IRC:22-2008 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION VI COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION (LIMIT STATES DESIGN) (SECOND REVISION) Published by INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS Kama Koti Marg, Sector-6, R.K. Puram, New Delhi-110022 2008 Price Rs, 4C0/- (Packing & Postage Charges exita)IRC:22-2008 First Published October, 1966 Reprinted : March, 1971 Reprinted February, 1974 Reprinted ‘November, 1977 (Incorporates Amendment No. I, February, 1977) FirstRevision October, 1986 Reprinted! + March, 1991 (Incorporates Amendment : No. 1, Mareh, 1991) Reprinted 1 September, 1998 Reprinted July, 2001 Reprinted : November, 2002 (Incorporates Amendment No. 2, November, 2002) Reprinted : October, 2005 (Incorporates Amendment No. 3, January, 2003) Second Revision : September, 2008 (All Rights Reserved. No Part of this Publication shall be reproduced, translated o transmitted in any form or by any means without the ‘permission of the Indian Roads Congress) Printed at Sagar Printers & Publishers, New Delhi-110 003 (500 copies)} j | 600 601 602 603 604 605, 606 607 608 609 CONTENTS Personnel of the Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee Introduction General Limit State Method of Design Material Design for Ultimate Limit State Design for Serviceability Limit Design for Fatigue Limit Shear Connector Composite Columns Construction & Erection ‘Testing Method Anexure-I (Clause No. 603.5.1) Moment of Resistances Annexure-II (Clause No. 607.8) Location of Plastic Neutral Axis in Composite Column Annexure-III Materials and Properties IRC:22-2008 Page No. @ 10 10 24 26 40 5 67 68 69 81IRC:22-2008 PERSONNEL OF THE BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE (As on 29.3,2008) Sharan, G. Director General (Road Development), (Convenor) Road Transport & Highways, New Delh nistry of Shipping Lal, Chaman Chief Engineer (B) (S&R), Ministry of Shipping, (Member Secretary) Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi Sinha, V.K. Secretary General, Indian Roads Congress ‘MEMBERS Agrawal, K.N. DG(W) (Retd.), CPWD, C-33, Chandra Nagar, Ghaziabad Alimehandani,C.R, Chairman & Managing Directot, STUP Consultants Ltd., Mumbai Banerjee, A.K. Member (Tech,) (Retd.), NHAI B-210, Second Floor, Chitranjan Park, New Delhi Banerjee, T.B. Chief Engineer (Retd.), Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, B-830, Green Avenue, Indira Puram, Ghaziabad Basa, Ashok Director (Tech.) B. Engineers & Builders Ltd., Bhubaneswar Bandyopadhyay, Joint Director General, Institute for Steel Dev, and Growth, De, TK, (INSDAG) Ispat Niketan Kolkata Bongirwar, PLL. Advisor, L&T, B/1102, Patliputra Co-op. Housing Society Lid. Four Bunglow Signal, Mumbai Chakraborty, S.8. Managing Director, Consulting Engg. Services (I) Pvt. Ltd., 57, Nehru Place, New Delhi Chakrabarti, $.P. Chief Engineer (Retd.), MOST Consultant, Span Consultants (P) Lid 92C, Gurudwara Road, Madangir, New Delhi Dhodapker, A.N. Chief Engineer, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi Gupta, R.K. Executive Director (B&S) Bridges & Structures Directt., Room No. 213, Annexe il, Research Design & Standards O-gn., Manak Nagar, Lucknow : Ghoshal, A. Director and Vice-President, STUP Consultants Ltd P-11, Darga Road, Park Circus, Kolkata Indoria, R.P. ChieF Engineer, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, New Dethi . Joglekar, S.G. Director (Engg. Core), STUP Consultants Ltd. Plot No. 22A, Sector 19C, Palm Beach Road, Vashi, Navi Mumbai Kand, Dr. C.V. CE (Retd.), MP, PWD, Consultant, E-2/136, Mahavir Nagar, Bhopal Kanhere, D.K. Chief Engincer (Retd,) (NH), Block No. A-8, Building No. 12, Haji Ali Govt. Officers Qtrs. Mahalaxmi, Mumbai Koshi, Ninan DG(RD) & Addl. Secy. (Retd-), MOST, H-54, Residency Greens, Green Woods City, Sector 46, Gurgaon (Haryana) Kamar, Prafulla DG(RD) & AS (Retd.), MORT&H, D-86, Sector 56, NOIDA Kumar, Vijay Chief (Retd.), UPPWD, E-002, Krishna Apra Residency, Sector 61, NOIDA (UP)IRC:22-2008 23. 24. 25, 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. 31 32. 33, 34 35, 36. 37. 38, Kumar, Dr. Ram Manjure, P.Y. Mukherjee, M.K. Narain, A.D. Ninan, RS. Rajagopalan, Dr. N. Sharma, RS. Sinha, N.K. Sinha, S. Tandon, Prof. Mahesh ‘Tamhankar, Dr. M.G. Velayutham, V, Vijay, PB, Director & Head (Civil Engg.) Addl. Director General President, IRC Director General (Road Development) Secretary General Bhasin, P.C. Reddi, S.A. Raina, Dr. V.K. Rao, (Late) Dr. TN. Subba Scientist-G, Central Road Research Instt, Dethi Mathura Road, New Delhi Director, Freyssinet Prestressed, Concrete Co. Ltd., Mumbai Chief Engineer, (Retd.) Ministry of Shiping, Road Transport & Highways, 40/182, Chitaranjan Park, New Delhi DG (RD) & Addl, Secretary (Retd.), MOST, B-186, Sector 26, NOIDA Chief Engincer (Retd.), Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi Chief General Manager, National Highways Authority of India, Plot No, G-5 & 6, Sector 10, Dwarka, New Delhi Chief Technical Advisor, L&T-RAMBOLL Consulting Engineers Ld, 339-340, Anna Salai, Nandanam, Chennai Past Secretary General, IRC, C-478 Second Floor, Vikas Paci, New Delhi DG(RD) & SS (Retd.) MORT&H, G-1365, Ground Floor, Chitaranjan Park, New Delhi Addl. Chief Transportation Officer, CIDCO Ltd CIDCO Bhavan, 3rd Floor, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai Managing Director Tandon Consultants (P) Ltd., New Delhi Emeritus Scientist BH-I/44, Kendriya Vihar Kharghar, Seo-or-11, Navi Mumbai DG(RD) & SS (Retd.) MOSRT&H, Flat No. 4, Nalanda Appartment, D Block, Vikaspuri, New Delhi DG(W) (Retd.), CPWD, A-39/B, DDA Flats, Munirka, New Delhi Bureau of Indi Standards, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi Directorate General Border Roads, Seema Sadak Bhawan, . Naraina, New Delhi Ex-officio Members (HLL, Mina), Secretary to the Govt. of Rajasthan PWD, Jaipur (G. Sharan), Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and High ways, New Delhi (VK. Sinha), Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi Corresponding Members ADG (B), MOST (Retd.) 324, Mandakini Enclave, New Delhi 72, Zenia Abad, Little Gibbs Road, Malabar Hill, Mumbai Fiat No. 26, Building No. 1110 Road No. 3223, Mahooz Manama-332, Bahrain (Middle East) Chairman, Construma Consultancy (P) Ltd., MumbaiIRC:22-2008 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION VI: COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION (LIMIT STATES DESIGN) INTRODUCTION ‘The Second Revision of IRC:22-1986 “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section VI Composite Construction (Limit States Design)” was finalized by the Steel and Composite Structures Committee (B-5) (personnel given below) their meetings held on Ist December, 2007 at Kolkata and 29th February, 2008 at New Delhi: Ghoshal, A. Bandyopadhyay, Dr. TK. Ghosh, UK. Bagish, Dr. BP. Banerjee, TB. Bhattacharya, A.K, Baul, Saibel Chaudhary, Sudip Debasish, Purakayastha Ghosh, Prof. Achyut Goel, RK. Kalyanaraman, Dr: V. Kataria, Rajan Mathur, LR. ‘Tandon, Prof. Mahesh President, IRC (HLL. Mina) i i Convenor Co-convenor Member-Secretary Members Muthuramen, B. Mazumdar, Rao, Dr. Harshvardhan Subba Roy, Dr. B.C. Sharma, D.D. Singh, Virenda Singh, RB. Sreenivasa, KN. Srivastava, A.K. Vijay, PB. Rep. of Garden Reach Shipbuilders Engineers Ltd., Kolkata Corresponding Members Yadav, Dr. VK. Ex-Officio Members DG(RD)MOSRT&H. (G Sharan) Secretary General, IRC (VK. Sinha) ‘The draft document was approved by the Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee in its meeting held on 29.53.2008, and the Executive Committee in its meeting held on 11.4.2008 and authorized Secretary General, IRC to place the same before Council. The document was approved by the IRC Council in its 185" meeting held on 11.4.2008, at Aizawl (Mizoram) for printing subject to incorporation of some comments offered by the Council members,IRC:22-2008 600. GENERAL. 600.1 Scope ‘This code applies to bridges with steel-concrete composite construction, Its also applicable to box girder bridges only when special consideration based on available information have to be made. The present revision has enlarged the scope of earlier version to include continuous bridges and is based on the limit states method of design. 600.2 Type “This code is restricted to steel-concrete composite construction where steel girders are used as primary members and cast-in-situ reinforced conerete and/or pre-cast concrete slab with necessary grouting on deck. Wherever appropriate, the provisions of this code may be applied to other types of bridges. 600.3 Terminology Accidental Load: The load not normally expected in design life but has major impact if itever occurs, such as ramming of a ship or barge against piers or accidents caused by ramming of vehicles on bridge piers of wall type, columns or the frames built in the median or in the vicinity of the carriageway supporting the superstructure. Composite Action: Integral action of primary supporting steel member and supported concrete deck, with or without limited slip at their interface, to ensure greater strength and rigidity. In composite columns, itis the integrated action between steel and its encasement or infill concrete. Shear transfer is to be ensured through use of mechanical devices known as shear connectors in composite beams Design Loads: The applied loads multiplied by the Load Factors. Design Service Life: The time period during which the structure or its components should satisfy the design objectives and functions. Detail Category: Designation given to a particular detail to indicate the S-N curve to be used in fatigue assessment. Differential Shrinkages: Its entirely due to shrinkage of concrete from the time composite action comes into effect. When the coefficient of thermal expansion varies significantly 2etween steel and concrete (concrete with limestone or granite aggregate), it also includes the difference in thermal strain between the steet and conerete. Differential shrinkage may lead to increase in stresses and is more pronounced in continuous girders.IRC:22-2008 Fatigue: Damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress, leading to progressivecracking ofastructural element Fatigue Limit State: The state of failure through fatigue damage due to repeated application of loads. Fatigue Strength: Stress range that can be endured by a detail category, depending upon the number of cycles, Flexible Shear Connectors: Consists of studs, channels efc, welded as in Fig, ! to steel tember to develop integral action and deriving resistance to shear through the bending of connectors, ‘without permitting the slab to lit from girder flange through anchorage action, NOT LESS: LK THAN 1.5 0 a i I AUTOMATIC. | STUD WELD it (4) Stud Connector DIRECTION TO THRUST ON CONNECTOR } Smm. FILLET i WELD FULL \ ] I [ aa a7 (b) Channet Fig. 1. Typical Flexible Shear Connectors (L, indicates line of shear)IRC:22-2008 Initial Dead Load: The combination of weight of steel structure and the portion of conerete deck that are supported by the steel structure alone before the development of full composite action with concrete reaching 75% ofits 28 days strength. Limit State: The load state beyond which the structure is incapable of performing its desired function. Loads: Applied forces as mentioned in IRC:6 that the structure is subjected to dur:ng its life time. Load Factors: The factors multiplied with the loads or their combinations to obtain design loads, while checking performance under various limit states. Rigid Shear Connectors: Consist of bars, angles, channels, tees welded to steel member to develop composite action, as in Fig,2, deriving their resistance to shear from concrete bearing on the vertical face. They exhibit negligible deformation under shear transfer. These are not recommended for adoption. Service Limit: ‘The loading state beyond which the structure or its components becomes incapable of performing the intended function, due to excessive deformation, deflection or vibration. Serviceability Loads: The actual loads on the structure against which the serviceability of the structure has to be checked. DIRECTION TO THRUST ‘ON CONNECTOR 400 500. 7501 6mm, FILLET WELD — ‘Tee Connector with Hooped Bars for Anchorage Fig. 2. Typical Rigid Shear Connectors (L, indicates Line of shear)IRC22-2008 Shear Connectors: These are the mechanicel attachments to steel members to transfer interface shear to develop composite action and are composed of various types, viz. tigid shear connectors, flexible shear connectors. S-N curve: Curve, defining the relationship between the numbers of stress cycles to failure (W,) ata constant stress range (S), during fatigue loading on parts ofa structure. Strength Factors: The factors that divide the specified strength to obtain design strength; while assessing the safety under limit states of strength. Stress Range: Aigebraic difference between two extremes of stresses in a cycle of loading ata location ina member. Superimposed Dead Load: The dead loads added subsequent to concrete hardening that are resisted by composite action. ‘Transient Load: The load that occurs for a shorter duration and includes traffic load with dynamic effect, pedestrian load, braking and tractive forces, temperature effects, wind loads, earthquake loads, ete. Ultimate Limit State: The state at which the structure fe its collapse and loses integrity lea 600.4 Symbols ‘The symbols, other than those used for load categorization as per Clause 601.3, areas follows: A Area A, Area of structural steel cross-section 4, Area of structural steel cross-section in tension i A, Gross area of concrete i A. Area of conerete effective in compression ‘ A, Area ofsteel reinforcement 4, Area of each flange of steel section 4 4, Effective cross-sectional area I 4, Shear area 5 B Centre to centre distance between girders and is equal to transverse span of inner girder 6 Outstand/width of the plate elements 6 Effective width of flange between pai of bolts b, Effective width of concrete flange 5 Width of the structural steel flange Overall depth of girder/diameter of the steel cross-sectionIRC:22-2008 SSS FFP Depth of web, Nominal diameter of bolts/rivets/studs ‘Twice the clear distance from the compression flange of angles, plates ar tongue plates to the neutral axis Vertical distance between centroid of concrete slab and centroid of stzel beam Overall depth of eonerete slab ‘Nominal diameter of the pipe column or the dimensions of the’column in the Gireetion of depth of the base plate Modulus of elasticity of structural steel Modulus of elasticity of conerete Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement Design capacity of the web in bearing Actual normal stress range for the detail category Actual axial compressive stress in conerete at service load Characteristic compressive failure stress of concrete cube Tensile stress of concrete at failure Fatigue stress range corresponding to 5 x 10 cycles of loading Design fatigue normal stress range Equivalent constant amplitude stress Highest normal stress range Normal fatigue stress range Proof stress Yield stress of reinforcement Characteristic ultimate tensile stress Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the connected plate Characteristic yield stress of steel Charactetistic yield stress of the web material Depth of the section Distance between shear centre of the two flanges of the cross section Moment of inertia of the member about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the fame ‘Moment of inertia of conorete (assumed uncracked) about axis of bending for coluran; Moment of inertia of composite section Moment of inertia of steel section about axis of bending for column Moment of inertia of reinforcement about axis of bending for column ‘Moment of inertia about the major axis Effective length of the member8 SREZZRERE BS IRC22-2008 Appropriate effective slenderness ratio of the section Effective slenderness ratio of the section about the minor axis Effective slendemess ratio of the section about the major axis ‘Actual span of girder Effective span of cantilever for overhang Length between points of zero moment (inflection) in the span End span of continuous girder Interior span of continuous girder End span of continuous girder adjacent to cantilever span/overhang Length of overhang or cantilever span Bending monient - Reduced bending moment due to effect of shear force Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling Elastic -apacity of the section Design plastic resistance of the flange alone for steel section Plastic moment capacity of the section Design bending strength. Factored applied moments about the minor axis of the cross section Factored applied moments about the major axis of the cross section modular ratio ‘modular ratio (long term) modular ratio (short term) Number of stress cycles Desigh axial force * Blastic buckting load moment Plastic resistance of encased steel colunin section or concrete filled rectangular or square column section : Shear stress at sérvice load Appropriate radius of gyration Radius of gyration about the minor axis Radius of gyration about the major axis Spacing Spacing of shear connectors for longitudinal shear due to flexural force Spacing of shear connectors dué to bending moment Thickness of element/angle, time in minutes ‘Thickness of flange of steel sectionIRC:22-2008 Yast Thickness of plate Thickness of web of steel section, Factored applied shear force Plastic shear resistance under pure shear “Total load Distance from centre line of edge girder to edge of'slab Depth of elastic neutral axis of composite section from centroid of steel section Depth of neutral axis at limit state of flexure from top of conerete Blastie section modulus Plastic section modulus Plastic section modulus of concrete about its own centroid and about the neutral axis of the composite section respectively Plastic section modulus of reinforcement about its own centroid and about the neutral axis of the composite section respectively Plastic section modulus of structural steel section about its own centroid and about the neutral axis of the composite section respectively Distance between point of application of the load and shear centre of the cross section Imperfection factor Strength coefficient of concrete Steel distribution ratio Stress reduction factor due to buckling under compression Stress reduction factor,y, at, Stress reduction factor for lateral torsion buckling of beam Unit weight of steel Partial safety factor for material (concrete) Partial safety factor for load Partial safety factor for material (structural steel) Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling (structural steel) Partial safely factor against ultimate stress (structural steel) Partial safety factor for fatigue load Partial safety factor for fatigue strength Partial safety factor against shear failure Partial safety facior for strength of weld Partial safety factor for material (reinforcements) Yield stress ratio, (250/f)"*IRC:22-2008 44, Non dimensional slendemess ratio (KLIP IPB == NE7f,=NP,/P,, 4, Equivalent slenderness ratio “ Poisson's ratio A Capacity reduction factor Np Ny Coefficients Np My Coefficients r % 7 Fro Th ‘Actual shear stress range for the detail category Fatigue shear stress range Design fatigue shear stress range Highest shear stress range Fatigue shear stress range at NV, cycle for the detail category 601, LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN 601.4 General: Norinal elastic method is valid for analysis of the structure after considering load history, sequence of concrete casting and development of composite strength. [n case of propped construction, most of the initial dead load is resisted through girder - prop system and the ‘main girder remains basically unstressed at that stage. In case of un-propped construction the steel girders alone has to catty the initial dead load and is consequently stressed. The necessary distinction has to be made in the analysis. In ultimate limit state, however, this dis ction is not necessary while checking for flexural strength. For design of steel components and conorete deck, stipulations of IRC:24, IRC:22 and IRC:21 may be applied. 601.2 Limit States: Structural safety has to be assessed for each of the limit states as 7 mentioned below. : ‘ 601.21 Service limit state: @ di) Gi) (iv) ™ s the state at which any of the following conditions occur ‘Sueess in structural steel has reached the prescribed limit Deflection reaches the prescribed limit Concrete crack width reaches the prescribed limit Slip at the interface between steel and concrete becomes excessive Vibration becomes excessive specially at overhanging foot or cycle paths 601.2.2 Fatigue limit state: is the state at which stress range due to application of live loads, teach prescribed’ limit, corresponding to the number of load cycles and detail configuration. 601.2.3 Ultimate timit state: is the state when under the worst combination of factored loads the structure or its components reach design strength and collapse.IRC:22-2008 601.3 Design Loads — For Load Combinations and Load factors [RC: 6 shall be referred to, 601.4 Material Strength & Partial Safety Factor (y,) for Material Yield strength f of steel and characteristic strength f, of concrete with appropriate partial safety factors as mentioned in Table 1 are to be used for assessment of strength: ‘Table 1. Material Safety Factors (y,,) Material Partial Safety Factor 7 Ultimate Limit Fatigue Limit Structural Steel against Yield Stress 110 1.00 Structural Steel against Ultimate stress 125 ‘Sie! Reinforcement Lis Shear Connectors 125 Holts & Rivets for Shop and Site Fabrication 125 ‘Welds for Shop Fabrication 125 ‘Welds for Site Fabrication 150 Conerete (7,) 150 100 602, MATERIAL As attached in Annexure IIT. 603, DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE, 603.1 General: Distribution of moments and shears due to application of factored leads may be analysed by elastic theory assuming concrete to be tincracked and un-reinforced. iv ver internal supports as calculated above should be checked against section strength assuming steel girder acting integrally with concrete (considering uncracked and un-reinforeed). Ifthe flexural tensile strength in concrete, thus calculated, exceeds 0.7/7, then, (anew analysis neglecting concrete (but ineluding reinforcements) over 15 per cent of span on either side of supports shouild.be done to check the strength, (i) provided adjacent spans do not differ appreciably, positive maximum moments inthe adjacent SFuns sould be increased by 40,fj/f per cent Tor checking of strength ‘without decreasing support moment. (f, = tensile stress in uncracked conerete flange). This provision gives partial recognition t the philosophy of plastic design. °IRC:22-2008 Bottom flange of girder in negative moment zone should be adequately braced against lateral buckling. 603.1.1 Sectional classification of girder: The section strength at ultimate limit state should be considered on their ability to resist local buckling before full plastic strength is developed. In this respect the sections may be classified as: Class-1 or Plastic: Cross-sections which can develop plastic hinges and have, the rotation capacity required for failure of the structure by formation of aplastic mechanism. Class-2 or Compact: Cross-sections which can develop plastic monent of resistance but have inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic mechanism: due to local buckling. : Class-3 or Semi-compact: —_ Cross-sections in which the extreme fibers in compression i can reach yield stress, but cannot develop the plastic moment of resistance due to local buckling. Class-4 or Slender: Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally, even before reaching yield stress. This code does not deal with these types of sections, 603.1.2 General rules for sectional classification of composite section: (1) Acomposite section should be classified according to the least favorable class of steel elements in compression. The class of a composite section normally depends on the direction of the bending moment at that section. (2) Asteel compression element restrained by its connection to areinforced concreteelement may be placed in a more favorable class, after ensuring its improved performance due to the above connection. : (3) Plastic stress distribution should be used for section classification except at the toundary between Class 3 and 4 where the elastic stress distribution should be used taking into account sequence of construction and the effects of creep and shrinkage. tension should be neglected, The stress distribution should be established for the gross cross-section of the steel web and the effective flanges. (5) Welded mesh should not be included in the effective section unless it has sufficient ductility | i | 1 i } i i , (4) For classification, design values of strength of materials should be taken. Concrete in to withstand fracture when embedded in concrete, E (6) Inglobal analysis for stages of construction, account should be taken of the class of steel : section at the particular stage considered,IRC:22-2008 603.1.3 Classification of composite section without concrete encasement: (1) Asteel compression flange which is restrained against buckling by effective artachment (2) QQ) toa congrete flange by shear connectors may be assumed.to be in Class of the connector is in accordance with Clans Serer ‘iftkespacing 306.9. Other steel flanges and webs in compression in composite girders should be classified on the basis of width (o thickness ratios (width and thickness of individual elements shown in Fig. 4) and proneness to local buckling. Accordingly, sections are categorizes), in three groups ag indicated in Table 3, Cross-seotions with webs in Class 3 and flanges in Class | or 2 may be treated as an elective cross-section in Class 2 with an effective web in accordance with Fig proportion of the web in compression should be replaced by a part of 206, adjacent tq the compression flange, with another part of 20, adjacent to the plastfe neutral axis of the effective cross-section. eee 1. Compression 2. Tension 3. Plastic Neutral axis 4, Neglect Fig. 3. Effective Class 2 Web 603.2. Classification of Sections of Filler Beam Decks for Bridges: ‘The steel outstand flange of a composite section should be classified as show! below. Table 2ald iO with fin N/mm? Stress Distibution (Compression Positive) Class Type Limit cHte9e Rolled or Welded estei3e 3 ef/t 62 Where, 8 the wth ofthe ie may be vale lowe dance beeen laurel mipperts or hetsen ral stpport ante edge. agripriaa ite mchncte of element dt the ap of te web, Douce damon of te elmer er ig Cane 60221 Mex Dif eles of rr-aechon cin ei rent class Ins cases thst laid based the least fovorabe essen Mote e The i fa FAM roe fied ox actual average eialsres (negatvef tensile) actual averageaial sires negatveif tensile 117 design comprescive siress of web alone “designcompressive stress of overall sectionIRC:22-2008 603.3 Effective Width of Concrete Slab For strength calgulation of composite girders, effective width b,,, of deck stab oneither side ofthe girder should satisfy (Ref: Fig. 5) ‘Therefore, the total effective width b,, (Ref: Fig. 5) of deck slabs should be restr:cted to the limits as indicated below: (a) For inner beams For equal spacing of the girders ie. B, = B,= B L, by =AE By b for outer girders = of Bs ossx| is obtained from Table 4 against various values of B/L. Where, 4B, &B, = halfthe distance between the centerines of webs, measured at mid plane of the concrete flange x = distance from the free edge of the projecting portion to the centerline ofthe outer ‘web measured at mid plane of the concrete flange. L = centre to centre distance between supports or distance from face of the support to theend ofa cantilever ‘Table 4. Effective breadth ratios y for internal spans of continuous beams BL Loading uniformly distributed over a length not less than 0.5L. Mid span Quarterspan Internal support 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 0.99 0.94 77 0.05 0.96 0.85 0.58 2 0.10 0.86 0.68 0.41 : 0.20 0.58 0.42 0.24 0.30 0.38" 0.30 0.15 0.40 0.24 0.21 0.12 0.50 0.20 0.16 Ol 603.4 Effective Cross-Section for Strength Calculation: In calculating the strength of the cross-section of the composite girders the following should be considered: ForPositivemoment - Concrete in effective width to be included but not the reinforcements. For Negative Moment - Concrete to be neglected but longitudinal reinforcement within effective width are to be included.IRC:22-2008 603.5 Analysis of Structure 603.5.1 Elastic analysis Design moments and shears may be calculated by normal elastic method. In case of continuous structures with negative moments over supports adjustments may be necessary as mentioned in Clause 603.1. Appropriate load combinations with corresponding load factors are to be used to find out the maximum values of moments and shears. Design strength for different sections is to be worked out on the basis of their capacity to resist local buckling based on classification given in Clause 603.2. Design bending strength under various stress conditions have been given in Annexure-I, The bending moments given in Annexure-II are for full shear connection, Necessary correction due to partial shear connection shall be done as also indicated in Annexure-I, 603.5.2 Plastic analysis When a plastic method of analysis is used, adequate ductility of the structure and plastic rotation capacity of its member and connections are to be established for the design loading conditions. Plastic analysis may be used to determine the distribution of bending moments and vertical shear forces in simply supported and continuous composite superstructures provided that: (1) Allcross-sections of steel member at which, as per calculations plastic behaviour will occur are plastic. (2) Premature failure of the steel compression flange by lateral torsional buckling is prevented. (3) Inacontinuous beam the length of an end span does not differ from that of an adjacent span by more than 15% and nor do the length of two adjacent interior spans differ by more than 25% (4) The concrete slab is of normal density concrete having a characteristic strengt within, the range 25 N/mm? to 45 N/mam?, (5). The yield stress for the grade of the steel used shall not exceed 500 MPa, (6) The stress-strain characteristics of the steel shall not be significantly different from those obtained for steels complying with IS:1608, and IS:2062 or equivalent and shall be such as to ensure complete plastic moment redistribution. : (a) The stress strain diagram has a plateau at the yield stress, extending for atleast six times the yield strain; (b)_ The ratio of the ultimate tensile strength to the yield stress specified for thegrade of the steel is not Jess than 1.2; {c) The elongation ona gauge length complying with 1S:2062 is not less than 15%; (d)_ The steel exhibits strain-hardening capability; and ()_ Steels conforming to IS:2062 shall be deemed to satisfy the above requirements.IRC:22-2008 7. Further the section shall satisfy the following conditions: (a) The members used shall be hot-rolled or fabricated using hot-rolled plates and section. (b) The cross-section of members not containing plastic hinges should be at least compact. (c)_ Where plastic hinges occur in a member, the proportions of its cross-section should not exceed the limiting values for plastic section given in Clause 603.2. (d)_ The cross-section should be symmetrical about its axis perpendicular to the axis of the plastic hinge rotation. 8. The members shall not be subjected to impact loading, requiring fracture assessment or ‘fluctuating loading, requiring a fatigue assessment (see Section 605). 603.5.3 Design of structure (bending moment) Considering local buckling, sections are to be analysed as plastic, compact or non-compact as already mentioned with additional consideration. (1) Load history and development in composite action are to be taken into cons.deration with appropriate values of mat each stage and stresses and deflections are to be the summation of values of successive stage. (2) Effective width of concrete may be as mentioned in Clause 603.3. ‘The bending moment and shear force distribution in a continuous bridge girder has to be determined by structural analysis. 603.5.3.1 Design of structure (effect of lateral buckling on moment) Lateral buelding may govern the design under the following conditions: . © Atconstruction stage, in the top flange closer to mid span in both simply supported and i continuous girders, © Atconstruction and composite stage, in the bottom flange closer to support in continuous gitders. ‘Atthe construction stage the effect of lateral buckling on the bottom flange in a continuous girder shall be taken care of by considering the girder as a cantilever upto the point of inflection from the support. The flexural strength corresponding to lateral buckling shall be determined as per Clause 1.4 of Annexure-I. _ Suitable horizontal bracings or members may be provided at the bottom flange to reduce effective length of compression flange near support. For girders which are provided with such bracings or members giving effective lateral restraint to the compression flange at intervals along the span, the effective lateral restraint shall be capable of resisting a force equal to 2.5 pzr cent of BPR vpIRC:22-2008 {he maximum force in the compression flange taken as divided equally between the numbers of points at which the restraint in bracing members occur. 603.5.3.2 Design against vertical shear and its effect on plastic moment capacity ‘The factored design shear force, V, ina beam duc to external actions shall satisfy vs, Where, V,= design shear strength calculated as given below VV uo Yap partial safety factor against shear failure (Clause 601.4) The vertical shear force is assumed to be resisted by the web of the steel section cnly unless the value fora contribution for the reinforced concrete part of the beam has been established. The nominal shear strength, V, may be governed by plastic shear resistance or strength of the web as governed by shear buckling as discussed below. (1) Plastic shear resistance: “The nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear is given by: Way, Where, Arby B Where, 4,is the shear area, f,, is the yield strength of the web and partial safety factor yy, =1.10. Note: Shear area A, may be calculated as below :- @ For1and Channel section Major Axis Bending: Hot Rolled = depth of section x web thickness = hi, Welded = depth of web x web thickness =} sramtecempnsonseinntenernoasgeieenenemrro nar IRC:22-2008 Minor Axis Bending: Hot Rolled or Welded =2 x flange width x flange thickness Gi) Rectangular hollow sections of uniform thickness Loaded parallel to depth (d) 4, = Ad/(b+d) Loaded parallel to width (b) 4,~ Ab/(b +d) ‘Where, A=actual area of cross-section b=overall breadth of tubular section, breadth of I section flanges, d=clear depth of the web between flanges (i) Circular hollow tubes of uniform thickness A, = 2A/n (Where A= actual area of cross-section) (2) Shear buekling resistance ‘The nominal shear strength, V,, of webs with or without intermediate stiffeners as governed by buckling may be evaluated using one of the following methods: (a) Simple Post-Critical Method ~The sitaple post critical method, based on the shear buckling strength can be used for webs of -section girders, with or without intermediate transverse stiffener, provided that the web has transverse stiffeners at the supports. ‘The nominal shear strength is given by: VA= Vee Where, it V,, = shear force corresponding to web buckling Vor At Where, 1, = shear stress corresponding to web buckling, determined as follows: When, <0.8 8, = Sy 13 When 0.8 <4,< 1.2 x, ~fl-0.8(, -0.8)I(/,, V3) When 4.21.2 2IRC:22-2008 Where, A,= non-dimensional web slenderness ratio for shear buckling stress, given by Any = | Fyn [3 tere) The elastic critical shear stress of the web, r,,, is given by: ke : 1K) =Poisson’sratio k, = 5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided only at supports 0 +5.35 Meld) for c/d<1.0 3544.0 Aeld)? for ofd>1.0 Where, ¢, d are the spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of the web, respectively. (8) Tension Field Method — The tension field method, based on the post-shear buckling strength, may be used for webs with intermediate transverse stiffeners, in addition to the transverse stiffeners at supports, provided the panels adjacent to the panel under tension field action, or the end posts provide anchorage for the tension fields and further c/d 21.0, where c, d are the spacing of transverse stiffeners and depth of the web, respectively. In the tension field method, the nominal shear resistance, V, is given by V=V, Where, V,=|4,1, +09 wy, f,sind| <¥, 1, = buckling strength, as obtained from Clause 603.5.3.2 (2) (a) = yield strength of the tension field obtained from tlie sale Py y HLS 4,sin 26 afa@ ¢ = inclination of the tension field = tan” ()‘The width of the tension field, w, is given by: wy = deosp+ (c-5,5) sin b te = yield stress of the web d depth of the web © spacing of stiffeners in the web. x, = shear stress corresponding to buckling of web Clause 603.5.3.2 (2) (a) 5.8, = anchorage lengths of tension field along the compression and tension flange respectively, obtained from: 2[m,7 ‘Where, M, = reduced plastic moment capacity of the respective flange plate (disregarding any edge stiffener) after accounting for the axial force, N, in the flange, due tooverall bending and any external axial force in the cross section, and is calculated as given below: Hey = 025b 67S |AN/ Oy! tal | Where, yt, width and thickness of the relevant flange respectively Jy = Yield stress of the flange 603.5.3.3 Reduction in bending resistance under high shear foree ‘ : If Vis less than 0.67, there is no reduction in the plastic bending resistance of the section. When V> 0.67, the bending resistance is reduced as the contribution of web to bend.ng gets diminished. Therefore, reduced bending capacity is given as (a) Plastic or Compact Section My= My~B(Uy-My) $1225, [Yoo Where, Bo = QV/V,-1F M, = plastic design moment of the whole section disregarding high shear force effect considering web buckling effects 23IRC:22-2008 Y= factored applied shear force as governed by web yielding or web buckling, y, design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web buckling My plastic design strength of the area of the cross-section excluding the shear area, considering partial safety factor 7,, (b) Semi-Compact Section M,=Z,. A Tao Where, Z, = _ elastic section modulus of the whole section 603.5.3.4 Design against longitudinal shear Design against longitudinal shear and strength of shear connector has to be done as in Section 606. 603.6 Hybrid Sections Use of hybrid sections are permitted, with necessary adjustment (reduction) in permissible stresses of the flange element in the cross-section with higher yield stress by reduction factor R,, may be determined using the procedure as elaborated in Annexure-I. 604, DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT 604.1 General ‘Normal elastic analysis is to be used for finding out design moments and stresses under various load combinations and load factors as mentioned in Clause 601.3.1. Concrete is to beassumed as unreinforced and uncracked. 604.2 Negative Moments Negative moments over intermediate supports are to be adjusted as mentioned in Clause 603.1 604.3 Stresses and Deflection For calculating stresses and deflection, the value of modular ratio, mt shall be tacen as, | 27-5 For short term effect or loading 24stays eeonce tetanic . : | : IRC:22-2008 > 15.0 For permanent or long term loads (K, = Creep factor = 0.5) Where, E, = Modulus ofelasticity for steel = 2.0.x 10° in Nimm? E Modulus of elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete at 28 days=5000,/f, inN/mm? f, = characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete in N/mm? ‘The equivalent area of concrete slab at any stage, however shall be determined by dividing the effective width of the concrete slab by the modular ratio, Where, Ey Modulus of elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete at i days (i <28 days) ‘As mentioned in Clause 603.5.1, long term values include the effect of creep, shrinkage for which no separate calculation may be needed. Final stresses and deflection are to be worked out separately at each stage of load history with relevant modular ratios and section modulus and then added together. 604.3.1 Limiting stresses for serviceability “The total clastic stress considering the different stages of construction inthe steel beam should not exceed 0.87f and the bending stress in concrete should not exceed one-third ofits characteristic strength, 604,3.2 Limit of deflection and camber Calculated deflection of composite girder under live load and impact shall not exceed 1/800 of span of the girder. ‘ In any case under the worst combination of dead load, super-imposed dead load, live load and impact effects, the total deflection of the girder shall not exceed 1/600 of span, Necessary camber may be adopted to offset the effect of all permanent loads to comply with the above requirement. cag Contotof Cracking in Concrete Adequate reinforcements in terms of diameter and spacing as per IRC:21 are to be pro\ in composite girders, at the zone of negative moment, to prevent cracking adversely affect 2sIRC:22-2008 ; appearance and ¢ » given in IRC:21 may be followed subject to discretion of enuineers. ueture. Crack width calculation as well as limiting erack width as. | 604.5 Temperature Effect : For Temperature effect, Clause 218 of IRC: 6 may be referred to. | 605. DESIGN FOR FATIGUE LIMIT \ 605.1 General Fatigue is to be checked under live load with impact and with the application of appropriate load factor. Stresses arc to be assessed by elastic theory and elastic properties of the section with no adjustment for support moments, For the purpose of design against fatigue, different details (of members and connections) are classified under different fatigue class. The design stress range corresponding to various number of cycles are given for each fatigue class, The requirements of this section shall be satisfied with, at each critical location subjected to cyclic loading, considering relevant number of cycles and ‘magnitudes of stress range expected to be experienced during the life of the structure, Definitions: : Stress Range = Algebraic difference between two extremes of stresses ir a cycle of i loading at a location. i Detail Category — Designation given to. particular detail to indicate the S-N curve to be i used in fatigue assessment, Fatigue — Damage caused by tepeated fluctuations of stress, leading to i progressive cracking of a steel structural clement. i Fatigue Strength — Stress range capacity for a category of detail, depending upon the number of cycles itis required to withstand during its design life. : SN curve — Curve, defining the relationship between the numbers of st-ess cycles z to failure (V,.) ata constant stress range (S,), during fatigue loading on j aspecific detail category of a structure. i 605.2 Fatigue Design ‘The standard S-N curves for each detail category ate given for the following condi ns: (a) The detail is located in a redundant load path, wherein local failure at that detail alone will not lead to overall collapse of the structure, (>) The nominal stress history at the local point in the detail is estimated/evalaated by a conventional method without taking into account the local stress concentration effects due to the detail. i | gp 26 ‘ ESSERE ar ae mp eIRC:22-2008 (©) The load cycles are nothighly irregular. (@) The details are accessible for and subject to regular inspection. (©) The structure is exposed to only mildly corrosive environment as in normal atmospheric condition and suitably protected against corrosion (pit depth <1 mm), (® The structure is not subjected to temperature exceeding 150°C. (g) The transverse fillet or butt weld connects plates of thickness not greater than 25 mm. (h) Holes in members and connections subjected to fatigue shall not be made, * using punching in plates having thickness greater than 12 mm unless the holes are subsequently reamed to remove material strain hardened during punching, * using gas cutting unless the holes are reamed to remove the material in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). ‘The values obtained from the standard S-N curve shall be modified by a capacity reduction factor 11, when plates greater than 25 mm in thickness are joined together by transverse fillet or butt welding, which is given by = (25/4) <1.0 Where, 1, =actual thickness in mm of the thicker plate being joined No thickness correction is necessary when full penetration butt weld reinforcements are machined flush and proved free of defect through non-destructive testing. Determination of stress: Elastic analysis of structure shall be done to obtain stress resultants, and any conventional stress analysis may be done to determine the stress at the location. The normal and shear stresses on a member shall be done considering the effect of all désignactions on the members. Stress concentration due to geometry of detail may be excluded. ‘The stress concentration, however, not charactetstie ofthe detail shall be accounted for in the stress calculation. Low Fatigue: Fatigue assessment is not required for a member, connection or detail, ifnormal and shear design stress ranges f, satisfy the following conditions: SS ray or if the actual number of stress cycles, N,_, satisfies mp) Noo < sao Ze Yot Where, Yon + Tp = Partial safety factors for strengttrand load, respectively f = actual fatigue stress range for the detail 27i IRC:22-2008 Partial Safety Factor for Actions and their effects (y,,): The partial safety factor for Joads in the evaluation of stress range in fatigue design shall be taken as 1.0. Partial Safety Factor for Fatigue Strength (y,,): The partial safety factor for strength is, influenced by consequences of fatigue damage and level of inspection capabilities. Based on consequences of fatigue failure as defined below, the partial safety factor for fatigue strength shall beas given in the Table 5. ‘+ Fail-safe structural component/details is the one where local failure of one component due to fatigue crack does not result in the failure of the total structure due to availability of alternate load path (redundant system). ‘« Non-fail-safe structural component/details is the one where local feilure of one component leads rapidly to failure of the total structure due to its non-redundant nature, ‘Table 5. Partial Safety Factor for Fatigue Strength (7...) Inspection and Access Consequence of Failure Fail-safe ‘Non-fail-safe Periodic inspection and maintenance, 1.00 1.25 accessibility to detail is good Periodic inspection and maintenance, 115 135 poor accessibility for detail 605.3 Fatigue Strength ‘The fatigue strength for any standard details as described in (Table 6) for normal or shear fatigue stress range not corrected for the effects as described in Clause 605.2 is given below, For Normal Stress range, When Nyo < 5x 10% Ly = Lp NSAO Nog When $x 10° < Ngo < 10% T= Si YSHO° IN ge For Shear Stress range, ty = TY Sx10° Ng Where, Jy. % = design normal and shear fatigue stress range of the detail, respectively for life cycle of Ny. Syo T= design iormal and shear fatigue stress range respectively of the detail for 5 x10° cycles as given in Tables 6.1, 6.2 & 6.3 28IRC 22-2008 ‘Table 6.1. Detail category Classification Group -1; Non-welded Details Detail | Constructional Details 4 Fm Seo ee 7 Category | Mlustration (See Note) Deseription t _ Bere eee 8 ROLLED AND EXTRUDED NX PRODUCTS (1) Plates and flats i Rolled seetions a) Sharp edges, surface and rolling ‘laws to be removed by grinding, inthe direction of applied stress. Q BOLTED CONNECTIONS G) & (4): Stress range celoulated on the gross section and on the net section.Unsupported one- sided cover plate connections shall be avoided or the effect of the eccentricity taken into account in calculating stresses Ss x MATERIAL WITH GAS-CUT SS OR SHEARED EDGES WITH sSalt, | | NoDRAGLINES SN (5): All hardened material and m=O isible signs of edge 6 discontinuities to be removed by machining or grinding in the dicection of applied stress. 103 | [> i (MATERIAL WITH MACHINE GAS-CUT EDGES, WITH DRAGLINES OR MANUAL GAS-CUT MATERIAL (6): Corners and visible signs of edge discontinuities to beremoved by grinding in the direction of the applied stress. 92 Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic materlal for which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow\ a IRC:22-2008 ‘Table 6.2. Detail category Classification Group -2; Non-welded Details Detail Category Constructional Details Mustration (See Note) Deseription 92 7; . WELDED: PLATE I-SECTION AND: BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS LONGITUDINAL WELDS (7) & (8) Zones of continuous automatic longitudinal fillet or butt welds carried out from both s desand all welds not having un-repaired stop- start positions. 83 o an ao) WELDED PLATE I-SECTION AND BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS — LONGI- ‘TUDINAL WELDS (9) & (10) Zones of continuous automatic butt welds made fom one side only with a continuous backing, bar and all welds not having un- repaired stop-start positions. (11) Zones of continuous longitudinal fillet or butt welds carried, out from both sides but containing stop-start positions. For continuous manual Jongitudinal fillet orbutt welds carried out from both sides, use Detail Category 92. 66 (12) WELDED PLATE I-SECTION AND BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS LONGI- TUDINAL WELDS (12) Zonesof continuous longitudinal ‘welds carried out from one side only, with or without stop-start positions. Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting tv the baste material for which the stress range isto be ealeulated on a plane normal to the arrow 30IRC:22-2008 ‘Table 6.2. (continued) Detail Constructions Fete 7 Category Illustration (See Note) Description INTERMITTENT LONGITUDINAL 59 WELDS (13) Zones of intermittent longitudinal \ welds INTERMITTENT LONGITUDINAL WELDS (14) Zones containing cope holes in longitudinally welded Tjoints. Copehole not to be filled with weld. 52 TRANSVERSE BUIT WELDS (COMPLETE PENETRATION) Weld run-off tabs to be used, subsequently removed and ends of welds ground flush in the direction of stress, Welds to be made from two sides (15) Transverse splices in plates, flats and rolled sections having the weld reinforcement ground flush to plate surface. 100% NDT inspection, and weld surface to be free of exposed porosity in the weld metal. (16) Plate girders welded as (15) before assembly (17) Transverse splices as (15) with reduced or tapered transition with taper sid 83 Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material fer which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow 31IRC:22-2008 ‘Table 6.2 (continued) Detail Constructional Details Category Illustration (See Note) Description 66 (18) ay — oat 20) TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE PENETRATION) Welds run-off tabs to be used, subsequently removed and ends of welds ground flush in the direction of stress, Welds to be made from to sides (18) Transverse splices of plates, rolled sections or plate girders, (19) Transverse splice of rolled sections or welded plate girders, without cope hole. With cope hole use Detail Category 52, a8 per (14). (20) Transverse splices in plates or flats being tapered in width orin thickness where the taper is <1:4 ‘made from two sides 59 1:4 1:4 but <1:2.5 52 @) 210.00 Son Ii fl 210 TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE PENETRATION) (22) Transverse butt-welded splices made on a backing bar. The end of the fillet weld of the backing strip shal stop short by greater than 10 mm from the edges of the stressed plate.(23) ‘Transverse butt welds as for(22) With ‘taper on width or thickness <1:2.5 Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction ofthe stresses acting in the basie material for which the stress range isto be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow 32‘Table 6.2. (continued) IRC:22-2008 Detail Category 37 Constructional Det: Illustration (See Note) Description TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE PENETRATION) (24) Transverse butt welds as (22) where fillet welds end closer than 10 mmto plate edge. 52 CRUCIFORM JOINTS WITH LOAD-CARRYING WELDS (25) Full penetration welds with intermediate plate NDT inspected and free of defects. Maximum misalignment of plates either side of joint to be <0.15 times the thickness of intermediate plate. 26) Q7 (26) & (27) (26)Partial penetration or fillet welds with stress range calculated on plate area. (27)Partial penetration or fillet welds with stress range calculated 02 throat areaof weld, 46 Stresses area of main plate OVERLAPPED — WELDED JOINTS ;| (28) Fillet welded lap joint, with welds and overlapping elements having a design capacity greater than the main plate, Stress in the main plate to be calculated on the basis of area shown inthe illustration, Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basie material for which the siress range Is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow 33IRC:22-2008 ‘Table 6.2. (continued) Detail Category Constructional Details Illustration (See Note) Description al 33 29) G0) (29) Fillet welded lap joirt, with | ‘welds and main plate both having a design capacity greater than the overlappingelements, (30) Fillet welded lap joint, with main plate and overlapping clements both having a design capacity greater than the weld. G1) 32) IBS lb 59 's50mm 52 sost soon ii6sr/b12mm combined bending and shear design actions, the fatigue strength shall be determined using the stress range of the principal stresses. (36) Diaphragms of box girders welded to the flange or web by continuous or intermittent welds, tort, < i COVER PLATES IN BEAMS 7 osm PSS AND PLATE GIRDERS (37)End zones of single or multiple welded cover plates, with or without a weld across the end. For a reinforcing plate wider than he flange, anend weld is essential. t 27 tort,> 25mm WELDS LOADED IN SHEAR (38)Fillet welds transmitting shear. Stress range to be calculated on weld throat area. (39) Stud welded shear connectors Gilure in the weld) loaded in shear (the shear stress range to be calculated on the nominal section of the stud). 67 Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic matertal for which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow rapesIRC:22-2008 ‘Table 6.3. Detail category Classification Group-3; Bolts Detail Constructional Details Category Ilustration (See Note) Description BOLTS IN SHEAR (8.8/TB 4 83 (yaa) BOLTING — CATEGORY ONLY) passashirs (40): Shear stress range calculated on the minor diameter atca of the £ pee bolt (4,). Note: If the shear on the joint is (40) insufficient to cause slip of the joint { the shear in the bolt need not be i considered in fatigue. ik i BOLTS AND THREADED RODS IN TENSION (tensile stress to be calculated on the tensile stress area A) (41): Additional forces due to I 21 | prying effects shall be taken into account. For tensional bolts, the stress range depends on the connection geometry. Note: In connections with tensioned bolts, the change in the force in the bolts is often loss than the applied force, but this sffect is dependent on the geometry of the connection, It is not normally required that any allowance for fatigue be made in calculeting the required number of bolts in such connections. @p Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction of the stresses acting in the basic material for which the stress range is to be calculated on a plane normal to the arrow ‘IIRC:22-2008 000 500 400 300 200 100 60 50 40 30 UNCORRECTED FATIGUE STRENGTH) MPa 20 10 NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES (sc) Fig, 6a. S-N Curve for Normal Stress 605.4 Fatigue Assessment ‘The design fatigue strength for Ny. life cycles (f, 7.) i8 given as ' Sia =H Ls Tog Tye =Hety Tan Where, Ht, = capacity reduction factor (discussed in Clause 605.2) Yup = pattial safety factor against fatigue failure, given in Tables. | 5 = normal and shear fatigue strength ranges for the actual life cycle, N,, obtained fh % ‘s from Clause 605.3 for the detail. 37IRC:22-2008 ‘The (absolute) maximutn value of the normal and shear stresses shall never exceed the elastic t limit (f, ¢) for the material under eyclic loading. / ‘The maxisnum stress range shall not exceed 1.5 f, for normal stresses and 1.5 ty, (jy forthe ¢ Stress limitations | shear stresses under any circumstance. ih 4000 = i | 500 = 400 { 2 300 = ‘Sveas range cprespondi { E00 we gek id cycles : co | 7 8 100 f 3 g 20 a 60 6 a 50 a 3 t [I 1 a Dhtail Category (5a) ; 2 30 i g & 5 2 ie Fast DTT Te 10° 2 10" 10 10 i: NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES (Nc) : Fig, 6b. S-N Curve for Shear Stress i f Constant Stress range: j ‘The actual normal and shear stress range fand rata point ofthe siructure subjected to/,,.cycles i in life shall satisfy. i SSS TSty 38IRC:22-2008 Variable Stress range: Fatigue assessment at any point in a structure, wherein variable stress ranges /, or 7, for n, number of cycles (i =I tor) are encountered, shall satisfy the following, (a) Fornormal stress (/) fi a 1.0 + 5x10°(u, F5/%an 510°, Fn P (b) Forshearstresses (2) Sooysp So ey cpl) iat Where lower case 7, is the summation upper limit of all the normal stress ranges (f) having magnitude lesser than (11 f,/7,,) for that detail and the lower limit of all the normal stress ranges (f) having magnitude greater than (14, f,/7,q) for the detail. In the above summation all normal siress ranges, f, and +, having magnitude less than 0,55,1,f,, and 0.554, 1, may be disregarded. 605.5 Exemption from Fatigue Assessment No fatigue assessment is required ifany of the following conditions is satisfied: (@ _ Thehighestnormal stiess range/,., satisfies Syme S21, 1 Yop (b) Thehighest shear stress range +,,.,Satisfies Tye SOT H, 1 ¥ np (© The total number of actual stress cycles N. satisfies eseit{ ae Me S Where, Sy = €quivalent constant amplitude stress range in MPa given by 39IRC:22-2008 Joo fy ~ steessranges falling above and below the, the stress range corresponding othe detail at 5x 10* number of life cycles. 606. SHEAR CONNECTOR 606.1 Design of Shear Connectors (1) Shear connection and transverse reinforcement shall be provided to transmit the longitudinal shear force between the concrete and the structural stec! element, ignoring the effect of natural bond between the two. (2) Shear connectors may be either of mild steel or high tensile steel irrespective of the grade of steel used in the parent girder. Flexible shear connectors are preferred because of their better performance. Channel, Angle and Tee shear connectors may be of mild steel, whereas, the shear studs may be made of high tensile steel. 3) Shear connector shall be generally designed for full transfer of longitudinal shear, Shear connector strength and spacing are to be checked separately for all the limit states using appropriate factored load combinations and factored strength. All shear connectors should be capable of resisting uplift of slab from steel section. Channel and stud shear connectors, provide adequate safety against uplift, Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed to provide sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear connection is subjected to direct tension, in witich case they should be supplemented by anchoring devices. @)_ For verification for ultimate limit states, the shear connectors provided in tems of size and shape may be kept constant over any length where the design longitudinal shear per unit length does not exceed the design shear resistance by more than 10 per cent, Over every such length, the total design longitudinal shear force should not exceed the total design shear resistance. 606.2 Longitudinal Shear Longitudinal shear load on connectors of composite section, whether simply supported or ontinuous is to be calculated for service and fatigue limit states on the basis of elastic theory using appropriate sectional properties based on effective widths and modular ratios as per the load history and development of composite action, 606.3 Design Strength of Shear Connectors Shear connectors are to be checked for ultimate limit and fatigue limit states. Design static strengths and fatigue strengths of flexible shear connectors are given in the following tables. Strength of other types of shear connectors are to be determined by standard tests.IRC:22-2008 Forintermediate stress cycles the values may be interpolated from log scales. Otherconnectors, ifused, should have their capacities established through tests, 606.4. Spacing and Design of Shear Conneetors 606.4.1 Ultimate limit state (strength criteria) Calculated shear V, at interface corresponding to vertical shear is as given below, rate], Where, V, = Longitudinal shear per unit length ¥ = ‘Thevertical shear forces due to dead load and live load (including impact) separately at each state of load history, A, = The transformed compressive area of concrete above the neutral axis of the composite section with appropriate modular ratio depending on the nature of load (whether short termi live load, or long termi. dead load) Y = CG distance of transformed concrete area from Neutral Axis T= Moment of Ineitia of the whole composite section using appropriate modular ratio. di, ll = Different load history condition, ic, sustained load or composite action dead load, transient load or composite action live load, These loads are to be considered with appropriate load factor at this stage Le. Spacing of Shear connectors is given as 7 i , is the ultimate static strength of one shear connector which is to be taken from Table 7 andthe summation is over the number of shear studs at one seetion. : 606.4.1.1. For full shear connection the maximum longitudinal force due to bending moméntis to becaleulated over the shear span.from zero moment to maximum moment section and is given by H=Ay5, 10°77, H,=0.36. fA, .10° Where, HH, Longitudinal Force dueto bending (KN) A, = Areaof Tensile Steel (mm) in longitudinal direction A, Effective area of concrete qx, (for neutral axis within the slab) = dyed, (for neutral axis in steel section) 4IRC:22-2008 The ultimate flexural strength of any composite construction is governed by either of the aforesaid equation, Therefore, the maximum possible compressive forcein the composite beam will be governed by H, whieh is the smaller of H, and Hi, and sufficient connectors should be provided to resist the Jongitudinal foree H. Spacing of Shear connectorsis givenas S,, = — ro H (Q)) for different Concrete Strengths ‘Table 7, Ultimate Static Strengths of Shear Connectors ‘Typeot connector Connector Ultimate statie strength in kN per material connector for concrete strengths J,MPa 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 ‘Stud connectors Material with a | - ~ characteristic yield | Nominal Diameter | Overall height | strength of 385 MPa, (ono) (om) minimum elongation of 18% and a characteristic 2B 100 tensile strength of 495] 103 | M8 | 6 | 154 2 100 MPa @ a | uw | ne » 100 a w 3 | 9 » B @ n o | » 16 B 2 48 @| 6 2 6 mn n wi} 3s (Channels: 150 mm long (min) As per 182062 ISMC 125 ws | ap | 243 'SMC 100 1 | 204 | ze | 20 tsMc75 mo | 3 | ae | 28 Note I: _f, isthe specified characteristic cube strength at 28 days. Note 2: Strengths for concrete of intermediate grade may be obtained by linear interpolation, Note 3: Forchannels of lengths different from those quoted above, the capacities are proportional to the lengths for lengths greater than 150 mm. Note 4: For rolled angle and tee shear connectors, the values given for channel connectors are applicable provided the height is at least equal to that of the channel. Wote 5: For stud connectors of overall height greater than 160 mm the design static strength should be taken as the values given in the Table for 100 mm high connectors. Note 6: The above provisions of stud connectors are not applicable to composite slab using profiled deck. Static strength of shear connector in such cases can be established by experimental push-out tests EERIE 42: IRC:22-2008 Note 7: The number of shear connectors given by the above Table shall be distributed in the zone between the maximum and the zero moment sections. The number of connectors required from fatigue consideration will usually exceed the requirement from flexural strength. However, ifthe flexural requirement exceeds the number required from fatigue point of view as mentioned in Clause 604.4.2 additional connectors should be provided to ensure that the ultimate strength of the composite section is achieved Note 8 In order to avoid undesirable slip, the maximum interface shear per unit length due to superimposed dead load and live load under service conditions at any point ia the beam should be as specified in Clause 606.4.1.1. 606.4.2 Serviceability limit state (limit state of fatigue) Calculated longitudinal shear per unit length, V, at interface duc to live load and impactis.as given below, V, A,, Yand I, areas explained above V, Vertical Shear difference due to maximum and minimum shear envelop due to live load and impact 1 isliveload with impact. Le Spacing of Shear connectors from fatigue consideration is givenas Sx = “—~ Q, is the nominal fatigue strength of one shear connector which is to be taken from Table 8. For full shear connection, the greatest of S,,,S,, and S, isto be provided as the actual spacing of the shear connectors. ‘Table 8. Nominal Fatigue Strengths Q, (in kN) {TypeofConnectors | Coniiector Material N=Nos. of Cycles 2x 10° sxi0° | 1x 10° Headed Studs $25 27 7 45 | Headed Studs § 22 ai 29 34.5 Headed Studs § 20 7 2B 28 Headed Studs 16 i 15 18 j Channel 150mmlong | 18:2062 35 70 8; t IRC:22-2008 606.5 Partial Shear Connection When all cross-sections are in Class | or Class 2, partial shear connection may be used for girders. The number of connectors shall then be determined by a partial connection theory taking into account the deformation capacity of shear connector. The bending resistance of the section under partial shear connection shall be determined as per Clause Il.1.2 of Annexure-II. Headed studs with an overall length after welding not less than 4 times its diameter and with shank diameter not less than 16 mm and neither greater than 25 mm, may be considered as ductile with following limits for the degree of shear connection, which may be generally defined as, Where, S, = Degree of'shear connection 7, = Number of shear connectors required for full shear conhection determined forthe length ofa beam under consideration n, = Numberof shear connectors provided within that same length (1). Forstee! sections with equal flanges: 2) 355 L, 25 sof |l075-0000) 5 504 L,>25 8,210 For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area of three times the area of top flange with equal flanges: L.<20 % =1-[%*]o20-o01s,) S204 L,>20 S>10 ‘Where Z, overall span for a simply supported girder and is the distance between the point of zero bending moment within one span of continuous girder @) For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area exceeding the area of the top flange but less than three times that area, the limit for S, may be determined from expressions in (1) and 2) above by linear interpolation. 44IRC:22-2008 606.6 Detailing of Shear Connector Details as shown in following sketch are to be followed. eee eee 25 mm’ (min) _ Autom Stud Weld Fig. 7a. Details of Stud Connector T ee bg Bern) ah e eas 6 mm (in) filet wala Weld to dovelan The tensile strength of the hoop bar Fig. 7b. Details of Angle/Channel Connector * Minin 6 mm fillet weld fo fll 5 ‘width both at heel & toe of clneVangle a Fig, 7c. Longitudinal section Fig, 7. Details of Connector on Steel Girders 45IRC:22-2008 ‘The diameter of the stud connector welded to the flange plate shall not exceed twice the plate thickness, The height of the stud connectors shall not be less than four times their diameter or 100 mm. The diameter ofthe head of the stud shall not be less than one and a half times the diameter of the stud, The leg length of the weld joining other types of connectors to the flange plate shall not exceed half the thickness of the flange plate. Channel and angle connectors shall have at ‘east 6 mm fillet welds placed along the heel and toe of the channels/angles. ‘The clear distance between the edge of the flange and the edge of the shear connectors shall not be less than 25 mm. 606.6.1 To resist separation with the steel girder, top flange of stud and channel shear connectors shall extend into the deck slab at least 40 mm above bottom transverse reinforcements and also a ‘minimum of 40 mm into the compression zone of concrete flange. Where a concrete haunch is used, between the steel flange and the soffit of the slab, top flange of the stud or channel shear connectors shall extend up to at least 40 mm above the transverse reinforcements in the haunches, provided the reinforcements are sufficient to transfer longitudinal shear. Where shear connectors are placed adjacent to the longitudinal edge of the slab, transverse reinforcement provided in accordance with Clause 606.10 shall be fully anchored in the concrete between the edge of the slab and the adjacent row of connectors. 606.6.2 The overall height of a connector including any hoop which is an integral part of the connector shall be at least 100 mm with a clear cover of 25 mm. 606.7 Details of Haunches ‘The dimensions for haunches if provided between top of steel girder and soffit of sab shall be as indicated in Fig. 8, the sides of haunches being located outside a line drawn at 45° from the outside edge of the base of the connector. b> Fig. 8. Dimension of Haunches 46IRC:22-2008 7 606.8 Cover to ar Connectors The clear depth of concrete cover over the top of the shear connectors shall not be less than 25 mm. The horizontal clear conorete cover to any shear connector shall not be less than 50 mm as, shown in Fig. 9, cover $0 mm (ci) ~ cover $0 mm (in) Fig. 9. Cover to Connectors 606.9 Limiting criteria for Spacing of Shear Connectors (1) Where a steel compression flange that would otherwise be ina lower class is assumed to bein Class 1 or Class 2 because of restraint provided by shear connectors, the centre- to-centre spacing of the shear connectors in the direction of the compression should satisfy the following: (a) Where the slab is in contact over the full length (e.g, solid slab) S, $214, |2507F, (b) Where the slab is notin contact over the full length (e.g, slab with ribs transverse to the bean): 8, $144, 2507 f, is the thickness of the flange J, _ isthe nominal yield strength of the flange in Némen? 5, ;, isthe maximum spacing of the shear connector Inaddition, the clear distance from the edge of the compression flange to the nearest line of shear connectors should not be greater than 94, [250/ f, or S0mm whichever i coIRC:22-2008 (2), Inall cases, shear connector shall be provided throughout the length of the bea may be uniformly spaced between critical cross-sections. The maximum spacing of shear connectors in the longitudinal digectign shell be limited to.609 mm or three times the tas scone tes eb of the connestor (ine.uding any hoop which isan integral part of the connector) whichever is least (3) Minimum spacing should be such, as to allow proper concrete flow.an tion around the connectors and for stud connectors it should not he less the ‘Transverse Shear Check Shear connectors transfer longitudinal shear from steel girder to slab conerete abutting them, wherefrom the same is transferted to the rest of the slab through transverse shear strength of slab as well as transverse reinforcements provided. The strength and amount of reinforcement is to be checked by the following relations. ‘The shear force transferred per metre length V, shall satisfy both the following conditions: 1 ¥, $0.632Lfq or 2. VY, S0.232L ff, +0.1Ay fan Where, ¥, = Longitudinal shear force per unit length calculated for ultimate limit state J, = Characteristic strength of concrete in MPa Jy = Yield stress of transverse reinforcement in MPa L = Length (in mm) of possible shear plans envelop as indicdited in Fig. 10 n = Number of times each lower transverse reinforcing bar is intersected by a shear surface (i.e. the number of rows of shear connector at one section of the beam) Generally for T-beam n= 2 and for L-beam n= 1 A,, = Sectional areas (in em?) of transverse reinforcements per metre run of beam The amount of transverse ste! in the bottom ofthe slab shall not be less than —p * em?#m, Where, /, isin KN/m.IRC:22-2008 a w (a) ag \y lt ) Fig. 10. Typical Shear Planes 606.11 Transverse Reinforcements Planes which are critical for longitudinal shear failure, in the process of transfer of longitudinal shear from the girder to the slab, are of four main types, as shown in Fig.10. If the concrete by itselfis insufficient to take the longitudinal shear, sufficient transverse reinforcements shall be provided. width of the slab. The area of, igansverse reinforcement per unit length of beam: will be the sum total ofall the rein ment (AVA, ora, ‘wn in Figs.f fa, 11b and 116), which are intersected by the shear plane and are fully anchored on both the sides of the shear plane considered. a 49IRC:22-2008 Bottom bar, A, 2 Fig. 11a. Un-Haunched Beam Fig. 1c. Small Haunched Beam Fig. 11. Transverse Reinforcement Across Shear Planes 606.12 Total ‘Transverse Reinforcements ‘The total transverse reinforcements, A, per unit length of beam in case of shear! | which crosses the whole thickness of thé slab will be the sum OF, +A, i reinforcements 4, and A, include those provided for flexure. The total transverse reinforcements actoss plane 2-2 (Fig, La) is 4, = 24, and that across plane 3-3 (Fig. 11b) is 4,= 24, as these12-2008 ‘The transverse reinforcements shall be placed at locations as shown in Fig, 12. The haunch bars shall be extended beyond the junction of bottom bars by a length equal to the anchorage length. Fig. 12 a. Stud Conneetorin Fig. 12 b. Channel Connector in ‘Un-Haunched Beam Un-Haunched Beam i os x i = +t Hn 7 Fig. 12 c, Stud Connector in Fig. 12 d. Channel Connector in ‘Haunched Beam Haunched Beam Fig. 12. Arrangement of Transverse Reinforcements 607, COMPOSITE COLUMNS 607.1 General (1). This clause applies to Golumns and compression members with steel grade conforming to 18:2062 and normal weight concrete of strength M 20 to M 60. (2). This clause applies to isolated columns and compression members in framed structures where the other structural members are either composite or steel members. (3) The steel contribution ratio 5 should fulfill the criteria: 0.2<5<09 where dis defined in Clause 607.6. 51IRC:22-2008 (4) The influence of local buckling of the steel section on the resistance of the composite section as a whole shall be considered for design. (3) Thic effects of local buckling may be neglected for a stee! section fully encased in accordance with Clause 607.2, and for other types of cross-section provided the ‘maximum width to thickness ratio given in Clause 607.4 are not exceeded. (©) Composite Columns can be of two types: (a) Encased, where concrete encases the steel section [Fig. 13(a)] (b) _In-filled, where concrete fills the hollow tubular or hollow box section [Fig. 13(b)] 607.2 Construction Particular (1) In composite columns consisting of fully encased steel sections, concrete shall be adequately held by steel wires and stirrups and with all round cover of at least 40 mm or one-sixth of the breadth b of the flange, over steel section that should be unpaiated but cleaned at abutting surface to ensue protection against corrosion and spalling of concrete. Shear transfer between steel concrete interfaces is ensured basically through bond for which calculated shear stress at interface shall be kept limited in accordance with ‘Table 13, beyond which mechanical shear connectors are to be provided. (2). The cover to reinforcement should be in accordance with IRC:21. 607.3 Members under Axial Compression Standard composite sections used as columns are as shown below: be Fig, 13(a). Fully and Partially Concrete Encased Columns 52IRC:22-2008 Fig. 13(b). Conerete Filled Hollow Sections 607.3.1 General design philosophy (1) Design for structural stability shall consider second-order effects including residual stresses, geometrical imperfections, local instability, cracking of concrete, creep and. shrinkage of concrete and yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement. (2). Second-order effécts shall be considered in any direction in which failure might oceur, if they affect the structural stability significantly. (3) Intemal forces should be determined by elasto-plastic analysis. (4) Full composite action between steel and concrete shall be considered up to feilure. (5) Effects of creep and shrinkage shall be considered if they are likely to reduce thestructural stability significantly. For simplification, creep and shrinkage effects may beignored if the increase inthe firs-order bending moments duc to creep deformations and loagitudinal force resulting from peimanent loads is not greater than 10%, 607.3.2. General design philosophy (a) Fora fully encased steel section, sec Fig, 13(a), limits to the maximum thickness of concrete cover that may be used in calculation are: ©, (max) =0.3 h C, (max) = 0.45 (b) The longitudinal reinforcement that may be used in calculation should not exceed 6% of the concrete area. (6) Theratio of the cross-section’s depth h, to width b,, see Fig. 13(a), should be within the limits 33IRC:22-2008 607.4 Local Buckling of Stee! Section ‘The equations for'determining the plastic resistance of an encased steel section or concrete filled rectangular/square or circular tubular section P, as discussed subsequently in the next clauses is valid, provided that local buckling in the steel séetions does not occur. To prevent premature local buckling, the width to thickness ratio of the steel sections in compression must satisfy the following limits: a 78 85e? for concrete filled circular tubular sections h + 75508 for concrete filled rectangular tubular sections » care . s for partially encased I sections 250 Where, ** /"7~ and{,is the yield strength ofthe steel section in MPa For fully encased steel sections, the above local buckling check is not required. However, the concrete cover to the flange of a fully encased steel seétion should not be less than 40 mm, nor less than one-sixth of the breadth, 'b’, of the flange Design of concrete filled rectangular tubular sections where vt ratios exceed the local buckling limits for semi-compact sections, should be verified by tests. 607.5 Short Compression Members ‘A compression member is termed asa ‘short comipression member when its non-dimensional slenderness ratio 7 <0.2- Non-dimensional slendemess ratio Z is given as =_|2 P, Where, ?,,is the plastic resistance of the cross section to compression and is given Piel, + A, [0-806] + Ay Sy Where, Jf, Yield strength of steel section. Sq characteristic compressive strength (cube strength) of the concrete, 54IRC:22-2008 Jy, Yield strength of the reinforcing steel. a, _ strength coefficient for concrete, = 1.0 for confined concrete in tubular sections, 85 for fully or partially concrete encased steel sections with lateral ties, = 0.89 for fully or partially encased concrete columns with spiral ties. [Note: While providing spiral ties it must be ensured that the ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core is not less than 0.36(4,/A,D)f.,/S, (A, = Gross area of section, 4,, = Area of core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outer diameter of the helix)] ~~ P, isthe elastic buckling load of the column Where (ED, is the effective elastic flexural stiffness of the composite column. is the effective length of the column, which may be conservatively taken as system length J foran isolated non-sway composite column. 607.5.1 Encased steel sections and concrete filled rectangular/square tubular sections ‘The plastic resistance of an encased steel section or concrete filled rectangular or square section (i.e a the so-called “squash load”) is given by PAS! Tg * GA g [0-B0f-)/ 76+ Ay La! Va Where, f, (f,) f,and a, areas discussed earlier. 607.5.2 Concrete filled circular tubular sections ‘There is an increased resistance and ductility of concrete due to the confining effect of the circular tubular section, However, this effect is significant only in stocky columns. In composite columns with a non-dimensional slendemess of 3 <0.5 (see Section 607.6) or where the eccentricity of the applied load does not exceed the value o/0, (where dis the outer dimension of tae circular tubular section) this effect has to be considered. 55 Sager : :| | IRC:22-2008 ‘The plastic compression resistance of concrete filled cireular tubular sections is calculated by Using two coefficients 7, and 77, as given below. tf, Py = Ath Ly! Fu osde.h| en af, prea Sa! Ya Where, 1: isthe thickness of the circular tubular section, and 1, and 7, two coefficients which account for confinement effect and are given by 1 10e nyt |! | and, 10 n=» Hn) ‘The resistance of a concrete filled circular tubular section to compression may increase by 15% under axial load only when the effect of tri-axial confinement is considered. Linear interpolation is permitted for various load eccentricities of ¢ < d/10. The basic values 7, and 7,, depend on the non-dimensional slendemess J , which can be read off ftom Table 9. Ifthe eccentricity ‘e” exceeds the value d/20, or if the non-dimensional slenderessexceeds. the value 0.5 then 7, =0 and n,= 1.0, Table 9. Basic Value 7, and n,, to Allow for the Effect of Tri-axial Confinement A=0.0 2=01 A=02 A=03 A=04 | 4205 The 4.90 3.22 1.88 0.88 0.22 2.00 he 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 09s 1.00 607.6 Effective Elastic Flexural Stiffness (@) Short term loading: The effective elastic flexural stiffaess, (E1), is obtained by adding up the flexural stiffness ofthe individual components of the cross-section: (ED) = E,1, + 0.6 6,,1,+ EL, Where, E_and B,, are the modulus of elasticity of the stee! section and the reinforcement respectively E,, isthe secant modulus of the concrete 56IRC:22-2008 (bo) Long terme loading: For slender columns the effect of long term loading should be considered 7 50.2- If the eccentricity ‘e’ of loading is more than twice the cross-section dimension ‘D’ sre > 2D, the effect on the bending moment distribution caused by increased deflections due to creep and shrinkage of concrete will be very small and may be neglected. Moreover, effect of long term loading need not be considered if the non-dimensional slenderness, 7, (Ref: Clause 607.6) of the composite column is less than the limiting values given in Table 10, ‘Table 10, Limiting Values of 7 for Long Term Loading Braced Unbraced and/or Non-sway systems sway system Conerete encased cross-section 08 0.5 Conerete filled cross-section oe oe P= 1-6 Note: 8 is the steel contribution ratio defined as 6= Pita ‘When J exceeds the limits prescribed above and e/D <2, the effect of creep and shrinkage of concrete should be allowed for by adopting modulus of clasticity of conerete £., instead of H,, where EB, isdefined as follows: : B, = 0.75E,,) 1-22 P ‘Where, P the applied factored load; P,, the part of the applied factored load permanently acting on the column. ‘The effect of long-term loading may be ignored for concrete filled tubular sections with 7 $2.0 provided that 6 is greater than 0.6 for braced (non-sway) columns, and 0.75 for unbraced (sway) columns.IRC:22-2008 607.7 Resistance of Member Subjected to Axial Compression. ‘The isolated non-sway composite columns need not be checked for buckling, ifanyone of the following conditions is satisfied: (a) Theaxial force in the columnis less than 0.1 P_, where P,, is the elastic buckling load of the column (b) The non-dimensional slendemess 2 is less than 0.2. ‘To check the safety of compression member, check for buckling about each principal axis of the composite section needs to be done as below, PsaP, Now, P, is the plastic resistance to compression as discussed in Clause 607.3. 1 ge x [\+af4 -02)s27| Non-dimensional slendemess ratio as discussed in Clause 607.6 Z = R " Imperfection factors given in Table Lt which allows for different levels of imperfections and residual stresses in columns corresponding to curves a, 6 and ¢. ‘The buckling curve to be adopted for design shall be selected according to type of scotion and the axis of bending as given blow: Curvea for concrete filled tubular sections with reinforcement percentage less than 3% of gross cross-section area . Curveb for fully orpartially concrete encased I-sections buckling about the strong axis ofthe stee! sections (x-r axis) and for conerete filled tubular sections with reinforcement percentage more than 3% of gross cross-section area. Curvee for fully and partiaily concrete encased I-sections buckling about the weak axis ofthe steel sections (y-y axis)IRC:22-2008 ‘Table 11, Imperfection Factor a. for the Buekling Curves Buekting Curve a b © | Imperfection Factor 0.21 034 0.49 607.8 Combined Compression and Bending (1) When the bending moment in the section is zero (ic. M0), the permissible compression is as given in Clause 607.5 and Clause 607.7. (Ref: Point A in interaction curve shown in Fig. 14). 2) For zero compressive force in the section the plastic moment of resistance of te cross section is given as (Ref: Point Bin curve shown in Fig, 14) My = Loy — Zaye) SM tay * Loy Zon) Salty * G08. Ee — Lye) Seg Where, Zyy Zand Z,, Plastic section moduli ofthe stee! section, reinforcement and concrete about their own centroids respectively Zuo» Zyyy 24 Za Plastic section moduli ofthe steel section, reinforcement and concrete about neutral axis of gross cross section respectively. . [Note: The location of Plastic Neutral Axis for the entire section has been elaborated in Annexure II). P Pr lA Pe ic 0 IB 0 Mp M Fig. 14. Interaction Curve for Compression and Uni-Axial Bending using the Simplified Method 39IRC:22-2008 ‘While determining the plastic resistance of a section the following criteria shall be considered: (a) The influence of transverse shear forces on the resistance to bending and axial force should be considered when determining the interaction curve. Ifthe shear force Von the steel section exceeds 50% of the design shear resistance /, of the steel the influence of the transverse shear on the resistance in combined bending and compression should be taken into account by a reduced design stee! strength (1 -b) fy/g, in the sheararea AV (bis determined as per Clause 603.5.3.2. (b) Unless a more accurate analysis is used, V may be distributed into V, acting on the structural steel and ¥, acting on the reinforced concrete section by : Where, M,, isthe plastic moment of resistance of steel section alone 1M, isthe plastic moment of resistance of the entire composite section 607.8.1 Second order effects on bending moment The second order effects on bending moments for isolated non-sway columns shall be considered if both of the following conditions are satisfied. P 1) — >01 O > Where P is the design applied load, and P,, is the elastic critical load of the composite 2olumn. (2) Elastic slonderness conforms to: K >02 Tn case the above two conditions are met, the second order effects may be allowed for by modifying the maximum first order bending moment (moment obtained initially), M,,,. with a correction factor k, which is defined as follows: i i | | | ‘Where 7 is the non-dimensional slenderness of the composite column. 60IRC22-2008 Where, P applied design load P., isthe clastic critical load for the relevant axis and corresponding toa modified effective flexural stiffness given by (ED), with he effective length taken as the composite column length CC, equivalent moment factor given in Table 12. ‘Table 12. Imperfection Factor «for the Buckling Curves Moment Distribution Moment Factor (C,) Comment First-order bending moments | M is the maximum M_ | from member imperfection or | bendingmoment within the column length lateral load: ignoring second-order 0 effects M End Moments: M ort. M are the end See) moments fon fist C,, = 0.66 + 0.44 r> 0.44 order or second-order lersl global analysis. ‘A simplified approach in considering the value of C,, is as indicated below: = 0,85 for members whose ends are restrained against rotation : 1.0 for members whose ends are un-restrained against rotation (ED = 0.9E 1, + 0.5 Eyl, + Bl) 607.8.2 Resistance of members subjected to combined compression and uni-axial bending moment (1) The section shall be checked for resistance under axial compression for both x and y axes, (2) The resistance of the section shall then be checked for combined axial compression and uni-axial bending moment as described below. 61IRC:22-2008 The design against combined bending and axial compression is adequate when the following condition is satisfied: Ms09uM, Where Mis the design bending moment, which may be factored to allow for second order effects, ifnecessary, as described in Clause 607,8.1(2). The moment resistance ratio s1fora composite column under combined compression and uni- axial bending shall be evaluated as follows: =n) “Wa and ~ z)x0 (Hxde Where, ,~Axial resistance ratio due to concrete = 7p > where P, = 080,f,,A/7, P %,= Design axial resistance ratio= 5 . 2£= reduction factor due to column bucking when x, x, when xy Ler Mg Where, L : Lip = Pt xs 10 War + Gir? ~ Aur? V7) bpp = 0.51 + Opp (Arr —0.2) + Arr?) @,y =0.21 forrolled sections .49 for welded sections 8IRC:22-2008 ‘Thenon-dimensional slendemess ratio, 2,,, is given by Pb 2 phy! Mer Where, - B,~1.0 for Plastic and Compact sections ~2Z,/Z, for semi-compact sections Au M, isthe elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torisonal buckling, ‘The elastic lateral buckling moments given by— | The following simplified conservative equation may be used in the case of prismatic members made of standard rolled I sections and welded doubly symmetric I sections for calculating he elastic critical lateral buckling moment. 03 wetyhe| 1 (burly ° 2p | 0h; Mty BZ Low ‘warping constant moment of inertia about the weak axis radius of gyration ofthe section about the weak axis] effective length for lateral torsional buckling Center to center distance between flanges 1, = thickness of the flange Effect of lateral torsional buckling on flexural strength need not be considered if), < 0.4.IRC:22-2008 ANNEXURE-IL (Clause 607.8) LOCATION OF PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS IN COMPOSITE COLUMN 11.1 General Referring to Fig ILL, itis important to note that the positions of the neutral axis for points B and C inthe interaction curve is as shown in Fig. I.1, f can be determined from the difference in stresses at points Band C. L— No moment Ms-Mp 2 Zero axial force y PointC Py Per Pa ‘ ae ees = bom Me =My hae See eee eee — : TT z Po=Pe ty ta fi pp zt Pe Tot Fig, IL. Stress Distributions for the Points of the Interaction Curve for Concrete ied Rectangular Tubular Sections 1IRC:22-2008 ‘The resulting axial forces, which are dependent on the position of the neutral axis of the cross- section, h, can easily be determined as shown in Fig, T1.2. The sum of these forces is equal to P.. This calculation enables the equation defining f, to be determined, which is different for various types of sections. Pek Fig. 11.2. Variation in the Neutral Axis Pe IL1.1 For concrete encased steel sections: Major axis bending 2h ¥ vy Fig. IL 3 (1) Neutral axis in the webs A, s[A/2-t,] AcPet ~4'y 2P yx ~ Par) 2b, Day + Uy (2P, ~ Per) Neutral axis in the flange: (h/2-t,]

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