Electrical Machines

EE-260
Lecture-04
Instructor: Dr Mehmood Alam

Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
DC Machine Parts
Parts of DC Machine (motor and generator)
• Field magnet
• The objective of the field system is to create a uniform magnetic field in which the armature
rotates. Permanent magnet or electromagnet 
• Armature
• Armature rotates the conductors in the uniform magnetic field. Coils of wounded(insulated)
wires around an iron.
• Commutator
• In case of a generator, convert AC voltage into DC voltage. In the case of the motor, the
commutator use to produce unidirectional torque.
• Brush
• The brushes are used to collect the current from the commutator and supplied to external
load circuit of DC Generator. In case of dc motor brushes supply current to the commutator.
DC Machine Parts

(Field magnets)
DC Armature Windings

Armature core
DC Armature Windings

• The slots of the armature core hold insulated

conductors that are connected in a suitable manner.
• This is known as armature winding.
• In armature winding the working e.m.f is induced.
DC Armature Windings
• Turn: A turn consists of two conductors connected to one end by an
end connector.
• Coil: A coil is formed by connecting several turns in the series.
• Winding: A winding is formed by connecting several coils in series.
DC Armature Windings
• The armature conductors are connected to form coils
• The basic component of all types of armature windings is the
armature coil.
• Each turn insulated from others
and from the rotor.
Number of conductors in a machine
Z=2CNc
C = # of coils on rotor
Nc = # of turns per coil
 DC Armature Windings
• Most of DC armature windings are double
layer windings i.e., there are two coil sides
per slot.
• One coil side of a coil lies at the top
of a slot and the other coil side lies at
the bottom of some other slot.
DC Armature Windings

Full pitch coil Fractional pitch coil

 DC Armature Windings
• Commutator Pitch (YC)
The number of commutator segments spanned by each coil of the winding.

Commutator segments

The number of commutator segments spanned by the coil ?

DC Armature Windings
• If the end of a coil is connected to a commutator segment ahead of the
one its beginning is connected to, the winding is called a progressive
winding.
• If the end of a coil is connected to a commutator segment behind the one
its beginning is connected to, the winding is called a retrogressive
winding.

progressive winding. retrogressive winding.

DC Armature Windings
• Armature windings are classified according to the sequence of their
connections to the commutator segments
• Lap Windings
• Wave Winding
DC Armature Windings
The Lap Winding
• The simplest type of winding construction used in modern DC machines
• Consists of coils containing one or more turns of wire with the two ends of each coil
coming out at adjacent commutator segments
DC Armature Windings
• If the end of the coil is connected to the segment after the segment
that the beginning of the coil is connected to, the winding is a
progressive lap winding and Yc = 1.
• If the end of the coil is connected to the segment before the segment
that the beginning of the coil is connected to, the winding is a
retrogressive lap winding and Yc = -1.

Progressive lap winding. retrogressive lap winding.

DC Armature Windings
• Advantages of Lap Winding
• This winding is necessarily required for large current application
because it has more parallel paths.
• It is suitable for low voltage and high current generators.
• Disadvantages of Lap Winding
• It gives less emf compared to wave winding. This winding requires
more no. of conductors  for giving the same emf, it results high
winding cost.
• It has less efficient utilization of space in the armature slots
DC Armature Windings
The Wave Winding
• The end of one coil is connected to the starting of another coil of the
same polarity as that of the first coil.
• This winding forms a wave with its coil, that’s why called as wave
winding
• Since the coils are connected in series here, also called as series
winding.
DC Armature Windings
• The Wave Winding