4.

14 Example of calculations for open conductor fault in

power system:
The power system described in Fig. 4.67 is considered again.
The prefault bus voltages for buses 3, 4 and 5 are :

V (0) 0.9165 8.7580

3

V4 (0) = 0.9152 10.0980 pu


V5 (0) 0.8858 12.9610

ONE CONDUCTOR OPEN
Let one conductor of line 7 between buses 4 and 5 be open. The pre-fault current in phase a of
the faulted line is I45 = (0.3821 j0.3779) pu. The sequence impedance matrices [Z (0) (1)
Bus ], [ZBus ]
and [Z (2)
Bus ] are same as used in the example for calculation of short circuit faults on the power
system of Fig. 4.67.
The Thevenins impedance of the network as seen from buses 4 and 5 is calculated using equation
(4.145) with i=4 and i=5 as:

(1) (1) (1) (1)

Zth,45 = Z44 + Z55 2Z45 = j0.1397 + j0.1750 2 0.1250 = j0.0647 pu

(2) (1)
Zth,45 = Zth,45 = j0.0647 pu

(0) (0) (0) (0)

Zth,45 = Z44 + Z55 2Z45 = j0.30 + j0.30 2 0.20 = j0.20 pu
(1) (2) (0)
, Z andZ are calculated from equation (4.147) and equation (4.148).
Next,Zkk kk kk

(1) 2
(1) ( z45 ) (j0.1)2
Zkk = (1)

(1)
= = j0.2833 pu
Zth,45 z45 j0.0647 j0.10

(2) (1)
Zkk = Zkk = j0.2833 pu

(0) 2
(0) ( z45 ) (j0.30)2
Zkk = (0)

(0)
= = j0.90 pu
Zth,45 z45 j0.20 j0.30
(1)
The current Ia is calculated using equation (4.157)

(1) (2) (0)

Zkk [Zkk + Zkk ]
Ia(1) = Iij
Z (0) Z (1) + Z (1) Z (2) + Z (2) Z (0)
kk kk kk kk kk kk

j0.2833(j0.2833 + j0.3)
Ia(1) = (0.3821 j0.3779) = (0.2170 j0.2146) pu
j0.9 j0.2833 + j0.2833 j0.2833 + j0.2833 j0.9

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 (1) (2) (0)
The sequence voltage drops Vkk , Vkk and Vkk are then calculated using the equation:

(2) (0)
(1) (1) Zkk Zkk
Vkk = Ia

(2)
Zkk (0)
+ Zkk

j0.2833 j0.9
Vkk(1) = (0.2170 j0.2146) = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu
j0.2833 + j0.9

Vkk(2) = Vkk(0) = Vkk(1) = (0.0463 + j0.0468) pu

As a check calculate

Vkk(2) 0.0463 + j0.0468

Ia(2) = = = (0.1651 + j0.1633) pu
Z (2)
kk
j0.2833
V (0) 0.0463 + j0.0468
Ia(0) = kk = = (0.052 + j0.0514) pu
Z (0)
kk
j0.90
Ia = Ia(0) + Ia(1) + Ia(2) = (0.2170 j0.2146) + (0.1651 + j0.1633) + (0.052 + j0.0514)
=0 Q.E.D.

Then we calculate the changes in bus voltages using equation (4.146).

Bus 3

(0) (0)
(0) (Z34 Z35 )Vkk(0) j0.10 j0.10
V3 =

(0)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) = 0 pu
z45 j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z34 Z35 )Vkk(1) j0.1103 j0.1250
V3 =

(1)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0068 j0.0069) pu
z45 j0.1

V3(2) = V3(1) = (0.0068 j0.0069) pu

Hence,

V3 = V3(0) + V3(1) + V3(2) = (0.0136 j0.0138) pu

Bus 4

(0) (0)
(0) (Z44 Z45 )Vkk(0) j0.30 j0.20
V4 =

(0)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0154 + j0.0156) pu
z45 j0.3

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 (1) (1)
(1) (Z44 Z45 )Vkk(1) j0.01397 j0.125
V4 =

(1)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu
z45 j0.10

V4(2) = V4(1) = (0.0068 + j0.0069) pu

V4 = V4(0) + V4(1) + V4(2) = (0.0290 j0.0293) pu

Bus 5

(0) (0)
(0) (Z54 Z55 )Vkk(0) j0.20 j0.30
V5 =

(0)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0154 j0.0156) pu
z45 j0.3

(1) (1)
(1) (Z54 Z45 )Vkk(1) j0.1250 j0.1750
V5 =

(1)
= (0.0463 + j0.0468) = (0.0231 j0.0234) pu
z45 j0.3

V5(2) = V5(1) = (0.0231 j0.0234) pu

V5 = V5(0) + V5(1) + V5(2) = (0.0617 j0.0624) pu

The bus voltages during fault are

V3 (F ) = V30 + V3 = (0.9058 j0.1395) + (0.0136 j0.138) = (0.8922 j0.1533) pu

V3 (F ) = 0.9053 9.750 pu

V4 (F ) = V40 + V4 = (0.9010 j0.1605) + (0.0290 + j0.0293) = (0.9300 j0.1311) pu

V4 (F ) = 0.9392 8.020 pu

V5 (F ) = V50 + V5 = (0.8632 j0.1987) + (0.0617 j0.0624) = (0.8016 j0.2610) pu

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 V5 (F ) = 0.8430 18.040 pu

The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

I(a) 1 1 1 (0.052 + j0.0514)

45 0
(b)
I = 1 a2 a (0.2170 j0.2146) = 0.4782 147.840 pu
45
(c)
I45 1 a a (0.1651 + j0.1633) 0.478258.56
2 0

TWO CONDUCTORS OPEN

The sequence currents can be calculated with the help of equation (4.162) as:

(1)
Zkk (0.3821 j0.3779) j0.2833
Ia(1) = Iij =

(0) (1) (2)

Zkk + Zkk + Zkk j0.9 + j0.2833 + j0.2833

Ia(1) = Ia(2) = Ia(0) = (0.0738 j0.073) pu

The sequence voltages of Thevenins equivalent sequence network is calculated using equation
(4.163)

(0)
Vkk(1) = Ia(1) (Zkk (2)
+ Zkk ) = (0.0738 j0.073) (j0.9 + j0.2833) = (0.0864 + j0.0873) pu

Vkk(2) = Ia(2) Zkk

(2)
= (0.0738 j0.073)(j0.2833) = (0.0207 + j0.0209) pu

Vkk(0) = Ia(0) Zkk

(0)
= (0.0738 j0.073)(j0.9) = (0.0657 + j0.0664) pu

The changes in bus voltages are calculated using equation (4.146).

Bus 3

(0) (0)
(0) (Z34 Z35 )Vkk(0) j0.1 j0.10
V3 =

(0)
= (0.0657 j0.0664) = 0 pu
z45 j0.3

(1) (1)
(1) (Z34 Z35 )Vkk(1) j0.1103 j0.1250
V3 =

(1)
= (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0127 j0.0128) pu
z45 j0.1

(2) (2)
(2) (Z34 Z35 )Vkk(2) j0.1103 j0.1250
V3 =

(2)
= (0.0207 j0.0208) = (0.0030 + j0.0030) pu
z45 j0.1

V3 = V3(0) + V3(1) + V3(2) = (0.0097 j0.0098) pu

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 Hence, the voltage of bus 3 during fault is:

V3 (F ) = V30 + V3 = (0.9058 j0.1395) + (0.0097 j0.0098) = (0.8962 j0.1493) pu

V3 (F ) = 0.9085 9.460 pu

Bus 4

(0) (0)
(0) (Z44 Z45 )Vkk(0) j0.30 j0.20
V4 =

(0)
= (0.0657 j0.0664) = (0.0219 j0.0221) pu
z45 j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z44 Z45 )Vkk(1) j0.1397 j0.1250
V4 =

(1)
= (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0127 + j0.0128) pu
z45 j0.1

(2) (2)
(2) (Z44 Z45 )Vkk(1) j0.1397 j0.1250
V4 =

(2)
= (0.0207 j0.0209) = (0.0030 j0.0031) pu
z45 j0.1

V4 = V4(0) + V4(1) + V4(2) = (0.0122 + j0.0124) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 4 during fault is:

V4 (F ) = V40 + V4 = (0.9010 j0.1605) + (0.0122 j0.0124) = (0.8888 j0.1728) pu

V4 (F ) = 0.9054 11.00 pu

Bus 5

(0) (0)
(0) (Z54 Z55 )Vkk(0) j0.20 j0.30
V5 =

(0)
= (0.0657 j0.0664) = (0.0219 + j0.0221) pu
z45 j0.30

(1) (1)
(1) (Z54 Z55 )Vkk(1) j0.1250 j0.1750
V5 =

(1)
= (0.0864 + j0.0873) = (0.0432 j0.0437) pu
z45 j0.10

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 (2) (2)
(2) (Z54 Z55 )Vkk(2) j0.1250 j0.1750
V5 =

(2)
= (0.0207 j0.0209) = (0.0103 + j0.0105) pu
z45 j0.10

V5 = V5(0) + V5(1) + V5(2) = (0.0111 + j0.01111) pu

Hence, the voltage of bus 5 during fault is:

V5 (F ) = V50 + V5 = (0.8632 j0.1987) + (0.0111 j0.01111) = (0.8523 j0.2097) pu

V5 (F ) = 0.8777 13.830 pu

The phase components of current in line 4-5 are:

I(a) 1 1 1 (0.0738 j0.073) 0.3114 44.690

45
(b)
I = 1 a2 a (0.0738 j0.073) = pu
45 0
(c)
I45 1 a a (0.0738 j0.073)
2 0

225