AV-222

ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 7

“REAL MACHINES

Instructor: Sqn Ldr Ahnaf Lodhi

Class: 84(B &C )
Book: Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th ed
Chapter : 7

Avionics Engineering Department

Parts of a DC Machine
• Stator
• Frame
• Provides physical support
• Pole pieces
• Project inward and provide path for magnetic flux
• Pole Shoes : Ends that spread out evenly near the rotor end to
spread flux evenly
• Pole face: Exposed surface of pole shoe
• Air Gap: Distance between pole face and rotor
• Windings
• Armature windings: Windings in which voltage is induced
• Located on the rotor
• Field windings: Produce main magnetic flux in the machine
• Located on the stator
Real DC Machine

Field Windings

Rotor & Stator

Real Machine Characteristics
• Consideration of multiple conductors and current paths

• Number of current paths

Induced Voltage Factors
• Machine flux
• Angular speed of the machine’s rotor
• Constant based on Machine’s construction
Induced Voltage in Real Machines
Induced Voltage in Real Machines
• Internal Generated Voltage
Voltage Induced in Real Machines
• Speed of machine in rpm

• Voltage induced in terms of rpm

Torque Induced in Real Machine
• Factors
• Magnetic flux in the machine
• Armature or rotor current IA in the machine
• Constant depending on the construction of the machine
• Torque induced
• With ‘a’ current paths for the total Armature or rotor current IA

• Therefore torque induced in a single conductor

Torque Induced in a Real Machine
• With ‘Z’ conductors

• In terms of total flux

Winding Insulation
• Windings short out if insulation breaks down
• Expensive repair
• Temperature management
• High temperatures change properties over long periods of
time
• Old rule of thumb: Life expectancy of a motor with a given
insulation is halved for each 10% rise in winding temperature
• Insulation system classes defined by National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) of USA
• A, B, F, and H with higher permissible operating temperature
than the previous
Power Flow in DC Machines
• Motor
• Convert to mechanical energy
• Generator
• Convert mechanical into electrical energy
• Loss associated with both
• Efficiency

• In terms of power loss

Losses in DC Machines
• Electrical or Copper losses
• Losses in armature and field windings
Losses in DC Machines
• Brush Losses
• Power lost across contact potential at the brushes

• Other losses
• Core losses
• Mechanical losses
• Stray or Misc losses
Power Flow Diagram
• Power flow diagram for a generator
Power Flow Diagram
• Power flow for a motor
Thank You