AV-222

ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 6

“DC MACHINE FUNDAMENTALS

Instructor: Sqn Ldr Ahnaf Lodhi

Class: 84(B &C )
Book: Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th ed
Chapter : 7

Avionics Engineering Department

Magnetic Field: Points
• Current carrying conductor creates magnetic field
around it
• Time-varying magnetic field produces a voltage in a
coil if it passes through it
• Current carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a force induced on it
• Moving wire in the presence of magnetic field has
voltage induced on it
Phenomenon Induced in a Rotating Loop

• Induced Force (1.6)

• F = i(l x B)
• i: Magnitude of current
• l: length of segment with the direction aligned with current flow
• B : magnetic flux density
• Induced Voltage e = (vxB) . L (1.7)
• v: Velocity of the wire
• B: magnetic flux density
• l: length of conductor in the magnetic field
• l points along the direction of the wire end making smallest angle
with vector vxB
• Voltage in the wire: Positive end in the direction of vxB
Linear DC Machines (1.8)
• Kirchoff’s voltage law
• Staring operation
• Switch closed at t = 0

• With the application of force, wire moves with a velocity v

Linear DC Machines 1.8
• Elaboration of the same phenomenon in
• Linear DC Machine as Motor
• Linear DC Machine as Generator
• Self Study. Part of the syllabus
 ROTATING LOOP BETWEEN CURVED POLE FACES

• Similar to rotating loop in a uniform

magnetic field
• Rotor
• Stator
• Loop rotating in a slot carved in
ferromagnetic core
• Rotor and curved shape of pole face
ensures constant-width air gap
• Reluctance of air >> reluctance of iron
• Uniform air-gap width means same
reluctance everywhere
• Same reluctance means constant flux
density
• Induced Voltage
• Induced Torque
 Induced Voltage
• Magnetic field perpendicular to loop
surface everywhere under pole face
• Path of least reluctance through the air
between the pole face and conductor
• v x B perpendicular at each point on the
rotating conductor
• B is perpendicular to the surface of rotor
everywhere under the poles
• Segment ab, cd perpendicular to the
plane
• Segment bc, da, parallel to the plane
VOLTAGE ON THE LOOP
• Loop abcd
• Magnetic Field : left to right
• Segment ab, cd
• Perpendicular to the field
• Segment bc, ad
• Parallel to field
• Total Voltage
• Sum of voltages on all segments
Voltage on the Loop
• Segment ab
• Velocity ‘v’ tangential to the path of rotation
• Magnetic field B perpendicular to the rotor surface
• B is be extension perpendicular to velocity
• v x B pointing into the page
• Length ‘l’ along v x B
Voltage on the Loop
• Segment bc, da
• v x B into or out of the page
• Length ‘l’ in the plane of B (in the plane of the page)
• Length ‘l’ perpendicular to v x B
• ecb = 0

• Segment cd
• v and B perpendicular to each other pointing out of the page
• Length ‘l’ along the vector v x B
Voltage on the Loop
•  Total induced voltage
Induced Voltage
• Alternate
  Representation

• Radius of the loop ‘r’

• Cylindrical rotor surface

• Area of cylinder under each pole

• Total flux under each pole

Voltage on the Loop
• Dependent on 3 factor
• Flux in the machine
• Speed of rotation
• Constant representing the construction of the machine
Induced Voltage
• Loop rotated
• Segment ab under north
• Direction of v x B reverses when facing different pole face
• Reversal of voltage but same magnitude
Getting DC Voltage from Rotating Loop
• Attach two semi-circular rings with the rotor
• Commutator segments
• Commutator segments and rotor collectively called armature
• Contacts short out when the potential in the loop is
zero
• Process called Commutation
Induced Torque
Induced Torque on the Loop
• Battery
  connected to the loop
• Current flow follows causing an induced force which
causes torque

• Where is the angle between r and F

• Total torque found by finding torque in each segment
• Segment ab
• Current directed out of the page
• B pointing radially outwards
Induced Torque on the Loop
•  Segment bc
• B and ‘l’ parallel, hence lxB =0
• Fbc = 0

• Segment cd
• ‘i’ into the page

• Segment da
• Same as segment bc
• Total torque
Induced Torque in a Loop
• Factors defining induced torque
• Flux in the machine
• Current in the machine
• Constant representing the construction of the machine
Thank You