Electrical Machines

EE-260

Instructor: Dr Mehmood Alam

Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals

National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)
Office Hours:
Monday: 14:00 – 15:00

Email: Mehmood.alam@seecs.edu.pk

 Course Material: Course material will be uploaded

on LMS.

 Try to be present at all lectures and all Labs!

 All presented material, assignments, homework
and quizzes are relevant to your Exam.
 Books
• Text Book:
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Ed.,
McGraw Hill, 2005

• Reference Books
1. An Introduction to Electrical Machines and Transformers, John Wiley and
Sons, 1981.
2. A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric Machinery, 6th Ed., McGraw Hill, 2003
3. Principle of Electrical Machines by V K Mehta & Rohit Mehta.
Course Pre-Requisites

 EE-211 (Electric Network Analysis)

 Grading Policy (Tentative):

 OHT-1: 15%
 OHT-2: 15%
 FINAL EXAM: 50%
 ASSIGNMENTS: 10%
 QUIZZES: 10%

 Unannounced Quizzes !!!

Syllabus Outline
 Basics of Electromagnetism (2-Wks)
 Theory, Construction, and Operation of Single-Phase
and Three-Phase Transformers (4 Weeks)
 Construction, Characteristics and Operation of DC
Machines (4 Wks)
 Fundamentals of AC machinery (2 Wks)
 Working Principles and Operation of the Three-Phase
Synchronous Motor (2 Wks)
 Special Purpose Motors(1 Wk)
INTRODUCTION
 Electrical Machines

Motor
Electrical Mechanical
Energy Energy
Generator

Voltage Voltage
level Transformer level
a b

Electrical Machines
Basic Terms
 Magnetism is the result of attraction, when two
objects come together, or repulsion, when two objects
move apart. The object which posses this properly is
called magnet.
 A magnetic field is the invisible area around a magnet
where magnetism occurs.
 And magnetized means that an object acquired
magnetic properties.
 Magnetic Materials

 Magnetic fields are produced by moving

electric charges

 Small magnetic field is created around

each atom.

 The orientation of this magnetic field is

called the atom’s magnetic moment.
 Types of Magnetic Materials
 Diamagnetic Materials
 Diamagnetic materials are slightly repelled by a magnetic field
 Electron are paired
 Paramagnetic materials
 These materials are slightly attracted by a magnetic field
 Some unpaired electrons
 Ferromagnetic materials
 They exhibit a strong attraction to magnetic fields
 Presence of magnetic domains  large numbers of atom's
moments (1012 to 1015) are aligned parallel
 Magnetic Field
 Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism of electrical
machines by which energy is converted from one form to another in
motors, generators and transformers.
Four basic principles used in Electrical machines
 A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area
around it.
 A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in coil of wire
through which it passes (transformer action).
 A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
force induced on it (motor action).
 A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage
induced in it (generator action).
 Magnetic materials form a major part in the construction of
electrical machines.

In this chapter
 Production of a Magnetic Field
 Magnetic Circuits
 Magnetic Behaviour of Ferromagnetic Materials
 Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
Production of a Magnetic Field
• Magnetic field strength (H):
• Amount of magnetizing force.
• Depends upon the current carried by the
conductor and length of conductor.
• Measured in ampere-turns per meter.
• Magnetic flux (φ)
• Amount of magnetic force induced on the
given body due to the magnetizing force H.
• Depends upon the strength of H and the
nature of medium of the given body.
• Measured in Weber (Wb)
• Magnetic flux density (B)
• Magnetic flux per unit area
• Measured in Tesla (T) = Wb/m2
Production of a Magnetic Field
Ampere’s Law – The total magnetic field around some
path is directly proportional to the current which passes I net
through that enclosed path.

 H .dl  I net
dl

• dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration.

The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a current

Production of a Magnetic Field
• Ferromagnetic core with a winding of N turns.
• The path of integration in Ampere’s law is the
mean path length of the core, denoted as lc.
• Since the coil of wire cuts the path of
integration N times while carrying current i,
the Ampere's law can be written as:

Hlc  Ni
Ni
H 
lc

 The magnetic field intensity H is a measure of the "effort" that a

current is putting into the establishment of a magnetic field
Production of a Magnetic Field
Magnetic flux density, B
• The number of magnetic lines of flux that pass through a certain
point on a surface.
• Magnitude of B depends on the magnetic field strength, H and the
material of the core.

B  H

B = Magnetic flux density (webers per square meter, Tesla (T))

H = Magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
µ = Magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter)
 Production of a Magnetic Field
Permeability, μ: The property which shows the relative ease of establishing a
magnetic field in a given material. The permeability of free space

 o  4   10 -7 H/m

Relative Permeability, μ0 : It is the permeability of any other material compared to

free space.

r 
0
• Relative permeability helps to compare material’s magnetizability.
• For steel r varies from 2000 to 6000. what does it mean?
• High permeability of iron (core material) implies flux will tend to flow
through the iron and will not go out.  Small leakage flux
 Production of a Magnetic Field
• The magnetic flux density for the given core
is given by
Ni
B  H 
lc

• Total flux due to this flux density can be written as:

   B.dA
A
• If the flux density vector is perpendicular to a
plane of area A and the flux density is constant, the
equation reduces to

NiA
  BA 
lc
Electric-Magnetic Circuits

Electrical Circuit Magnetic Circuit

Electrical Circuits Magnetic Circuits

I – Current (A) φ – Flux (Wb)
V – Electromotive Force (V) ℱ – Magnetomotive force (A-turn)
R – Resistance (Ω) – Reluctance (A-t/Wb)
– Conductivity (S/m) – Permeance (Wb/A-t)
 Magnetic Circuits
Magnetomotive force: Equal to the effective current flow applied to the core
= Ni
Relationship between Magnetomotive force and flux (Ohm’s Law in Electric Circuits)

=φ
Reluctance of the core
 Magnetic Circuits
• Reluctance follows the same series and parallel combination rules as resistance
in an electric circuit

Series Connection

Parallel Connection

•Magnetic analog of conductance is Permeance, It is the ability of material to

allow flow of magnetic flux
Simple Magnetic Circuit
Magnetic circuit with Air Gap
Example- Magnetic Circuit

(a) Magnetic circuit and (b) equivalent circuit

Magnetic Circuit Calculation
Calculation of flux is accurate within about 5% of real answer.

1. LEAKAGE FLUX: The permeability of ferromagnetic

material may be 2,000 to 6,000 times the air but still
some flux will tend to escape.

2. We assume certain mean path length and cross-

sectional area of the core for reluctance calculation.
These assumptions are not 100% true.

3. Permeability varies with the flux. Since reluctance

depends upon the permeability of the material.

4. If there is an air gap in the flux path the effective cross-

sectional area will be larger than otherwise.  Fringing
effect
Example 1-1
Example 1-1
Example 1-1

Equivalent circuit
Example 1-1

Homework: Examples 1-2, 1-3

Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic
Materials

saturation
knee
 ,Wb

Linear

F , A.turns