Lecture-1 Prepared under

QIP-CD Cell Project

Internal Combustion Engines

Ujjwal K Saha, Ph.D.

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
1
 Engine

Energy Conversion Device

(One Form to the Other)

Heat Engine
Convert Thermal Energy in fuel into
Mechanical Energy for motion

2
 Classifying Engines

Classification is based on:

The location of the combustion
Internal / External
The type of combustion
Intermittent / Continuous
The type of internal motion
Reciprocating
Rotational

3
 Internal Combustion Engines
Combustion occurs Inside the engine
Internal combustion directly touches
the parts that must be moved in order
to produce mechanical energy
Examples: Lawnmower engines,
Motorcycle engines, automotive
engines

4
 External Combustion Engines

Combustion occurs indirectly

on the parts that must be
moved
Thermal energy heats another
fluid (water), turns it into steam,
and the steam pushes on a
piston or part
Example: Steam locomotives,
Boilers

5
External Combustion

6
Intermittent Combustion Engines

Combustion within the engine

STARTS and STOPS many times
during operation

7
 Continuous Combustion Engine

Combustion process that continues

constantly without stopping
It remains burning continuously
Examples:
Turbine engines
Rocket engines
Jet engines

8
 I C Engines

An internal combustion engine is

defined as a device in which the
chemical energy of the fuel is
released inside the engine and
used directly for mechanical work,
as opposed to an external
combustion engine in which a
separate combustor is used to burn
the fuel.

9
 History
The internal combustion Nikolaus Otto patented
the 4-stroke engine
engine was first conceived when he was only 34!
and developed in the late
1800s
The man who is considered
the inventor of the modern
IC engine is pictured to the
right ...Nikolaus Otto (1832-
1891).
Otto developed a four-
stroke engine in 1876, most
often referred to as a Spark
Ignition, since a spark is
needed to ignite the fuel air
mixture.
10
 Another important
cycle is the Diesel
cycle developed by
Rudolph Diesel in
1897. This cycle is
also known as a
compression ignition
engine.

Almost all travel and

transportation is
powered by the IC
engine: trains,
automobiles,
airplanes are just a
few.
11
 Reciprocating Engines

Motion produced from within the

fuel (combustion) moves parts
up an down
Piston or internal parts are
moved back and forth
Examples: lawn mowers, cars,
trucks, etc...

12
 Rotary Engines

Has continuous rotation of the parts

that are moving

The combustion is pushing an internal

part around in a circular path

Examples:
Wankel engines
Turbine engines

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 Forms of Kinetic Energy
Reciprocation
motion that is defined on a linear path
up-and-down; back-and-forth

Rotation
Motion that is defined on a circular
path
spinning; turning

14
 Kinetic Energy within Intermittent
Combustion Engines

Piston Movement
intermittent
Reciprocating
Not useful enough

Crank shaft
Connected to piston
turns linear motion into rotation motion
15
 Thermodynamic Principles

All internal combustion

Open cycle, heated engine

Gasoline (Otto) engine

Spark ignition
Compresses air-fuel mixture

Diesel engine
Compressed ignition
Compresses air only
16
 Parts of an
I C Engine

Name as many
parts as you can

Your name:_________________

CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE

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Structural Components

Cylinder Block
Part of engine
frame that
contains
cylinders in
which piston
moves
Supports
liners & head

18
 Structural Components
Cylinder Head/Assembly
Serves to admit, confine, and release
fuel/air
Cover to cylinder block
Supports valve train
Crankcase
Engine frame section that houses the
crankshaft
Oil sump
Reservoir for collecting and holding
lube oil 19
 Moving Components

Three Groups according to

motion
Reciprocating only (pistons and
valves)
Reciprocation & rotary
(connecting rods)
Rotary only (crankshafts and
camshafts)

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 Moving Components
Piston
Acted on by combustion
gases
Lightweight but
strong/durable
Piston Rings
Transfer heat from piston to
cylinder
Seal cylinder & distribute
lube oil
Piston Pin
Pivot point connecting piston
to connecting rod
Connecting Rod
Connects piston & crankshaft
reciprocating rotating
motion 21
 Moving Components
Crankshaft
Combines work done by each piston
Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc.
Flywheel
Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of
piston strokes, and smoothens rotation of
crankshaft

22
 Moving Components
Valves
Intake: open to admit air
to cylinder (with fuel in
Otto cycle)
Exhaust: open to allow
gases to be rejected
Camshaft & Cams
Used to time the addition
of intake and exhaust
valves
Operates valves via
pushrods & rocker arms
23
 Cylinder head

Parts of an Air cleaner

Breather cap
I C Engine Rocker arm
Choke
Valve spring
Valve guide
Throttle
Pushrod
Intake manifold Sparkplug
Exhaust manifold
Combustion chamber
Tappet
Piston rings Dipstick
Piston
Cam
Wrist pin
Cylinder block Camshaft
Connecting rod Water jacket
Oil gallery to piston Wet liner
Oil gallery to head
Connecting rod bearing
Crankcase
Crankpin
Crankshaft Main bearing

Oil pan or sump

CROSS SECTION OF OVERHEAD
VALVE FOUR CYCLE SI ENGINE
24
 Definitions

Stroke - the number of times the piston

travels the length of the cylinder
Cycle - composed of 4 parts
Intake - working substance is introduced
Compression - working substance is
compressed by upward movement of the
piston
Power - ignition => forcing the piston down
Exhaust - removal of exhaust gases

25
 Definitions contd.
Top Dead Center -
when the piston is at its
highest point in the
cylinder. The volume of
the working fluid is a
minimum.

Bottom Dead Center -

when the piston is at its
lowest point in the
cylinder. The volume of
the working fluid is a
maximum.
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 Some Engine Terms
Bore- diameter of the cylinder
Engine Displacement- the volume of air that
is displaced by all the pistons during one
upward stroke.
Compression Ratio- the comparison of the
cylinder volume when the piston is at BDC
and the volume when the piston is at TDC.
Engine stroke
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder
by the piston (from TDC to BDC)
1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of
piston
27
 Engine Power
IC engines can deliver power in the range
from 0.01 kW to 20 x 103 kW, depending on
their displacement

Number of Cylinders may vary from 1 to 20

with different geometric configurations.

4 and 2 Stroke Engines

A 4 stroke engine requires 2 full revolutions of
the crankshaft to complete the cycle.

While the 2 stroke only requires 1 revolution of

the shaft complete the same cycle.
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 Operation

Increased pressure of
combustion gases acts on piston,
and is converted to rotary motion
Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1
crankshaft rev
4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2
crankshaft rev

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 Four Stroke SI Engine

Induction Stroke: fill cylinder with

fuel and air
Compression Stroke: squeeze
mixture
Power Stroke: burn and extract
work
Exhaust Stroke: empty cylinder of
exhaust

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31
Induction Stroke
Engine pulls piston out of cylinder
Low pressure inside cylinder
Atmospheric pressure pushes fuel
and air mixture into cylinder
Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke

Compression Stroke
Engine pushes piston into cylinder
Mixture is compressed to high
pressure and temperature
Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
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Power Stroke
Mixture burns to form hot gases
Gases push piston out of
cylinder
Gases expand to lower pressure
and temperature
Gases do work on engine during
this stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Engine pushes piston into cylinder
High pressure inside cylinder
Pressure pushes burned gases out
of cylinder
Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
33
 Ignition System

Car stores energy in an

electromagnet
Energy is released as a high
voltage pulse
Electric spark ignites fuel and air
mixture
Two basic types of ignition
Battery
Magneto

34
 Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
Intake stroke
Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut
Piston travels from TDC to BDC
Air drawn in
Compression stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Piston travels from BDC to TDC
Temperature and pressure of air increase
Power stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut
Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites
Piston forced from TDC to BDC
Exhaust stroke
Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open
Piston moves from BDC to TDC
Combustion gases expelled
35
36
Summary

37
 FUEL
A
I Ignition
R

Fuel/Air
Mixture Combustion
Products

S
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
u Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke
m Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
m A
I Fuel Injector
R
a
r Air Combustion
Products
y

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

Stroke Stroke Stroke Stroke

Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine

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 References
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 Web Resources
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