Consortium Alumni Association Presents

A One-day Course on

BasicWellLoggingDesign
CoordinatedBy
SigitSutiyono
UnocalIndonesiaCompany
 Agenda

Introduction(8:15)
LectureIBasicTheory/Interpretation
Break(10 10:15)
LectureIILoggingProgram/Design
Break(12:00)
Workshop(1:30 4:00)
Wrapup(4:00 5:00)
 Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andsomepracticalapplicationoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
 Definition

According to
4th Edition of J.A.Jacksons Glossary of Geology:

Log : A continuous record as a function of depth,

usually graphic and plotted to scale on a narrow
paper strip, of observations made on the rocks
and fluids of the geologic section exposed in
the well-bore.
Wireline Logging Logging while Drilling

Mud in
Mud out
Cable

LWD Tools

Tools

Drill Bit
 WellLoggingHistory
Thefirstelectricallogwasintroducedin1927inFranceusingstationed
resistivitymethod.
Thefirstcommercialelectricalresistivitytoolin1929wasusedin
Venezuela,USAandIndonesia.
SPwasrunalongwithresistivityfirsttimein1931
Schlumbergerdevelopedthefirstcontinuousrecordingin1931
GRandNeutronlogswasstartedin1941
Microresistivityarraydipmeterandlateralogwerefirsttimeintroduced
in1950s
Thefirstinductiontoolwasusedin1956followedbyFormationtester
in1957,FomationDensityin1960s,Electromagnetictoolin1978and
mostofImaginglogsweredevelopedin1980s
Advancedformationtesterwascommercializedinearly1990s
Well in Pechelbronn - France Surface Recording Instrument

The First Log recorded in 1927

 LogMeasurements

Practical definition of a log

Logisanindirectmeasurementofformationproperties
exposedbythewellboreacquiredbyloweringadeviceor
acombinationofdevicesinthewellbore.

A Formation Evaluation Specialist is essential to understand

The theory of measurements, quality control, interpretation

principles, geophysics and petroleum geology as well as
petroleum reservoirs
AdvantagesandLimitationsofWellLogging

Advantages:
- Continuous measurements
- Easy and quick to work with
- Short time acquisition
- Better resolution than seismic data
- Economical

Limitations:
- Indirect measurements
- Limited by tool specification
- Affected by environment
- Varying resolution
BasicTheoryofMeasurements
 LogsareImpliedMeasurements

Logisnotadirectmeasurementofformationproperties,itisanimplied
measurementbasedononeorcombinationofthefollowingdevices

Electrical (Resistivity and

Induction)
Acoustic
Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Magnetic
BasicTheoryonResistivity

Rw
Current path

Unit volume filled with only water

Current path

Ro

Unit volume with water and matrix

Typical Formation
Oil
Water
Sand grain

Grain surface water

Current path

Rt
Measured by the tool
 ResistivityandMeasurementConcept

Resistivity is the ability of a substance to impade the flow of electrical current

I E
E*A
Rw =
Rw I*L
L A

Rw - Formation Water resistivity

E - Voltage difference across the formation
A - Cross sectional Area
L - Length of brine containerr
I - Current
ResistivityandMeasurementConcept

Schematic diagram of how an induction tool works

Secondary magnetic field Receiver

Created by the ground loop
Secondary magnetic field
Induces a current to flow in the receiver

Magnetic field induces

a current in the ground loop

Primary magnetic field

created by transmitter
Transmitter
 ResistivityApplication
Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation determination

Sh = 1 - Sw

Water Saturation Estimation

Archies Equation

F * Rw 1/n
Sw = ( Rt ) where F=
1.0

Por
m

SW - Water saturation F - Formation factor

Rw - Formation water resistivity n - Saturation exponent
Rt - True Formation resistivity m - Cementation factor

Resistivity is also used for well to well correlation, and to pick fluid contacts
 SpontaneousPotentialLog(SP)

SPmeasurementisbasedonElectricalcurrentsflowinginthe
mudfromelectrochemicalandelectrokinetic
Salinitydifferencebetweenmudflitrateandformationwaters,
ionsmovementcreatescurrentsmeasuredinmVolt
NegativeorPositiveSPcurvedeflectionrepresentswhichfluid,
formationormudfiltrate,hasmoreioniccharge.
Itonlyworksinwaterbasedmud!

TheuseofSPlog;bedboundary,distinguishingpermeablefrom
impermeablerock,shalynessindicator,Rwdeterminationand
wellcorrelation.
 SpontaneousPotential(SP)
(-) (+) Rmf >> Rw in all sands

Shale
Sand Thick clean wet sand

SP
- - - - - - - Thick shaly wet sand

Thick clean Gas sand

- - - - - - - Thick shaly Gas sand

Hydrocarbon effect
 SpontaneousPotential(SP)
Given:
Rmf = 0.51 at 135 F
SP Rm = 0.91 at 135 F
7430
40 mV TD = 8007 ft
Bottom hole temp.= 135 F
Surface temp. = 60 F
7470
Determine Rw ?
20

Limitation
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
Between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection
 RwcalculationfromSPlog

Rmfe
SSP = -K log
Rwe

Steps of Calculation;
- Determine Temperature at Depth of interval
- Correct Rm and Rmf to this temperature (gen-9)
- Determine SP (log) from shale baseline
- Correct SP to SSP using SP thickness corr. chart
- Determine Rmf/Rwe ratio using SP-1 chart
- Determine Rwe from above equation or SP-1 chart
- Correct Rwe to Rw using SP-2 chart
 GammaRayLog(GR)

GRtoolmeasuresnaturalradioactivityoftheformationfrom
theemmisionofallthese;(TotalGR)
Potasium,UraniumandThorium
GRlogisusedfor;
Welltowellgeologicalcorrelation
Beddefinition,moreaccuratethanSPlog
ShaleVolumeIndicator(mostreliable)
Lithologyandmineralogyindicator(NGT)

GRlog - GRmin IGR - Gamma ray index

IGR = GRmin - GR clean
GRsh - GRmin GRsh - GR shale baseline
GammaRayLog(GR)
 GammaRayLog(GR)

Mineral Density DT GR
Quartz 2.64 56 0-15
Calcite 2.71 49 0-15
Dolomite 2.85 44 0-15
Orthoclase 2.52 69 220
Micas 2.82 49 275
Kaolinite 2.41 - 80-130
Chlorite 2.76 - 180-250
Illite 2.52 - 250-300
Montmorillonite 2.12 - 150-200
Anhydrite 2.98 50 low
Pyrite 4.99 39 low
Coal 1.47 high low
 GammaRayLog(GR)

Well-1 Well-7 Well-2

GR Res
GR Res
GR Res
 NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT)

NGT tool measures the spectrum of

Potasium,Uranium, and Thorium
NGT log is used for;
- Study of Depositional Environments
- Geochemical logging
- Shale typing
- Source Rocks
- Diagenetic History
- Vclay content correction
With combination of Photoelectric curve can be
used for clay and mica type identification
 NaturalGammaRayLog(NGT)

10

8 Glauconite
Biotite
6
Pe
4 Illite
Montmorillonite
2 Muscovite
Kaolinite
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
K, Potasium (%)
 DensityLog

Densitytoolisoneofthemostimportantinstrumentsusedto
evaluateformationswhichmeasuresformationdensityand
directlytiestoformationporosity
Thedensitytoolmeasurestheelectrondensity,byemitting
gammarayfromradioactivesourceandreturningtotwo
detectors
TheamountofGammaraysthatreturndependonthenumber
ofelectronspresent,electrondensityisrelatedtobulkdensity
ofmineralorrock
InmostcasesenvironmentalcorrectionforDensitylogisnot
significant,fieldlogdensitycanbereadilyusedfor
interpretation
 DensityLog

Main categories in the process of GR energy loss due to

collisions with other atomic particles:

Compton Scattering is selected to be the energy level to

generate GR of the Cesium 137 radioactive source at 662 keV
 DensityLog

Porositydeterminationfromdensitylog:

RHOBma - RHOBlog
POR =
RHOBma - RHOBfluid

RHOBma - Matrix density

RHOBfluid - Formation fluid density
RHOBlog - Log density
PORd - Density derived porosity

Exercise: Determine porosity of limestone with field log

density inicated 2.5 gr/cc.
 NeutronLog

ThetoolmeasurestheHydrogenIndexwhichisthequantityof
Hydrogenperunitvolume
Thetoolsemithighenergyneutronseitherfromradioactive
sourceorminitron.Theyaresloweddownbycollisionswith
formationnuclei,collisionwillresultenergyloss,andthe
elementmostlysloweddownisH
Waterhashighneutroncounts,Oilhasalittlelesscountsthan
Water,Gaswillhaveverylowneutroncounts
Neutronlogisverysensitivetoenvironmentchange;borehole
size,mudcake,mudweight,temperature,standoff,pressure
andformationsalinity,measurementiscompensationoffar
andnearcountrates.
NeutronLog
 NeutronLog
Neutrontoolhasawiderangeofapplications
PorosityDetermination
GasDetection
Boreholeandformationsalinity
ReservoirSaturation
ReservoirMonitoring
BoreholeFluiddynamics
NeutronradioactivesourceinnormallyusesAm241

Exercise Neutron Log environmental correction

Given: Uncorrected neutron porosity of 34%, 14 borehole size,
0.25 mud cake, 200 kppm borehole salinity, 12 ppg mud at
170 F, 5000 psi pressure, using water based mud with formation
salinity of 50 kppm.
 AcousticLog
Sonictoolgeneratesacousticsignalstomeasurethetimetravelto
passthroughaformation,logmeasurementintimerequiredto
travelinonefootformation(microsec/foot)
Rockpropertiescanbeimpliedfromsonicmeasurements;
Porosity,Lithology,Gasshows,CompactionandRockstrength
Maincurrentuse: SeismicTie
Mechanicalproperties
Fractureidentification
Tooltypes; Boreholecompensatedsonic
Longspacingsonic
Arraysonictool
Ultrasonicboreholeimage
Dipoleshearsonicimage
AcousticLog
AcousticLog
 SpecialTools

Resistivity Based Imaging Tool

- Pad device on 4 to 6 arm caliper, few mm resolution
- Application: Thin bed Evaluation, Dip meter,
Paleostream direction, fracture evaluation, stratigraphy.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Using Permanent magnet to realign hydrogen protons to new
magnetic field, a Lithology dependance porosity, saturartion
and permeability estimation
Dipole Shear Sonic
- Shear measurement, AVO and Rock mechanics applications
Borehole sonic imaging
- Acustic based bore hole imaging for 360 deg coverage, lower
resolution than resistivity based imaging tools.
 SpecialTools continued

Modular Formation Test

- Very robust formation tester with the capability to take
unlimited pressure tests, pump the fluid into the borehole,
identify the fluid type before sampling
Wellbore Seismic
- VSP: Vertical seismic profile surface guns, wellbore detectors
- SAT: Seismic acquisition tool
- WST: Well seismic tool
- DSA: Downhole seismic array tool (3 axis geophones)
WellboreSeismic
 LogandSeismicTieEffort

LogDataValidation
Checkthelogquality
Seeifthereisanymissinglogdata
Determinewhethersonicpeaks/anomaliesrepresentingformation
Logediting
VelocityCorrectionSonicoverVSP(using42msecresolution)
SyntheticSeismicGeneration
AcousticImpedance
ConvolutionWavelettotieseismicandlogpeaks
*ExtractedWavelet toutilizewaveletasseenintheseismic
itishighlyrecommended(similarapperance)
*RickrWavelet commonlyusedtohavezerophase
 SyntheticSeismograms

SyntheticSeismogramsareusedtocorrelateseismicsections
Theoreticallythismethodusesmanysimplificationandassumptionsput
intothemodel
Itprovidesimportantlinktounderstandthetiebetweenseismicdataand
welllogresponses
 VSP&
SeismicSection
 VelocitySurvey
Velocityorcheckshotsurveysareperformedinthewellboretoobtain
verticaltravelpathsthroughtheformationsbylocatingsourcesand
detectors/receiversatcertainconfiguration,normallythereceiversare
placednearthegelogicalhorizons
Thesurveyonlyutilizefirstarrivaltouseintherecordedseismictrace
Firstarrivalsarethenconvertedintoverticaltraveltimesontimedepth
graphswhichcanbeusedtocalculateaveragevelocities
Soniclogcalibrationneedstobedonepriortogenerationofsynthetic
logs,normallyboreholeeffectsarefoundveryoftencausingdrift whichis
toberemovedtopreventshiftingintimeofseismicreflectionsor
pesudoevents
 VerticalSeismicProfile
VerticalSeismicProfiling(VSP)usesbothentirerecordedseismictraceand
firstbreak.Receiversarespacedatveryclosedintervalsinthewellborein
ordertogetaseismicsectioninthewellbore
Theseismicwaveandalleffectsaremeasuredasafunctionofdepthasit
propagatesthroughtheformations
Thrreceiversareclosetoreflectorswhereupgoinganddowngoingwaves
arerecordedasafunctionofdepth
Thedowngoingwaveletsareusedtodesigndeconvolutionfilters
IngeneralVSPprovidemuchbetterspatialandtemporalresolution,the
signalchangesintermofbandwidthandenergylossaremeasured
ApplicatiosofVSParetocorrelatetheactualseismiceventswithmore
confidence,andwithmuchbetterresolutionduetoshortertravelpathsit
canprovideatooltogeneratehighresolutionmaps,andbetterestimateof
rockproperties
BasicConceptofVSP
BasicConceptofVSP
 OffsetVSP

OffsetVSPareusedtodetectfaultsandpincouts
developedtoilluminatestructureawayfromthewellbore

Multiple offset and walkaway VSP

Multiple offset VSP were developed to provide high-resolution seismic

structural details in the area where interference from the shallow layers
The disadvantages is very time consuming, it requires few days for the
acquisition by putting multiple source positioned in different locations
OffsetVSP
 BasicLogInterpretation

Logs Data Applications

Determine depth and thickness

Identify productive zones
Distinguish fluid types, gas, oil and water
Estimate hydrocarbon reserve
Help geological correlation and subsurface mapping
Determine facies and drilling locations
 BasicLogInterpretation Continued
Common Tools in the Logging Industry

Gamma Rays
Self Potential
Resistivity
Induction
Density
Neutron
Sonic
Magnetic Resonance
Formation Test
 Basic Log Interpretation Continued

Typical properties implied or estimated from

the log Measurements:

Porosity
Water Saturation
Permeability
Fluid types
Fluid contacts
Lithology

Dip angle
Velocity
 Petrophysical Properties
Volume of pores
Porosity =
Total Volume of Rock

Porosity = Storage Capacity

Porosity is estimated using one or combination of

the followings; - Density
- Neutron
- Sonic
Combination of three inputs will get better estimate

Density Porosity:

POR = (DENmatrix DENlog)/(DENmatrix DENfluid)

 Petrophysical Properties
Formation Water in the pores
SW =
Total pore space in the rock

Water Saturation is estimated using combination of

the followings; - Porosity
- Resistivity
It requires formation factor and saturation index
derived from core analysis, and formation water resistivity

Archies Equation
1/Por m * Rw 1/n
Sw = ( Rt )
SW - Water saturation
n - Saturation exponent
Rw - Formation water resistivity
m - Cementation factor
Rt - True Formation resistivity
 Petrophysical Properties
Permeability Estimation from Logs

Timurs
2.2
K= ( 93 * Por
Swi
) 2

where Swi = Irreducible water saturation

Tixiers
3
K= ( 250 * Por
Swi
) 2

Permeability (K) is a measure of rock property to get the fluid passes through the rock.

The equations are based on empirical study, accurate K estimation can be obtained from
formation test, drillstem test (DST) or from core analysis
 Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajor
reservoirs,andsomepracticalapplicationsoflog
data
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs
FluidandLithologyIdentificationFromtheLogs

Gas Sand
Gas
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil Oil Sand

Oil-Water Contact

Water Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs
RES
0.1 100

Gas Sand
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil Sand

Oil-Water Contact

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Coal
Carbonate/Limestone
 HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily?
AboutLithologyInterpretation

Claystone haslargeamountofwater,andradioactivematerials,isdenserwhenithas
lesswater,isnotharderthanlimestoneandisveryconductive.

Sandstone islessdensethanlimestone,haslesswaterthanclay,containmorewater
thanlimestoneexceptwhenitissaturatedwithdrygas,itsconductivityisdependingon
fluidtypeitcontains,hassmalltononeradioactivefragments.

Limestone isharderthanbothclayandsand,containsleastwaterofthethree,very
resistive,ithaslowradioactivitymaterials,fastvelocity,highdensity.

Coal Normalylowradioactive,rarelyradioactive,lowestdensityandveryresistive
 HowCanWeRememberTheseEasily?
AboutFluidInterpretation

HighRadioactivity HighGR
VeryConductive LowResistivity
HighWater HighNeutronandLowResistivity
HighGas LowNeutronandHighResistivity
HighOil HigherNeutronthanGas,denser
thangasLessNeutronthanwater,
lessdensethanwater,more
resistivethanwater,less
resistivethangaswhenother
propertiesarethesame
DryGas Veryresistive,largestdensity
neutroncrossover
HighGOR Largerdensityneutroncrossover
thanoilwithlowGOR
FreshWater Reservoirfilledwithhighresistivewater
 AreThereAnyAnomalies?
AboutFluidInterpretation

Inagaszone
Mudfiltrateinvasionwillcausetheneutrondensity
crossoverlookslikethatofoilzone,theshallowinvestigation
resistivitywillbelessresistivethanthatofdeeperdepthof
investigation,resistivitydifferenceislargerwhenconductive
mudisused
HighIrreduciblewater(waterboundsinclaysandgrains
surface)willdemonstratelittledensityneutroncrossover
similartothatofoilorwaterzonesbutlessresistivethangas
oroilzoneswithlessirreduciblewater
Inanoilzone similartoabove
 How Is Log Analysis Calibrated?

Core Data
Routie Core Analysis - For Porosity and Permeability Calibration
Special Core Analysis - For detailed rock and fluid properties such as
X Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Petrophysical
parameters (a,m and n determination), PVT, Gas Analysis and finger
prints of fluid samples, and etc.

Formation Test
Fluid Identification from the logs is not direct, when the parameters are
not well established, formation test fluid samples can be used to
calibrate fluid identification using the logs. Formation test is also used
when possible log response anomalies encountered to get conclusive
fluid identification.
 Modern Formation For Fluid Identification

MDT String Configuration

Electric Power Module
Single Probe Module

Large sample Chamber

Multi sample Chambers

Fluid Description Module

Hydraulic Power Module

Test Probe
 Basiccomponentsofthetool

OLD NEW
Multi-sample
Probe Chambers

Resist. Pump Out

Probe
Valve sensor Module
HP Gauge
Strain Gauge

Optical Fluid
Pre-Test
Pre-Test Analyzer

Quartz Gauge
Isolation
Valve Flow line
Two Sample Chambers
 Gas Detector System

OFA Gas Detector Optics

Photodetector
Light Emitting Diode
Array
Cylindrical Lens Sapphire
Polarizer Prism

Sapphire window

Fluid Flow Gas Gas

Liquid
How OFA Divice Operates
OFA Spectrometer

Filter Lens Filter lens

Catridge Photodiode
Light
Distributor
Solenoids
Source
Light path Lamp
Chopper motor
Measure
Light Path

Sapphire Fluid flow

How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?

OFA Spectrometer

4.0 Visible Near infra-red

Crude Oil B
Optical Density

Water
Mud Crude Oil A
Filtrate

Fuel
Oil
Diesel
0.0

500 1000 1500 2000

Wave Length - (NM)
Example--1 : Gas OFA
Example
Example--2 : Water OFA
Example
Example--3 : Oil OFA
Example
 AreThereAnyOtherLogsApplications?

The Logs Can Help Us to Determine:

VolumeofHydrocarbon
Fluidcontinuity
ReservoirExtent
ReservoirRockProperties
DepositionalEnvirontment
DiagenesisandCompaction
Trapping
Heterogeneity

Selecting Drilling Location

Well Completion
All are useful for
Subsurface Geological Mapping
Reservoir Characterization
Hydrocarbon Reserves Estimate

7758 * (1-Sw) * h * Por * RF * A

Oil rec =
BoI

(43560 * DEPTH*0.43)* (1-Sw)* h* Por*RF*A

Gas rec =
15

Where : RF - Recovery Factor

h - Thickness, A - Area
BoI - Oil Vol. factor
BoI = 1.05 + 0.5 * (Gas Oil Ratio/100)
 LateralContinuity?
Well-1 Well-7 Well-2
GR Res
GR Res GR Res
CompactionTrend?
DT
GR
Res
 Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandlithologyofmajorreservoirs,and
somepracticalapplicationsoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
 Depth of Investigation and Resolution
of Logging Tools

Induction 80 cm
log

Resistivity

Laterolog 80 cm

Resolution
Neutron 40 cm

Radioactivity
Gamma-ray 30 cm

Density 20 cm

Acoustic Sonic 60 cm

Micro resistivity 5 cm
Micro log
Resistivity Dipmeter 2 cm
250 cm 200 cm 150 cm 100 cm 50 cm 0 cm
Depth of Investigation
 Tools Size and Measuring point for Typical
Oil Based Mud Environment

AIT SDT LDT CNT SGT LEH TCC AMS

GR
Neutron
Tool Length
Density
Sonic
Induction

Additional combinable tools:

- Dipmeter
- Magnetic Resonance
- Borehole Imager
Measuring point from - Dipole Sonic
the bottom of the tool
- Formation Tester
- Others

This slide helps you to configure the tool string that is appropriate for your well
ToolSpecification
ResistivityMeasurementProblemsandLimitations

Resistivity measurements are not reliable when you have:

Severe invasion due to overbalanced mud
Large washed-out borehole
Shoulder bed affects
High content of conductive minerals
Some older tool generations have limited vertical resolution
EffectsofBoreholeEnvironment

Flushed
Ro Zone Undisturbed
Rt Ri Rxo Formation
Rw Rz Rmf Rm
Ri
Sw Si Sxo Invaded
Zone

Mud Cake
Rmc
 InvasionProfile

Fresh Mud Rmf > RW Low High

Rm Rxo D M S
Rt

Salt Mud Rmf < Rw

S M D
Rt
Rxo
Rm
SPLogLimitations
The tool is only for water based borehole environment
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection

GR Log Limitations
Standard GR tool is not reliable when you log an interval with radioactive
mineral rich rocks. NGT is recommended to use for this type of
Formation to get reliable GR derived clay volume calculation.
GR measurements in cased hole environment need to be normalized
due to casing, and cement attenuation

Density Log Limitations

Density log is a pad device, it is very sensitive to the pad contact with
The borehole wall, make sure to consult with your petrophysicist prior to
using the data for any other applications.
NeutronLogLimitations
Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole size,
mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand-off, invasion, pressure and
formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far and near count
rates.

Sonic Log Limitations

Sonic log is likely affected by strong attenuation when we log
unconsolidated formation, fractured formation, gas saturated reservoirs,
aerated muds, rugose and enlarged borehole sections. Typically shows
some curve skippings.

Formation Test Log Limitations

Formation test problems normally occur when you don not have a good
Rubber pad seal, causing a communication with the mud giving you much
Higher pressure reading. Depleted and highly invaded zone would cause
long fluid pumping before you get clean sample or fluid identification
 Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyofawellevaluation
Gettoknowvariousapproachestowellloggingdesign
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
WhyWirelineWelllogging

1. Better Resolution
2. More advanced tools
3. Better depth control
4. Only choice available (certain tools)
5. More certain on data quality
DisadvantagesofWireline
logging

1. Invasion effect
2. Hole condition dependant
3. Unable to log in high angle wells (>60 deg)
4. Acquired after drilling, more rig time
5. More uncertainty in getting data or good
data in problem prone wells
ImportantIssueswith
RunningWirelinelogs

1. Borehole fluid type

2. Borehole size
3. Well deviation
4. Tool combination
5. High Mud Weight resulting in over balanced
Logging while Drilling
 WhyLWD?

ReduceRigTime
RealTimeDecisions
MinimizedBoreholeProblems
HighAngle/HorizontalWells
 DisadvantagesofLWD
Boreholesizeandrugosityarenotknown
Gooddatacollectedonlywhenthetoolisrotating
Dataqualityisratedependant
Logresolutionisgenerallypoorerthanthatofwireline
Abilitytoconfigurethetoolsislimited
Notagoodapplicationforaslowdrillingrateforcost
considerationespeciallyforexpensiverig.
Depthcontrolispoorerthanwirelinedata
 LWDandWirelineComparison

X800
Invasion
X800

X900 X900
WirelineLogExample

X400

X450
 LWDRealtimeandRecordedLogs

D. RES
GR D. RES
GR NEU NEU DEN
DEN
X500 X500

X600 X600

X700 X700
 SelectingtheToolstorun

What tools do you run in the hole?

Itdependsonwhattypeofinformationyouareabouttoget
andthecostyouarewillingtospend.

NeedWant

What is the value of information you are getting?

AbilitytoDefineYourNeed

Geological
Geophysical
Reservoir
Petrophysical
Mechanical
 TypeofInformationtoAcquire

Geology
Sanddevelopmentandsandthickness
Stratigraphicinformation
Lateralcontinuity
Hydrocarbonsource

Geophysics
Velocityuncertainty
Welltoseismictie
Seismicandfluids/lithologycorrelation
 TypeofInformation continued

Petrophysics
Porosity
Watersaturation
Permeability
Mineralogy

Reservoir
Compartment
Fluidproperties
Reservoirpressure
Reservoirmonitoring

RockMechanics
Stressdirection
Pressureprofile
Fractureorientation
UnderstandtheScalesOfObservation

Seismic Section

Wireline Logs

Out-Crops/Core

Thin Sections
ScalesOfObservation
 Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
 WellLoggingDesignObjective

The objectives of a well logging design should follow

your drilling objectives, if drilling objective is not met,
the objectives of logging program should be adjusted
accordingly.

A logging program would vary depending on drilling

Objectives.
 WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign1

Onshorewell

Adevelopmentwell,A5,istodrillupdipstructureofASand
toaccelerateoilproduction,theA4wellhasproducedthis
Reservoirforayear,andcurrentlyproduces80%water.The
reservoirhasastrongaquiverdrivemechanism.
 WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign1continued

DrillingobjectiveistodrillandcompletetheASandLevel
Loggingprogramobjectiveforthiswellisthentolocatethe
topoftheASandandmakesurethattheintervalisstillinthe
oilcolumn.
Otherinformation:Strongwaterdrivemeansithasgood
pressuremaintenance,therefore,noneedtotakepressure
data.
Rigtype:OnshoreRig(inexpensive),averticalwell.
LoggingDesign:WirelineGRResistivityNeutronDensity
 WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign2

Offshorewell

Athirdappraisalwellisproposedonthewestflankofthe
structure.Firsttwowellssuggestthatwelltowelllog
correlationisnoteasy,howeverpressuredatahashelpedthe
welltowellcorrelation.Thiswellistorevealthelateral
continuityandthecompartmentissueofthereservoirs.
 WellLoggingDesign
WellLoggingDesign1continued
Drillingobjectiveistodrillandtofindoutthelateralcontinuity
ofsomereservoirs.
Loggingprogramobjectiveistocollectasmuchdatato
confirmlateralcontinuityandwelltowellcorrelation.
Otherinformation:Thewellisstillintheappraisalphase.
Rigtype:OffhoreRig(expensive),directionalwell?
LoggingDesign:
LWDGRResistivityDensityNeutron
WirelineGRResistivityDensityNeutronascontigency
incaseLWDdataisnotreliable
Wirelineformationtestforpressurecorrelation
WirelineOBMIforstratigraphicinformation
tohelpwelltowellcorrelation
 Example1
Example 1 LoggingProgram
26Conductor 3500to3700MD
None

20Casing 3700to4100MD
None

171/2Holesection4100to6000MD
LWD: GRResistivity

121/4HoleSection6000to9000MD
LWD: GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline: TriplecomboonlywhenLWDfail
Formationtestasrequired

81/2Holesection9000to12000MD
LWD: GRResistivityDensityNeutron
Wireline: TriplecomboonlywhenLWDfail
Formationtestasrequired
Boreholeimageasrequired
NuclearMagnetictoolasrequired
 Example2LoggingProgram
Example Continued

81/2HoleSection9000to12000MD
LWD:
GRResistivityDensityNeutron

Wireline:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDfail
WetCase:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDdataisnotreliable
Formationtestsforpressuresandwatersamples
H.C.Case:
TriplecomboasacontingencywhenLWDdataisnotreliable
Formationtestsforpressuresandfluidsamples
Boreholeimagelogfordipandstratigraphicinformation
NuclearMagnetictoolwhenconsiderablethickshalysandreservoirsare
penetrated
Boreholeseismicforvelocitysurvey
ImportantAspectsToConsider

Risk
Cost
Environment
HoleSize
WellDesign
ToolSpeed
 ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

Risk
Whilewearerunninginholewithwirelinetools,the
toolscouldnotgodownatcertaindepth.Thecompany
representativehasdecidedtopulloutofholetorun
differenttoolconfiguration.

Incaseofariskthatwearenotabletogodownpassing
thesamedepthwithnewtoolconfiguration,the
petrophysicisthasaskedthelogengineertologupwhile
pullingoutofholetogetdataassurance.
 ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

Cost
AfterthewellreachedTDat6000ft,theteamfoundout
thattheydonothaveroomtogetalllogdatatothebaseof
thereservoirnearTDiftheyusetypicaltriplecombination
wirelinetools,todrilladditional50ftwouldtake24hourrig
timeincludingRIHandPOOH.

Thepetrophysicisthasthendecidedtosplitthetoolsinto
tworuns,whichonlyrequireadditional6hourrigtimefor
secondwirelinerun.Bydoingthatitwouldhavesaved18
hourrigtimeiftheydrilladditional50fttohaveonlyone
loggingrun
 ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

Environment
ThewellistodrillcomplexlithologyintervalinJurasic
section.Wherecoal,shale,sand,limestonecanbe
penetratedinthesameholesection.

Thegeologistandpetrophysicisthavesuggestedtheir
drillingteamtodrillthewellwithoilbasedmudtohelp
possibleswellingclayproblem,formationoflimestone
ledgesandwashedoutsandsection,thereforeitwould
promoteasmoothandsuccessfulloggingoperationafter
theyreachTD.
 ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

HoleSize
TheDrillingengineerhassuggestedtorunonlyLWDinthe
121/4holesectiontoreducewellcost.

Thepetrophysicisthasarguedandsuggestedtorun
wirelinebecausebasedonpreviouswellsinthisfieldwhere
theyhavedrilledataveragerateof300ft/hrresultinginnot
reliabledata.Theteamhassupportedtheirpetrophysicistto
runwirelinebecauseitwouldhelptosupportfield
certification.
 ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

WellDesign
AftertheG&Gteamprovidethetargetstothedrilling
engineer,theteamhastoendupwithawelldesignthatit
requiresahighlydeviatedwellexceeding60deg.

LWDlogdataacquisitionisthenputintheirlogging
programbecausebasedontheirexperienceinthisfield50
degwellwasthehighestdeviatedwellthattheycouldlog
withwireline.
 ImportantAspectsToConsider
Someexamples

ToolSpeed
BasedonthestatisticsdrillingthePliocenesectionisvery
quick,averaging400ft/hr,thecompanyisdrillinga
horizontalgaswellatabout3000ftTVD.

LWDengineerandthepetrophyscisthaveworkedtogether
andhavegivenarecommendationtodocontrolleddrillingat
about200ft/hrtogetanacceptablelogdataquality.
 Whatdoyouhaveinmind?

On Shore Off Shore

Development Well Deep water
development-well

In respect to Risk, Cost, Environment, Hole Size, Well Design, Tool Speed
 ExploratoryWell
SeismicInformation
RegionalGeologyInformation
DrillingthewellusingLearningwhiledoing
concept
HighRiskbutmustbemanageable
MostlyVerticalwell
 DevelopmentWell
InManycaseswithlittletononeedofseismic
information
LocalGeologyInformation
Drillingwithfullknowledge
LowRiskmainlymechanical
Vertical,highlydeviatedtohorizontalwells
AnExampleofrathercomplexLoggingProgram
DecisionTree

West Seno Data Gathering Strategy

Y Y Y Y
Standard 12 1/4 WIRELINE
PAY LWD
we ll PAY
MD T N
N LWD
LWD N Y
SAMPLING SAMPLES
N Fully
Full Y N
Loade d PRESSURE
Cor es
Wireline P.O

N Y N
CST Spe cial PEX SAMPLING
Cor es Logging MD T
N
N
STOP

Y Objective
Objective
N driven-logging
Velocity Y CSAT De epest Y
VSP
Uncertainty or VSP Well

STOP N
STOP
N

N Y
UBI or CBL Cased H ole GR
N
GR to bottom of 13 3/8
 AnotherWayToSaveCost!

ACQUIREDATAWITHOUTUSINGCOSTLYRIGTIME
(PIPEDECISIONNOTNECESSARY NODRYHOLES)

GATHERDATAREALTIMEWHILEDRILLING
GATHERDATATHROUGHTUBINGAFTERCOMPLETION
COMBINATIONOFBOTH
 ProjectBaseApproach

 Objectives

Gettoknowvariouslogmeasurements
Recognizefluidtypeandthelithologyofmajorreservoirs,
andpracticalusesoflogdata
Familiarizewithfactorsaffectingthelogresponse
Understandthestrategyinwellevaluation
Gettoknowvariouswellloggingdesigns
Exercisewithwelllogdesign
 Exercise1
PTIndooilCo.,thesoleownerofmineralrightonBlockA,onshore,2kmin
adjacenttoaknownoilproducingareaintheBlockB.Thecompanyislookingata
prospecttodrillthefirstwell,Indoco1,intheblocktargetingforthesame
producingintervalinBlockBatabout4000ftdepth,anditisestimated50ftdown
dipinthisblock.
Thecostsforvariousavailablelogdataacquisitionareasfollow:
WirelineGR $1/ft,Induction $4/ft,BHCSonic $1/ft,Density$2/ft,Neutron$2/ft
Formationtest $100/pressure,$1000/fluididentification,$2000/fluidsample
DepthchargeforeachWirelinetoolisfree.
LWDGRandInduction $10,000/day,DensityandNeutron $10,000/day
Therigcostis$5000/day
1)Whatisyourrecommendeddatagatheringstrategyandwellloggingdesignfor
thewell?
2)Whiledrilling,thewellpenetrates5thicksandunitswithhighmudloggasfrom
3,000to4,200ft.Howdoyourecommendthecompanyontheloggingdesign?
3)AfterthewellreachedtheproposedTD,therewerenoencouragementseenfrom
themudlogsigns,whatwouldyoudoforyourloggingprogram?
 Exercise2
Theexercise1wasseismicallytotesttheamplitudeanomaly
atOrangehorizon,equivalenttotheBeraniClasticFormation.
TheIndoco1wellencountered300ftofOilcolumnandwas
completedandproducedfromthislevelforoveroneyear
withcumulativeproductionof4mmbo.Thecompanyis
lookingatsimilarseismiccharacter11/2kmawayfrom
Indoco1well,whichwasconnectedbydimeventtothe
amplitudeattheIndoco1well.Ithasbeeninterpretedasa
differentchannellobe.Thecompanydidlowprofileandran
onlysimplewirelineGR,resistivity,density,neutronandsonic
ontheInoco1well.
WhatisyourdatagatheringstrategyforthisIndoco2well?
 Exercise3
Asubsurfaceteamisevaluatingafourwayclosurestructure
offshoreEastKalimantan,basedontheirsynthesis,ifthe
timingofmigrationisright,itisabigstructurefilledwith
hydrocarbon.Thewaterdeptharoundtheprospectisabout
4500ft.Toproperlyevaluatetheprospect,theteamthinks
thattheyneedatleast8wellsdrilledatvariouslocationson
thestructure.Someapparentfaultsduetoregional
compressivestresscutthestructureintopossiblemany
compartments.
Makeassessmentonoptionsthecompanyneedstodoand
makerecommendationonwellevaluationstrategy.
 Exercise4
AnoffshorewellisproposedtoredrilltheA5well
withupdipdirectionfromthiswelltogetthegasleg
ofcleanandblockysandfoundwithgaswater
contactintheA5well.Thecompanyistryingtoget
moregasproduction.Theteamislookingatdrilling
horizontalwellwithabout500ftofproducing
section.Whatisyourrecommendedlogging
programforthiswellandwhy?