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HistoryofArch Timeline PDF
HistoryofArch Timeline PDF
History of Architecture
Arch. Kevin Espina
Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES
What are the board exams like? 1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
1. Memorization is necessary you must remember many 2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
facts
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume
2. Wide in Scope from pre-historic to modern styles III: History & Theory of Architecture
3. Repetitive questions from previous exams are reused 4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History
of Architecture
4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score
5. The Childrens Atlas of World History
History is not a list of facts it is a story that can be retold the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
over and over have prevailed lands and ages."
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-historic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-historic
Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia
Could not settle far north due to the cold climate
From Siberia by foot into North America
From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia
ISLAMIC
Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on
INDIAN other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and
CHINESE & JAPANESE architecture!
FILIPINO
The success of the human race was largely due to the RELIGION
development of tools made of stone, wood, bone No organized religion
The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and
monuments
Pre-historic
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLES
MATERIALS
Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Existing or excavated caves
Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
MENHIR
NEAR EAST A single, large upright monolith
EGYPTIAN Serves a religious purpose
GREEK Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several
ROMAN miles and consisting of thousands of stones
EARLY CHRISTIAN DECORATION
BYZANTINE Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
ROMANESQUE Sculpture
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Carnac, France
Pre-historic
DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE
Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large Dominant tomb type
horizontal slab Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber
CROMLECH
Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground
in circular form
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Stonehenge, England (2800 1500 BC)
ROMANESQUE Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments
GOTHIC Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring
RENAISSANCE with open end facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales
200 km away
ISLAMIC
Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land
INDIAN with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised
CHINESE & JAPANESE upright into pits, capped with lintels
FILIPINO
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space
A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
during sunrise on Midsummer Day
Pre-historic
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
Mostly had one room
The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping,
socializing
Wigwam or Tepee
conical tent with wooden poles as framework
Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Natural or Artificial Caves Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed
EARLY CHRISTIAN snow blocks built up spirally
BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Beehive Hut
FILIPINO Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed
platform to prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
Near East
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi Mesopotamian
Assyrian Empire City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus
under King Ashurbanipal 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major
Persian Empire empire
under King Darius I
1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi
Instituted laws to keep order
Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on
clay tablets
Assyrian
ASHUR Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal
DAMASCUS
PERSIA conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt
AGADE
BABYLON
UR
MEMPHIS PERSEPOLIS
EGYPT
THEBES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN Persian
Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and
EARLY CHRISTIAN Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC
Euphrates rivers - Mesopotamia
BYZANTINE Turned into city-states with populations of thousands Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
ROMANESQUE Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa
GOTHIC Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
RENAISSANCE large temple the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
20TH C MODERN Fought and traded with each other customs
Sometimes would conquer each other and form an Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
ISLAMIC
empire Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of
INDIAN the empire from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia
CHINESE & JAPANESE Traded raw materials, carpets and spices
FILIPINO
Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece
Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great
of Macedonia
Near East
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection
People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS
Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported
DECORATION
Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
Murals of decorative continuous stone
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Fertile Crescent:
ISLAMIC
Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
INDIAN water and soil
CHINESE & JAPANESE Import materials like hardwood and metals
FILIPINO
Also:
Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
Mountains and plateaux from west to east
Near East
EXAMPLES PALACES
Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
ZIGGURATS building large palaces
Religious buildings built next to temples
On top was a small temple
construction
NEAR EAST Development: Variety of architectural styles
EGYPTIAN Archaic ziggurat
GREEK Two or Three-staged ziggurat parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for
ROMAN Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana tallest
EARLY CHRISTIAN building, with 36 columns of 20m height
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN DWELLINGS
CHINESE & JAPANESE Known as Megaron
FILIPINO Entrance at end rather than on the long sides
Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
Ziggurat at Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns
2000 BC Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau
Egyptian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Egyptian
HISTORY
Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops
Nile River was a trade route
Gold from Nubia in the south
EGYPT
KARNAK
THEBES
NUBIA
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Pharaohs:
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
ROMAN Seen as gods dwelling on earth
Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile
EARLY CHRISTIAN Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs
BYZANTINE prevented attack from invaders Builders and leaders
ROMANESQUE Mediterranean and Red seas Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
GOTHIC of materials, organization of labor and construction itself
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society:
20TH C MODERN Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
ISLAMIC
Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers
INDIAN Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
CHINESE & JAPANESE painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
FILIPINO Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing
literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets
Egyptian
RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS
Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, Roof was not an important consideration
animals Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
No windows
Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories
Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples
NEAR EAST masked and bandaged Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROMAN DECORATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
BYZANTINE Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds
ROMANESQUE is permanent Torus moulding
GOTHIC For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased
RENAISSANCE Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN MATERIALS
Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
ISLAMIC
Used for monuments and religious buildings
INDIAN Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
CHINESE & JAPANESE day
FILIPINO
Other materials, metals and timber were imported
Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branch ribs, plastered over with clay)
Egyptian
Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments:
history and daily life
Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud-
plaster walls
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
EGYPTIAN which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
GREEK symbols of fertility as well
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN The shaft represented bundle of stems
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Came in complexes:
Offering chapel (north or east side)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Mortuary chapel
NEAR EAST Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west
EGYPTIAN Valley building for embalmment and internment rites
GREEK
ROMAN Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like
EARLY CHRISTIAN steps
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Parts:
20TH C MODERN Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false
door for spirits
ISLAMIC
Column Hall
INDIAN Offering Chapel
CHINESE & JAPANESE Serdab (contains statue of deceased)
FILIPINO Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed)
Offering table
Sarcophagus Egyptian coffin
Egyptian
Pyramids at Gizeh
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara Most magnificent of pyramids
World's first large-scale monument in stone Equilateral sides face cardinal points
Designed by Imhotep Forms a world-famous building group
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
FILIPINO
Egyptian
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS TEMPLES
Built along hillside
For nobility, not royalty MORTUARY TEMPLES
worship/ in honor of pharaohs
CULT TEMPLES
worship/ in honor of god
Parts:
Entrance pylon
Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
Hypostyle hall
Sanctuary surrounded by passages
Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
FORTRESSES
Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands
Close communications with other fortresses
Fortress of Buhen
Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia
From here they could trade and invade lands to the south
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN OBELISKS
EARLY CHRISTIAN upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
BYZANTINE pyramidion on top
ROMANESQUE sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
GOTHIC usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
RENAISSANCE height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL four sides feature hieroglyphics
20TH C MODERN
Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni
ISLAMIC
originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia
RELIGION
Aegean
Rough and massive
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
On mainland:
Single-storeyed house with deep plan
Columned entrance porch with central doorway
Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TOMBS
rock-cut or chamber tombs - tholos tomb
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
Greek
TEMPLES
Chief building type
Earliest ones resembled megaron in
plan and construction
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Arris
MOULDINGS
Architectural devices, which with Splay
light and shade, produce definition to
a building
Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and light Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Ogee
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Cyma Recta
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cyma Reversa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC Beak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Brace
Greek
Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions: GREEK ORDERS
Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave,
Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance frieze, cornice)
of falling outwards
On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main
correct appearance of curving inwards branches of Greek race
Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL no windows
20TH C MODERN clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of
wall
ISLAMIC
skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
INDIAN temple door, oriented towards the east
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
DORIC ORDER
Without base, directly on crepidoma
Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3 of base diameter
Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separated by arrises
Doric entablature:
Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower
diameter in height
3 main divisions:
Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3
slabs in depth
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Frieze
NEAR EAST Cornice, mouldings
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
IONIC ORDER
Volute or scroll capital (derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)
Ionic column:
More slender than Doric
Needed a base to spread load
Height was 9 times the base
diameter
Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
Upper and lower torus
Ionic entablature:
Height was 2 and 1/4 times the
diameter of column
Two parts:
Architrave,with fasciae
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Cornice
NEAR EAST No frieze
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
Decorative variant of Ionic Order
Corinthian column:
Base and shaft resembled Ionic
More slender
Height of 10 diameters
Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1
and 1/6 diameters high
Capital invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of
acanthus plant
3 parts:
Architrave,
Frieze,
Cornice, developed type with dentils
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The Parthenon, Acropolis
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Erectheion, Acropolis
Greek
TEMENOS
Enclosure designated as a sacred land
Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and
orderly
AGORA
Acropolis at Pergamon
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN STOA
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE The Acropolis, Athens
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 10 structures form a world-famous building group:
20TH C MODERN Propylaea
Pinacotheca
ISLAMIC
Statue of Athena Promachos
INDIAN Erectheion
CHINESE & JAPANESE Parthenon
FILIPINO Temple of Nike Apteros
Old Temple of Athena
Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
Theater of Dionysus
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Greek
THEATER or ODEION
Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
Acoustically-efficient
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN STADIUM or HIPPODROME
CHINESE & JAPANESE PROPYLAEA
FILIPINO PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Theater of Epidauros
Roman
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan
2 periods:
BRITAIN
Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC)
LONDON
GERMANY
Roman (146 BC to 365 AD)
Developed constitutional republic
FRANCE Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice
ITALY
NIMES ROME
GREECE For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called
SPAIN POMPEII
BYZANTIUM
consuls
SEGOVIA
(CONSTANTINOPLE) In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total
ATHENS
CARTHAGE
power
ANTIOCH PERSIA Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius
AFRICA Caesars was most famous
EGYPT
Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under
Emperor Trajan - 4000km wide and 60 million inhabitants
Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and
rivers to define their empire
Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrians
Wall in England
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
channels
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Romans had great constructive ability
GREEK Complex, of several stories
ROMAN Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE MATERIALS
ROMANESQUE Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel
GOTHIC Marble, mostly white
RENAISSANCE Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Tiber
20TH C MODERN Earth for terra cotta and bricks
ISLAMIC
Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to 400
INDIAN AD):
CHINESE & JAPANESE Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic
FILIPINO earth material as mortar
Used for walls, vaults, domes
Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magnitude
never equaled until 19th century steel construction
Roman
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks
Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined
use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of
intermediate support
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
TYPES OF VAULTS DECORATION
Mosaics
Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to
form a pattern
Showed pictures of roman life
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
FORUM
Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
crossing the town in a grid pattern
In the town center was an open space called the forum
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops
Maison Caree, Nimes
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
CIRCULAR TEMPLE Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
The Pantheon. Rome
Roman
THERMAE DOMUS
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Baths of Diocletian, Rome
FILIPINO
Roman
CIRCUS TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Circus Maximus, Rome Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome
Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the
NEAR EAST contests city
EGYPTIAN For the entertainment of the townspeople
GREEK
ROMAN The Colosseum, Rome
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
Christianized
by 600 AD
Belief that Jesus was the Christ and the Son of God -
BRITAIN
Christianity was born
LONDON Disciples spread stories of Jesus life and teaching by
word of mouth and by written account in the new
testament
FRANCE
ITALY
MARSEILLE ROME
GREECE
SPAIN NAPLES
CONSTANTINOPLE
SEVILLE
ATHENS ANTIOCH
CARTHAGE SYRIA
JERUSALEM DAMASCUS PERSIA
NORTH AFRICA BETHLEHEM JUDEA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
DESCRIPTION
Highly-influenced by Roman art and architecture
This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a
style, simply because it was never really produced by the
solution of constructive problems
EXAMPLES
BASILICAN CHURCHES
Roman basilicas as models
Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom
it was dedicated
Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods,
the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
worshippers
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile,
GREEK and baptistery
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas
BYZANTINE Paid little regard to external architectural effect
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Entrance at west
RENAISSANCE Priest stood behind altar, facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
St. Peter's, Rome Other examples:
Erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter's S. Apollinare, Ravenna
martyrdom S. Sabina
The Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
BAPTISTERIES
Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoined atrium
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE TOMBS or CATACOMBS
ROMANESQUE Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
GOTHIC consecrated ground
RENAISSANCE Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in
immortality
ISLAMIC
Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground
INDIAN Several stories extending downwards
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic
decorations
Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible
Byzantine
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD
under Emperor Justinian
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
CORDOBA CONSTANTINOPLE
ASIA MINOR
ATHENS
CARTHAGE ANTIOCH
JERUSALEM SYRIA
DAMASCUS
AFRICA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN Under Emperor Justinian, regained control of lost lands
GREEK of the Western Roman Empire, such as Northwest Africa,
HISTORY
ROMAN Italy and Spain
Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and Vandals
EARLY CHRISTIAN Attacks from Slav Barbarians and Bulgars from the
attacked from outside the empire
BYZANTINE In 285 293 AD, the empire had split into two an northwest were constantly being repelled
ROMANESQUE Eastern and Western empire Persians, Arabs and Muslims from east
GOTHIC Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the capital Normans and Venetians
RENAISSANCE of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in 330 AD Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The western empire based in Rome finally collapsed in Constantine XI the last emperor
20TH C MODERN 476 AD
Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and was GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
ISLAMIC
known as the Byzantine empire Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a narrow
INDIAN strip of water
CHINESE & JAPANESE Art and architecture executed by original Greek
Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town
FILIPINO craftsmen
called Byzantium (present-day Istanbul)
Known as the "new Rome", most commanding position Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor,
and most valuable part of eastern Roman empire North Africa, further west
Bulwark of Christianity during the Middle Ages Also Ravenna, Perigeux and Venice, through trade
Byzantine
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DOMES
The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
DESCRIPTION architecture
First buildings constructed were churches Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian
Dumped Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine timber truss system
style
Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church 3 types of dome:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Compound
ROMANESQUE Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over
GOTHIC sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum
RENAISSANCE distinction:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Basilican plan - Early Christian
20TH C MODERN Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine
ISLAMIC
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
INDIAN Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar
CHINESE & JAPANESE style
FILIPINO Domes of various types placed over square
compartments using pendentives
Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous shape
capitals able to support springing of arches
Byzantine
EXAMPLES S. Mark, Venice
On the site of original Basilican church
CHURCHES An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from
Centralized type of plan many foreign lands
Dome over nave, sometimes supported by semi-domes
Entrance at west Sits behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved
open space serves as atrium to church
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC S. Sophia, Constantinople
RENAISSANCE Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdom"
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
20TH C MODERN Isidorus of Miletus
Rose on the site of 2 successive Basilican churches of
ISLAMIC
the same name
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Most important church in Constantinople
FILIPINO Perfection of Byzantine style
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Romanesque
The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
independent states and nations across Europe
Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
Rome
This went on for three centuries, from 500 to 800 AD
EXAMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Pisa Cathedral
BYZANTINE Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily Forms one of most famous building groups in the world -
ROMANESQUE Most distinct Romanesque church in Sicily Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo Santo
GOTHIC Resembles other early Basilican churches in plan
RENAISSANCE Exterior of red and white marble bands
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Baptistery
39.3 m circular plan by Dioti Salvi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Campanile
CHINESE & JAPANESE aka The Leaning Tower of Pisa
FILIPINO 8 storeys, 16 m in diameter
Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2 m
Monreale Cathedral
Most splendid under Norman rule in Sicily
Basilican and Byzantine planning
Romanesque
FRANCE CENTRAL EUROPE
Remains of old buildings were less abundant they had
greater freedom of developing new style Worms Cathedral
Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the Eastern and western apses and octagons
nave and aisles 2 circular towers flank each
Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof
throw off snow
SPAIN
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris
Among the first instances of using the pointed arch Santiago de Compostela
Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain
successfully combined
Romanesque
ENGLAND MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
3 foundations:
Old foundation - served by secular clergy
Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks
New foundation - to which bishops had been appointed
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Began as motte and bailey earthworks
FILIPINO Later became citadels with stone curtain walls
Durham Cathedral
Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
Gothic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
NORWAY
SCOTLAND
SWEDEN
DENMARK ESTONIA
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
IRELAND LIVONIA
POLAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE
HUNGARY
CASTILE PAPAL
STATES OTTOMAN EMPIRE Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the
rising population
Towns became centers of trade Paris, Milan, Florence,
AFRICA Venice, Naples
Features:
Use of pointed arch to cover
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
rectangular bays
NEAR EAST Use of flying buttresses weighted by
EGYPTIAN pinnacles
GREEK Tall, thin columns stretching up as
ROMAN if to heaven
EARLY CHRISTIAN Walls released from load-bearing
BYZANTINE function
ROMANESQUE Invention of colored, stained glass
GOTHIC windows to adorn window-walls
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Tracery windows provided a
20TH C MODERN framework for Bible stories to be told
in pictures
ISLAMIC
Cathedrals as a library for illiterate
INDIAN townspeople - Biblical stories were
CHINESE & JAPANESE told with stained-glass and statuary
FILIPINO
Gothic
Amiens Cathedral Reims Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
Chartres Cathedral
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
Gothic
CASTLES
Built on mounds above rivers
Thick walls and small windows to resist attack
Carcassone
built in 13th Century AD
double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
50 towers and moat
two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
and portcullis
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
ENGLAND CATHEDRALS
May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) institutions
Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
churches and castles houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Ulm Cathedral
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Penhurst Place, Kent
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Granada Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Toledo Cathedral
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)
ISLAMIC
Irregular in plan
INDIAN Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD) Salamanca Cathedral
Largest Medieval church in Europe
Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's, Other cathedrals:
Rome Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
Gothic
ITALY
Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Siena Cathedral
ROMANESQUE One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
GOTHIC of the Pisa cathedral
RENAISSANCE Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL their works to its building and adornment
20TH C MODERN Cruciform plan
Zebra marble striping on wall and pier
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Other cathedrals:
CHINESE & JAPANESE Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
FILIPINO Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio Milan Cathedral
Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
features of Gothic 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
Renaissance
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Renaissance
NORWAY
SWEDEN
GREAT RUSSIA
BRITAIN DENMARK Printing by Movable Types
DUTCH
Led to the mass production of books
REP. POLAND Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE SWISS
CONF.
OTTOMAN
SAVOY EMPIRE
SPAIN PAPAL
PORTUGAL STATES
AFRICA
begun to crumble
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
Previous trade routes to the east had now been blocked
EARLY CHRISTIAN
by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
BYZANTINE 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by
ROMANESQUE Spain and Portugal
GOTHIC For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more lands
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
INDIAN Medicine and Astronomy
CHINESE & JAPANESE Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
FILIPINO
Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,
Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
This brought about the need for a new building type "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
Style which is primarily French in origin
DESCRIPTION Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
The Renaissance movement created a break in the Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church architecture Light in color and weight
Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
Roman Orders of Architecture
Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession
PERIODS
PALAZZI
With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister Site where S. Peter was martyred
Ground floor and piano nobile Designed by Donato Bramante
Faade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
use of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins shell-headed niches
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Palazzo Strozzi
CHINESE & JAPANESE By Benedetto da Majano
FILIPINO Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
Open cortile and piano nobile
Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection
Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
Died
7. Michelangelo
Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo della Porta
With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
Completed dome in 1590
120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope 10. Vignola
Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
11. Carlo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
COUNTRY HOUSES
Country houses took the place of fortified castles
Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Maisons
Chateau de Blois One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan
Chateau de Chenonceaux
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Chateau de Chambord
Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
Renaissance
Petit Trianon, Versailles CHURCHES
Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN St. Gervais, Paris
EARLY CHRISTIAN earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PERIODS
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
Most monumental mansion in England
Example of central block with wings
Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL
In Spain:
Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work plateria
Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail
in Portugal:
Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The University, Salamanca
The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
Admirable craftsmanship
Renaissance
GERMANY
Heidelberg Castle
Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance on the castle
Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
Great watchtower and irregular court
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monastery, Melk
One of most striking Baroque monuments
18th-19th C: Revival
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Revival
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
18th-19th C: Revival
Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
Goods could be made more cheaply
Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE Railways to easily transport people and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life Lift or elevator
ISLAMIC
Growth of communications
INDIAN Ship-building and the Suez Canal
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
CHINESE & JAPANESE International exhibitions of science and industry
machines and innovative processes helped change
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
Spread to continental Europe and to North America
Created a new type of worker the wage laborer or
proletarian
18th-19th C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:
The need to create an imposing effect research into old EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
styles HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, AFTERMATH (after World War I)
the Renaissance, the Baroque
age of revivals - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
ISLAMIC
New emerging style:
INDIAN The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
CHINESE & JAPANESE in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
FILIPINO led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc decorated City Hall, Swansea
with repeating stylized floral patterns Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
18th-19th C: Revival
Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
Designed by Sir Charles Barry Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
Victoria tower, Clock tower Big Ben
First major public building of Gothic revival
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in Continental Europe:
1850 to 1870 AD
Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
Renaissance and Gothic revival
Structural use of iron
1870 to 1914 AD
Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
Antique forms instead of Renaissance
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
ROMANESQUE buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
GOTHIC Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
RENAISSANCE Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Versions:
France Le Modern Style
ISLAMIC
Germany Jugendstil
INDIAN Austria Sezessione
CHINESE & JAPANESE Italy Stile Liberty
FILIPINO Spain - Modernismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
18th-19th C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
ISLAMIC
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
18th-19th C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
Victor Horta in Brussels
Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Raimondo DAronco in Constantinople and Turin
Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
Presidents official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
Neo-Classic elements English Palladian style
1st Stream:
Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
2nd Stream:
Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes Palladian style
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
by Frank Lloyd Wright Designed by Thomas Jefferson
First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC
First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
One of the world's best known buildings Designed by Henry Bacon
Greek Doric style
18th-19th C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
Designed by William Strickland
Greek-revival
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
20th C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
Marcel Breuer
Architect and designer
Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN Eero Saarinen
GREEK Works include:
HISTORY
ROMAN - Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
EARLY CHRISTIAN - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
More innovations:
BYZANTINE Curtain wall
ROMANESQUE Steel and plate-glass
GOTHIC Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
RENAISSANCE Flat slab by Robert Maillart
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Laminated timber
20TH C MODERN
Functionalism in design
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
FILIPINO Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving gull
winged shell
20th C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer Frank Lloyd Wright
Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four Johnson Wax Co. Building
years
Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Eric Mendelsohn
GREEK Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Einstein Tower, Potsdam
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
20th C: Modern
le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated Created the Dymaxion House, the first machine for
European scene for nearly half-a-century living - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the plastics
program for building a house should be set out with the Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
same precision as that for building a machine in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
2. Free-standing faade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house Walter Gropius
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
subdividing the space curtain wall
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
elevating the mass off the ground 1918
Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Other Personalities:
EARLY CHRISTIAN Otto Wagner, Austria
BYZANTINE Richard Neutra, Austria
ROMANESQUE Rudolf Schindler, Austria
GOTHIC Peter Behrens, Germany
RENAISSANCE August Perret, France
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
20TH C MODERN JJP Oud, The Netherlands
Victor Horta, Belgium
ISLAMIC
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
INDIAN CFA Voysey, UK
CHINESE & JAPANESE Louis Sullivan, USA
FILIPINO Adolf Meyer Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
Tony Garnier Designed by Kenzo Tange
Max Berg
Mies van der Rohe
20th C: Modern
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Chrysler Building, NY
Designed by William van Alen
Art Deco style
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
Islamic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Islamic
Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
North into Central Asia
Westward to Africa
Along trade routes into India
Among the Turks and Mongols
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
The religion of Islam began in Arabia
EARLY CHRISTIAN SOCIETY
610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
BYZANTINE Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and Tribal groups
ROMANESQUE to accept the will of god Islam Public life was reserved for men (women had a
GOTHIC Arabs of Mecca rejected this message secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
RENAISSANCE Christians and Jews ("people of the book) were given
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worship and self-government
20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam
Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
ISLAMIC
organization tasked with spreading the faith was learning
INDIAN Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
established
CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian
Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
FILIPINO Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
its idols and converted it to Islam
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science
Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet Countries already rich in building tradition
Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
Personal humility different circumstances
Abhorrence of image worship
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
No essential difference in techniques between religious
and non-religious buildings
Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on buildings having a direct social or community purpose
Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
creation)
NEAR EAST Centered upon God
EGYPTIAN Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
GREEK Mecca
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Koran
RENAISSANCE Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL him messages from Allah
20TH C MODERN After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
book
ISLAMIC
Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to DECORATION
INDIAN praise him in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
CHINESE & JAPANESE geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
FILIPINO 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting, interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas
Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
spread the faith and defend it from attack Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
Islamic
EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE
MOSQUE
The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
876 to 879 AD 785 AD
Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
Palace with courtyard
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
palaces 1565 AD
Indian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Mauryan Empire Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
under King Ashoka other kingdoms
Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka
Links:
Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)
RELIGION
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
STAMBHAS or LATHS
Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
Circular or octagonal shafts
Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
STUPAS
Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
Regarded as symbols of the universe
Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK VIHARAS
ROMAN Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
EARLY CHRISTIAN Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE verandah
ROMANESQUE Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
Chinese
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions
INDIAN and number of columns
CHINESE & JAPANESE emperor - 9 bays
FILIPINO prince - 7
mandarin - 5
ordinary citizen - 3
Japanese
In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
in 1760 AD The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence
RELIGION
Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
Buddhism
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
present emperor
BYZANTINE 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
ROMANESQUE Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
GOTHIC military, people
RENAISSANCE More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighting with each other
20TH C MODERN
In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan
ISLAMIC
was united and brought to peace
INDIAN
The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS
TEMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Spanish Rule:
ROMANESQUE HISTORY 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
GOTHIC 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years the country
20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels Introduced European institution and thought
Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
ISLAMIC
3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
INDIAN
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
CHINESE & JAPANESE Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and
FILIPINO attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
behavior
elaborate animistic religion Spanish colony until 1900's
Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinaldo
Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Building Capability:
Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
American Rule: need for large megalithic structures, etc
Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
Continued fighting
Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements
called the Commonwealth Era big villages along key trade centers
near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
December 1941
Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
Independence in 1946 around it
two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia chance or playing it by ear, allowing minor modifications
NEAR EAST Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK RELIGION Tropical architecture
ROMAN Islam Light
EARLY CHRISTIAN Roman Catholicism Open and transparent
BYZANTINE Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE Archipelago of 7100 islands mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
ISLAMIC
path of Far East trade
INDIAN major earthquake and volcanic belt
CHINESE & JAPANESE in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
Dry and wet season
Typhoons and tropical storms
Filipino
EXAMPLES usually with steep thatch roof
varies across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
earliest human habitation Cordillera Region
Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs
TREE HOUSES
perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
ISNEG
prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI
LEAN-TOS
winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building IFUGAO
served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering BONTOC
journey
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to Mindanao & Sulu Region
NEAR EAST withstand a strom
EGYPTIAN Negritos of Zambales
GREEK Agtas of Palanan, Isabela
ROMAN BADJAO SAMAL
EARLY CHRISTIAN BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
BYZANTINE balai and spanish cubo or cube cube-shaped house,
ROMANESQUE from its boxy appearance
GOTHIC primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
RENAISSANCE BC, with the coming of iron tools
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL well- adapted to tropical climate
YAKAN MARANAO
20TH C MODERN of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and
nipa
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong Panay Region
CHINESE & JAPANESE protection from the moist ground and flood Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO protection from vermin and other animals
enclosed area as sleeping quarters
silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO FIRST FLOOR:
Zaguan, for caroza
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house Quadra, horse stable
Steep, hip roof Bodega, storeroom
Post and lintel construction
Elevated living quarters SECOND FLOOR:
Economy of materials Stairway
Space flowing from one room to next Caida, ante-sala from stairs
Light and airy structure Sala, living room
Comedor, dining room
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: Cocina, kitchen
grandeur and solidity Dispensa, pantry
Ornamentation Letrina or Comun, toilet
Bao, bath
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses Azotea, open terrace
Aljibe, water cistern
Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
Entresuelo, vault
Balcon, balcony
Patio, courtyard
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas
by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao, Pangasinan biggest church
2nd best bell tower
by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte restored by Juan Nakpil
by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC
by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu
by Diego de Herrera
Loboc, Bohol
biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
San Agustin, Intramuros
Manila Cathedral Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
by Bishop Domingo Salazar San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
San Agustin Church
INDIAN by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO San Sebastian
one of first steel buildings
steel from Belgium by Eiffel
Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
SCHOOLS
Liceo de Manila
MO-P Maestros de Obra-Practica
MO-A Maestros de Obra-Academia
Adamson University
2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD
Quezon Institute
By Juan Nakpil
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center by Gabriel Formoso
GOTHIC by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Robinsons Galleria
by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
QUIZ:
Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. 1.
3.
4. Types of Domes 2.
5. 1.
2.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Periods of Renaissance
1. Types of roofs
Gateways 2. 1.
1. Egyptian 3. 2.
2. Greek 4. 3.
3. Indian 4.
4. Chinese 12 Architects of St. Peters 5.
history of architecture
5. Japanese 1. 6.
2. 7.
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3.
1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture
5. 1.
2. 6.
7. 2.
3. 8. 3.
9. 4.
10. 5.
11.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12.
Art Noveau Styles
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France
1st Phase - 2. Germany
2nd Phase - 3. Austria
4. Italy
5. Spain -
QUIZ:
Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault 1. Pyramids at Giza 1. St. Peters, Rome
2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault 2. The Acropolis, Athens 2. Seville Cathedral
3. Cross Vault 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peters, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Pauls, London
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Doric Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
3. Corinthian - square
4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
5. Composite 1. Simple Japanese - 5 storeys
2. Compound
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses
1. Clerestory shape 1. Latin cross
2. Skylight 2. Greek cross
3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance Types of roofs
Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1. Gable
1. Egyptian - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip
2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable
3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart
4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peters 5. Gambrel
history of architecture