Bi tiu lun s 02

MC LC
1.Tng quan................................................................................................................... 3

2.Cng trnh ngm nm ngang.......................................................................................3

2.1.p lc nc...........................................................................................................3

2.1.1.Gi thuyt ca Prtdiaknp......................................................................3

2.1.2.Gi thuyt p lc ca Tsimbarevich..............................................................5

2.1.3.Gi thuyt ca Bierbaumer...........................................................................6

2.1.4.Gi thuyt ca Tezaghi.................................................................................8

2.2.p lc sn.......................................................................................................10

2.3.p lc nn.........................................................................................................12

3.p lc t ln cng trnh ngm nm nghing.......................................................14

4.p lc t ln cng trnh ngm thng ng.........................................................15

4.1.C s hnh thnh................................................................................................15

4.2.Phm vi p dng................................................................................................17

4.3.u nhc im..................................................................................................17

TI LIU THAM KHO...........................................................................................18

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 2. 1: S tnh p lc theo gi thuyt ca G.S Protodiaconop.............................4
Hnh 2. 2: S tnh ton p lc t theo gi thuyt ca Tximbarevich...................5
Hnh 2. 3: S tnh ton p lc t theo gi thuyt ca Bierbaumer.......................7
Hnh 2. 4: S tnh ton p lc t theo gi thuyt ca Tezaghi.............................8
Hnh 2. 5: S tnh ton p lc ln tng chn.........................................................10
Hnh 2. 6: Biu phn b p lc sn theo gi thuyt Tximbarevich.......................12
Hnh 2. 7: S tnh p lc nn theo Tximbarevich....................................................13

SV: inh Vn ip 1
 Bi tiu lun s 02

Hnh 3. 1: S tnh p lc ln cng trnh ngm nm nghing...................................14

Hnh 4. 1: S tnh ton p lc ln ging ng theo Protodiaconop.........................15

Hnh 4. 2: Biu phn b p lc theo gi thuyt Tximbarevich................................16

SV: inh Vn ip 2
 Bi tiu lun s 02

TNH TON D BO P LC T TC DNG XUNG QUANH CC

KHONG TRNG CNG TRNH NGM SAU KHI KHAI O

1. Tng quan.

Nh bit sau khi cng trnh ngm c khai o th t xung quanh cng trnh
ngm s b bin dng v chuyn v vo pha trong khong trng cng trnh ngm v
gy ra mt s dng ph hy nh sp l nc, st l bn hng, bng nn chng gi
c cc hin tng trn th cn phi c kt cu chng ph hp, v vy cn thit phi
c cc tnh ton d bo p lc t tc ng ln v chng cng trnh ngm thit
k chng gi cng trnh ngm cho hp l. xc nh p lc t tc dng ln cng
trnh ngm ngi ta c th chia ra lm 3 nhm nh sau:

Cc phng php l thuyt

Cc phng php kinh nghim
Cc phng php o c

Cc phng php l thuyt da vo cc gi thuyt tnh ton cn cc phng

php o c kinh nghim u phi da vo o c ti hin trng sau em v
phng th nghim kim tra kt qu

2. Cng trnh ngm nm ngang.

2.1. p lc nc.

Hin nay c nhiu gi thuyt xc nh p lc nc c xy dng v pht trin mt

phn trong s l coi khi l mi trng ri. Trong s , cc gi thuyt t nhiu
v ang c s dng trong thc t l gi thuyt vm p lc ca Prtiaknp,
cng nh cc gi thuyt p lc ca Bierbaumer v ca Terzaghi.

2.1.1. Gi thuyt ca Prtdiaknp.

1. C s hnh thnh.

Xut pht t th nghim m hnh (vi ct m) v quan trc thc t

Prtiaknp cho rng, sau khi khai o pha nc khong trng hnh thnh vm st
ln dch chuyn thng v pha khong trng. Khi pha ngoi vm st ln trng
thi cn bng n nh. Trng lng vm st ln l nguyn nhn gy ra p lc t,
pha nc ln khung, v chng.

SV: inh Vn ip 3
 Bi tiu lun s 02

x
b

2a

Hnh 2. 1: S tnh p lc theo gi thuyt ca G.S Protodiaconop.

Theo kt qu phn tch ca Prtiaknp, vm p lc c dng parabol, biu

din theo phng trnh sau:
x2
y
a. f
(2. 0)

Trong :
a - Na chiu rng khong trng;
f - H s kin c ca t pha nc.
Nh vy chiu cao ti nh vm ph hu l:
a
b
f
(2. 0)

T biu thc ta thy vm p lc ch ph thuc vo chiu rng khong trng (a)

v tnh cht c hc ca nc (f). Tnh p lc tp trung cho mt n v chiu di ca
khong trng ta c:
3 a 2 .
Qn
4 f
(2. 0)

Trong :
Qn - p lc tp trung pha nc;
- dung trng ca t pha nc;
2. Phm vi p dng.
Gi thuyt p lc nc ca Protodiaconop c p dng khi o cc ng l
qua vng t cng vng. Cng trnh ngm t su ln m ti ch c p lc
nc, khng xut hin p lc nng.

SV: inh Vn ip 4
 Bi tiu lun s 02

3. u nhc im.
Gi thuyt ca Protodiaconop cho p lc nc c c s n gin, d dng tnh
ton, song ch cp ti p lc nc m cha cp ti p lc bn hng cng trnh sau
khai o.
2.1.2. Gi thuyt p lc ca Tsimbarevich.
1. C s hnh thnh.
Theo quan im ca Tximbarevich cho rng: Sau khi khai o hai bn sn
khong trng cng c th b st l, khi chiu rng ca vm ph hu pha nc s l
2a1, xc nh theo cng thc sau:
90 0
a 1 a h. tg
2
(2. 0)

Trong :
H - chiu cao khong trng;
- gc ma st trong ca t .
Nh vy chiu cao nh vm ph hu b1 c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
90 0
a h.tg
a1 2
b1
f f
(2. 0)

h
1=(450-/2)
2=(450+/2)
2a
Hnh 2. 2: S tnh ton p lc t theo gi thuyt ca Tximbarevich.

T y c th xc nh c p lc nc t theo cng thc sau:

SV: inh Vn ip 5
 Bi tiu lun s 02

90 0 2
3( a htg ) a2
2a 2
Qn .
3f 90 0
(a htg )
2
(2. 0)

Ngoi ra trong tnh ton ngi ta thng s dng i lng p lc nc phn b.

Cc i lng ny c ly gn ng cho hai trng hp nu trn l:

qn = .b v qn = . b1

(2. 0)

2. Phm vi p dng.

Trong thc t, khi hai bn sn khong trng l cng vng (f>4), ngi ta
tnh p lc nc theo Prtiaknp, cn khi hai bn sn c xu hng b ph hu
( b nt n f<4, c xu th b trt vo khong trng) th p lc nc tnh theo cng
thc ca Tximbarevich.

3. u nhc im.

Vi gi thuyt ca Tsimbarevich th c u im hn so vi ca Protodiaconop

do c xt n nh hng ca p lc bn hng. V vm p lc theo Tsimbarevich c gi
tr ln hn so vi vm p lc ca Protodiaconop do din tch vm ph hy ln hn
trong cng iu kin.

2.1.3. Gi thuyt ca Bierbaumer.

1. C s hnh thnh.

Theo Bierbaumer th sau khi khai o khong trng ABCD, khi . Khi CDKI c
kh nng chuyn dch vo khong trng. S chuyn dch ny b cn tr bi cc lc ma
st trn cc mt CI v DK. p lc nc tc dng ln khung, v chng s bng trng
lng ct CIKD tr i cc lc ma st.

SV: inh Vn ip 6
 Bi tiu lun s 02

E I K F
Qcd G Qcd
H
T T
C D

2a
A B

Hnh 2. 3: S tnh ton p lc t theo gi thuyt ca Bierbaumer.

Trng lng ct khi CIKD tnh cho mt n v chiu di khong trng l:

G = 2.a.H.
Vi gi thit khi l mi trng ri, cc lng tr trt CEI v DKF gy ra
cc lc ch ng Qc vo khi CIKD p lc ch ng tp trung c xc nh theo
cng thc sau:
1 2 2 90 0
Qcd H tg
2 2
(2. 0)

Trong :
- dung trng khi
H - su k t mt t n nh ca khong trng
- gc ma st trong ca t, .
Tc dng ca cc lc Qc gy ra cc lc ma st (hay lc chng trt) T khi
diu kin cn bng ta c:
T = Qcd . tg
Ta c th tnh c p lc nc tp trung cho mt n v chiu di khong trng
theo biu thc sau:
H 90 0
Qn G 2T 2aH 1 tg 2 tg
2a 2
(2. 0)

Biu thc (2. 0) ch c ngha khi Qn 0, t rt ra :

H
H
90
0
tg 2 tg
2
(2. 0)

SV: inh Vn ip 7
 Bi tiu lun s 02

y cng l gii hn s dng cng thc ca Bierbaumer khi chiu su vt qu

gii hn trn th khng nn s dng cng thc.
2. Phm vi p dng.
Gi thuyt p lc ca Bierbauber c p dng tnh ton thit k cho phn
ca hm, cho cc cng trnh ngm nm nng gn b mt t nh h thng h tng k
thut ngm (ng ng, ng dy), h thng tu in ngm nm nng vi
su gii hn nu trn.
2.1.4. Gi thuyt ca Tezaghi.
1. C s hnh thnh.
Quan nim c bn ca gi thuyt Terzaghi cng gn ging nh ca Bierbaumer.
Tuy nhin Terzaghi xt cho trng hp tng qut vi h s p lc ngang bt k.

p0

z2a z
dz
xdx 2adz H

(z+dz)2a dz

2a

Hnh 2. 4: S tnh ton p lc t theo gi thuyt ca Tezaghi.

Gi p0 l lc mt tc dng ln b mt khi . Phn t dz su z chu tc

dng ca cc lc thnh phn sau:
Lc thng ng mt ct z:
Q = z.2a
Lc thng ng mt ct (z+dz), tc l phn lc ln phn t dz ti mt ct z+ dz:
P = (z+dz)2a
Trng lng ca phn t dz tnh cho mt n v di ng l hay cng trnh ngm:
Q1= .2a.dz
p lc theo phng nm ngang

SV: inh Vn ip 8
 Bi tiu lun s 02

Png = x.dz
vi x= . z. Vi c l lc dnh kt, ta c biu thc tng qut nh sau:
= x . tg + c = . z. tg + c
.dz: lc ma st.
Phn t ch cn bng khi tng hp cc lc thnh phn tc dng ln phn t bng
khng c ngha l:
Q P+Q1-2Png = 0
z . 2a - (z + dz) . 2a + . 2a . dz - 2( . z .tg + c) dz = 0

Suy ra:
dz d z

a (.a . ztg C)
(2. 0)

Tch phn hai v ca biu thc trn c ch n iu kin bin l

z = p0 khi z= 0
p lc phn b su bt k:
.a C
tg . z

tg . z

z 1 e a p0 .e a
tg
(2. 0)

Khi p lc tc dng theo phng thng ng ln phn t d z, tnh cho mt

n v di ca ng l hay ln cng trnh ngm l:
2a(a C ) tg H tg H
Qn (1 e a
) 2ap0 .e a

tg
(2. 0)

Nu mt t khng c lc mt tc dng (P 0 = 0) v coi khi l mi trng

ri, chng ta c:
2 a 2 . tg
H

Qn 1 e a

tg
(2. 0)

90 0 1 sin
tg 2

2 1 sin
(2. 0)
SV: inh Vn ip 9
 Bi tiu lun s 02

Khi H >> a biu thc tr thnh:

2a2
Qn
tg
(2. 0)

2. Phm vi p dng.
Gi thuyt ca Tezaghi p dng cho cc cng trnh nm nng gn b mt t c
chu ti trng ca cc cng trnh bn trn thng qua lc phn b u p0.
3. u nhc im.
So vi gi thuyt ca Bierbaumer th Tezaghi c xt n c h s p lc ngang bt
k, phn t sp l pht trin rng ra hai bn v ko di n tn chn cng trnh
ngm, trong khi Bierbaumer cho rng phn t sp l ch n nh cng trnh
ngm
2.2. p lc sn.
p lc tc dng theo phng nm ngang t hai bn sn ca cng trnh ngm
v pha khong trng c gi l p lc sn (hay p lc hng). p lc sn c th
tnh theo gi thuyt ca Tximbarevich (hnh 7.53). C s ca phng php ny l l
thuyt tng chn t hay p lc t ca Coulomb.

Sau khi khai o khong trng, b ph hu hai bn sn, c xu th trt v

pha khong trng gy ra p lc ln tng chn hay v chng

B C
G
c

Q N
cd h
T R

A

Hnh 2. 5: S tnh ton p lc ln tng chn.

Mt trt AC l mt trt gi nh, tho mn cc iu kin sau:

1. Mt trt phng;
2. Mt gianh gii gia tng chn v khi t khng c ma st; do phng
tc dng ca p lc t ln trn trng vi phng nm ngang.

SV: inh Vn ip 10
 Bi tiu lun s 02

3. Cc thnh phn lc php tuyn N v lc tip tuyn T trn mt trt phi tho
mn iu kin cn bng Conlomb-Mohr: T = N . tg

4. T cc mt trt gi nh th mt trt nguy him nht l mt trt gy ra p

lc ln nht ln tng chn.

Trong :

G - trng lng ca khi t trt;

qc - phn lc ca tng ln khi t, trt v bng p lc ch ng tc dng

ln lc tng;

R - phn ca khi t, pha di mt trt ln khi trt v bng lc thnh

phn tc dng ln mt trt.

ng nhin, khi trt trng thi cn bng tnh, nu lc cc thnh phn tho
mn cc iu kin cn bng tnh. Biu tng hp cc lc nh trn hnh.

h 2
G cot g
2
Qcd Gtg ( )
(2. 0)

p lc tp trung ln tng chn:

h 2 .
Qcd cot g .tg ( )
2
(2. 0)

dQcd
0
d
pc t gi tr cc i khi , ngha l:
h2 tg ( ) cot g ( )
0
2 sin
2
cos 2 ( )
(2. 0)

T nhn c
90 0

2
(2. 0)

l gc to bi mt trt nguy him nht vi phng nm ngang.

SV: inh Vn ip 11
 Bi tiu lun s 02

h 2 2 90 0
Qcd tg
2 2
(2. 0)

T c th tnh p lc (ng sut) phn b ln mt phn t chiu cao dh su h,

nu xem h l mt i s l:
dQcd 2 90
0

qcd h.tg
dh 2
(2. 0)

Theo cch tnh ny, biu phn b p lc sn cc cng trnh nm

ngang c dng hnh thang vi:
qcd1 = 1.h1.tg2(450-1/2)
qcd2 = 2.h2.tg2(450-2/2)

qcd1 qcd1

h
2a
qcd2 qcd2

Hnh 2. 6: Biu phn b p lc sn theo gi thuyt Tximbarevich.

Trong :
1, 1 - dung trng v gc ma st trong ca pha nc;
tb - dung trng trung bnh ca nc v sn, c th xc nh theo biu thc
sau:
1
tb ( 1 . h 1 2 . h 2 )
h1 h 2
(2. 0)

Trong :
h1 - chiu cao ca vm ph hu bn sn ;
2, 2 - l dung trng v gc ma st trong ca bn sn cng trnh;
Khi p lc sn tp trung tc dng ln khung chng l:

SV: inh Vn ip 12
 Bi tiu lun s 02

qcd 1 qcd 2
Qs h
2
(2. 0)

2.3. p lc nn.

p lc tc dng t pha nn vo khong trng cng trnh ngm c gi l p lc

nn. Tu theo nguyn nhn gy ra p lc nn dn n hin tng bng nn c nhiu
phng php, gi thuyt c xy dng tnh p lc nn. Di y gii thiu gi
thuyt ca Tximbarvich, da trn c s phn tch s hnh thnh mt trt di nn
cng trnh theo Bldetxki

D
b1 qcd qbd

A
h
B 45 0 P0
2
C E
x0 450
A 2
F

Hnh 2. 7: S tnh p lc nn theo Tximbarevich.

Theo phn tch ca Beldetxki di tc dng ca ti trng gii hn P 0 (do tc

dng ca ct BC v trng lng ca khung v chng gy ra), khi ABC c th
b dch chuyn xung pha di dc theo AB. Coi mt AC l tng chn gi nh, mt
AC chu tc dng ca p lc ch ng Qc. Tc ng y khi ACE tri ln khong
trng, dc theo mt trt AE. Nh vy, khi ACE gy ra p lc b ng Qb ln AC.
Theo l thuyt p lc ln tng chn trong c hc t v da vo s chng ta c:
qc = (p0 + .x) . tg2 (45-/2)
qb = .x . tg2 (45+/2)

Ti su x0 tho mn iu kin: qc= qb khi x= x0

SV: inh Vn ip 13
 Bi tiu lun s 02

T cho php xc nh x0 theo biu thc sau:

p0 4
tg ( 450 )
2
x0

1 tg 4 ( 450 )
2
(2. 0)

vi : , l dung trng v gc ma st trong ca pha nn cng trnh ngm.

p lc ch ng, p lc b ng ton phn, tp trung tc dng ln AC theo cng
thc sau:
. x 20
Q cd p 0 . x 0 tg 2 (45 )
2 2
1
Q bd . . x 20 . tg 2 ( 45 )
2 2
(2. 0)

Nu nc, sn v nn l nh nhau (ng nht) v nu c th b qua trng

lng ca khung v chng, ng thi coi p lc tc dng thng ng ln nn hai
bn sn khong trng p0 bng trng lng ct ca vm st l v khi trt th c
th xc nh chiu su gin hn x0 mt cch gn ng theo biu thc:

(h b1 ).tg 4 (45 )
x0 2

1 tg 4 (45 )
2
(2. 0)

3. p lc t ln cng trnh ngm nm nghing.

Cng trnh ngm c xp vo loi nm nghing khi 10 0 750. p lc c

d tnh da vo cc gi thuyt cho cng trnh ngm nm ngang, c ch n gc
nghing ca cng trnh.

SV: inh Vn ip 14
 Bi tiu lun s 02

B
h
b1 A

h'
B'

A'

Hnh 3. 1: S tnh p lc ln cng trnh ngm nm nghing.

Nhng trong thc t cc khung, v chng c t trn mt ct BB' vung gc

vi trc cng trnh ngm, v vy p lc do vm p lc gy ra c tch thnh hai
thnh phn: tc dng vung gc vi trc cng trnh ngm (tc l thng ng vo
khung chng) v song song vi trc ca cng trnh ngm.

Cc thnh phn tc dng vung gc vi trc cng trnh ngm q n v tc dng song song
Tn s l:

a.cos h. tg(450 )
2
q n q n .cos
f
(3. 0)

a.sin h. tg(450 ). tg .
Tn q n .sin
2
f
(3. 0)

p dng tng t c th tnh p lc sn v p lc nn theo cc gi thuyt ca

Tximbarevich.
4. p lc t ln cng trnh ngm thng ng.

4.1. C s hnh thnh.

Cng trnh c gc nghing so vi mt phng nm ngang > 750 c coi l cng

trnh thng ng.
Hin nay c nhiu gi thuyt khc nhau xc nh p lc ln khung, v chng
cng trnh thng ng, khi coi khi l mi trng ri. y gii thiu hai gi
thuyt ca Prtiaknp v ca Tximbarevich.
SV: inh Vn ip 15
 Bi tiu lun s 02

Prtiaknp cho rng v chng ca ging ng lm vic nh tng chn, do

vy chu p lc ca lng tr trt ABC.

qs

450+/2

Hnh 4. 1: S tnh ton p lc ln ging ng theo Protodiaconop.

Vic tnh ton p lc ln v chng da theo c s l thuyt tng chn t. p

lc tc dng ln khung, v chng l p lc ch ng c xc nh gn ng cho ton
b chiu di ging l:

qs .z.tg 2 ( 45 0 )
2
(4. 0)

Trong :
- l dung trng trung bnh ca khi xung quanh going
- l gc ma st trong 'o' trung bnh
z- l su k t mt t.
Gi i, fi v hi l dung trng, h s kin c v chiu dy ca lp th i, v
c xc nh theo cc cng thc sau:

n n

i.hi
i 1
f .h
i 1
i i
n
f n

h i 1
i h i 1
i

; (4. 0)

=arctgf;

SV: inh Vn ip 16
 Bi tiu lun s 02

Nh vy, p lc sn qs tng dn ln theo su v c biu phn b dng

tam gic.
Tximbarevich cng xc nh p lc da vo l thuyt tng chn t. Tuy
nhin, khc vi gi thuyt ca Prtiaknp, y p lc c tnh cho tng lp t,
ring bit. ng thi khi tnh tc gi xem rng cc lp t pha trn gy ra p
lc phn b u ln cc lp t pha di.

1, h1,1
2, h2,2
3, h3,3

4, h4,4

5, h5,5
Hnh 4. 2: Biu phn b p lc theo gi thuyt Tximbarevich.

Vi cc gi thit trn, p lc phn b ti su z trong lp th n c th xc

nh theo cng thc sau:

.i hi ( z hi ) n tg 2 (45 0 n )
n n
Z
q SN

i 1 i 1
2
(4. 0)

Nh vy, tnh ring p lc nc (vch) v nn (tr) ca lp n ta c:

n
n
q 1SN ( i . h i ).tg 2 (450 )
i 1 2
n
n
q 2
SN ( i . h i n . h n ).tg 2 (450 )
i 1 2
(4. 0)

Vi i; hi; i : dung trng, chiu dy v gc ma st trong ca lp t th i. Bng

cch tnh nh th ny, biu phn b p lc ln khung v chng ph thuc vo tnh
cht c hc ca tng loi t, trong tng trng hp c th.
4.2. Phm vi p dng.
Vi gi thuyt ca Protodiaconop nn p dng tnh ton p lc ln phn c
ging ng v t phn c ging ch yu l t ph. Cn vi gi thuyt ca
Tximbarevich th c th dng cho ton b chiu di ging tnh ton.

SV: inh Vn ip 17
 Bi tiu lun s 02

4.3. u nhc im.

Gi thuyt Protodiaconop cho rng p lc phn b theo hnh thang, do vy nu
xung rt su th p lc ln thnh ging s rt ln, khi s khng c kt cu no chu
c p lc ln nh vy, iu ny l khng ng. Do vy gi thuyt ca Tximbarevich
c u im hn l p lc phn b trong tng lp t s khc nhau ph thuc vo p
lc t pha trn v tnh cht c l ca t ti lp , gia cc lp ny s c bc
nhy p lc. Do vy ta thy c p lc ln ging theo gi thuyt ca Tximbarevich s
nh hn so vi Protodiaconop v gi thuyt ny s hp l hn.

SV: inh Vn ip 18
 Bi tiu lun s 02

TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. Nguyn Quang Phch, 2007. C hc , NXB Xy dng.

2. T.S. Trn Tun Minh, 2016. Gio trnh C hc v khi , NXB Xy dng.

3. T.S. Trn Tun Minh, 2014. C hc v tnh ton kt cu chng gi cng trnh
ngm T2.

4. T.S. Trn Tun Minh, 2014. Tin hc ng dng trong xy dng cng trnh Ngm
v M. NXB Xy dng.

SV: inh Vn ip 19