Contents

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction................................................................................................................ 3
Block Diagram............................................................................................................ 3
1. Temperature sensor.......................................................................................... 3
1.1 What Is Thermister?....................................................................................... 3
1.2 Types of Thermister........................................................................................... 3
2. SWITCHING STAGE............................................................................................ 4
1.1 What is comparator?...................................................................................... 4
1.2 Symbol........................................................................................................... 4
1.3 How to Set a Reference Point of Comparator?................................................5
1.4 Waveform of a Comparator............................................................................ 5
1.5 What is mean by Noise in electronics?...........................................................6
1.6 What is Hysteresis?........................................................................................ 7
3. OUTPUT STAGE....................................................................................................... 9
A. Transistor.......................................................................................................... 9
B. 555 Timer.......................................................................................................... 9
.............................................................................................................................. 10
C. Relay:.............................................................................................................. 10
Circuit Diagram........................................................................................................ 11

Page 1 of 12
 ABSTRACT

Electronic is not only a subject but a mission to facilitate the humanity

lessening their problems and safeguarding their lives and assets. In everyday
life gadgets are playing pivotal role to serve the humanity and preserve the
nature.

In past, there were a lot of threats to the lives and the properties. The
production units when caught fire cause loss of precious assets and the
human life. An electronic engineer often remains in a try to invent a gadget
which may provide facility and ensure maximum comfort to the users.

It is often listened that due to fire flush, a factory has been burned and
turned in to debris. The temperature control gadget in its sophisticated
shape and equipped with the sensors may provide the user a facility to alarm
before any un-controlled misshaping.

Its sensor when senses abnormal or increasing temperature it alarms the

inhabitants to see the problem and nip it in the bud. The project report
explains how it has been formulated, what are its uses and its utility.

In the report, it is described that how it would be used with an Air

conditioner, Refrigerator, Room Temperature Controller and the most
importantly as a Fire Alarm. Its use in DC appliances is mentioned and
discussed in detail.

Page 2 of 12
 Introduction

Electronics changed the pace of life and made livelihood blessings rather than harder and
difficult. A long queue of gadgets are not more than an obedient slave always ready to serve.
Gadgets also helped to lessen the threats to the human life and the assets some own. Temperature
control switch having so many usage and utilities with negligible cost of investment. It works as
a fire alarm. Temperature controller for an AC, Refrigerator, Oven, Heater, Room Temperature,
Cooking appliances etc etc. It not only a life saver but energy savor and costs reduction device.

Block Diagram

The figure below illustrates the block diagram of temperature control switch.

TEMPERA SWITCHING OUTPUT

TURE STAGE STAGE
SENSOR

1. Temperature sensor

In our circuit, we had used thermistor as temperature sensor.

1.1 What Is Thermister?

Thermister is a device whose resistance increases or decreases with

temperature.

Page 3 of 12
1.2 Types of Thermister

The thermister is divided into following two categories;

a) Positive temparature cofficient:

That type of thermister whose resistance
increases with incrasing temperature is
known as Positive temperature cofficient
and is abberiviated as PTC.
b) Negative temperature cofficient:
That type of thermister whose resistance
decreases with incrasing temperature is
known as negative temperature cofficient
and is abberiviated as PTC.

2. SWITCHING STAGE
In our circuit we had used comparator with hysteresis also known as schemitt trigger.

1.1 What is comparator?

Comparator is a device that compares something measurable with a reference or standard.

In electronic circuit the term comparator is used for specialized Op-Amp that compares two
electrical signals.

1.2 Symbol

The figure below shows the symbol of comparator used in circuit and also a practical
shape of op-amp 741.

Page 4 of 12
1.3 How to Set a Reference Point of Comparator?

In comparator we must set a reference to which we can compare other input signal. To do
so we need to set one of input pin as our reference. Where the signal we want to compare are
provided on the other input pin.

There are many ways to set a reference point i.e. ground, voltage divider circuit, zener
diode method etc.

In my circuit I am using voltage divider circuit to set a reference point at non-inverting

input of comparator. We can use any of pin (inverting and non-inverting) as our reference. The
choice to set a reference pin depends on our circuit application.

The comparator whose non-inverting pin is used as reference is known as inverting

comparator while the comparator whose inverting pin is used as reference is known as non-
inverting comparator.

The fig below shows the inverting and non-inverting comparator.

Page 5 of 12
1.4 Waveform of a Comparator

1.4.1 Waveform of Ideal Comparator

For a given signal, the ideal output waveform of inverting and non-inverting comparator
is illustrated in below fig.

For inverting comparator the output is low for high input and vice versa. While in non-
inverting comparator the output is high for high input and low for low input.

Page 6 of 12
1.4.1 Waveform of Non-Ideal Comparator

To understand the non-ideal behavior of comparator we first need to understand the term
Noise that is discussed as below.

1.5 What is mean by Noise in electronics?

In electronics the term noise means an unwanted signal that affects the quality of a
desired signal.

The fig below shows the noise effect on sinusoidal signal.

There are different types of noise but the most common type is thermal noise. The cause
of thermal noise is existed charge carriers due to heat, long distance of source form load etc.

Now coming back to comparator, we will see what the effect of noise on comparator is.

Note: From on we are going to discuss the effect of noise on inverting comparator as we had
used it in our project.

Effect of Noise on comparator

Now let us see what the effect of Noise on the comparator is, how we can face this noise
problem etc. The fig below shows the waveforms at output of comparator due to noise.

Page 7 of 12
 In above figure noise is present in two signals, in sinusoidal wave and other in reference.
Due to these two noises, we see that the comparator is switched to on and of state than normal.
This may affect the comparator performance and reduce its life.

The above situation is a non-ideal; this situation can only be handled by just shifting the
reference point and this is only be done by using hysteresis.

1.6 What is Hysteresis?

In order to make the comparator less sensitive to noise, a technique incorporating positive
feedback, called hysteresis can be used. Basically, hysteresis means there is a higher reference
level, when the input voltage goes from a lower to higher value than when it goes from a higher
to a lower value.

The two reference levels are referred to as upper trigger point (UTP) and lower triggers
point (LTP).

The figure below shows the comparator circuit with hysteresis.

Page 8 of 12
 The hysteresis circuit is also known as window comparator. The reason for this is easily
through following graph.

In some comparators there is built in hysteresis and is known as

Schmitt Trigger. The symbol for schmitt trgger is as follow:

Hence we can reduce the effect of noise on comparator by hystersis.

Now let move to another important component of our project, the thermister.

Page 9 of 12
3. OUTPUT STAGE

The output stage consist of following ;

A. Transistor
B. 555 timer
C. Relay

A. Transistor

Another important component used is transistor as switching device. Practically, at the

output of IC-741, there is about 1.98V, even though both inputs are low. So due to this reason the
led is kept glowing.

To overcome this I had used voltage divider and transistor as switch as shown in circuit
below.

B. 555 Timer

In our circuit I had used 555 timer in astable mode. The use of 555 timer at output is only
to show the use of project in fire alarm.

The figure of this is shown below:

Page 10 of 12
 C. R
e
l
a
y
:

We had
used
relay in our circuit, just to show the use of our project with ac appaliances.

The figure below shows the circuit:

The below figure show pins configuration of 5 pin relay.

Page 11 of 12
Circuit Diagram

Page 12 of 12