestor Shall be

placed at the
topmost
structure.
Kiln No.3 preheater 2 2 Arrestor Shall be

placed at the
topmost
structure.
Cement silo 4 4 4 silo in a line.In

expansion each silo one
arrestor shall be
placed.
Cement mill building 2 2 Arrestor Shall be

placed at the
topmost
structure.
Colony Area
Note: The Horizotal Air terminations to be Placed as marked in the drawing for
Water Tanks and Gust houses.
Description No.of No.of Earth Remarks

Arrestor Pit
Water Tank (2 Nos) 2 2 One Arrestor is placed
in each Tank. So no
need to provide
additional arrestor.
Kagina guest house 1 2 One Arrestor is

already existing No
need to provide
additional arrestor.
Management trainee 1 2 One Arrestor is

hostel already existing No
need to provide.
V.P Bungalow 1 2 One Arrester is

already existing No
need to provide.
Sports club 2 2 One Arrestor is

placed, one more
should be placed.
Power plant Area
Note: The Horizotal Air terminations to be Placed as marked in the drawing for
D.G set building & T.G building.
As the Chimneys are provided with the 2 nos of 25x3 GI Flat as down
conductor, the same shall be retained as it is and the required earth value
of less than 3 ohms should be confirmed.
Description No.of No.of Earth Remarks

Arrestor Pit
D.G Set 2 3 Two Arrestor is
existing. No need
to provide.
T.G CPP building 10 4 7 Arrestor is

already existing
remaining 3
should be placed
as per drawing.
Chimney 2Nos 2 4 One Arrestor is

existing in each
chimney. No need
to provde.
River pump Area
a) There are three Tank in this area ,in each Tank one Arrester shall be
placed.
c) In quary crusher area one Arrestor and Two nos. of earth pits shall be placed as
marked in the drawing.

Description 1.0 Purpose 2 2.0 References Documents 2 3.0 Assumptions 2 4.0 Risk Factor Calculation 7 5.0 Strip Size Calculation 32 6.0 Result 46

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Description 1.0 Purpose 2 2.0 References Documents 2 3.0 Assumptions 2 4.0 Risk Factor Calculation 7 5.0 Strip Size Calculation 32 6.0 Result 46

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LIGHTNING CALCULATION

CLIENT : ACC WADI LIMITED REV/DATE : 0/18.07.05

SL.NO. DESCRIPTION SHEET NO.

2.0 REFERENCES DOCUMENTS 2

4.0 RISK FACTOR CALCULATION 7

5.0 STRIP SIZE CALCULATION 32

The calculations are done for the following purposes :

2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS, CODES AND STANDARDS

a) IS: 2309-1989-Indian Standard Code of Practice for Protection against Lightning.&

3.0 ASSUMPTIONS & RECOMMENDED DESIGN PROCEDURE.

a) Soil resistively is equal to 312 ohm-m , which is assumed to be uniform throughout

3.1 Protected Structure

3.2 Need for Protection

3.2.2 Risk Index Weighting Factors

The probable number of strikes/year (Risk) is:

Ng = Number of lightning flashes to ground per Km 2 per year.

3.3 Size and Material of Conductors

Sl.No Item Material Size

1. Vertical Air Terminations Copper 20 mm dia,1000 mm Long

G.S 20 mm dia,1000 mm Long

2. Horizantal air Terminations copper 20 X 3 mm Flat

G.S 25X 6mm Flat.

3. Down Conductors Same as Horizontal Air Terminations.

a) Horizontal conductors Cu. Strip 32 X 6 mm

3.4 Air termination Systems

3.4.8 Layout of Horizontal Air Terminations

3.4.9 Vertical Air Terminations

3.5 Down Conductors

3.5.3 Route of Down Conductors

e) Down conductors shall not be attached to lift shafts.

3.6.7 Earth Electrodes

Horizontally buried interconnecting conductors shall be laid at minimum 600 mm depth.

4.0 Lightning protection for structure- Evaluation of lightning flash

4.1 Evaluation of lightning ground flash density:

=3.284 per Km2 per year

Ac=(L XB)+2(L X H)+2(B X H)+ H2

OLD WADI CEMENT PLANT

BULK LOADING SILO:

Overall weighing Factors :AxBxCxDxE

Probable no.of strikes for the : Ac x Ng x 10-6

structure per year P : 7693.785 x 3.284 x 10-6

Therefore, the overall risk Factor : P x Overall Weighing Factor

: 4.84 x 10-3 which is greater than 10-5

CEMENT STORAGE SILO:

- Rating factor for Wadi

Overall weighing Factors :AxBxCxDxE

Probable no.of strikes for the : Ac x Ng x 10-6

structure per year P : 2788.45 x 3.284 x 10-6

Therefore, the overall risk Factor : P x Overall Weighing Factor

: 1.75 x 10-3 which is greater than 10-5

Therefore for Cement storage Silo Lightning Protection is essential.

KILN NO.3 PREHEATER:

Length (L) : 19.2 M

Overall weighing Factors :AxBxCxDxE

Collection Area AC : (L x W) + 2(L x H) + 2(W x H) +

Probable no.of strikes for the : AC x Ng x 10-6

structure per year P : 1290105.505 x 3.284 x 10-6

Therefore, the overall risk Factor : P x Overall Weighing Factor

: 0.8133 which is greater than 10-5

Therefore Lightning Protection is essential for Kiln No.3 Preheater.

CEMENT MILL BUILDING :

Lightning Flashes/Sq.Km / year(Ng) : 3.284

Overall weighing Factors :AxBxCxDxE