4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

4.
5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems Example 1, page 1 of 1
1. Replace the force at A by an equivalent
force and couple moment at point O.
y
6m
A 2 Calculate the moment about O.
4
3 MO = (16 N)(4 m) + (12 N)(6 m)
5 4m = 136 Nm
20 N
x
0
3 Display the equivalent force and couple moment

at point O.
1 Express the force in rectangular components.
y
(20 N) 4 = 16 N y A
5
6m
A 136 Nm
4
x ns.
3 4 0
5 4m 3
5
20 N x
0 20 N
(20 N) 3 = 12 N
5
2. The 60-N force acts at point A on the lever as shown.
Replace the force at A by a force and couple moment
acting at point O that will have an equivalent effect.
1 Calculate the moment about O.
O MO = (60 N)(200 mm) cos 60

= 6000 Nmm
= 6 Nm
60
A
60 N
200 mm
O 200 mm
(200 mm) cos 60 60

A
60 N
2 Display the equivalent force

and couple moment at point O.
O
60 N
6Nm ns.
A
3. Replace the 2-lb force acting on the end of the bottle
opener by an equivalent force and couple moment
acting on the underside of the bottle cap at A. Use your
results to explain how a bottle opener works.
3 in.
A 1 Calculate the couple moment about point A.
B MA = (2 lb)(3 in.)
2 lb = 6 lbin.
2 Display the equivalent force

and couple moment at point A.
6 lbin. ns.
B
2 lb
3 The bottle opener works by pulling (with a 2-lb

force) on the edge of the cap while
simultaneously twisting (with a 6 lbin. moment) ns.
the entire cap away from the top of the bottle.
4. Replace the given forces and couple moment by a
resultant force and couple moment at A.
260 lb
120 lb
12 13 800 lbft
5 A
2 ft 4 ft 7 ft
2 Calculate the resultant force
Rx = Fx: Rx = 100 lb
1 Express the inclined force in rectangular

components. Ry = Fy: Ry = 240 lb 20 lb
12 (260 lb) = 240 lb = 360 lb

13
120 lb = 360 lb
3 Calculate the resultant couple moment about A.
12 13 800 lbft
5 A
MRA = MA
5 (260 lb) = 100 lb = (240 lb) (2 ft + 4 ft + 7 ft)

13 + (120 lb) (4 ft + 7 ft) 800 lbft
2 ft 4 ft 7 ft
= 3640 lbft
4 Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force.
100 lb
R = (360)2 + (100)2
= 374 lb ns.
360 lb
= tan-1 360 = 74.5 ns.
100
5 Display the equivalent force and couple

moment at A.
374 lb
74.5
A
ns.
3640 lbft
5. Replace the force F = 3 kN acting on corner A of the
block by an equivalent force and couple moment acting
at the center C of the block.
y
F = 3 kN
A
x
C
150 mm
150 mm
100 mm 100 mm
y
F = 3 kN
1 Calculate the couple moment about C.
A rCA MC = rCA F
C x
= {100i 150k}mm 3j}kN
= 100( i j 150( k j i
j
z
=k = i
k
= { 450i 300k}kNmm
150 mm = { 450i 300k}N m Ans.

150 mm
100 mm 100 mm
2 Display the equivalent force and couple moment at C.
F = { 3j}kN Ans.
MC = { 450i 300k}Nm
A
x
C
150 mm
150 mm
100 mm 100 mm
6. Replace the forces acting on the ice auger by an
equivalent force and couple moment acting at A.
y
4 lb
C
7 lb
6 in.
48 in.
A
x
z
y
4 lb
C
B
7 lb Rx = Fx: Rx = 0
Ry = Fy: Ry = 4 lb
6 in.
Rz = Fz: Rz = 7 lb
48 in.
A x
z
y
2 Calculate the resultant couple moment about A.
4 lb MAR = MA
C = rAC { 4j} lb + rAB {7k} lb
= 0, because rAC and { 4j} are parallel,

B rAC or, what amounts to the same thing,
the line of action of the { 4j} lb force
passes throughout point A.
7 lb
rAB = 0 + { 6i + 48j} in. {7k} lb
= 6(7)i k + 48(7)j k i
j
48 in. = j =i
6 in.
k
= {336i + 42j} lbin.
A x
z
y
3
MAR = {336i + 42j} lbin.
A x ns.
R={ j + 7k} lb
z
7. Replace the forces and couple moment by a single force and

specify where it acts.
3 kip 4 kip
A B 40 D
C
20 kipft
2 ft 8 ft 4 ft 3 ft
(4 kip) cos 40 = 3.064 kip

3 kip
y (4 kip) sin 40 = 2.571 kip
4 kip
A B C D
1 Resolve the inclined force into
20 kip ft
rectangular components.
40
2 ft 8 ft 4 ft 3 ft
Rx = Fx: Rx = 3.064 kip = 3.064 kip

3 = tan-1 5.571 = 61.2 ns.
3.064
Ry = Fy: Ry = 3 kip 2.571 kip = 5.571 kip
3.064 kip
2 2
R= (3.064) + (5.571)
= 6.358 kip ns. R 5.571 kip

3 kip
3.064 kip 3.064 kip
4 kip d 5.571 kip
2.571 kip
A B C D A C D
20 kipft
40 = 61.2
R = 6.358 kip
5 This is a new force-couple system that we want to make
2 ft 8 ft 4 ft 3 ft
equivalent to the original force-couple system. We
already know that the forces are equivalent because R
4 This is the original force-couple moment
is the resultant of the forces in the original system.
system.
Now we have to make sure that the moment is also
equivalent. We do this by placing R at some unknown
distance d from the left end and then choosing d so that
the moment of this new system is the same as that of
the original system.
6 We equate the moment of the new 7 MAR = MA

system, about point A, to the moment
of the original force-couple system
or,
(The choice of point A for summing
moments is arbitrary; any other point
(5.571 kip)d = 20 kipft (3 kip)(2 ft) (2.571 kip)(2 ft + 8 ft)
would work as well, except that we
must use the same point for both the
Solving gives
original system and the new system.)
d = 2.10 ft Ans.
8. Replace the forces acting on the frame by a single force
and specify where its line of action intersects
a) member BCD and b) member AB.
400 N
600 N 300 N
C D 1 Determine the resultant force.

B
2m Rx = Fx: Rx = 800 N = 800 N
Ry = Fy: Ry = 400 N 600 N 300 N

800 N
2m = 1300 N
A E
x
= 1300 N
4m 4m
800 N R= (800)2 + (1300)2 = 1526 N Ans.
1300 N = tan-1 1300 = 58.4 Ans.

800
d 400 N 600 N 300 N
800 N 58.4 D
B C D
B
C
1300 N 2m
R = 1526 N
800 N
A E 2m
A E
x
2 Part a) To determine where the line of
4m 4m
action of the resultant force intersects
member BCD, place the force on BCD,
an unknown distance d from point B.
3 Choose d so that the moment about B of the resultant
force equals the moment of the original force system.
(The choice of point B was arbitrary.)
MBR = MB
or
(1300 N)d = (600 N)(4 m) (300 N)(4 m + 4 m) (800 N)(2 m)
Solving gives
d = 4.92 m Ans.
B D
d' 400 N 600 N 300 N

800 N 58.4
1300 N B C D
A E 2m
R = 1526 N
800 N
2m
4 Part b) To determine where the line of A E
action of the resultant force intersects x
member AB, place the force a distance
d' from point B. 4m 4m
5 Choose d' so that the moment about B of the resultant

force equals the moment of the original force system.
MBR = MB
or
(800 N)d' = (600 N)(4 m) (300 N)(4 m + 4 m) (800 N)(2 m)
Solving gives
d' = 8.0 m Ans.

B D
4m
d' = 8 m E
A
800 N
1300 N
58.4
R = 1526 N
6 The intersection of the line of action with a line drawn

through A and B occurs below point B.
7 Alternative solution for part b. Once we know where

the line of action intersects member BCD, we can d = 4.92 m
use geometry to find the intersection with AB.
B C D
58.4 1300 N
d'
A E
line of action of
G resultant force
8 From triangle CBG,
d'
tan 58.4 =
4.92
Solving gives,
d' = 8.0 m
(same result as before)

9. Determine the value of force P such that the line of
action of the resultant of the forces acting on the truss
passes through the support at H. Also determine the
magnitude of the resultant.
30 160 lb 200 lb 180 lb

260 lb
P
A B C D E
8 ft
F G H I J
6 ft 6 ft 6 ft 6 ft
160 lb 200 lb 180 lb
(260 lb) sin 30
= 130 lb
(260 lb) cos 30 A
= 225.2 lb P
B C D E
30
8 ft
F 260 lb G H I J
6 ft 6 ft 6 ft 6 ft
1 Determine the resultant force.
Rx = Fx: Rx = 130 lb P
Ry = Fy: Ry = 225.2 lb 160 lb 200 lb 180 lb
= 765.2 lb
= 765.2 lb (2)
160 lb 200 lb 180 lb

2 Choose force P so that the
130 lb moment about H of the
resultant force equals the
225.2 lb A moment of the original force
P system about H. Any other
B C D E
point besides H could be
used, but H has the advantage
8 ft
that the moment of the
resultant R is zero, since R is
F G H I known (as part of the
J
statement of the problem) to
6 ft 6 ft 6 ft 6 ft pass through H.
3 MHR = MH :
B C D E
0 = (225.2 lb)(6 ft + 6 ft) (130 lb)(8 ft)
+ (160 lb)(6 ft) (180 lb)(6 ft) + P(8)

F G H I
J Solving gives
Ry = 765.2 lb Rx = 130 lb P P = 192.8 lb
= 130 lb ( 192.8 lb) = 192.8 lb ns.

Resultant R
= 322.8 lb ns.
4 Magnitude of resultant.
From Eqs. 1 and 2,
R= (322.8)2 + ( 765.2)2 = 831 lb ns.

10. A machine part is loaded as shown. The part is to be attached to
a supporting structure by a single bolt. Determine the equation of
the line defining possible positions of the bolt for which the given
loading would not cause the part to rotate. Also, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force.
y
80 N 60 N
60
90 Nm
0.3 m
0.5 m
O
20 Nm x
0.4 m 0.6 m
y
60 N
(80 N) cos 60 = 40 N
90 Nm
60
80 N 1 Determine the resultant force.

(80 N) sin 60 = 69.28 N
Rx = Fx: Rx = 40 N = 40 N
Ry = Fy: Ry = 69.28 N 60 N
O = 129.28 N
20 Nm x
= 129.28 N
40 N R= (40)2 + (129.28)2 = 135.33 N Ans.
= tan-1 129.28 = 72.8 Ans.

40
129.28 N
y 60 N y
40 N
90 Nm
60 40 N (x, y)
0.3 m
80 N R
69.28 N 72.8 129.28 N
0.5 m y
O O
20 Nm x x
0.4 m 0.6 m x
3 To find the equation of the line of action, place the resultant at a
2 Rotation is caused by moment. general point (x, y). Then equate moments about, say, point O for the
If the given force-couple resultant (the figure on the right) and the original loading (the figure
system is replaced by a single on the left):
equivalent force (the resultant)
and a specified line of action, MOR = MO
then the moment would be zero
about any point on the line of or
action. So the line of action is (40 N)y (129.28 N)x = 90 Nm 20 Nm + (40 N)(0.3 m + 0.5 m)
the line on which the bolt (69.28 N)(0.4 m) (60 N)(0.4 m + 0.6 m)
should be placed to prevent
rotation.
4 Solving for y gives the equation of a line 5 All points at the top of the machine part have a y coordinate of
y = 3.232 x + 0.357 Ans. y = 0.3 m + 0.5 m
This line defines the possible locations of = 0.8 m.

the bolt.
Substituting y = 0.8 m into the equation of the line for the bolt
locations,
y = 3.32 x + 0.357
0.133 m
and solving for x gives
y x = 0.133 m
0.3 m
0.5 m
0.357 m
0
x
0.4 m 0.6 m
11. The rectangular foundation mat supports the four
column loads shown. Determine the magnitude,
direction, and point of application of a single force that
would be equivalent to the given system of forces.
y
30 kip
15 kip
A
11 kip
20 kip
B
z
C D
10 ft
x
3 ft
5 ft
8 ft
1 Determine the resultant.
Ry = Fy: Ry = 30 kip 15 kip 20 kip 11 kip
= 76 kip
= 76 kip
y 2 To make the resultant y
force R equivalent to
30 kip the original system of A
forces, place R at the R = 76 kip
point (x, 0, z) and then
15 kip A determine values of x x z
and z such that R B
11 kip (x, 0, z) D
produces the same z
20 kip
moments about the x C x
B
and z axes as the given
z forces produce.
C D
10 ft
x
3 ft
5 ft
8 ft
3 First, equate moments about the x axis. We can use
either the scalar definition of moment, M = Fd, or the
vector product definition. Let's use the scalar definition.
20 kip
y
R = 76 kip y
11 kip 30 kip
15 kip x, A
x, A C, B D
C, B D
z z
8 ft 3 ft z
View from positive x axis
4 MxR = Fd: (76 kip)z = (20 kip)(8 ft + 3 ft) + (15 kip)(8 ft + 3 ft)
+ (11 kip)(3 ft ) + (30 kip)(0) (1)
y 5 Solving Eq. 1 gives y
30 kip z = 5.5 ft Ans.

A R = 76 kip
Next, equate moments about the z axis.
15 kip
A x z
B
20 kip 11 kip (x, 0, z) D
z
B C x
z
C D
10 ft
x
3 ft
5 ft
8 ft
y 6 Use two-dimensional views.
30 kip
y
20 kip 11 kip R = 76 kip
15 kip
C D C D
z, B, A z, B, A x
10 ft 5 ft x
View from positive z axis
7 MzR = Fd: (76 kip)x = (20 kip)(10 ft) (11 kip)(10 ft + 5 ft) (2)
8 Solving Eq. 2 gives
x = 4.80 ft Ans.
12. Three signs are supported by an arch over a highway and are
acted upon by the wind forces shown. Replace the forces by an
equivalent force and specify its point of application.
y
300 N B
A C
850 N
3.5 m 400 N 4m 6m
O
x
5m 4m
z 1m
1 Determine the resultant.
Rz = Fz: Rz = 300 N 850 N 400 N
= 1550 N
= 1.55 kN Ans.
2 Place the resultant R at the arbitrary point (x, y, 0) and then
determine values of x and y such that R produces the same
moments about the x and y axes as the given forces produce.
y y
300 N B
C (x, y, 0)
A
850 N
3.5 m 400 N 4m 6m y 1550 N
O O
x x
5m 4m x
z 1m z
y
3 First equate moments about the x axis. y
850 N B
B R = 1550 N
400 N C
300 N C
A
6m A y
4m
3.5 m View from the x,O
x,O positive x axis z
z
4 MxR = Fd: (1550 N)y = (850 N)(6 m) (400 N)(4 m) (300 N)(3.5 m) (1)
5 Solving Eq. 1 gives
y = 5.0 m Ans.
6 Next, equate moments about the y axis.
y,O x y, O x
A B C
=
300 N 850 N 400 N
R = 1550 N
5m 4m View from the
positive y axis x
1m
7 MxR = Fd: (1550 N)x = (300 N)(1 m) + (850 N)(1 m + 5 m) + (400 N)(1 m + 5 m + 4 m)
Solving gives
x = 6.06 m Ans.
13. Three forces act on the pipe assembly. Determine the
magnitude of forces P and Q if the resultant of all three
forces is to act on point A. Also determine the magnitude
of the resultant.
y
O
P
z A Q
3m x
200 N C
1.5 m
2m
D 1m
1 Express the resultant R in terms of P and Q.

R = Fy: R = P + Q + 200 N (1)
2 Place the resultant R at point A and then determine values of
P and Q such that R produces the same moment about the x
and z axes as the given forces, P, Q, and 200 N, produce.
y
3 We can use either the scalar definition of moment M = Fd,
O or the vector definition, M = r F. Let's use the vector
P definition and calculate moments with respect to point O.
rOB
rOC B
rOD y
Q
z A
x O
3m
200 N C
1.5 m R=( P Q 200 N)j
2m
D 1m
rOA
4 Introduce position vectors, all with tails at point O. z A
3m x
rOB = {3i} m C 1.5 m
rOC = {5i + 1.5k} m
D
rOD = {5i + 2.5k} m
rOA = {3i + 1.5k} m

5 For equivalence, equate the moment of the resultant R
about point O to the moment of the given forces about O.
MOR = MO: rOA R = rOB { Pj} + rOC { Qj} + rOD { 200j}

i
or j
{3i + 1.5k} ( P Q 200)j = {3i} { Pj} + {5i + 1.5k} { Qj} + {5i + 2.5k} { 200j}
k
3( P Q 200)i j + 1.5( P Q 200)k j = 3( P)i j + 5( Q)i j + 1.5( Q)k j + 5( 200)i j + 2.5( 200)k j
=k = i =k =k = i =k = i
6 Collecting coefficients of i, j, and k gives
1.5(P + Q + 200)i 3(P + Q + 200)k = (1.5Q + 500)i + ( 3P 5Q 1000)k
Equating coefficients of i gives
1.5(P + Q + 200) = 1.5Q + 500 (2)
Equating coefficients of k gives
3(P + Q + 200) = 3P 5Q 1000 (3)

7 Solving Eqs. 2 and 3 gives,
P = 133.3 N ns.
Q = 200 N = 200 N ns.

Using these values in Eq. 1 gives
8 P and Q were defined as R = P + Q + 200 N

downward directed 133.3 200
forces.
= 133.3 N ns.
9 Alternative solution: the computation are simplified y
somewhat if we sum moments about point A instead
of point O.
y
O
O
P
R B
rAB B
A
Q
z A rAC C
3m x
rAD 200 N C 1.5 m
D
2m
1m 10 Introduce position vectors, all with
D tails at point A.
rAB = { 1.5k} m
rAC = {2i} m
11 Equate the moment of R about point A to
the moment of the given forces about A. rAD = {2i + k} m
MAR = MA: 0 = rAB { Pj} + rAC { Qj} + rAD { 200j}

12 Because R passes or
through point A, the
moment is zero. 0 = { 1.5k} { Pj} + {2i} { Qj} + {2i + k} { 200j}
i
j
0 = 5( P)k j + 2( Q)i j + 2( 200)i j + ( 200)k j
= i =k =k = i k
0i + 0j = ( 1.5P + 200)i + ( 2Q 400)k
0 = 1.5P + 200 (4)
0 = 2Q 400 (5)
Solving Eqs. 4 and 5 gives,
P=
Q= N
Same result as before.

14. The end plate of a pressurized tank is held in place by forces from three bolts.
Determine the required value of bolt-force P and angle if the resultant of the
three bolt forces is to act through the center of the plate at O.
700 N
0.5 m
x
O
40
C
B
P 500 N
z
1 Place the resultant, R, at point O and then equate the moment of R about O (which is
zero because R passes through O) to the moment of the given forces about O.
y y
A A
700 N rOA
0.5 m 0.5 m
O
x x
rOC O
rOB 40
C C
R
B B
P 500 N
z 2 Introduce position vectors, z
all with tails at point O.
rOA = {0.5j} m
rOB = {0.5 cos 40i 0.5 sin 40j} m = {0.3830i 0.3214j} m
rOC = { 0.5 cos i 0.5 sin j} m

3 Equate moments about O.
i
MOR = MO: 0 = rOA { 700k} N + rOB { 500k} N + rOC { Pk} N j
R passes through O, so k
produces zero moment.
or
0 = {0.5j} { 700k} + {0.3830i 0.3214j} { 500k} + { 0.5 cos i 0.5 sin j} { Pk }
0 = 0.5( 700)j k + 0.3830( 500)i k 0.3214( 500)j k 0.5 cos ( P)i k 0.5 sin ( P)j k
=i = j =i = j =i
4 Collecting coefficients of i and j gives
0i + 0j = [0.5( 700) 0.3214( 500) 0.5 sin ( P)]i + [0.3830(500) 0.5 cos (P)]j (1)
0 = [0.5( 700) 0.3214( 500) 0.5 sin ( P)]
or, after some arithmetic,
P sin = 378.6 (2)

5 Equating coefficients of j in Eq. 1 gives
0 = 0.3830(500) 0.5 cos (P)
or, after some arithmetic,
P cos = 383.0 (3)
6 Eqs. 2 and 3 are best solved by using a calculator capable of solving simultaneous
nonlinear equations. Alternatively, dividing Eq. 2 by Eq. 3 gives
P sin 378.6
=
P cos 383.0
tan
Solving for gives,
= 44.7 ns.
Substituting for in Eq. 3 gives,
P cos = 383.0
44.7
Solving gives
P = 539 N ns.
15. Replace the system of forces by a wrench.
Determine the pitch and axis of the wrench.
y
12 m
140 N
O
x
40 N
A
4m
6m
60 N
z
y
1 Express the 140-N force in terms of
rectangular components. First introduce a B
position vector rABfrom A to B.
rAB {4i + 12j 6k } m

rAB
2 Thus the vector form of the 140-N force is 12 m
rAB 140 N
FAB = (140 N)
rAB
4i + 12j 6k x
= (140 N) 40 N
42 + 122 + ( 6)2 14 4m
A 6m
= {40i + 120j 60k} N (1) 60 N
3 The resultant of all three forces is z

4 Forces along x and z axes
R F
{40i + 120j 60k} N {40i} N + {60k} N
120j (2)
6 Moment arm is zero.

(40 N force passes through O)
D B
5 Moment resultant about O:

MOR rOA FAB + rOA (60k) + 0 ( 40i) C
12 m
(6k) (40i +120j 60k) + (6k) (60k)
6(40) k i + 6(120) k j + 6( 60) k k + 6(60) k k

O
j i FAB x
0 0 40 N
{ 720i + 240j} N m A
6m
60 N rOA {6k} m
z
7 Express MOR in terms of components parallel M|| and

perpendicular M to R.
y M || {240j} N m
R {120j} N
MOR { 720i +240j} N m
M = { 720i} N m
z
8 By definition, M||
pitch of wrench, p, 240 2m Ans.
R 120
9 Now move R to a new line of action such that in the Old line of action of R
new location R will produce a moment (about O) y Old position of R
equal to M . New position of R
10 Equate the moment of R in the new position to M M = { 720i} N m

rOP R M
R
or
R {120j} N
O x
{xi + zk} {120j} 720i
rOP
x(120) i j + z(120) k j 720i P(x, 0, z)
k i (Intersection of new line
z of action with x-z plane)
(120z)i + (120x)k 720i + 0k
rOP {xi + zk} m
120z = 720
New line of action of R
z = 720 = 6 m
120
120x = 0
x=0
11 The axis of the wrench is a vertical line
(same direction as R {120j}) passing
through the point (0, 0, 6 m) Ans.
y
M|| {240j} N m
x
O
12 Because a couple moment has the same value 6m

about all points it can be moved to the new Ans. R {120j} N
line of action of R to form the wrench.
z
16. In a machining operation, holes are simultaneously drilled at points
A and B of the wedge. The drill at A produces a force and couple
moment perpendicular to the planar surface at A. The force and couple
moment at B are similarly perpendicular to the planar surface at B.
Replace the forces and couple moments by a wrench. Determine
a) the magnitude R of the resultant force,

b) the pitch of the wrench,
c) the axis of the wrench, and
d) the point where the axis intersects the x-z plane.
E
1.5 in.
M1 60 lb in.
F1 4 lb M2 80 lb in.
B D
x
F2 6 lb
A 30 1 in.
3 in.
6 in.
C
4 in. 4 in.
z
1 Express the forces and couple moments in rectangular components.
M2 60 lb in.
2 Geometry y y
60 F1 4 lb
E E
90 30 60 60
A A
Equal 30
30 z
z C x, D
C x, D
View from positive x axis
3 F1 (4 lb) sin 60j (4 lb) cos 60k
{ 3.464j 2k} lb (1)
M1 (60 lb in.) sin 60j (60 lb in.) cos 60k
{ 51.962j 30k} lb in. (2)

y
M2 80 lb in.
B
x
F2 6 lb
4 F2 { 6i} lb (3)
M2 { 80i} lb in. (4)
z
5 Next, determine the coordinates of points A and B.
y
6 Ay (3 in.) sin 30 1.5 in.
B Az (6 in. + 1 in.) 2.598 in.

x
4.402 in.
y
A
7 By 1.5 in.
E Bz 1 in.
C
3 in.
1.5 in.
4 in. 4 in. A B
z
C 30 1 in.
8 Ax 4 in. z x, D
Bx 4 in. + 4 in. 6 in.

8 in. (3 in.) cos 30 2.598 in.
9 Introduce position vectors from O, the origin of coordinates, to A and B.
y
10 rOA Axi + Ayj + Azk
{4i + 1.5j + 4.402k} in. (5)
B
O x
11 rOB Bxi + Byj + Bzk
{8i + 1.5j + k} in. (6)

z
12 Resultant force
R F: R { 3.464j 2k} + { 6i}
{ 6i 3.464j 2k} lb (7)
13 Resultant moment about point O
MOR MO: MOR rOA F1 + rOB F2
i j k i j k
MOR = 4 1.5 4.402 + 8 1.5 1
0 3.464 2 6 0 0
Carrying out the cross products and simplifying gives
MOR {12.249i + 2j 4.856k} (8)

14 Display R and MOR with respect to the xyz axes.
y
MOR {12.249i + 2j 4.856k}
x
O
R { 6i 3.464j 2k} lb
z
15 Two intersecting vectors define a plane. Display the plane defined by R and MOR.
P Q
MOR
S R
16 Express MOR in terms of components 17 Unit vector in R direction
parallel M || and perpendicular M to R.
u R
Q R
P
By Eq. 7 for R,
M R ( 6)2 + ( 3.464)2 + ( 2)2

R
7.211 lb Ans. (9)
Thus
u MOR 6i 3.464j 2k
u R
O R 7.211
M|| 0.832i 0.480j 0.277k (10)
18 M || component of MOR in direction of u

S R MOR u
19 In vector form, since M|| lies in the {12.249i + 2j 4.856k}{ 0.832i 0.480j 0.277k}
direction of the unit vector u,
M|| M|| u Performing the multiplications and

then simplifying gives
( 9.806){ 0.832i 0.480j 0.277k}
M|| 9.806 lb in. (11)
{8.159i + 4.707j + 2.716k} lb in. (12)
20 The component of MOR perpendicular to R can now be
computed by starting with the vector sum
MOR M M ||
and rearranging to get
M = MOR M||
by Eq.8 by Eq.12
{12.249i + 2j 4.856k} {8.159i + 4.707j + 2.716k}
{4.090i 2.707j 7.572k} lb in. (13)

21 Now we move the force R to a new line of
action such that R will produce a moment
about O exactly equal to M
Old position of R
P Q
R Old line of action of R
O
M||
S R
R Parallel
O New line of action of R

New position of R
(below plane SPQR)
22 View in terms of xyz axes y
Old line of action of R
New line of action of R

O x
Old position of R
R rOP
23 Because the force R, in its new position, is to create a

z moment about O equal to M , we can write
Parallel O rOP R M
R by Eq. 13
or, by Eq.7
{xi + zk} { 6i 3.464j 2k} 4.090i 2.707j 7.572k

New position of R
Performing the multiplications and simplifying gives
P(x, 0, z)-intersection of new line
of action with the x-z plane
3.464zi + (2x 6z)j 3.464xk 4.090i 2.707j 7.572k
24 Equating coefficients of i gives
3.464z 4.090 (14)
Similarly for j and k
2x 6z 2.707 (15)
3.464x 7.572 (16)
These are three equations in only two unknowns, but the
equations are not all independent. Eqs 14 and 16 imply
z 4.090 1.181 (17)

3.464
x 7.572 2.186 (18)
3.464
Substituting these values into the left hand side of Eq.15 gives
2x 6z 2(2.186) 6(1.181) 2.714
Thus Eq.15 is satisfied (Round-off, error leads to 2.714 rather than 2.707).
26 The axis of the wrench is a line passing through the
point (2.186 in., 0, 1.181 in.) with direction, by Eq. 10,
y Ans.
u 0.832i 0.480j 0.277k
2.186 in.
x
M|| M || u M ||
P by Eq. 11 27 Pitch of wrench
1.181 in. u R
( 9.805 lb in.)u
9.806 lb in.
7.211 lb
z R Ru
by Eq. 9 Ans.
1.360 in.
(7.211 lb)u
25 Because a couple moment is the same about all

28 Summary: The effect of the drilling operations on the two
points, we can move M || to point P. Similarly
surfaces of the wedge is to push the wedge down the
we can slide R to P along R's line of action, by
wrench axis (direction of u) while simultaneously causing
the principle of transmissibility.
the wedge to tend to rotate counterclockwise (as viewed
from a position above the x-z plane) about the wrench axis.

4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

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4.5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

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4.

5 Equivalent Force-Couple Systems

3 Display the equivalent force and couple moment

O MO = (60 N)(200 mm) cos 60

(200 mm) cos 60 60

2 Display the equivalent force

2 Display the equivalent force

3 The bottle opener works by pulling (with a 2-lb

1 Express the inclined force in rectangular

12 (260 lb) = 240 lb = 360 lb

5 (260 lb) = 100 lb = (240 lb) (2 ft + 4 ft + 7 ft)

5 Display the equivalent force and couple

150 mm = { 450i 300k}N m Ans.

C = rAC { 4j} lb + rAB {7k} lb

= 0, because rAC and { 4j} are parallel,

7. Replace the forces and couple moment by a single force and

(4 kip) cos 40 = 3.064 kip

2 Calculate the resultant force

Rx = Fx: Rx = 3.064 kip = 3.064 kip

= 6.358 kip ns. R 5.571 kip

6 We equate the moment of the new 7 MAR = MA

C D 1 Determine the resultant force.

2m Rx = Fx: Rx = 800 N = 800 N

Ry = Fy: Ry = 400 N 600 N 300 N

1300 N = tan-1 1300 = 58.4 Ans.

d 400 N 600 N 300 N

(1300 N)d = (600 N)(4 m) (300 N)(4 m + 4 m) (800 N)(2 m)

d' 400 N 600 N 300 N

5 Choose d' so that the moment about B of the resultant

(800 N)d' = (600 N)(4 m) (300 N)(4 m + 4 m) (800 N)(2 m)

d' = 8.0 m Ans.

6 The intersection of the line of action with a line drawn

7 Alternative solution for part b. Once we know where

(same result as before)

30 160 lb 200 lb 180 lb

1 Determine the resultant force.

Ry = Fy: Ry = 225.2 lb 160 lb 200 lb 180 lb

160 lb 200 lb 180 lb

+ (160 lb)(6 ft) (180 lb)(6 ft) + P(8)

= 130 lb ( 192.8 lb) = 192.8 lb ns.

From Eqs. 1 and 2,

R= (322.8)2 + ( 765.2)2 = 831 lb ns.

80 N 1 Determine the resultant force.

40 N R= (40)2 + (129.28)2 = 135.33 N Ans.

= tan-1 129.28 = 72.8 Ans.

y = 3.232 x + 0.357 Ans. y = 0.3 m + 0.5 m

This line defines the possible locations of = 0.8 m.

Ry = Fy: Ry = 30 kip 15 kip 20 kip 11 kip

30 kip z = 5.5 ft Ans.

1 Determine the resultant.

Rz = Fz: Rz = 300 N 850 N 400 N

6 Next, equate moments about the y axis.

1 Express the resultant R in terms of P and Q.

rOA = {3i + 1.5k} m

MOR = MO: rOA R = rOB { Pj} + rOC { Qj} + rOD { 200j}

6 Collecting coefficients of i, j, and k gives

1.5(P + Q + 200)i 3(P + Q + 200)k = (1.5Q + 500)i + ( 3P 5Q 1000)k

Equating coefficients of i gives

1.5(P + Q + 200) = 1.5Q + 500 (2)

Equating coefficients of k gives

3(P + Q + 200) = 3P 5Q 1000 (3)

Q = 200 N = 200 N ns.

8 P and Q were defined as R = P + Q + 200 N