03 Handout3

1 _________________ 3 __________________
___________________ ___________________
Circuits 2 Circuits 2
AC Circuit with
Mesh Analysis
complex source
___________________ ___________________
+
___________________ ___________________
vS(t) = 4
___________________ + -
+
+ -
___________________
___________________ ___________________
cos(t) DC
i(t) C
-
Apply this approach to the capacitor circuit ___________________ + - + -

___________________
___________________ ___________________
above, where the voltage source has the value
vS(t) = 4 cos(wt) volts.
- +
___________________ ___________________
The phasor voltage VS is then purely real: VS = 4.
The phasor current is DC
I = VS/ZC = jwCVS = (wC)VSejp/2, -

___________________ +
- + ___________________
___________________ ___________________
Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI
Page 1 of 37
___________________ Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI
Page 3 of 37
___________________
2 _________________ 4 __________________
___________________ ___________________
AC Circuit with
Mesh Analysis
complex source
___________________ ___________________
___________________ + -
+
+ - ___________________
since j = = (-1)1/2 ejp/2;
current in a capacitor
___________________ ___________________
DC
-
leads the capacitor voltage by p/2 radians + - Ri = v
+ -
(90o)
actual current that flows as a function of

___________________ - + ___________________
___________________ ___________________
DC
-
time, i(t), is obtained by substituting VS = 4 +
-
into the equation for I, multiplying by ejwt, +
___________________ ___________________
and taking the real part of the product
___________________ ___________________
i(t) = Re[j (wC) x 4ejwt] = Re[4(wC)ej(wt + p/2)]
i(t) = 4(wC)cos(wt + p/2) amperes
R1 + R5 + R7 R7 R5 0 i1 Vs2
0
R7 R2 + R6 + R7 0 R6 i2 =
___________________

R5
0
0
R6
R3 + R5
0
0 i3 Vs1

R4 + R6 + R8 i4 Vs
1
___________________
___________________ ___________________
Page 2 of 37
Page 4 of 37
___________________
5 _________________ 7 __________________
___________________ ___________________
Mesh Analysis Example

___________________ ___________________
___________________ 1
j1
___________________
___________________ ___________________
The rkk terms are the sum of all
resistances in mesh k.
The rkj terms are the negative sum of the
+ 1 +
resistances common to BOTH mesh k and
mesh j.
The vk (the kth component of the vector v) is
___________________ AC
-
I1 I2 AC
-
___________________
___________________ ___________________
-j1
the algebraic sum of the independent
voltages in mesh k, with voltage rises taken
___________________ ___________________
as positive.
___________________ 2 j1 1 + j1 I1 12
=
___________________
1 + j1 1 + j 0 I 2 6
___________________ ___________________
___________________ I1 3.79518.43
=
___________________
I 2 2.683 116.6
Page 5 of 37
Page 7 of 37
___________________
6 _________________ 8 __________________
___________________ ___________________
Mesh Analysis Nodal Analysis

___________________ ___________________
___________________ v1 v2 v3
___________________
DC
___________________ 2A i1 i3 i5 ___________________
___________________ ___________________
DC
___________________ Gv = i
___________________
___________________ G1 + G2 G2 0 v1 2
___________________
___________________

0
G 2 G2 + G3 + G4 G

3 v2 =
0
v i
___________________
2 + 4 +1 4 1 0 i1 4 +
___________________ 5 3 s
___________________
G G G
3 3
4 3 + 2 + 4 0 2 i2 0
=
1
0
2
3 +1 0 i3 2

0 2 + 4 + 1 i4 2
___________________ Matrix G is symmetric
gkj = gjk and all of the off-diagonal terms are
negative or zero
___________________
0
Page 6 of 37
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___________________
9 _________________ 11 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Nodal Analysis Example

___________________ ___________________
The gkk terms are the sum of all
___________________ V1
j2
V2 ___________________
conductances connected to node k.
The gkj terms are the negative sum of the ___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
conductances connected to BOTH node k 1 -j1
and node j.
The ik (the kth component of the vector i) =
the algebraic sum of the independent
currents connected to node k, with
currents entering the node taken as
___________________ ___________________
positive.
___________________ Change impedances to admittances ___________________
___________________ V1
j2
V2 ___________________
___________________ -j/2 S
___________________
___________________ ___________________
1 -j1
1S j1 S

Page 9 of 37
Page 11 of 37
___________________
10 ________________ 12 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Example Example
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
j2
V1 V2
v1 v2 v3
___________________ ___________________
-j/2 S
1 3
1S 1/3 S
___________________ ___________________
2A 2 4 1A 1/2 S 2 1 -j1
1/2 S 1/4 S 1S j1 S
___________________ ___________________
1 + 1 2

+
1
+
0 v1 2

3 v2 =
___________________ 1 j / 2 j / 2 V1 2
___________________
___________________ ___________________
1 1 1 4 1 3 1 0
0 v 1 =
1 3 1 3 + 1 2 3 j / 2 j / 2 V2 4
1.5 1 0 v1 2 ___________________ ___________________

___________________ ___________________
1 j 0.5 j 0.5 V1 2 V1 4.24345
1 1.583 0.333 v2 =
0

0 0.333 0.833 v 1 = =
3 j 0.5 j 0.5 V2 4 V2 5.831121

Page 10 of 37
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___________________
13 ________________ 15 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Superposition Principle Example

___________________ 8
___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
+
+
v0(t) 0.2F 1H
circuit is linear AC
states that the voltage across (or the current

through) an element in a linear circuit is the
___________________ - -
___________________
algebraic sum of the voltages across (or
currents through) that element due to each ___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
independent source acting alone
voltage source and the current source have
two different frequencies
___________________ ___________________
consider each source acting alone, and then
find v0(t) by superposition
remember that
___________________ sin t cos t 90

= ( )
___________________
___________________ ___________________
Page 13 of 37
Page 15 of 37
___________________
14 ________________ 16 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Steps in Applying the

Superposition Principle Example
___________________ 8
___________________
___________________ +
___________________
___________________ ___________________
+
1. Turn off all independent sources except AC
v0(t) 0.2F 1H
one. Find the output (voltage or current) - -
due to the active source.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other

___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
independent sources.
Consider first the right source acting
alone.
3. Find the total output by adding
algebraically all of the results found in
steps 1 & 2 above. ___________________ =
30sin 5t 30cos 5t 90 ( ) ___________________
___________________ 8
___________________
___________________ AC
+
+
-j1 j5 O.C. ___________________
___________________ - -
___________________
Page 14 of 37
Page 16 of 37
___________________
17 ________________ 19 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Example Example
___________________ ___________________
8
___________________ 8
___________________
+
___________________ +
+
v0(t) 0.2F 1H
___________________
___________________ ___________________
+ AC
-j1 j5 O.C.
AC - -
- -
___________________ ___________________
Z2 =
( j1)( j5) 5
= = j1.25
___________________ 1/8 S
___________________
Z1
j1 + j5 j 4
___________________ + ___________________
___________________ ___________________
+ + j2 -j/10
Z1 = 8
VS AC Z2 V0 -
___________________ ___________________
Z2
V01 = VS
- - Z1 + Z 2

Page 17 of 37
Page 19 of 37
___________________
18 ________________ 20 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Example Example
___________________ ___________________
___________________ +
1/8 S
___________________
___________________ ___________________
+
j1.25 1.25 90
=V01
8 j1.25
= (
30 90
8.097 8.881
)
30 90 ( ) Yeq j2 -j/10
___________________ ___________________
-
-
I
=
V01 4.631 171.1 ___________________ YV = I V02 =
Y ___________________
___________________ ___________________
For a parallel combination of Y's we have:
(
v01 (t=) 4.631cos 5t 171.12= 4.631sin 5t 81.12 ) ( ) Yeq = Yi = 1 8 + j 2 j 0.1 = 0.125 + j1.90
___________________ =
Yeq 1.90486.24
___________________
___________________ V=
2 20
= 1.05 86.24
___________________
___________________ 1.90486.24
___________________
0
=v02 (t ) 1.05cos 10t 86.24 ( )

Page 18 of 37
Page 20 of 37
___________________
21 ________________ 23 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Example Series Resonance
8
___________________ ___________________
___________________ situation wherein reactances cancel
in the series resonant circuit, the
___________________
___________________ ___________________
+
+ impedance is at a minimum at resonance
AC
v0(t) 0.2F 1H the current is at a maximum at resonance
- -
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
=v01 (t ) 4.631sin 5t 81.12 ( ) ___________________ o =
1
LC
___________________
=v02 (t ) 1.05cos 10t 86.24 ( ) ___________________ fo =
1 ___________________
v0=
(t ) v01 (t ) + v02 (t )
___________________ 2 LC ___________________
v0= (
(t ) 4.631sin 5t 81.12 + 1.05cos 10t 86.24 ) ( )
___________________ ___________________
Page 21 of 37
Page 23 of 37
___________________
22 ________________ 24 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Series Resonance Series Resonance

___________________ ___________________
___________________ Quality factor QS
___________________
___________________ Inductive reactance
Qs
___________________
___________________ =
Resistance
2f 0 L ___________________
___________________ R
1
___________________
Z s ( f ) = j 2fL + R j
1
2fC
___________________ Substitute L =
(2 ) 2 ( f 0 ) 2 C ___________________
For resonance :
2f 0 L =
1
___________________ from f 0 =
1
2 LC
___________________
2f 0C
f 02 =
1 ___________________ Qs =
1
2f 0CR
___________________
f0 =
1
(2 ) 2 LC
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
2 LC
Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI
Page 22 of 37 Page 24 of 37
25 ________________ 27 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Quality factor QS Example

___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
ratio of the energy dissipated to the energy
stored in each cycle
it can be shown that
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
Quality factor Q =
X L XC
R
=
R ___________________ ___________________
and ___________________ ___________________
Q=
1 L

R C
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
Page 25 of 37
Page 27 of 37
___________________
26 ________________ 28 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Quality factor QS Example

___________________ f0 =
2
1 ___________________
___________________ ___________________
LC
1
series RLC circuit is an acceptor circuit =
2 (0.15926 H )(0.1592 x10 6 F )
___________________ ___________________
narrowness of bandwidth is determined by
the Q = 1000 Hz
Quality factor Q =
Resonant frequency fo
= ___________________ Qs =
2f 0 L
R ___________________
___________________ ___________________
Bandwidth B 2 (1000 Hz )(0.15926 H )
=
100
= 10
combining this equation with the earlier
one gives ___________________ f0
___________________
___________________ ___________________
B=
Qs
1000 Hz
= = 100 Hz
___________________ ___________________
R
B = Hz 10
2L
B
f H f0 +
___________________ ___________________
2
= 1000 Hz + 50 Hz = 1050 Hz
___________________ ___________________
B
f L f 0 = 1000 Hz 50 Hz = 950 Hz
2
Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI
Page 26 of 37 Page 28 of 37
29 ________________ 31 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Example
Parallel RLC circuits
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________ as before
___________________
___________________ ___________________

At resonance :
Z L = j 2f 0 L
___________________ ___________________
= j 2 (1000 Hz )(0.1592 H ) = j1000 ___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
1 1
ZC = j o =
1 fo =
2f 0C LC 2 LC
___________________ ___________________
1
=j = j1000
2 (1000 Hz )(0.1592 x10 6 F )
Z s = R + Z L + Z C = 100
Page 29 of 37
Page 31 of 37
___________________
30 ________________ 32 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Example
Parallel RLC circuits
___________________ ___________________
I=
VS ___________________ a rejector circuit
the impedance is at a maximum at
resonance
___________________
___________________ ___________________
Zs
10 the current is at a minimum at resonance
= = 0.010
___________________ ___________________
100
VR = RI
= (100)(0.010 ) = 10
VL = Z L I
___________________ ___________________
= ( j1000)(0.010 ) = 1090
___________________ ___________________
VC = Z C I
= ( j1000)(0.010 ) = 10 90
___________________ ___________________
___________________ 1
___________________
C B=
___________________ ___________________
Hz
Q=R 2RC
L

Page 30 of 37
Page 32 of 37
___________________
33 ________________ 35 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance

___________________ ___________________
___________________ ZP =
1 ___________________
(1 R ) +
j 2fC j (1 2fL )
___________________ =
R ___________________
___________________ 1 + j 2fRC j
R
2fL
___________________
___________________ =
f
R

___________________
___________________ ___________________
1
1 + j 2f 0 RC
0
f ( 2 ) 2
f 0 fLC
1
Zp =
(1 R ) + j 2fC j (1 2fL) ___________________ =
f
1 + jQP
R
1

___________________
___________________ f 0 ( 2 ) f 0 fLC
___________________
2
At resonance ZP is purely resistive:
R
___________________ ___________________
=
f f
j 2f 0C = j (1 2f 0 L ) f 0 =
1
1 + jQP 0
2 LC f0 f

Page 33 of 37
Page 35 of 37
___________________
34 ________________ 36 _________________
___________________ ___________________
Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance

___________________ ___________________
Quality factor QP ___________________ ___________________
Resistance
___________________ ___________________
QP
Inductive Reactance ___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
R
=
2f 0 L
Substitute L =
1
( 2 ) 2 ( f 0 ) 2 C ___________________ ___________________
from f 0 =
2
1
LC
___________________ Find the currents IR, IC and IL for:
___________________
QP = 2f 0CR
___________________ I = 10 3 0 , R = 10k, L = 159.2H , C = 159.2 pF
10 4
___________________
___________________ ___________________
1 R
f0 = = 1x10 6 Hz QP = = = 10
2 LC 2f 0 L 2 (1x10 6 Hz )(159.2H )

Page 34 of 37
Page 36 of 37
___________________
37 ________________
___________________
Circuits 2
Parallel Resonance
___________________
___________________
Vout = IR = 10 3 0 (10 4 ) = 100 ___________________
IR =
Vout Vout 100
R
= 4 =
10 10 4
= 10 3 0 ___________________
V V
I L = out = out =
100
= 10 2 90 ___________________
j 2f 0 L
___________________
ZL j10 3
Vout V 100
IC = = out = = 10 2 90
ZC j j10 3 ___________________
2f 0C
___________________
___________________
Page 37 of 37
___________________

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03 Handout3

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1 _________________ 3 __________________

Apply this approach to the capacitor circuit ___________________ + - + -

I = VS/ZC = jwCVS = (wC)VSejp/2, -

actual current that flows as a function of

Mesh Analysis Example

Mesh Analysis Nodal Analysis

Nodal Analysis Example

Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI

1.5 1 0 v1 2 ___________________ ___________________

Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI

Superposition Principle Example

states that the voltage across (or the current

___________________ sin t cos t 90

Steps in Applying the

2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other

Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI

=v02 (t ) 1.05cos 10t 86.24 ( )

Example Series Resonance

Series Resonance Series Resonance

Quality factor QS Example

Quality factor QS Example

Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI

Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance

Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI

Parallel Resonance Parallel Resonance

Analysis of Alternating Current Circuits * Property of STI

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