Synchronous Motor 2

CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal
Analysis using Finite Elements
FLUX 2D Application

Synchronous motor
technical paper
Copyright - April 2006

FLUX is a registered trademark.
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This technical paper was edited on 18 April 2006

Ref.: K205-Q-920-EN-EN-04/06
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CONVENTIONS USED
To make this tutorial easy to read, the following conventions have been used:
All the information and comments describing the current actions are written in the same
way as this sentence.
All dialogue text between the user and FLUX2D is written in courier font:
Name of the region to be created :
bdg
Color of this region :
<M>AGENTA
Select a surface or a menu item :
<Q>uit
[q]uit
The conventions used for the dialogue between the user and FLUX2D are presented below:
Text in italic Message or question displayed on the screen by FLUX2D

Text in bold User input to FLUX2D using the keyboard (name of a region, point
coordinates, ...). This answer should be validated by the Return/Enter key,
Bdg symbolised in this document by . If there is no ambiguity, a keyboard
answer can be shortened. In this case, you should press the characters
indicated between square brackets [ ] .
[q]uit
<T>ext in bold A menu item of the graphical window can be selected using the mouse or,
<M>AGENTA if there is no ambiguity, by entering the first character of the word
displayed between angled brackets < >. If the menu must be necessarily
<Coil> selected using the mouse, it is enclosed by angled brackets < >.
Graphical input such as selection of a point, a line, a surface...
The reply is by default. To enter a default response, simply press the

Return/Enter key.
CREATE Menu commands should be selected with the mouse.
Item that you should select from the graphics screen; (P3) point number 3
P3 P3 P4 or (P3__P4) line connecting point number 3 and point number 4.
- REMARK -
The files corresponding to different cases studied in this technical paper

are available in the folder:
\DocExamples\Examples2D\SynchronousMotor\FluxFiles\
The corresponding applications are ready to be solved. This allows you

to adapt this technical paper to your needs.
FLUX 2D9.20 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Overview of synchronous motor technical paper......................................................... 1
2. Defining the problem ................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Building method for the geometry and mesh .................................................................. 4
2.2 The Geometry ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.1 Creation of coordinate systems, geometrical parameters .................................................6
2.2.2 Geometry and faces building and transformation creation................................................7
2.3 The mesh and regions .................................................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Creation of discretisations ...............................................................................................15
2.3.2 Assigning the mesh .........................................................................................................15
2.3.3 Regions............................................................................................................................19
2.4 Circuits models.............................................................................................................. 24
2.4.1 ME_CC ............................................................................................................................25
2.4.2 AC_SSFR_D_AXIS_POS................................................................................................26
2.4.3 AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS_POS................................................................................................27
2.4.4 TM_NETWORK ...............................................................................................................28
2.5 Materials data................................................................................................................ 29
2.6 Boundary conditions...................................................................................................... 30
3. Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static ........................................................................ 31

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Angles corresponding to Xd and Xq.............................................................................. 31
3.2.1 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................31
3.2.2 Physical conditions ..........................................................................................................32
3.2.3 Solving conditions............................................................................................................33
3.2.4 Analysis ...........................................................................................................................34
3.3 Xd and Xq according to the stator current..................................................................... 35
3.3.1 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................35
3.3.4 Analysis ...........................................................................................................................37
4. Short-circuit tests....................................................................................................... 41
4.1 Unloaded operating....................................................................................................... 41
4.1.1 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................41
4.1.4 Analysis ...........................................................................................................................45
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE A

TABLE OF CONTENTS FLUX 2D9.20
4.2 Single phase short circuit...............................................................................................47

4.2.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................47
4.2.3 Solving conditions ............................................................................................................50
4.2.4 Analysis............................................................................................................................51
4.3 Three phase short circuit ...............................................................................................53
4.3.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................53
4.3.4 Analysis............................................................................................................................57
5. StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR) ..................................................................... 61

5.1 Direct and quadrature axis determination......................................................................61
5.1.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................61
5.1.2 Physical and solving conditions .......................................................................................62
5.1.3 Analysis............................................................................................................................69
5.2 Classical SSFR..............................................................................................................71
5.2.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................71
5.2.4 Analysis............................................................................................................................75
6. Loaded on the network .............................................................................................. 79

6.1 Unloaded on the network...............................................................................................79
6.1.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................79
6.1.3 Solving parameters ..........................................................................................................82
6.1.4 Analysis............................................................................................................................83
6.2 Loaded on the network without regulation .....................................................................86
6.2.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................86
6.2.4 Analysis............................................................................................................................90
6.3 Loaded on the network with appropriated motor torque ................................................91
6.3.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................91
6.3.4 Analysis............................................................................................................................94
6.4 Loaded on the network with appropriated field current and motor torque .....................97
6.4.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................97
6.4.3 Solving parameters ........................................................................................................100
6.4.4 Analysis..........................................................................................................................101
PAGE B SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

FLUX 2D9.20 Overview of synchronous motor technical paper
1. Overview of synchronous motor technical

paper
This document presents some models for finite element based on analysis of synchronous motor.
By post-processing the numerical results of the problems associated to these models, the main
characteristics of the machine are evaluated. They correspond in fact to the longitudinal and
transversal reactance. Several methods can be used to determine them. We shall present here
some of them. Two configurations of the motor will be taken into account: with coil absorber or
massive absorber.
This paper contains two principal sections :
DEFINING THE PROBLEM (chapter 2) : Creation of geometry, mesh, circuit models

and materials data. This section describes the construction of geometry and mesh in using
the functions, supplied by the software as transformations or geometrical parameters, in order
to optimise the model. The regions, used to assign the physical proprieties to the machine,
will be detailed. This part provides too the description of the circuits associated to different
field cases (representing the electrical wiring diagram of machine with its supplying) as well
as data on the materials. Finally, the study domain will be defined by the boundary
conditions.
DIFFERENT SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS (chapter 3 to 6) : This section is composed

of several simulations types that is to say the magneto-static, transient magnetic and
magneto-dynamic. These simulations are used according to the characteristics studied and
the operating of the machine. The magneto-static analysis corresponds to a machine without
movement and a magnetic steady-state. The transient magnetic analysis corresponds to a
machine in movement with a magnetic state in evolution. The last type, magneto-dynamic,
corresponds to a magnetic state changing without movement of the machine.
Each test includes also the solving parameters and an analysis of simulation results. The
simulations type, the initial conditions, the calculations resolution are defined. The first test,
Parameters Xd, Xq, will allow to define the angles and the values of the direct and quadrature
synchronous reactances. The two following tests, Short-circuit test and standstill frequency
response, will allow to characterise the machine by these time constants and reactances.
Finally, a connection to the network of the generator, Loaded on the network, with or without
regulation, will be modelled.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE 1

Overview of synchronous motor technical paper FLUX 2D9.20
PAGE 2 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

FLUX 2D9.20 Defining the problem
2. Defining the problem
This numerical simulations refer to a 4 poles synchronous motor, three-phase, having the
following characteristics :
CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Number of poles 4
Voltage 220 / 127 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Power 3 kVA
Slots number 54
Armature Number of turns per phase 108
Number of wires by slot 12
Field Number of turns per pole 215
D axis - slots by pole 4
D axis - wires by slot 74

Absorber
Q axis - slots by pole 2
Q axis - wires by slot 74
Fig 2.a : Synchronous machine

Defining the problem FLUX 2D9.20
A cross section, given below, shows the overview of the machine :

Field Armature
Stator wires Electrical absorber
2.1 Building method for the geometry and mesh

The model will be create in following each chapter until the 2.4.2. Nevertheless, the geometry
and mesh are linked during the construction thats why a method is presented to understand the
sequences of construction.
In this tutorial, the building method of stator is the following one :

- creation of points of half slot of stator
- creation of lines of half slot of stator
- creation of transformation necessary to obtain the complete stator slot
- complement to the geometry with lines
- creation of faces
- creation of the stator mesh
- creation of transformation necessary to obtain the half stator
The building method of rotor is the following one :

- creation of points of half slot absorber and one field of rotor
- creation of lines of half slot absorber and field of rotor
- creation of faces of half slot absorber
- creation of half slot absorber mesh
- creation of transformations necessary to obtain the six slots absorber
- complement to the geometry of eighth of rotor with lines
- creation of faces
- creation of the eighth rotor mesh
- creation of transformation necessary to obtain the half
Ending of the building :

- creation of lines to close the airgap
- creation of airgap mesh

2.2 The Geometry

The machine being build up of four poles and in a symmetric way, only an half machine will be
described with two poles as it is shown below.
Poles
Field coils
Armature wires
3 phases
The most part of the geometry construction will be created from geometrical parameters. Some
dimensions are nevertheless given to close the construction.

2.2.1 Creation of coordinate systems, geometrical parameters

Coordinate system
The armature and the field are created in two different systems in order to be able to simulate an
eccentricity of the rotor. The different systems are:
Origin Origin Origin Unit of Unit of

Name Comments Definition Type
X Y Z length angle
Default Cartesian
XY1 2D_Global 0 0 0 Millimeter Degree
system 2D
Stator
STATOR 2D_Global Polar 2D 0 0 0 Millimeter Degree
system
Rotor
ROTOR 2D_Global Polar 2D 0 0 0 Millimeter Degree
system
Note : To create coordinate systems : [Geometry], [Coord sys], [New]
Geometrical parameters
The geometrical parameters used in geometry building are:
Parameter names Comments Values in [mm] or []

RIR Rotor internal radius 28.575 mm
RER Rotor external radius 113.2 mm
AIR Absorber internal radius 96.48 mm
AER Absorber external radius 111.05 mm
AOIR Absorber opening internal radius 111.93 mm
RAHA Rotor slot half-angle 4.5
FSIR Field slot internal radius 50.6 mm
FSMR Field slot medium radius 82.9 mm
FOIR Field opening internal radius 101.75 mm
FOER Field opening external radius 109.35 mm
ST Skin thickness 1 mm
SIR Stator internal radius 114.34 mm
SER Stator external radius 202.5 mm
SSIR Stator slot internal radius 127.04 mm
SSER Stator slot external radius 177.84 mm
SSHA Stator slot half-angle 3.33 (360/108)
AIRGAP Airgap 1.14 mm
MESH_AIRGAP Use for the mesh 1.5*airgap
NBSS Number of stator slots 54
Note : To create geometrical parameter : [Geometry], [Geometric Parameter], [New]

2.2.2 Geometry and faces building and transformation creation

In order to simplify the geometry construction, the rotor and stator will be built from an half slot
for the rotor and half slot for the stator. Some transformations will be used in order to propagate
the original shape and to obtain the final geometry.
Creation of half stator slot

- points of half slot of stator
Coordinate
N R coordinate coordinate
system
P1 0 0 STATOR
P2 SIR 0 STATOR
P3 SIR SSHA - 0,39 STATOR
P4 118.2 0 STATOR
P5 124.5 0 STATOR
P6 SSIR*COSD(0.87) 0 STATOR
P7 SSIR 0.87 STATOR
P8 SSIR 2.98 STATOR
P9 ((SSIR+SSER)/2) * cosd(1.28) 0 STATOR
P10 (SSIR+SSER) / 2 1.28 STATOR
P11 ((SSIR+SSER)/2) * cosd(2.053) SSHA STATOR
P12 SSER * cosd(1.76) SSHA STATOR
P13 SSER 1.57 STATOR
P14 SSER * cosd(1.57) 0 STATOR
P15 SER 0 STATOR
P16 SER SSHA STATOR
Create with
mirror_stator
transformation
Fig 2.2.1.a : Overview of a stator slot with the points designation

- lines of half stator slot
Type of line Starting End Center point Coordinate

N Angle
point point system
L1 Segment P3 P8 STATOR
Segment P7
L2 P10 2.2.2.1.1 STATOR

L17 Arc_2pt_pt_center P2 P3 P1 STATOR
L20 Arc_2pt_radius P5 P4 3.15 STATOR
Fig 2.2.1.b : Overview of a stator slot with the lines designation

Creation of transformation necessary for the stator construction
Symmetry will be used to end the complete slot, and then a multiple rotation to create the half-
stator. The lines 21 and 22 will be created before building half stator.
Geometric Type First Second Ratio

Comment
transformation point point
MIRROR_STATOR Affine_line_2pt P1 P16 -1 Create mirror
image of a half
slot of stator
Geometric Theta Coordinate

Type R comp. Rot. Z Comment
transformation comp. system
STATOR_ROT Create all of
Rot_coo_ang 0 0 360/NBSS STATOR
stator slot
Note : To create geometric transformation : [Geometry], [Transformation], [New]
Fig 2.2.1.c Base shape of stator
Fig 2.2.1.d complete stator

Creation of half rotor

- points of eighth of rotor
Coordinate
N Radius Angle
system
P17 RIR 0 ROTOR
P18 RIR 45 ROTOR
P19 FSIR 0 ROTOR
P20 FSIR 22.5 ROTOR
P21 FSMR 22.5 ROTOR
P22 ((AIR * COSD (2.109)) 6.2) / COSD (4.5) 18 ROTOR
P23 91.312 14 ROTOR
P24 88.6 0 ROTOR
P25 FOIR * COSD (2.873) 0 ROTOR
P26 FOER * COSD (2.673) 0 ROTOR
P27 RER 0 ROTOR
P28 FOER 2.673 ROTOR
P29 FOIR 2.873 ROTOR
P30 RER 15 ROTOR
P31 RER 18 ROTOR
P32 AER 18 ROTOR
P33 AIR 18 ROTOR
P34 AIR 20.391 ROTOR
P35 AER 19.868 ROTOR
P36 RER 19.868 ROTOR
P37 RER 21.857 ROTOR
P38 AOIR 21.85 ROTOR
P39 AOIR * COSD (0.65) 22.5 ROTOR
P40 AIR * COSD (2.109) 22.5 ROTOR
P41 AIR * COSD (2.109) 3.56 22.5 ROTOR
P42 AIR *COSD (2.109) 6.2 22.5 ROTOR

Fig 6 : Overview of a part of rotor with the points designation
- lines of eighth of rotor
Starting End Coordinate

N Type of line Center point Radius
point point system
L23 Segment P1 P17 ROTOR

Starting End Coordinate

N Type of line Center point Radius
point point system
L51 Arc_2pt_pt_center P17 P18 P1 ROTOR
L53 Arc_2pt_ray P29 P22 32.6 ROTOR
Note : the lines 93, 156, 157, 1377 and 1378 are created at the end of the construction in
order to close the airgap region.
L55
Fig 7 : Overview of part of rotor with the lines designation

Creation of transformation necessary for the rotor construction
Symmetry will be used to end the absorber slot then a multiple rotation to create the two other
ones. The line 92 will be created to end the first absorber slot and the lines 155 and 156 will be
created before applying the first rotor symmetry. A first symmetry will be used to create the
quarter of rotor then another one to finish the half rotor.
Geometric Type First point Second point Ratio

Comment
transformation
Create mirror
MIRROR_ABSORBER Affine_line_2pt P1 P39 -1 image of a half
slot of absorber
Create a quarter of
MIRROR_ROTOR_1 Affine_line_2pt P1 P18 -1
rotor
Create an half of
MIRROR_ROTOR_2 Affine_line_2pt P1 P678 -1
rotor
Geometric R Theta Coordinate

Type Rot. Z Comment
transformation comp. comp. system
2 Times to create
ABSORBER_ROT Rot_coo_ang 0 0 9 ROTOR the three first slot of
absorber

Create with
Fig 7 and 8 : Different steps Mirror absorber
of creation of the rotor
Create with
Absorber_rot
Create with
Mirror rotor 1
Create with MIRROR_ROTOR_2
Creation of faces
The faces must be built before and after each transformation whether it is for the rotor or the
stator.
Warning: Before propagating faces, select the options [add faces and associated Linked
Mesh Generator] in order to create faces automatically and to affect the mesh of the
original shape to the whole geometry.
Note : To create faces : [Geometry],[Build]],[Build Faces]

2.3 The mesh and regions

Further to an automatic meshing, some elements are not standard. Furthermore, the mesh applied
to the airgap does not correspond to equilateral triangle. In order to improve the mesh, some
discretisations will be assigned to points and lines.
2.3.1 Creation of discretisations

Mesh points
Names Value (in mm) Color

BIG 18 Cyan
LARGE 12 Turquoise
MEDIUM 6 Yellow
SMALL 3 Red
AIRGAP Mesh_airgap Magenta
Note : To create mesh point: [Mesh],[Mesh Point], [New]
Mesh lines
Names Type Value Ratio Color

A2 Arithmetic 2 Magenta
A3 Arithmetic 3 Green
A8 Arithmetic 8 Turquoise
Geometric with imposed 1.3
GEO_1 2 Yellow
number of elements
2.3.2 Assigning the mesh

In using the propagate function with the option add faces and associated Linked Mesh
Generator, the mesh will be assigned only to the original shapes. With the automatic mesh, the
discretisation will be carried out by Flux 2D but in order to optimize the number of nodes, the
customized mesh point and mesh line will be applied. On some faces, knowing the circulating
direction of flux density, the mapped option will be applied.
Mesh points
Names Points
BIG P7,P10,P11,P12,P13,P43,P46,P48
LARGE P6,P9,P14,P15,P16,P22,P42,P44,P45,P47,P49
MEDIUM P4,P5,P21,P23,P26,P34,P35,P38,P39,P41,P52,P53
SMALL P8,P51
AIRGAP All points in relation with the airgap region

Note : To assign mesh point : [Mesh],[Assign mesh information],[Assign mesh point to

Points]
Note : To assign with a relation : [Mesh],[Assign mesh information],[Assign mesh point
to Points], select the little arrow and then choose [Selection by surfacic region]
Mesh lines
Names Lines
A2 L8,L17,L19,L22,L28,L44,L52,L59,L60,L64,L74,L75
A3 L20,L25,L26,L42,L43,L47,L72
A8 L55
GEO_1 L2,L12,L66,L67
Note : Please check that you have 563 faces created
Note : Please check that you have only 4 faces with bad quality elements corresponding to
the edges of field horns.
Mapped Mesh
In order to simplify the mesh and reduce the number of node, the mapped mesh will be used.
This mesh assigns a surface where the shape of mesh is quadrangular. This mesh is assigned to
faces.
Names Faces
MAPPED 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 24, 25
Note : To assign mapped mesh : [Mesh],[Assign mesh information],[Assign mesh

generator to Faces], select the faces and assign [Mapped]
L44
L60
L75 L64
L22
L59
L17,L74
L52 L28 L19
L8
Fig 2.3.2.a : A2 mesh lines

L47
L43
L26
L42
L55
L72
L25
L20
Fig 2.3.2.b : A3 mesh lines Fig 2.3.2.c : A8 mesh lines
L6
L6
L1
L2
Fig 2.3.2.d : GEO_1 mesh lines
Fig 2.3.2. e : Mapped mesh

Fig 2.3.2.f : Big mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.g : Large mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.h : medium mesh points
Fig 2.3.2.i : airgap mesh points Fig 2.3.2.j : small mesh points

Fig 9 : Overview of complete mesh
About 7150 nodes will be created but it could be different according to the model.
2.3.3 Regions
29 regions will be created. Each coil of armature and field will be dissociated as well as all
absorbers.
Creation of regions
Names Comment Color

AIR 1 Holes in the stator and horns in the rotor Magenta
AIR 2 Opening slot of absorber Magenta
AIR 3 Airgap between the stator teeth Magenta
AIRGAP Airgap between stator and rotor Yellow
AM 1 Absorber White
AM 2 Absorber White
AM 3 Absorber White
AM 4 Absorber White
AM 11 Absorber White
AQ 1 Absorber White
AQ 2 Absorber White
AQ 11 Absorber White
AQ 22 Absorber White
COIL 1M Stator negative phase 1 Yellow
COIL 1P Stator positive phase 1 Red
Field 1M Field negative phase 1 Turquoise

Names Comment Color

Field 1P Field positive phase 1 Red
Field 2M Field negative phase 2 Turquoise
Field 2P Field positive phase 2 Red
SHAFT Motor shaft Turquoise
ROTOR_CORE Rotor magnetic core Cyan
STATOR_CORE Stator magnetic core Cyan
Note : To create region : [Physics],[Face Region],[New]
Assigning the surface region to faces

The region will be assigned to the faces according to the following pictures:
Fig 2.2.3.a Rotor core region Fig 2.2.3.b Stator core region
Fig 2.2.3.c Shaft region Fig 2.2.3.d Airgap region

Fig 2.2.3.e Air 1 region
Fig 2.2.3.f Air 2 region
Fig 2.2.3.g Air 3 region
Fig 2.2.3.h Coil 1P region Fig 2.2.3.i Coil 1M region

Fig 2.2.3.j Coil 2P region Fig 2.2.3.k Coil 2M region
Fig 2.2.3.l Coil 3P region Fig 2.2.3.m Coil 3M region
Fig 2.2.3.n Field 1P region Fig 2.2.3.p Field 1M region
Fig 2.2.3.q Field 2P region Fig 2.2.3.r Field 2M region

AM 11 AM 33
AM 22 AM 44
AQ 22 AQ 2
AQ 11 AQ 1
AM 2 AM 4
AM 1 AM 3
Fig 2.2.3.s All absorber regions
Note : To assign regions to faces : [Physics],[Assign regions to geometric entities],

[Assign regions to faces]

2.4 Circuits models

These circuits are used for dynamic and transient simulations. They will model:
the three phases of the armature with or without the coil end winding
The field coils for the two poles.
The twelve absorbers which can be represented by two variants : some coil conductors or
solid conductors.
Some resistance with high value (106 or 104 ) in order to model the voltmeters.
The type of test, in which the circuit is used, and an abbreviation of test name compose
the name of each circuit.
Note : To create circuit : In the supervisor, choose [Circuit], [file], [New]

2.4.1 ME_CC
This circuit will be used:
to know the evolution of stator voltage in function of the supply in current of field.
to know the behavior of machine in case of sudden short-circuit. Different short-
circuit will be modeled (single phase, three phase ) in modifying the value of
resistors in which the stator is linked.
Names Type Values

B1,B2,B3 Coils 181.2 m
B_ROTOR Coils 5.0136
L1, L2, L3 Inductances 1.104 mH
According to test
R1, R2, R3,R6 Resistors
(106 or 10-6)
L4 Inductances 8.8 mH
RU1, RU2, RU3, Resistors 106
AM1, AM2, AM3,
AM4, AM11, AM22,
Solid conductors = 2.7 10-8 .m
AM33, AM44, AQ1,
AQ2, AQ11, AQ22
R5,R7,R8, .
Resistors 2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
Inductances 10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24
Fig 10 : ME_CC

2.4.2 AC_SSFR_D_AXIS_POS
This circuit will be used to determine the position of rotor in D axis for the SFFR test.
Names Type Values

B1, B2, B3 Coils 181.2 m
B5 Coils 8.486
B6 Coils 9.358
V1 Voltage source According to the test
Fig 11 : AC_SSFR_D_AXIS_POS circuit

2.4.3 AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS_POS
This circuit will be used to know the characteristics of machine with the StandStill Frequency
Rotor or locked rotor.
Names Type Values

B1, B2, B3 Coils 181.2 m
B5 Coils 8.486
B6 Coils 9.358
4
R1 Resistance 10
R2,R3,R4,
Resistors 2.89 10-6
, R19, R20, R21
L5, L6, L7,
Inductances 10-9 H
, L22, L23, L24
V1 Voltage source According to the test
Fig 12 : AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS_POS circuit

2.4.4 TM_NETWORK
This circuit will be used to know the behavior of machine when it is connected to the network.
Names Type Values

B1, B2, B3 Coils 181.2 m
B5 Coils 8.486
B6 Coils 9.358
R1, R2, R3 Resistances According to the test
L7, L8, L9 Inductances According to the test
V1, V2, V3 Voltage source According to the test
I_rotor Current source According to the test
Fig 13 :TM_NETWORK circuit

2.5 Materials data

Three types of materials will be used in the different simulations. They correspond to a magnetic
core for the stator and rotor, to solid bars for the absorbers and to a resistive material for the
rotor. Materials can be entered in a material database, or can be created directly in each FLUX
project.
STEEL_NLIN
This material is defined by the B(H) curve. The simple analytic saturation curve allows to
characterise it by the saturation value Js and the slope of the origin of the curve.
Characteristics : Js = 1.6T and r = 8000
Fig 11 : B(H) curve of magnetic core
Note : To create material : In the supervisor, choose [Materials Database] :

[Add],[Material] then [Property]
ALU_BAR
This material is defined by a resistivity corresponding to aluminium bars for the absorbers. This
resistivity is given for 20 C temperature.
Characteristics : iso_resistivity = 2.7 10-8 .m
RESISTIV_ROTOR
This material is defined by a B(H) curve, identical to the steel_nlin material, and a resistivity.
This material will characterise the rotor property for some SSFR tests.
Characteristics : Js = 1.6T and r = 8000 for B(H) curve.
Iso_resistivity = 15. 10-8 .m

2.6 Boundary conditions

The boundaries of computation domain are outer contour of stator magnetic core and the lines
delimiting the section cut of the machine. The conditions will be:
- Dirichlet on the outer contour of stator magnetic core. Indeed, the magnetic flux through
these boundaries is considered as null. Expressed in terms of magnetic vector potential,
this condition means zero value of the magnetic vector potential along the two
boundaries.
- Cyclic along of the section of machine. Indeed, the flux lines through these boundaries
are considered as perpendicular to these boundaries and distributed symmetrically against
the middle of machine.
Dirichlet
Cyclic
Fig 12 : Boundaries conditions
Note : All the boundary conditions are set automatically by Flux 2D

FLUX 2D9.20 Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static
3. Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static
3.1 Introduction
This section will supply the simulation conditions and the possible analysis for each type of test.
In this section, the parameters of equivalent schema will be studied. The menu Physical in the
supervisor will be used to describe the physical propriety of each region, the menu Solve to
give the solving parameter and launch the computation and the menu Result to analyse the
results supplied by Flux 2D.
3.2 Angles corresponding to Xd and Xq
3.2.1 Purpose
Reminder : equivalent schema :
The machine is represented in generator convention.

The value X = L. corresponding to the synchronous
reactance. This reactance is decomposed in two
reactances, longitudinal and transversal,
corresponding to the representation in the Park
transformation.
The longitudinal reactance is obtained when the north pole of rotor is lined up with a stator
phase. The transversal reactance is in quadrature with the longitudinal position. In order to
determine the positions of the rotor corresponding exactly to these two reactances, the angle of
rotor will be used as parameter in a magneto-static simulation. The evolution of flux, picture of
stator voltage, will give the two corresponding angles.

Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static FLUX 2D9.20
3.2.2 Physical conditions
Problem name Angle_det

Problem type Magneto static
Type of domain Plane
Depth 132 mm
Symmetry and periodicity => Automatic coefficient (Symmetry and
coefficient for coils flux computation periodicity taken into account)
Type of periodicity Repetition number Offset angle with Even or odd

of the periodicity respect to the X line periodicity/number
about Z (ZOX plane) of modeled poles
Rotation about Z axis 2 0 Even (cyclic
with number of boundary conditions)
repetitions
Name of material Type Initial relative Saturation

permeability magnetization (T)
STEEL_NLIN Isotropic scalar analytic 8000 1.6
saturation (arctg, 2 coeff.)
Mechanical Comment Type Coord. Rotation Pivot External

Set name System axis Point characteristic
ROTOR Rotor Rotation ROTOR Rotation (0,0,0) Multi-static
around one around one
axis axis parallel
to Oz
STATOR Stator FIXED - - - -
AIRGAP Airgap COMPRES - - - -
SIBLE
Name of face region (air or vacuum type) Mechanical set

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR
AM_1, AM_2, AM_3, AM_4, AM_11, AM_22, AM_33, AM_44, ROTOR
AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22,
COIL_1M, COIL_1P, COIL_2M, COIL_2P, COIL_3M, COIL_3P STATOR
Name of face region Material Mechanical set

(magnetic non conducting
region type)
ROTOR_CORE STEEL_NLIN ROTOR
STATOR_CORE STEEL_NLIN STATOR

Stranded coil Name Stranded coil with imposed current

B_ROTOR 2
Name of face Turn Associated orientation Symmetries Mechanical

region (coil number coil and Set
conductor region component periodicities
type)
FIELD_1M 215 B_ROTOR negative All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
FIELD_1P 215 B_ROTOR positive All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
FIELD_2M 215 B_ROTOR negative All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
FIELD_2P 215 B_ROTOR positive All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
Boundary condition automatically set by Flux 2D
Note : To create physic properties : In the supervisor, choose Geometry and physics [New]
3.2.3 Solving conditions
Solving parameters :
- Angle of rotor [-10; 80], step [5]
- Initial position of rotor: 0
Note : To enter solving parameters : In the supervisor, choose Solve [Direct],
[Parametrisation], [Parameter] or [Direct] and click on
Note : To create links between currents : [Direct], [Parametrisation], [Parameter], [Link]
Note : To launch the solving process : [Computation], [Solve] or click on

3.2.4 Analysis
As the flux is the picture of voltage, it may be used to know the positions of the rotor
corresponding to two reactances. When the flux is maximum, we obtain the direct position (pole
lined up with a phase), when flux is minimum, the quadrature position.
The parameter of angular position is applied on the airgap region, then the computation will be
carried out on this one.
According to the result curve, the direct position (d) is 55 degrees compared with the initial
position (0) and 10 degrees for the quadrature position (q).
Xd = 55
Xq = 10
d = 55 q = 10
3 4
Fig 3.2.a : Equiflux lines in the direct and quadrature axis positions
Note : To analyze the results : In the supervisor, choose Result
Note : To see flux lines : [Result],[Isovalue] or click on
Note : To jump to an other angle : [Parameter],[Manager] or click on
(E-3) Weber
Cur
1
-1
-2
-3 degres
0 25 50 75
Fig 3.2.b : Flux in COIL_3P curve according the position of rotor
Note : To obtain the flux : [Computation],[2D curves manager] or click on then

chosse [parameter], [Inductance], [Flux by region] and a Coil.
Note : To obtain the cursor : [2D Curve], [New cursor]

3.3 Xd and Xq according to the stator current
3.3.1 Purpose
The values of synchronous reactance are determined for the nominal values of current, voltage
and frequency of the machine. This simulation will allow then to determine the reactances but
also to observe the influence of the saturation of the magnetic material for different values. The
rotor is lined up with the stator coil corresponding to the third one.
Problem name XdXq_Is

Depth 132 mm
For this simulation, the current, supplying the stator phases, will be the parameter which
may be modified around the nominal value (7.84 Amperes). It will be given in total value.
The field region will correspond to a source with a current equal to zero.
The position of the rotor will be also considered as a parameter in order to see the
influence of the saturation on the two reactances.

repetitions

STEEL_NLIN Isotropic scalar 8000 1.6
analytic saturation
(arctg, 2 coeff.)

ROTOR Rotor Rotation around ROTOR Rotation (0,0,0) Multi-static
one axis around
one axis
parallel to
Oz
AIRGAP Airgap COMPRESSIBLE - - - -


AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR
AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22,

region type)

B_ROTOR 0
B1 - 0.5
B2 -0.5
B3 1
Name of face Turn Associated orientation Symmetries and Mechanical

region (coil number coil periodicities Set
conductor region component
type)
FIELD_1M 215 B_ROTOR negative All conductors ROTOR
are in series
FIELD_1P 215 B_ROTOR positive All conductors ROTOR
are in series
are in series
are in series
COIL_1P 54 B1 Positive All conductors STATOR
are in series
COIL_1M 54 B1 negative All conductors STATOR
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series

Stator current : [100, 150, 200, 250, 270, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700,
750, 800, 1000, 1200]
Angle of rotor : [10 ; 55]
Initial position of rotor : 0
Warning : Dont forget to select multiparameter in the Solver or click on
3.3.4 Analysis
The reactances can not be obtained directly by Flux 2D. The flux values will be
computed by Flux 2D for the different rotor positions and stator current. The two reactances
will be computed from this flux by using the following expression:
X =
(4 f )
I AT

54
with
- f corresponding to the nominal frequency : 50 Hz
- corresponding to the flux given by Flux 2D in Weber
- 54 corresponding to the number of stator slots
The following curve gives the flux for different currents in direct position. It is computed for
one phase then two coils.
(E-3) Weber
400
300
200
100
(E3) Ampere
0,5 1
Fig 3.3.a : Flux curve in COIL_3 in direct position according to the stator current

Note : To create a group of two coils : [Supports], [Group manager]
Warning : Do nott forget to give the turns number of each coil (54) in [Physics],
[Coefficients], [Modify]
All the flux values may be get back in order to be analyzed by a computer software like Excel.
Each reactance will be computed for each value of current and a curve of the reactance evolution
may be plotted.
Note : To obtain the flux values : Right click on the flux curve, choose [Values], [Write all
in review file]
Is in At Flux D in Wb Flux Q in Wb Xd in Xq in
100 3.42E-02 2.43E-02 21.48 15.24
150 6.33E-02 4.49E-02 21.47 15.24
200 9.48E-02 6.74E-02 21.45 15.24
250 1.26E-01 8.98E-02 21.43 15.23
270 1.58E-01 1.12E-01 21.40 15.22
300 1.70E-01 1.21E-01 21.38 15.21
350 1.89E-01 1.34E-01 21.35 15.20
400 2.20E-01 1.57E-01 21.30 15.18
450 2.50E-01 1.79E-01 21.22 15.15
500 2.80E-01 2.00E-01 21.12 15.09
550 3.09E-01 2.19E-01 20.98 14.85
600 3.36E-01 2.33E-01 20.74 14.36
650 3.60E-01 2.45E-01 20.35 13.87
700 3.80E-01 2.57E-01 19.83 13.44
750 3.96E-01 2.70E-01 19.19 13.07
800 4.09E-01 2.81E-01 18.51 12.73
1000 4.20E-01 2.93E-01 17.82 12.44
1200 4.50E-01 3.38E-01 15.27 11.46
Fig 3.3.b : Reactances values computed from flux values computed by Flux 2D

REACTANCES / I Stator
22.00
20.00
I nominal
18.00
Reactances
Xd in ohm
16.00
Xq in ohm
14.00
12.00
10.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
stator current in At
Fig 3.3. c : Reactance in direct and quadrature axis according to stator current
A drop of reactance values can be noted above the nominal current. The machine is then
designed at the limit of magnetic saturation.


FLUX 2D9.20 Short-circuit tests
4. Short-circuit tests
4.1 Unloaded operating
4.1.1 Purpose
This simulation is necessary because of it is used as the initial condition for the different short
circuit tests. As the magnetic circuit must not be saturated during the short circuit, the field
voltage will correspond to 0.35 times the nominal voltage. In order to avoid the transient
phenomena, the simulation will break down in two parts :
a first part where the simulation duration will be long with some important time steps
a second part where the simulation duration will be short with little time steps
Problem name bemf

Problem type Transient_magnetic 2D
Depth 132 mm

of the periodicity respect to the X periodicity/number
about Z line (ZOX plane) of modeled poles
Rotation about Z axis with 2 0 Even (cyclic
number of repetitions boundary
conditions)

Short-circuit tests FLUX 2D9.20
Name of material Type Isotropic Initial relative Saturation

value permeability magnetization (T)
STEEL_NLIN B(H) : Isotropic 8000 1.6
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg, 2
coeff.)
ALU_BAR B(H) : Linear 1
isotropic
ALU_BAR J(E) : isotropic 2.7e-8
resistivity m
Mechanical Comment Type Coord. Rotation Pivot Imposed

Set name System axis Point speed
ROTOR Rotor Rotation around ROTOR Rotation (0,0,0) 1500

one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)
Circuit ME_CC
Components Values
V1 8.76 V
R1, R2, R3, R6 109
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R5,R7,R8, .
2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

Name of Stranded coil component Resistance

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
Name of face Material Associated solid Orientation Mechanical set

region (solid conductor
conductor
region type)
AM_1 Alu_bar M_AM1 positive ROTOR
AM_2 Alu_bar M_AM2 Positive ROTOR
AQ_1 Alu_bar M_AQ1 Positive ROTOR

Name of solid Symmetries and periodicities Number of conductors in

conductor 2 terminals parallel
M_AM1 Number of conductors in parallel 1
M_AQ1 Number of conductors in parallel 1
To simulate an unloaded circuit at stator, some important values resistors will be used.
The rotor will be lined up with the coil 1 (85).
Initialized by static computation

Time length : [0,20], step [5]
Time length : [20,20.04], step [0.001]

4.1.4 Analysis
In the first part of simulation, each points of stator voltage and current must be close to zero
because of it corresponds to a complete rotation of rotor (Fig 4.1.3.a). The transient phenomena
will no exist before beginning the second part composed of short time steps.
49,999
49,999
-50
-50
(20,16+ x)
0 0,01 19,999E-3 0,03 39,999E-3
5 10 15 20
Voltage
Fig 4.1.3.a : Voltage curve between [5 , 20.2] s Fig 4.1.3.b : Voltage on two last period
In the second part, the unloaded steady state is reached in 2 periods and at the last step, the
voltage of the phase 1 is equal to zero. The frequency is equal to 50 Hz.
Current
50E-9
-50E-9
(20,16+ x)
0 0,01 19,999E-3 0,03 39,999E-
Fig 4.13.c : Current curve on the two last periods

The current can be considered as sinusoidal and close to zero Ampere.
Note : To create multicurve picture : On the curve, click right and choose [Properties],
select several curve in Selection Menu, choose Superimposed and the Range of Xaxis in
Display Menu
Spectral analysis
Volt
SPECTRUMSpectr_Vs1
FromVs1
75 Fundamental 47,618
50
25
0 2,5 5 7,5 10
The spectral analysis allows checking the quality of signal.
Fig 4.13.d : Spectrum of the phase A voltage
The preponderance of the fundamental harmonic shows that the harmonics of upper order are
practically not present.
Note : To create spectrum : [Computation], [2D spectrum manager] or click on

4.2 Single phase short circuit
4.2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this simulation is to know the behavior of the generator further to a sudden
short-circuit on a phase only (between one phase and neutral). This short-circuit will be activated
from an unloaded operating of the alternator at the steady state speed. The different rotor and
stator currents, the torque and the phenomena in the absorbers will be studied in particular, with
a transient magnetic analysis.

The short circuit will be triggered from a unloaded operating in steady state speed. Exactly, at
the end of the simulation unloaded_operating. The phase voltage on which the short circuit is
triggered must be close to zero at this moment.
Problem name SC_MONO

Depth 132 mm

repetitions

scalar analytic
coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity m



one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)
Circuit ME_CC
Components Values
V1 8.76 V
R1, R6 10-6
R2, R3 10+6
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R5,R7,R8, .
2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m


type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series

conductor
region type)


Warning : You must assign correctly each region to his corresponding component in the
external circuit.
The sudden short-circuit will be activated on the phase 1, the others will stay opened.
The field alimentation corresponds to 0.35 x the nominal voltage unloaded.
The phases in open circuit will be represented by important resistors and the phases in
short circuit will be represented by weak resistors.
From the last step of the back emf simulation

Time length : [0.5], step [0.0005s]
Warning : The last step of the phase A voltage in the unloaded simulation must be close to
zero !
Note : To prepare Transient startup : In the supervisor, choose Transient Startup
Note : To prepare batch computation : In the supervisor, choose Solve [Direct],

[Computation], [Prepare batch computation]

4.2.4 Analysis
Flux lines
The evolution of flux lines in the magnetic circuit can be displayed.

6
7
8
5
4 7
3 6 5
10
11
1
1
2 8
10 9 2
11 4
Fig 3.6.1.b t =0.001 s after the short circuit Fig 3.6.1.c t =0.05 s after the short circuit
Currents
The short circuit being activated at armature on the phase 1, there is a current only in this
phase. This current is sinusoidal and contains a d-c component which must cancel after a time
corresponding to a time constant of exponential shape.
Ampere
150
99,999
50
-50 s.
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8
Fig 3.6.1.d : Current in the A phase with his d-c component

The stator short circuit influences also the field current. This current consists of DC and
AC components. The DC component must decrease with two time constants corresponding to
the transient and sub-transient components. The AC component decays with time constant
identical to that DC component of armature current.
Ampere
15
10
0 s.
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8
Fig 3.6.1.e : Field current with DC and AC components
Torque
In this case, the torque allows displaying the imbalance of the system with a DC component on
the phase in short circuit. This DC component corresponds to the rotor and stator losses.
Oscillations on the curve correspond to a 2 order harmonic because of only the A phase is flowed
by a current.
N.m
49,999
-50
s.
20,399 20,5 20,6
Fig 3.6.1.e : Torque curve with DC component and 2 order harmonic

4.3 Three phase short circuit
4.3.1 Purpose
The purpose of this simulation is to know the behavior of the generator further to a sudden
three phase short circuit. This short circuit will be activated from an unloaded operating of the
alternator at the steady state speed. The different rotor and stator currents, the torque and the
phenomena in the absorbers will be studied in particular, with a transient magnetic analysis. This
test allows also determining the different values of reactances and time constants. The sustained,
transient and sub transient components will be then defined indirectly from the values of current
computed by Flux 2D.

The short circuit will be triggered from an unloaded operating in steady state speed. Exactly,
at the last step of the simulation unloaded operating.
Problem name SC_THREE

Depth 132 mm

repetitions

scalar analytic
coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity m



one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)
Circuit ME_CC
Components Values
V1 8.76 V
R1, R2, R3, R6 10-6
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R5,R7,R8, .
2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m


type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series

conductor
region type)


The sudden short-circuit will be activated on the three phases.

The field alimentation corresponds to 0.35 x the nominal voltage unloaded to avoid the
effects of magnetic saturation.

Time length : [1], step [0.0005s]
Warning : The last step of the phase 1 voltage in the unloaded simulation must be close to
zero !

4.3.4 Analysis
The current, flowing each phase of stator, is given as a function of time:
t t
Td' Td''
I ac = I s + I e
'
o + I e
''
o
With
Is : sustained current
- Io , Td : transient current and time constant
- Io , Td : subtransient current and time constant
The method to define the different components is :
- Get back all the values of current computed by Flux 2D in a computing software
- Define the minimum and maximum envelopes of current for each phase
- Compute the periodic armature current component in carrying out the half-difference of
the ordinates of upper and lower envelopes for each phase.
- The periodic component is determined as a mean value of the periodic component in
three phases;
- Determine the transient and sub-transient components, the value of the sustained short
circuit current is subtracted from the periodic component and the remainder is plotted on
paper with a semi-log scale.
- The transient reactance is computed from the following formula :
E
X 'd =
( Is + I ' )
with : E unloaded maximum voltage before the short circuit.
The time constant Td is determined from the previous curve.
To determine I and Td from the previous curve :
The curve striving towards a straight line of which the extrapolation to t = 0 s gives the value
of I. The duration until the point on the straight line where the current is equal to 0.606
times I gives the half of Td.

Ampere
-50
-100 s.
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8

Ampere
150
100
49,999
0 s.
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8

Ampere
-50
-100 s.
20,399 20,5 20,6 20,699 20,8
Fig 4.3.2.a : Short circuit currents in the three phases on 0.4 s
Note : To create multicurve picture : On the curve, click right and choose [Properties],
select several curve in Selection Menu, choose Side by side and the Range of X axis in
Display Menu
- The sustained current, computed by Flux 2D, strives towards 8.97 Amperes.
Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic

component component component component I - Is
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 average = I
(Imax Imin) / 2 (Imax - Imin) / 2 (Imax - Imin) / 2 Is = 8,97 A
76,609 79,807 72,416 76,278 67,308
54,846 55,814 53,005 54,555 45,585
43,425 42,878 42,149 42,817 33,847
35,712 35,233 34,904 35,283 26,313
29,951 29,579 29,420 29,650 20,680
25,506 25,216 15,885 22,203 13,233
22,077 21,845 21,917 21,946 12,976
19,426 19,227 19,379 19,344 10,374
17,374 17,191 17,389 17,318 8,348
15,792 15,615 15,827 15,745 6,775
14,561 14,397 14,601 14,520 5,550
13,602 13,448 13,641 13,563 4,593
12,845 12,697 12,882 12,808 3,838
12,238 12,094 12,273 12,202 3,232

Periodic Periodic Periodic Periodic

component component component component I - Is
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 average = I
11,745 11,604 11,779 11,710 2,740
11,340 11,201 11,372 11,304 2,334
11,002 10,866 11,033 10,967 1,997
10,719 10,585 10,748 10,684 1,714
10,480 10,348 10,508 10,445 1,475
10,277 10,146 10,303 10,242 1,272
10,103 9,975 10,127 10,068 1,098
9,954 9,829 9,977 9,920 0,950
9,825 9,704 9,848 9,792 0,822
9,715 9,596 9,735 9,682 0,712
Fig 4.3.2.b : Exemple of periodic components on 0.5 s
I - Is
100,0
I = 26 A
0.606 x I
10,0
Ampres
1,0
0,1
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
Temps
0.5 x Td
I - Is
Fig 4.3.2.c : Graphic to find the transient components
With the results supplied by Flux 2D and found on the curve, the transient components are :
176
X d = =
(8.97 + 26) 5.03 and 0.5 Td = 0.075 s then Td = 0.15 s

To determine I and Td :
- Compute the difference between the curve of periodic component and the straight line of
I and plotted it on a semilog paper.
- Extrapolated the straight line obtained until t = 0 in order to define I.
- The sub-transient reactance is computed from the following formula :
E
X d =
( Is + I '+ I )

FLUX 2D9.20 StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR)
5. StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR)
5.1 Direct and quadrature axis determination
5.1.1 Purpose
Before launching the SSFR simulations, it is necessary to determine the positions of the rotor
corresponding to the direct or quadrature axis. Each position is determined by a particular test
even the supply voltage of armature is not identical in both case.
The diagrams of these different tests are presented below:
Voltage
100 Hz
Fig 5.1.1.a Positionning of direct axis
The simulations will be carried out in AC steady state magnetic 2D application at low voltage
with the rotor position as parameter.
In both cases, the armature is supplied by a voltage source set up at 100 Hz, as describe in the
IEEE standard, with a phase in open circuit or not. The direct and quadrature axis will
correspond, in both case, at the position where the field voltage will be minor.

StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR) FLUX 2D9.20
Voltag
100 Hz
Fig 5.1.1.b Positionning of quadrature axis
5.1.2 Physical and solving conditions

The voltage of the source will be 1.5 Volts. It corresponds to one percent of the nominal
voltage in order to avoid exceed currents (V =0.1xVn).
The rotor position will be used as a parameter and will change of 2.5 degrees at each step.
Direct simulation
Problem name AC_SSFR_DIRECT_POS

Problem type Magnetic AC 2D
Frequency 100 Hz
Depth 132 mm

repetitions
Name of Type Isotropic Initial relative Saturation Type of

material value permeability magnetization equivalent
(T) B(H) curve
STEEL_NLIN B(H) : Isotropic 8000 1.6 Sine Wave
scalar analytic flux density
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
isotropic
ALU_BAR J(E) : isotropic 2.7e-8m
resistivity



one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)
Circuit MH_SSFR_POS_DIRECT
Components Values
V1 1.5 V
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358


type)
FIELD_1M 215 B_ROTOR Negative All conductors ROTOR
are in series
FIELD_1P 215 B_ROTOR Positive All conductors ROTOR
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
COIL_1M 54 B1 Negative All conductors STATOR
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor component periodicities
region type)
Positive All conductors ROTOR
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
Negative All conductors ROTOR
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series
- Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]
Quadrature simulation
Problem name AC_QUADRATURE_SSFR

Problem type AC magnetic 2D
Frequency 100 Hz
Depth 132 mm


repetitions

(T) B(H) curve
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)

Circuit AC_SSFR_Q_AXIS
Components Values
V1 1.5 V
R1 104
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R2,R3,R4, . ..R19, R20, R21 2.89 10-6
L5,L6,L7, .. ..L22, L23, L24 10-9 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor
region type)

- Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]

5.1.3 Analysis
The voltage will be taken at the field terminals. It is corresponding to B_ROTOR coil
component.
The found angle is given in comparison to the initial position.
The voltage amplitude will be chosen equal to the one of the classical SSFR.
Direct simulation
Fig 5.1.3.a Field voltage to determine direct axis
The direct axis position is close to 10 degree.
Note : To create a group : [Supports], [Group] and click on the region concerned.

Quadrature simulation
Fig 5.1.3.b Field voltage to determine quadrature axis
The quadrature axis position is close to 55 degree.
These two positions will be used as initial position for each SSFR test, direct or
quadrature.

5.2 Classical SSFR
5.2.1 Purpose
This method is also used to determine the parameters of the machine. From the evolution of the
inductance in function of electrical pulsation, the different time constants and reactances can be
evaluated. In particular, the transient and sub-transient time constants in open circuit or short-
circuit. The rotor is assumed at standstill and a weak voltage with a frequency varying from 1
mHz to 400 Hz is applied to the stator.
The simulation will be carried out in AC steady state magnetic 2D application at low voltage
with the frequency as parameter. The result will give the current and voltage values in complex.
They will be analyzed in order to compute the reactances and time constants looked for.

Frequency 100 Hz
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T) B(H) curve
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity



one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)
Components Values
V1 1.5 V
R1 104
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R2,R3,R4, .
2.89 10-6
..R19, R20, R21
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m


type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series

conductor
region type)


Stator frequency : [0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8,
10, 20, 40, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400]
Note : To enter parameters : In the supervisor, choose Solve [Direct], [Computation],

[Prepare batch computation]

5.2.4 Analysis
Theoric
From the Bode diagram of inductance, different parameters of generator can be determined.
Indeed, the poles and zeros of the inductance transfer function correspond to the different
reactances and time constants. The expression of transfer function is:
(1 + Tdcc p ) (1 + Tdcc p )
Ld ( p ) = Ld
(1 + Tdo p ) (1 + Tdo p )
With :
- Tdcc = transient time constant in short circuit armature
- Tdcc = sub-transient time constant in short circuit armature
- Tdo = transient time constant in open circuit
- Tdo = transient time constant in open circuit
The corresponding curve is the following one:

Ld(jw
Ld
L
Ld
1 / Tdo 1 / Tdcc 1 / Tdo 1 / Tdcc
Fig 5.2.3.a Module of Ld(jw)
This curve shows that the transient and sub-transient reactances and time constants can be
determined thanks to the different steps. For an example, in extending the curve until pulsation =
0 for the synchronous reactance.
The inductance will be computed by:
Z d ( j ) ra
Ld ( j ) =
j
with:
Varm 1
- Z d ( j ) = x with for connection between phases
Iarm 2

Analysis
Ampere Degree
175
5 CURVE I_phase
CURVE I_mod Circuit / Phase Current
4 Circuit / Magnitude Current 150
Frequency
Frequency B1 ;
B1; Phase (Deg): 0
3
Phase (Deg): 0
125
2
1
100
hertz hertz
100 200 300 400 100 200 300 400
Fig 5.2.3.b Module of armature current Fig 5.2.3.c Phase of armature current
The voltage of armature is constant with a phase of 0. The armature current is determined in
module and phase for each frequency:
Note : To obtain phase and module in 2D curve manager : [Circuit], [module current] or
[phase current] and choose the concerned component.
The following method is used to obtain the Bode diagram of inductance and the value of
synchronous reactances and time constants:
For each frequency :

Computation of pulsation
Computation of impedance in module and phase from the voltage and current of armature
Computation of real and imaginary parts of complex inductance from :
Z sin( z ) Z cos( z ) 1
Lr = Li = ( rarm )
2 2
Computation of module and phase of complex inductance from :
Lr
ATAN ( ) 180
Li
L = Lr + Li l =

Plotting of gain and phase diagram on semi-log paper

VOLTAGE CURRENT Vs/Is L(p)

f w Vs (V) Ph () Is (A) Ph I () Module Phase Part_R Part_I Module Phase
0,001 0,01 2,12 0 5,85 179,86 0,36 359,86 0,070 -0,00008 0,070 0,07
0,005 0,03 2,12 0 5,85 179,30 0,36 359,30 0,070 0,00153 0,070 -1,25
0,01 0,06 2,12 0 5,85 178,61 0,36 358,61 0,070 0,00317 0,070 -2,60
0,02 0,13 2,12 0 5,82 177,26 0,36 357,26 0,069 0,00636 0,070 -5,24
0,04 0,25 2,12 0 5,73 174,75 0,37 354,75 0,067 0,01234 0,069 -10,38
0,08 0,50 2,12 0 5,45 170,96 0,39 350,96 0,061 0,02190 0,065 -19,82
0,1 0,63 2,12 0 5,30 169,74 0,40 349,74 0,057 0,02522 0,062 -23,97
0,2 1,26 2,12 0 4,72 167,75 0,45 347,75 0,038 0,03036 0,049 -38,70
0,4 2,51 2,12 0 4,32 167,89 0,49 347,89 0,021 0,02351 0,031 -48,91
0,8 5,03 2,12 0 4,09 165,81 0,52 345,81 0,013 0,01395 0,019 -47,82
1 6,28 2,12 0 4,02 164,18 0,53 344,18 0,011 0,01155 0,016 -45,26
2 12,57 2,12 0 3,70 155,44 0,57 335,44 0,009 0,00632 0,011 -33,70
4 25,13 2,12 0 3,08 140,60 0,69 320,60 0,009 0,00337 0,009 -21,21
5 31,42 2,12 0 2,80 134,80 0,76 314,80 0,009 0,00274 0,009 -17,73
6 37,70 2,12 0 2,54 129,95 0,83 309,95 0,008 0,00230 0,009 -15,18
8 50,27 2,12 0 2,12 122,49 1,00 302,49 0,008 0,00175 0,009 -11,75
10 62,83 2,12 0 1,80 117,17 1,18 297,17 0,008 0,00141 0,008 -9,57
20125,66 2,12 0 0,98 104,63 2,16 284,63 0,008 0,00073 0,008 -5,00
40251,33 2,12 0 0,51 97,66 4,20 277,66 0,008 0,00039 0,008 -2,71
50314,16 2,12 0 0,41 96,25 5,23 276,25 0,008 0,00033 0,008 -2,28
80502,65 2,12 0 0,26 94,14 8,31 274,14 0,008 0,00024 0,008 -1,64
100628,32 2,12 0 0,20 93,43 10,37 273,43 0,008 0,00021 0,008 -1,43
2001256,6 2,12 0
4 0,10 91,97 20,61 271,97 0,008 0,00014 0,008 -0,96
400 2513,2 2,12 0
7 0,05 91,20 41,06 271,20 0,008 0,00010 0,008 -0,69
Fig 5.2.3.d : Computation of impedance and inductance for each frequencies
Note : To obtain current values : Right click on the current curves, choose [Values],
[Write all in review file] then copy and paste in the board
L(p) - Module L(p) - Phase
0.080 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

10.00
0.070 F2D results
Equivalent transfer 0.00

0.060 function
-10.00
0.050
L(p) (H)
Phase (degres)
-20.00
0.040
0.030 -30.00
0.020
-40.00
0.010
-50.00
F2D results
0.000 Equivalent transfer function

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 -60.00
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Fig 5.2.3.e : Gain diagram Fig 5.2.3.f Phase diagram

- The synchronous reactance is obtained in extending the gain bode diagram to = 0 and
in using :
Xd = Ld =0
then, in our case : Xd = 21.98
For information
An approximation of the sub-transient reactance Xd can be determined with the value of

inductance at high frequency, always with the same computation formula used previously.
In our case, we find:
X d = Ld 2 = 0.005 2 314.159 Xd = 2.57
Warning : It is indicated only as a method but do not correspond to a standard.

FLUX 2D9.20 Loaded on the network
6. Loaded on the network
6.1 Unloaded on the network
6.1.1 Purpose
The purpose is to simulate the generator unloaded before connecting it at the network. Indeed,
the three phases of the generator, operating unloaded, must be in phase with those of the network
before to link both. Phases of network and generator will be compared in amplitude and angle.
In order to avoid the transient phenomena, the [initialised by a static computation] option will be
used. The first time step will give the initial magnetic state in the entire machine.

These conditions correspond to the transient magnetic static simulation.
- The network will be represented by a voltage supply, an inductance and a resistor.
- The generator will be adjusted for an unloaded operating at the nominal voltage.
Problem name MT_SOLV_UNLOADED

Problem type Transient Magnetic 2D
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

Loaded on the network FLUX 2D9.20

(T) B(H) curve
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
Mechanical Comment Type Coord. Rotation Pivot Coupled load

Set name System axis Point
ROTOR Rotor Rotation ROTOR Rotation (0,0,0) Moment of inertia :
around around 0.1215kg.m
one axis one axis Friction coefficient
parallel to : 0.016N.m.S
Oz Drag Torque : -
2.51 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s:0
AIRGAP Airgap COMPRESS - - - -
IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)
Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -5 A
V1 127 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 127 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 127 V, 50 Hz, 120
6
R1, R2, R3 10
-9
L7, L8, L9 10 H


B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series
6.1.3 Solving parameters

Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [0.2],
Note : This angle corresponds to the rotor position in the axis of the phase 1 which will be
taken as reference in the transient simulation.
The drag torque corresponds only to torque generate by the mechanical friction
The field will be supplied by a continuous current alimentation.
The phase 1 will be chosen as the reference phase for the network, thats why the rotor is
positioned in the axis of this phase.
Note : The supply voltage used to represent the network is a sinusoidal shape.

6.1.4 Analysis
First time step
6
9
11 4
1
5
3
2
10
8
7
Only the flux lines will be checked.
Fig 5.1.3.a : Flux lines with the rotor at 90
Transient magnetic simulation
- Speed
The rotor speed must little change during the 0.2 seconds.
1,55
(E3) rpm
1,524
1,5
1,475
s.
0,05 99,999E-3 0,15 0,2
Fig 5.1.3.b : Rotor speed curve

- Voltage
The network voltage and generator voltage will be superimposed.
200 V_STATOR_1
Circuit / Voltage
Time
B1;
100
0 V_NETWORK_1
Circuit / Voltage
Time
V1 ;
-99,999
-199,999
0,05 99,999E-3 0,15 0,2
Fig 5.1.3.c : Network voltage and stator voltage comparison
The voltages are opposite, which is normal.
Fig 5.1.3.d : Zoom between 0.15 and 0.2 seconds

Both voltages are well identical and have a period of 0.02 s.
Note : To obtain the period : create two cursors with [2D curves], [new cursor], and check
the time on the second cursor with the difference on X axis.
- Current
(E-6) Ampere
500
I_B1
Circuit / Current
Time
B1 ;
0
-500 s.
0,05 99,999E-3 0,15 0,2
Fig 5.1.3.e : Curve of current supplied by the generator
The generator is well unloaded since the current is close to zero (10-6).

6.2 Loaded on the network without regulation
6.2.1 Purpose
In this simulation, the generator will be loaded at 30 % of his nominal power. Therefore, neither
the field current nor the drag torque will be fitted to this operating point. This test corresponds in
reality to the pulling out of synchronism of the generator without regulator.
Problem name MT_SOLV_LOADED

Depth 132 mm

repetitions
Name of Type Isotropic Initial relative Saturation

material value permeability magnetization (T)
STEEL_NLIN B(H) : Isotropic scalar 8000 1.6
analytic saturation
(arctg, 2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque : -
2.51 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s : 90
IBLE


AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR
Name of face region (magnetic non Material Mechanical set

conducting region type)
Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -5 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
R1, R2, R3 72.14
L7, L8, L9 0.1717 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358


type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series
Load conditions at 30 %
The power will be equal to 0.3 x 2400 = 720 Watts

In imposing a different phase equal to a cosinus of 0.8, the resulting current will be of
2.42 Amperes

Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [0.2],

6.2.4 Analysis
- speed
On the curve, the speed falls rapidly. It

corresponds to the pulling out of synchronism
of the generator.
Fig 6.2.3.a : rotor speed curve
- Voltage
There is a different phase between the

generator voltage and the network voltage.
The amplitudes of voltages are not the same
too.

6.3 Loaded on the network with appropriated motor torque
6.3.1 Purpose
With the previous result, we can see that the generator has not the necessary absorbed power in
order to provide the load need by the network.
In this simulation, the generator is always loaded at 30% of his nominal power but the torque
setting to the rotor is adapted to the output power. The excitation current is the same. The
operating point is then changed but the internal generated voltage stays constant. It corresponds
to the following diagram :
New point with

Constant adapted torque
active power
Old point
Fig 6.3.1.a : Power diagram with modification of torque

The torque setting to the rotor is the addition of torque corresponding to the output power
and torque corresponding to the Joules losses. In our case, this supplementary torque
corresponds approximately to 2.3 N.m.
The Joules losses are computed with the current corresponding to 30% of the nominal
power that is to say 2.42 Amperes.
Problem name MT_SOLV_LOADED_T

Depth 132 mm


repetitions

material value permeability magnetization
(T)
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque :
-4.85 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s : 90
IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -5 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
R1, R2, R3 72.14
L7, L8, L9 0.1717 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series

-3
Time step [2E ], study time limit [7],
6.3.4 Analysis
The speed of the rotor will give a picture of the stabilisation or not of generator. In our case, after
two oscillation periods, the speed increases rapidly. The generator will never reach a stabilized
point.

(E3) t/mn
1,8
Vitesse rotor
Mecanique/ Vitesserotation
Temps
1,7
1,6
1,5
s.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig 6.3.3.a : Rotor speed evolution
This divergence can be explained by the equation of electromagnetic torque:

p 3 E V
C em = sin
Xd
At no-load, E is lined up with V then the angle is equal to zero. If the field current has not
changed, the fem voltage stays equal at V then 63.5 V.
C X d
= arcsin( em )
p 3 E V
In order to stabilize the speed, the electromagnetic torque must be identical to the mechanical
torque setting to the rotor. As the torque applied to the shaft is 2.3 Nm, the internal angle should
be:
0,066
(E6) Deg.
65,75E-3
65,5E-3
65,25E-3
s.
6,969 6,979 6,989 7
Fig 6.3.3.b : Evolution of rotor position on the last period

At 30% of nominal power, it would correspond to an angle of 38.8 . The internal angle can be
computed from the position of the rotor on the last period.

On this period, the rotor has turned of 210 . As the machine has 2 pairs of poles, one electrical
period should correspond to 180, then the internal angle has moved from zero to 30.
This angle does not correspond to the nominal angle and the generator may not reach the
nominal point. The supplementary torque associated to the initial speed creates an inertia too
high for the electromagnetic torque which can not block the acceleration of rotor.
Note : To obtain the position : [Computation], [2D spectrum manager] and choose
[mechanical], [Position]
Note : To obtain the angle : Create two [New cursor] and read on the second the
difference on the Y axis.

6.4 Loaded on the network with appropriated field current

and motor torque
6.4.1 Purpose
In this simulation, the generator is always loaded at 30% of his nominal power but now, both
adjustment parameters are modified. As there is always no regulation, the field current and the
torque setting to the rotor will correspond to the nominal point. Even if they are right, there will
be however, a response time enough important before reaching the equilibrate point.

Problem name MT_SOLV_LOADED_F_T
Depth 132 mm
- Computation of the field current :
It is computed from the Behn-Eshenburg diagram :
Q<0
Supplied
Absorbed
Generator
Synchronous Motor
With :
the single voltage V = 63.5 V

the armature nominal current I = 2.42 A
the synchronous reactance X = 15.8
the dephasing angle = 36 (cos = 0.8)
and in negligecting the resistance.
Graphically, the fem voltage found is about 167 V. If we consider the same ratio for the field
current as for the fem voltage, the new current corresponding to this operate point is about
6.85 Amperes.


repetitions

(T)
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque :
-4.85 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s : 90
IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -6.85 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
R1, R2, R3 72.14
L7, L8, L9 0.1717 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series

Time step [0.002s], study time limit [20],

6.4.4 Analysis
In this various results, the speed of the rotor, the current supplied by the armature and the active
power will be analyzed more particularly in order to verify if the nominal point is reached.
speed
The speed seems to stabilize close to 1500 rpm. But on the zoom, we can conclude that 20
seconds are not sufficient to reach the steady state speed.
Current
The oscillations on the current are due to

the variation of speed during the
stabilization phase.
The value of current is not exactly

identical to the nominal point. The
approximations on the computation of
nominal point, the simplification on the
Behn-Eshenburg diagram and the Joule
losses can justify this deviation


APPENDIX
Case 1: Xd Xq position
Case 2: Xd and Xq
Case 3: back emf computation
Case 4: single phase short circuit
Case 5: three phase short circuit
Case 6: direct axis determination for SSFR test
Case 7: quadrature position for SSFR test
Case 8: SSFR test
Case 9: Loaded on the network (unload)
Case 10: Loaded on the network (30% load) without regulation
Case 11: Loaded on the network (30% load) with appropriated
motor torque
Case 12: Loaded on the network (30% load) with appropriated
field current and motor torque

CASE 1: Xd Xq position
Problem name Angle_det

Depth 132 mm

repetitions

analytic saturation
(arctg, 2 coeff.)

one axis around
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR
AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22,
COIL_1M, COIL_1P, COIL_2M, COIL_2P, COIL_3M, COIL_3P STATOR

region type)


B_ROTOR 2

conductor region component periodicities
type)
FIELD_1M 215 B_ROTOR Negative All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
FIELD_1P 215 B_ROTOR Positive All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
FIELD_2M 215 B_ROTOR Negative All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
FIELD_2P 215 B_ROTOR Positive All ROTOR
conductors
are in series
Angle of rotor [-10 ; 80], step [5]
Initial position of rotor: 0

CASE 2: Xd and Xq
Problem name XdXq_Is

Depth 132 mm

repetitions

analytic saturation
(arctg, 2 coeff.)

one axis around
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR
AQ_1, AQ_2, AQ_11, AQ_22,


region type)

B_ROTOR 0
B1 - 0.5
B2 -0.5
B3 1

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
Stator current : [100, 150, 200, 250, 270, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700,
750, 800, 1000, 1200]
Angle of rotor : [10 ; 56]

CASE 3: back emf computation

Problem name bemf
Problem type Transient_magnetic
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

material value permeability magnetization (T)
STEEL_NLIN B(H) : Isotropic scalar 8000 1.6
analytic saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
ALU_BAR B(H) : Linear isotropic 1
ALU_BAR J(E) : isotropic resistivity 2.7e-8
m


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR

region type)

Circuit ME_CC
Components Values
V1 8.76 V
R1, R2, R3, R6 109
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R5,R7,R8, .
2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor
region type)

First resolution :
Time length : [20], step [5s]
Second resolution :
Time length : [20,2], step [0.001s]

Case 4: single phase short circuit

Problem name SC_mono
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

scalar analytic
coeff.)
isotropic
ALU_BAR J(E) : isotropic 2.7e-8 m
resistivity


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR
Name of face region (magnetic non conducting Material Mechanical set

region type)

Circuit ME_CC
Components Values
V1 8.76 V
R1, R6 10-6
R2, R3 10+6
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R5,R7,R8, .
2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor
region type)



Case 5: three phase short circuit

Problem name SC_THREE
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

value permeability magnetization
(T)
scalar analytic
coeff.)
isotropic
ALU_BAR J(E) : isotropic 2.7e-8 m
resistivity


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Circuit ME_CC
Components Values
V1 8.76 V
R1, R2, R3, R6 10-6
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R5,R7,R8, .
2.89 10-6
..R23, R24, R25
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor
region type)



Case 6: direct axis determination for SSFR test

Problem name AC_SSFR_DIRECT_POS
Problem type Magnetic AC 2D
Frequency 100 Hz
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T) B(H) curve
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Circuit MH_SSFR_POS_DIRECT
Components Values
V1 1.5 V
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series
Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]

Case 7: quadrature position for SSFR test

Frequency 100 Hz
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T) B(H) curve
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Components Values
V1 1.5 V
R1 104
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R2,R3,R4, .
2.89 10-6
..R19, R20, R21
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor
region type)

Rotor positions : [-5; 85], step [2.5]

Case 8: SSFR test

Frequency 100 Hz
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T) B(H) curve
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)
isotropic
resistivity


one axis around rpm
one axis
parallel to
Oz

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Components Values
V1 1.5 V
R1 104
L1, L2, L3 1.104 mH
L4 8.8 mH
R2,R3,R4, .
2.89 10-6
..R19, R20, R21
L5,L6,L7, ..
10-9 H
..L22, L23, L24

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


conductor
region type)

Stator frequency : [0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8,
10, 20, 40, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400]

Case 9: Loaded on the network (unload)

Problem name MT_SOLV_UNLOADED
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T)
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque : -
2.51 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm

IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -5 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
6
R1, R2, R3 10
-9
L7, L8, L9 10 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1 181.2 m
B2 181.2 m
B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358


type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series

Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [0.2s],

Case 10: Loaded on the network (30% load) without

regulation
Problem name MT_SOLV_LOADED
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T)
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque : -
2.51 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s : 90
IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -5 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
R1, R2, R3 72.14
L7, L8, L9 0.1717 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series

Time step [0.0005s], study time limit [1s],

Case 11: Loaded on the network (30% load) with

appropriated motor torque
Problem name MT_SOLV_LOADED_T
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T)
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque :
-4.85 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s : 90
IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -5 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
R1, R2, R3 72.14
L7, L8, L9 0.1717 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series


Case 12: Loaded on the network (30% load) with

appropriated field current and motor torque
Problem name MT_SOLV_LOADED_F_T
Depth 132 mm

repetitions

(T)
scalar analytic
saturation (arctg,
2 coeff.)

Oz Drag Torque :
-4.85 N.m
Initial velocity :
1500 rpm
Position at time
t=0s : 90
IBLE

AIR_1 STATOR
AIR_2 ROTOR
AIR_3 STATOR
AIRGAP AIRGAP
SHAFT ROTOR


region type)
Circuit TM_NETWORK
Components Values
I_ROTOR -6.85 A
L1, L2, L3 1.104e-3
L4 8.8mH
L5 15.6mH
L6 11.2mH
V1 254 V, 50 Hz, 0
V2 254 V, 50 Hz, -120
V3 254 V, 50 Hz, 120
R1, R2, R3 72.14
L7, L8, L9 0.1717 H

B_ROTOR 5.0136
B1, B2, B3 181.2 m
B5 8.486
B6 9.358

type)
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series
are in series


region type)
AM_1 74 B5
are in series
AM_2 74 B5
are in series
AM_3 74 B6
are in series
AM_4 74 B6
are in series
AM_11 74 B5
are in series
AM_22 74 B5
are in series
AM_33 74 B6
are in series
AM_44 74 B6
are in series
AQ_1 74 B6
are in series
AQ_2 74 B6
are in series
AQ_11 74 B5
are in series
AQ_22 74 B5
are in series


Synchronous Motor 2

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Synchronous Motor 2

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CAD Package for Electromagnetic and Thermal

Analysis using Finite Elements

Copyright - April 2006

FLUX software : COPYRIGHT CEDRAT/INPG/CNRS/EDF

FLUX2D's Quality Assessment:

This technical paper was edited on 18 April 2006

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The files corresponding to different cases studied in this technical paper

The corresponding applications are ready to be solved. This allows you

1. Overview of synchronous motor technical paper......................................................... 1

2. Defining the problem ................................................................................................... 3

3. Parameters Xd, Xq in magneto static ........................................................................ 31

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE A

4.2 Single phase short circuit...............................................................................................47

5. StandStill Frequency Reponse (SSFR) ..................................................................... 61

6. Loaded on the network .............................................................................................. 79

PAGE B SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1. Overview of synchronous motor technical

This paper contains two principal sections :

DEFINING THE PROBLEM (chapter 2) : Creation of geometry, mesh, circuit models

DIFFERENT SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS (chapter 3 to 6) : This section is composed

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE 1

PAGE 2 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

2. Defining the problem

Voltage 220 / 127 V

Armature Number of turns per phase 108

Number of wires by slot 12

Field Number of turns per pole 215

D axis - slots by pole 4

D axis - wires by slot 74

Q axis - wires by slot 74

Fig 2.a : Synchronous machine

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE 3

A cross section, given below, shows the overview of the machine :

Stator wires Electrical absorber

2.1 Building method for the geometry and mesh

In this tutorial, the building method of stator is the following one :

The building method of rotor is the following one :

Ending of the building :

PAGE 4 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

2.2 The Geometry

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE 5

2.2.1 Creation of coordinate systems, geometrical parameters

Origin Origin Origin Unit of Unit of

Note : To create coordinate systems : [Geometry], [Coord sys], [New]

Parameter names Comments Values in [mm] or []

Note : To create geometrical parameter : [Geometry], [Geometric Parameter], [New]

PAGE 6 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

2.2.2 Geometry and faces building and transformation creation

Creation of half stator slot

Fig 2.2.1.a : Overview of a stator slot with the points designation

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR PAGE 7

- lines of half stator slot

Type of line Starting End Center point Coordinate

L3 Segment P10 P11 STATOR

Fig 2.2.1.b : Overview of a stator slot with the lines designation

PAGE 8 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Creation of transformation necessary for the stator construction

Geometric Type First Second Ratio

Geometric Theta Coordinate

Note : To create geometric transformation : [Geometry], [Transformation], [New]

Fig 2.2.1.c Base shape of stator

Fig 2.2.1.d complete stator