3./.

Ngun dng Vi sai

Nh c cp phn ngun tch cc, p ng c chnh
xc cao ca in p ra, cn to ra hai ngun in p chun l VRef1 v VRef2
nh D1 v D2. Theo mch bn tri, ta thy rng, s c nhng nguy c nht
nh no c th dn n lm chy hng transistor cng sut Q1 v lm
cho in p ra VSupply tng qu in p cho php v n s gy ra mt dng
in cc ln qua D2 D1 v tip gip B E ca Q2 m n c th ph hng
cc Zener cng nh c Q2.
Q1 Q1
VCC NPN V Supply VCC NPN V Supply

R1 1k Vref2 D2 R1 1k R3
1k
1000UF/25V

1000UF/25V
R2 12V R2
NPN C2 NPN C2
Q2 Q2
1k Vcomp 1000/16V 1k Q3 Vcomp R5 1000/16V
C1 C1 Vref NPN
Vref1 1k
D1 D1 VREF
R3 R6 R4
12V 12V
1k 1k 1k

m bo chnh xc cao cng nh vi an ton tt hn, ngi

ta a vo s dng cc mch n p theo nguyn l vi sai nhm t c
n nh cao v mi mt.
Theo s m t hnh bn phi, transistor Q1 ng vai tr l linh kin
khuych i cng sut ca mch ngun, mch so snh vi sai c to bi Q2
v Q3. Trong , Q2 lm nhin v so snh v Q3 lm nhim v to in p
chun VREF ti cc Emmitter ca n.
Ta hon ton c th chng minh c rng, hiu in th trn R6
(ghp gia hai cc Emmitter ca Q2 v Q3) lun c gi chun bi mt
gi tr khng i l:
VR6 = const = Vref UB3E3 Vref 0,7V
V th, cng dng in qua R6 c to bi tng ca cng
dng in IE2 v IE3 cng s c gi vi mt gi tr khng i sao cho:
IR6 = IE2 + IE3 = const
= VR6/R6 = (Vref UB3E3)/R6
(Vref 0,7V)/R6
V in p trn R6 l VR6 = const nn in p trn cc Emmitter ca
Q2 c gi n nh ging nh trng hp ca ngun dng tch cc ni
trn.
 Tuy nhin, iu hn hn cn phi c l gii y l v in p
chun VREF c to bi Q3 v trung gian qua R6 nn n cho php la chn
c mt loi in tr c cng sut ln c th chu c cng sut tn tht
ln hn so vi cng sut ca cc diode Zener (nu s dng cc diode Zener
th khng th chn c cc Zener chu c cng sut ln). iu c
ngha l dng in IB1 cc i c th cho php ln hn so vi ngun dng
tch cc. Khi , s iu chnh dng in trong mch c thc hin bi:
Khi in p so snh VComp tng ln th cng dng in IE2 s tng
ln (v cng IE3 s phi gim xung VR6 = VREF = const tc l IR6
= const. Nn lc ny st p trn R1 s tng ln lm cho VB1 gim xung
sao cho in p ra VSupply phi gim xung (th khi VComp s gim xung
theo).
V nh va phn tch trn, cng sut tn tht trn transistor Q2
hon ton c tnh nh i vi mch ngun tch cc tuy nhin n c u
im hn ch l cho php chu c cng sut ln hn v c s cho php
ca R6 (v gi thnh ch to mt in tr chu c cng sut ln r hn
so vi ch to mt Zener c cng cng sut).
Ta c th xc nh c cng sut tn tht trn R6 bi:
PR6 = V2R6/R6
V ta c th chn c cc in tr c cng sut chu ng ln hn
cng sut c xc nh trn.
Mt khc, c th xc nh c gi tr in tr ca R6, ta cn xc
nh dng cc i qua Emmitter ca Q2:
IE2 Max >= IB1 Max = (VCC Max VB1)/R1
= [VCC Max (VSupply + UB1E1)]
[VCC Max (VSupply + 0,7V)]
V v IV6 = IE2 + IE3 nn nu IE3 t cc i th IE2 phi trit tiu v
ngc li, ta c th suy ra:
IR6 >= IE2
Khi , ta c th xc nh c gi tr ca R6 bi:
R6 <= VREF/IE2 Max = (Vrf UB3E3)/IE2 Max
(VREF 0,7V)/ [(VCC Max VB1)/R1]
= R1.(VREF 0,7V)/ (VCC Max VB1)

Cc u im ca ngun vi sai
 Ngun vi sai c u im hn hn so vi vi ngun tch cc l c th
to c cng sut (hay cung cp dc dng ti ln) ln hn rt nhiu. Mt
iu quan trng hn na l c n nh in p rt cao, t b tri in p do
nhit.
Ta u bit rng, nu khi nhit tng ln th cc tip gip bn dn
u to ra dng in dn qua n vi cng ln hn... m lm cho s
khuych i cng dng in ca b phn khuych i cng sut l Q1 b
sai lch (tng dng ra) dn n lm cho in p ra tng ln.
Khi s dng mch vi sai th nu nhit tng ln, dt khot c IE2 v
IE3 u tng nn IR6 cng s tng v lm cho VR6 tng ln: V th phn p
UBE cho cc transistor Q2 v Q3 u gim dn n n s khng ch s tng
dng in qua R6 v c ngha l in p trn R6 c n nh cao hn nn
qu trnh so snh c thc hin bi Q2 vi s tham chiu in p trn R6 s
chnh xc hn.
Chnh v th, cc mch ngun vi sai c s dng rt ph bin v
thng c ch to di dng cc mch ngun tch hp c gi l cc IC
n p v c tn l h 78XX (hai con s u qui c l h n p dng,
hai con s sau qui c gi tr in p ra, v d, 7805 l n p c in p ra
5V, hoc 7812 l n p c in p ra 12V) v h 79XX... (h 79XX l h n
p m, cng nh h 78, hai con s u qui c l h n p m cn hai
con s sau l gi tr ca in p ra, v d 7905 l n p ra 5V).
Cc n p thuc h 78XX v 79XX u c ch to thnh mt linh
kin tch hp ch c 3 chn (l loi n p khng c iu khin ngt ngun)
v mt s khc c 4 chn c th iu khin ng ngt ngun.
Loi khng c ng ngt ngun c m t bi mch di y:
U1 U2
MC7805CT UA79M06CKC
VCC V Supply Vcc Neg V Supply Neg
1 3 2 3
IN OUT IN OUT
GND

GND

C1 C2
1n 1n C3 C4
2

Positiv

Trong , mch ngun bn tri s dng IC U1 l 7805 c gi l

ngun n p dng 5V v u vo (chn s1) v u ra (chn s 3) c cng
chiu in th dng, cc chung (cc th 2 hay cn gi l chn s 2) l in
th m. Mch bn phi s dng IC U2 l 7906 c gi l mch n p m
6V v in th vo (chn s 2) v ra (chn s 3) u c cng chiu m v cc
chung (chn s 1) l in th dng.
Ch : Cc loi mch tch hp (IC) u c nhn thun theo mt c
ch, cc chn c th t t tri qua phi ln lt l chn s 1, 2... v tip theo
l chn cui cng pha bn phi. Hn na, cc IC n p ni trn hin nay
trn th trng ch c th cung cp c mt dng in ti a vo khong
di 1A v khong in p vo ch cho php gp i i vi nhng loi n
p c in p ra di 12V v ch c php gp ri i vi cc n p c
in p ra ln hn 18V.
Cho nnC, nu cn s dng cc loi n p ni trn c th thit k
thnh mt mch ngun hoc c cng sut ln hn hoc c th to ra cc in
p c th iu chnh c th c th thc hin theo cc mch nguyn l di
y:
Mch bn tri c gi l mch n p nhn dng, vi cng dng
in ti a c th cho php trn ti l:
IMax = IU1 Max.
Trong d, : H s khuych di cng dng in ca Q1, IU1 Max:
Cng dng in cung cp ti a c th cho php ca IC n p U1. IMax:
Cng dng in cung cp cho ti thng qua Q1 (tc l dng IE ca Q1).
Q1
NPN U2
UA78M12UC
Vcc VSupply
U1 1 3
UA78M12UC IN OUT
Vcc VSupply
1 3 R1

GND
IN OUT
1k
GND

C1 C2 C3 C1 2 C2 C3
2

R2
1k

Khi , in p ra ca mch ch gn bng in p ra cho php ca IC

tc l nu in p ra cho php ca IC l UOut 0 th in p ra trn ti s l:
VSupply = UOut 0 UBE 0 UOut 0 0,7V
Mch bn phi c gi l mch n p nhn p v in p ra lc ny
c th c iu chnh ln hn in p ra cho php ca IC U2, nu gi in
p ra cho php ca IC l UOut 0 th in p ra c th iu chnh c VAdj
c xc nh bi:
VAdj = UOut 0.(R1 + R2)/R1 = VSupply
i vi mch ny, cng dng ti ti a ng bng dng cc i
cho php ca IC c th cp cho ti (khong di 1A).

Cc loi ngun dng vi sai

Ta c th tham kho mt s loi ngun vi sai v nguyn l hot ng
ca cc mch c tnh kinh in di y:
 Q1
Q1 VCC NPN V Supply
VCC NPN V Supply

R1 1k D2 R1
R2
OPAMP D2
1000U F /25V

R2 12V
U1 1k
NPN C2 Q5
Q2 Vcomp
1000/16V C1 R5 + C2
1k Q3 Vcomp
C1 Vref NPN
NPN OUT
D1 R6 Vref
R4 -
R6 R3
12V D1
1k 1k R3

1k

i vi loi ngun vi sai c m t hnh bn tri u c s dng

phn ln l cc transistor lng ht nn n c nhng nhc im l d b
tri in p nhit (tc l thay i in p do nhit ). hn ch c hin
tng ny, cn khc phc bng cch s dng mch Op Amp so snh
in p nh hnh phi.