9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary 9: Capacitors and Inductors

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 Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin
Types of Capacitor insulating layer.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
Inductors
Series and Parallel accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
Average Current/Voltage will be present on the lower plate.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin
Types of Capacitor insulating layer.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
Inductors
Series and Parallel accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
Average Current/Voltage will be present on the lower plate.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = A q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).

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 Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin
Types of Capacitor insulating layer.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
Inductors
Series and Parallel accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
Average Current/Voltage will be present on the lower plate.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = A q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).

The quantity C = A
d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F),
hence q = Cv .

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 Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin
Types of Capacitor insulating layer.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
If a current i flows, positive change, q , will
Inductors
Series and Parallel accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge
Average Current/Voltage will be present on the lower plate.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates
proportional to q .
d
v = A q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is
the permittivity of the insulating layer (0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).

The quantity C = A
d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F),
hence q = Cv .

The current, i, is the rate of charge on the plate, hence the

dq
capacitor equation: i = dt = C dv
dt .

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 Types of Capacitor

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
Inductors
Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Types of Capacitor

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
Inductors
Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Summary

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 Types of Capacitor

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
Inductors
Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Summary
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.

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 Types of Capacitor

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
Inductors
Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Summary
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.

Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.

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 Types of Capacitor

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
Inductors
Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Summary
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.

Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must
always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion).
Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol

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 Types of Capacitor

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated
Types of Capacitor plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by
Inductors
Passive Components the material used as the insulator.
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage thin plastic film and rolled up to save space.
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Summary
Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic
(a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.

Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil

separated by paper soaked in conducting
electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer
on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.
Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must
always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion).
Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol or -.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 3 / 12

 Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often
Types of Capacitor around a steel or ferrite core.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often
Types of Capacitor around a steel or ferrite core.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
N A
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
The magnetic flux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of
Average Current/Voltage turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
Buck Converter
Power and Energy (around the toroid).
Summary
is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, for
steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.

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 Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often
Types of Capacitor around a steel or ferrite core.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
N A
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
The magnetic flux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of
Average Current/Voltage turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
Buck Converter
Power and Energy (around the toroid).
Summary
is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, for
steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
N 2 A di
From Faradays law: v = N d
dt = l dt
di
= L dt .

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 Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often
Types of Capacitor around a steel or ferrite core.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
N A
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
The magnetic flux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of
Average Current/Voltage turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil
Buck Converter
Power and Energy (around the toroid).
Summary
is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its
permeability. For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, for
steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
N 2 A di
From Faradays law: v = N d
dt = l dt
di
= L dt .
N 2 A
We measure the inductance, L = l , in Henrys (H).

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 Passive Components

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship
Types of Capacitor between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Passive Components

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship
Types of Capacitor between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Resistor: v = Ri
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Passive Components

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship
Types of Capacitor between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Resistor: v = Ri
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy di
Summary Inductor: v = L dt

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 Passive Components

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship
Types of Capacitor between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Resistor: v = Ri
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy di
Summary Inductor: v = L dt

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt

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 Passive Components

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship
Types of Capacitor between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Resistor: v = Ri
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy di
Summary Inductor: v = L dt

Capacitor: i = C dv
dt

Notes: (1) There are no minus signs anywhere whatever you were taught at
school.
(2) We use lower case, v , for time-varying voltages.

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors v = v1 + v2
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 )
dt = dt

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt 
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt 
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt 
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2

1
Same as a single inductor of value 1
+ L1
L1 2

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt 
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2

1 L1 L2
Same as a single inductor of value 1
+ L1
= L1 +L2
L1 2

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 Series and Parallel Inductors

9: Capacitors and Inductors di di

Capacitors v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt + L2 dt
di
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
= (L1 + L2 ) dt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel Same equation as a single inductor of value L1 + L2
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary
di d(i1 +i2 ) di1 di2
dt = dt = dt + dt 
v v 1 1
= L1 + L2 = v L1 + L2
1 di
v= 1 1 dt
L +L
1 2

1 L1 L2
Same as a single inductor of value 1
+ L1
= L1 +L2
L1 2

Inductors combine just like resistors.

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors i = i1 + i2
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 )
dt = dt

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt
 
i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt
 
i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2

1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2

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 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt
 
i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2

1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2

1
Same as a single capacitor of value 1
+ C1
C1 2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt
 
i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2

1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2

1 C1 C2
Same as a single capacitor of value 1
+ C1
= C1 +C2
C1 2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt + C2 dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
= (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Same equation as a single capacitor of value C1 + C2
Power and Energy
Summary
dv d(v1 +v2 ) dv1 dv2
dt = dt = dt + dt
 
i i 1 1
= C1 + C2 =i C1 + C2

1 dv
i= 1
+C1 dt
C1 2

1 C1 C2
Same as a single capacitor of value 1
+ C1
= C1 +C2
C1 2

Capacitors combine just like conductances (i.e. parallel capacitors add).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 7 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

di
Inductor: v = L dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt = v = .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt = v = .
This never happens so ...

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt = v = .
This never happens so ...

The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Current/Voltage Continuity

Capacitor: i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt
Types of Capacitor
Inductors For the voltage to change abruptly
Passive Components
Series and Parallel dv
Inductors
dt = i = .
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity This never happens so ...
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Summary Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.

di
Inductor: v = L dt

For the current to change abruptly

di
dt = v = .
This never happens so ...

The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.

Informal version: An inductor tries to keep its current constant.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 8 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt .
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t )
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 )
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
Summary
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
Summary
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .

The average current through a capacitor is zero

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
Summary
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .

The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
Summary
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .

The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12

 Average Current/Voltage

For a capacitor i = C dv
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors dt . Take the average of both sides:
Types of Capacitor
1
R t2 1
R t2 R v(t2 )
Inductors
Passive Components t2 t1 t1
idt = t2 t1 t1
C dv
dt dt = C
t2 t1 v(t1 )
dv
Series and Parallel
Inductors
C v(t ) C
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
= t2 t1 [v]v(t12 ) = t2 t1 (v(t2 ) v(t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
(1) If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then the average
Power and Energy current exactly equals zero.
Summary
(2) If v is bounded then the average current
0 as (t2 t1 ) .

The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average
voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.

Average can either be over an exact number of periods of a repetitive

waveform or else the long-term average (provided v and i remain
bounded).

v is bounded means |v| always stays less than a predefined maximum

value.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 9 / 12
 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .

The average current through R is aV

R so, since the average current through
aV
C must be zero, the average current iL must also be R .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .

The average current through R is aV

R so, since the average current through
aV
C must be zero, the average current iL must also be R .

C dy
dt = iL iR if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Buck Converter

9: Capacitors and Inductors

[Do not memorize this circuit]
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
A buck converter converts a high
Inductors
Passive Components voltage, V , into a lower one, Y .
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel The switch, S , closes for a fraction a
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity of the time. a is the duty cycle and
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
is 13 in this example.
Power and Energy
Summary When S is closed, x = v , and a
current iL flows.
When S opens, the current iL cannot
change instantly and so it must
flow through the diode (we
assume the diode is ideal).
The average value of x is aV the average value of y must also be aV .

The average current through R is aV

R so, since the average current through
aV
C must be zero, the average current iL must also be R .

C dy
dt = iL iR if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 10 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2
Average Current/Voltage W =C t=t1
v dv
dt dt
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
2 v(t2 )
1 
Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
2 v(t2 )
1  1 2 2


Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )
= 2C v (t2 ) v (t1 )

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
2 v(t2 )
1  1 2 2


Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )
= 2C v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
2 v(t2 )
1  1 2 2


Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )
= 2C v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.

The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
2 v(t2 )
1  1 2 2


Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )
= 2C v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.

The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 21 Li2 .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Power and Energy

Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v(t) i(t).

9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitors
Types of Capacitor R t2
Inductors So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt.
Passive Components 1
Series and Parallel

For a capacitor i = C dv
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
dt , so
Current/Voltage Continuity R t2 R v(t2 )
Average Current/Voltage W =C v dv dt=
t=t1 dt
C v=v(t1 )
vdv
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
2 v(t2 )
1  1 2 2


Summary =C 2 v v(t1 )
= 2C v (t2 ) v (t1 )

If v(t1 ) = v(t2 ) then there has been no

nett energy absorbed: all the energy
absorbed when the voltage rises is
returned to the circuit when it falls.

The energy stored in a capacitor is 21 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 21 Li2 .

If v and i remain bounded, then the average power absorbed by a

capacitor or inductor is always zero.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
average power absorbed is zero
Buck Converter
Power and Energy
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
average power absorbed is zero
Buck Converter
Power and Energy Inductor:
Summary di
v = L dt

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
average power absorbed is zero
Buck Converter
Power and Energy Inductor:
Summary di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
average power absorbed is zero
Buck Converter
Power and Energy Inductor:
Summary di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)
average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
average power absorbed is zero
Buck Converter
Power and Energy Inductor:
Summary di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)
average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12

 Summary

9: Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Capacitor:
Types of Capacitor
Inductors
i = C dvdt
Passive Components
Series and Parallel
parallel capacitors add in value
Inductors
Series and Parallel average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously.
Capacitors
Current/Voltage Continuity
Average Current/Voltage
average power absorbed is zero
Buck Converter
Power and Energy Inductor:
Summary di
v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors)
average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously.
average power absorbed is zero
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 7.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-7150) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 12 / 12